Chemistry For Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry. ISBN 1133602274, 978-1133602279
Chemistry For Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry. ISBN 1133602274, 978-1133602279
Chemistry For Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry. ISBN 1133602274, 978-1133602279
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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, © 2014, 2011 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
and Biochemistry Eighth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means
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To our grandchildren:
Nate and Braden Barlow, Megan and Bradley Seager, and Andrew Gardner
Alexander, Annie, Christian, Elyse, Foster, Megan, and Mia Slabaugh, Addison and Hadyn Hansen
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About the Authors
Spencer L. Seager
Spencer L. Seager is a professor of chemistry at Weber State University, where he served
as chemistry department chairman from 1969 until 1993. He teaches general chemistry
at the university and is also active in projects to help improve chemistry and other
science education in local elementary schools. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry
and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from the University of Utah. Other interests
include making minor home repairs, reading history of science and technology, listening
to classical music, and walking for exercise.
Michael R. Slabaugh
Michael R. Slabaugh is a senior fellow at Weber State University, where he teaches
the year-long sequence of general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. He
received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Purdue University and his Ph.D. degree
in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. His interest in plant alkaloids led to
a year of postdoctoral study in biochemistry at Texas A&M University. His current
professional interests are chemistry education and community involvement in science
activities, particularly the State Science and Engineering Fair in Utah. He also enjoys
the company of family, hiking in the mountains, and fishing the local streams.
iv About the Authors Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
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About the Cover
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DR. MELINA B. JAMPOLIS, M.D.
About the Cover
Ask an Expert
Q: Do foods, medications, and supplements interact?
A: Most people are aware that medications can interact with one another, but
vi About the Cover Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
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B r i e f C o n te n t s
Chapter 1 Chapter 13
Matter, Measurements, and Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 432
Calculations 2
Chapter 14
Chapter 2 Aldehydes and Ketones 466
Atoms and Molecules 46
Chapter 15
Chapter 3 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 496
Electronic Structure and the
Periodic Law 72 Chapter 16
Amines and Amides 526
Chapter 4
Forces Between Particles 102 Chapter 17
Carbohydrates 558
Chapter 5
Chemical Reactions 146 Chapter 18
Lipids 592
Chapter 6
The States of Matter 176 Chapter 19
Proteins 622
Chapter 7
Solutions and Colloids 214 Chapter 20
Enzymes 654
Chapter 8
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 254 Chapter 21
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 680
Chapter 9
Acids, Bases, and Salts 282 Chapter 22
Nutrition and Energy for Life 716
Chapter 10
Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes 328 Chapter 23
Carbohydrate Metabolism 746
Chapter 11
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 360 Chapter 24
Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism 774
Chapter 12
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 398 Chapter 25
Body Fluids 802
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C o n te n t s
Chapter 1 2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 57
Matter, Measurements, and 2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 62
Concept Summary 65
Calculations 2
Key Terms and Concepts 65
1.1 What Is Matter? 4
Exercises 66
1.2 Properties and Changes 5
Additional Exercises 69
1.3 A Model of Matter 8
Allied Health Exam Connection 69
1.4 Classifying Matter 10
Chemistry for Thought 70
1.5 Measurement Units 13 Case Study 46
1.6 The Metric System 14 Chemistry Around Us 2.1 Looking at Atoms 51
1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19 at the counter 2.1 Nonprescription
1.8 Significant Figures 22 Medicines 53
1.9 Using Units in Calculations 27 Chemistry and your health 2.1 Are You at
1.10 Calculating Percentages 29 Risk for Osteoporosis? 54
Study Skills 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 63
1.11 Density 30
Case Study Follow-up 64
Concept Summary 35
Key Terms and Concepts 37
Key Equations 37
Chapter 3
Exercises 37
Additional Exercises 43 Electronic Structure and
Allied Health Exam Connection 44 the Periodic Law 72
Chemistry for Thought 45
3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 74
Case Study 2
3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 75
Chemistry Around Us 1.1 A Central Science 5
3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties 79
Chemistry Around Us 1.2 Cosmetics: Complex
Mixtures and Complex Regulations 6 3.4 Electronic Configurations 81
Chemistry Around Us 1.3 Effects of 3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 85
Temperature on Body Function 19 3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table 90
Study Skills 1.1 Help with Calculations 30 Concept Summary 96
Chemistry and Your Health 1.1 Health Key Terms and Concepts 96
Information on the Web 32
Exercises 97
Ask an Expert 1.1 Does food density matter when
Additional Exercises 99
you’re trying to lose weight? 34
Case Study Follow-up 35 Allied Health Exam Connection 99
Chemistry for Thought 101
Case Study 72
Chapter 2
Ask an Expert 3.1 Are calcium supplements
Atoms and Molecules 46 necessary? 76
Chemistry Around Us 3.1 Nano World 84
2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47
Study Skills 3.1 The Convention Hotels
2.2 Inside the Atom 50 Analogy 88
2.3 Isotopes 51 Chemistry and Your Health 3.1 Iron: Too
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 52 Much of a Good Thing? 90
2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 56 Case Study Follow-up 95
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Chapter 4 5.11 Reaction Yields 165
Concept Summary 168
Forces Between Particles 102 Key Terms and Concepts 169
4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 103 Key Equations 169
4.2 Ionic Bonding 106 Exercises 169
4.3 Ionic Compounds 108 Additional Exercises 173
4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 110 Allied Health Exam Connection 173
4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 112 Chemistry for Thought 175
4.6 Covalent Bonding 114 Case Study 146
4.7 Polyatomic Ions 118 At the Counter 5.1 Antiseptics and
Disinfectants 153
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 120
Chemistry and Your Health 5.1 The
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 124
Importance of Color in Your Diet 158
4.10 More about Naming Compounds 128 Chemistry Around Us 5.1 Redox Reactions and
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 131 Energy for Life 161
Concept Summary 137 Chemistry Around Us 5.2 Air Bag
Key Terms and Concepts 138 Chemistry 165
Exercises 139 Study Skills 5.1 Help with Oxidation
Numbers 166
Additional Exercises 143
Case Study Follow-up 167
Allied Health Exam Connection 143
Chemistry for Thought 145
Case Study 102 Chapter 6
Chemistry and your health 4.1 Fight
Hypertension with Potassium 109 The States of Matter 176
Chemistry Around Us 4.1 Water: One of Earth’s 6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 178
Special Compounds 115 6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 180
At the Counter 4.1 Versatile Zinc Oxide 125
6.3 The Solid State 181
Study Skills 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar
6.4 The Liquid State 182
Molecules 130
6.5 The Gaseous State 183
Chemistry Around Us 4.2 Rare Earths Are All
Around You 133 6.6 The Gas Laws 183
Case Study Follow-up 137 6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume
Relationships 187
6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 191
Chapter 5
6.9 Dalton’s Law 193
Chemical Reactions 146 6.10 Graham’s Law 194
5.1 Chemical Equations 147 6.11 Changes in State 195
5.2 Types of Reactions 149 6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 195
5.3 Redox Reactions 150 6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 197
5.4 Decomposition Reactions 154 6.14 Sublimation and Melting 198
5.5 Combination Reactions 155 6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 199
5.6 Replacement Reactions 155 Concept Summary 204
5.7 Ionic Equations 157 Key Terms and Concepts 205
5.8 Energy and Reactions 160 Key Equations 206
5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 160 Exercises 206
5.10 The Limiting Reactant 163 Additional Exercises 210
x Contents Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
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Allied Health Exam Connection 210 Chapter 8
Chemistry for Thought 212
Case Study 176 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 254
Chemistry and Your Health 6.1 Huffing: 8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous
A Potential Introduction of Children to Drug Processes 256
Abuse 186
8.2 Reaction Rates 257
At the Counter 6.1 Cutting Drug Costs with
8.3 Molecular Collisions 258
Generics 190
Chemistry Around Us 6.1 Blood Pressure: A
8.4 Energy Diagrams 261
Barometer of Health 197 8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates 262
Chemistry Around Us 6.2 Therapeutic Uses of 8.6 Chemical Equilibrium 264
Oxygen Gas 200 8.7 The Position of Equilibrium 266
Study Skills 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 202 8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium
Case Study Follow-up 203 Position 268
Concept Summary 273
Key Terms and Concepts 274
Chapter 7 Key Equations 274
Exercises 274
Solutions and Colloids 214
Additional Exercises 278
7.1 Physical States of Solutions 215
Allied Health Exam Connection 279
7.2 Solubility 217
Chemistry for Thought 280
7.3 The Solution Process 220 Case Study 254
7.4 Solution Concentrations 224 At the Counter 8.1 Time-Release
7.5 Solution Preparation 228 Medications 259
7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 232 Chemistry and Your Health 8.1 Hypothermia:
7.7 Solution Properties 234 Surviving the Big Chill 265
Chemistry Around Us 8.1 The True Value of
7.8 Colloids 239
Platinum and Gold 269
7.9 Dialysis 242
Study Skills 8.1 Le Châtelier’s Principle in
Concept Summary 244 Everyday Life 272
Key Terms and Concepts 245 Case Study Follow-up 272
Key Equations 246
Exercises 246
Additional Exercises 251
Allied Health Exam Connection 251
Chapter 9
Chemistry for Thought 253 Acids, Bases, and Salts 282
Case Study 214
9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 283
At the Counter 7.1 Oral Rehydration
9.2 The Brønsted Theory 284
Therapy 225
Chemistry and Your Health 7.1 The
9.3 Naming Acids 285
Risk of Dehydration During Vigorous Youth 9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water 287
Activities 227 9.5 The pH Concept 289
Study Skills 7.1 Getting Started with Molarity 9.6 Properties of Acids 292
Calculations 238
9.7 Properties of Bases 296
Chemistry Around Us 7.1 Tears: Solutions for
9.8 Salts 297
Many Eye Problems 241
Chemistry Around Us 7.2 Global Warming and
9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases 300
a Cooler Europe 243 9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 307
Case Study Follow-up 244 9.11 Titration Calculations 309
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9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts 310 At the Counter 10.1 The Do’s and Don’ts of
9.13 Buffers 312 Buying Prescription Drugs Online 352
Case Study Follow-up 353
Concept Summary 317
Key Terms and Concepts 318
Key Equations 318 Chapter 11
Exercises 319
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 360
Additional Exercises 326
11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic Compounds 361
Allied Health Exam Connection 326
11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds Compared 363
Chemistry for Thought 327
Case Study 282
11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism 364
Chemistry Around Us 9.1 Carbon Dioxide in 11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization
the Oceans 301 of Organic Chemistry 367
Study Skills 9.1 Writing Reactions of 11.5 Alkane Structures 369
Acids 305 11.6 Conformations of Alkanes 373
Chemistry and Your Health 9.1 Do You Have 11.7 Alkane Nomenclature 375
Acid Reflux Disease? 306 11.8 Cycloalkanes 381
Ask an Expert 9.1 Does diet play a role in peptic
11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes 383
ulcer disease? 315
11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes 386
Case Study Follow-up 316
11.11 Alkane Reactions 388
Concept Summary 390
Chapter 10 Key Terms and Concepts 391
Radioactivity and Key Equations 391
Exercises 391
Nuclear Processes 328
Additional Exercises 396
10.1 Radioactive Nuclei 329 Allied Health Exam Connection 396
10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions 331 Chemistry for Thought 397
10.3 Isotope Half-Life 334 Case Study 360
10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation 336 Study Skills 11.1 Changing Gears for Organic
10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation 338 Chemistry 364
10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes 341 Ask an Expert 11.1 Is organic food worth the
10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes 342 price? 370
Chemistry Around Us 11.1 Oil Production:
10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions 344
From Wells and Sands 384
10.9 Nuclear Energy 347
Chemistry and Your Health 11.1 Skin
Concept Summary 353 Moisturizers: Choosing One That Works 386
Key Terms and Concepts 354 Chemistry Around Us 11.2 Ice Storms and
Key Equations 355 Deadly Carbon Monoxide 388
Exercises 355 Case Study Follow-up 389
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12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene Structure 416 HOW REACTIONS OCCUR 13.1 The Dehydration of
12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives 419 an Alcohol 441
Study Skills 13.1 A Reaction Map for
12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic Compounds 423
Alcohols 446
Concept Summary 425
Chemistry Around Us 13.1 Alcohol and
Key Terms and Concepts 426 Antidepressants Don’t Mix 447
Key Reactions 426 Ask an Expert 13.1 What are polyphenols? 449
Exercises 426 Chemistry and Your Health 13.1 Why Do Teens
Additional Exercises 431 Drink? 451
Allied Health Exam Connection 431 Chemistry Around Us 13.2 General Anesthetics 454
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15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids 504 Chemistry Around Us 16.1 Aspirin
15.5 Carboxylic Esters 506 Substitutes 538
Study Skills 16.1 A Reaction Map for Amines 541
15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters 510
Chemistry and Your Health 16.1 Energy
15.7 Reactions of Esters 511
Drinks: Are They Really Harmless as a Source of
15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids 515 Energy? 544
Concept Summary 518 Case Study Follow-up 550
Key Terms and Concepts 519
Key Reactions 519
Chapter 17
Exercises 520
Additional Exercises 524 Carbohydrates 558
Allied Health Exam Connection 524 17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates 560
Chemistry for Thought 524 17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates 561
Case Study 496 17.3 Fischer Projections 565
At the Counter 15.1 Alpha Hydroxy Acids in 17.4 Monosaccharides 569
Cosmetics 501
17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides 570
Chemistry and Your Health 15.1 Aspirin:
Should You Take a Daily Dose? 512 17.6 Important Monosaccharides 576
Study Skills 15.1 A Reaction Map for Carboxylic 17.7 Disaccharides 577
Acids 514 17.8 Polysaccharides 580
How Reactions Occur 15.1 Ester Concept Summary 586
Saponification 514 Key Terms and Concepts 587
Chemistry Around Us 15.1 Nitroglycerin in
Key Reactions 587
Dynamite and in Medicine 517
Exercises 588
Case Study Follow-up 517
Additional Exercises 591
Allied Health Exam Connection 591
Chapter 16 Chemistry for Thought 591
Amines and Amides 526 Case Study 558
Chemistry Around Us 17.1 Sugar-Free Foods
16.1 Classification of Amines 528 and Diabetes 574
16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines 528 Study Skills 17.1 Biomolecules: A New Focus 578
16.3 Physical Properties of Amines 531 Chemistry and Your Health 17.1 Potato
16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines 532 Comeback: The Healthy Side of Spuds 579
16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters 539 Ask an Expert 17.1 Is high-fructose corn syrup
16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines 542 worse for your health than table sugar? 584
Case Study Follow-up 586
16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides 545
16.8 Physical Properties of Amides 546
16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides 547 Chapter 18
Concept Summary 550 Lipids 592
Key Terms and Concepts 551
18.1 Classification of Lipids 594
Key Reactions 552
18.2 Fatty Acids 594
Exercises 552
18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils 597
Additional Exercises 556
18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils 599
Allied Health Exam Connection 556
18.5 Waxes 602
Chemistry for Thought 556
18.6 Phosphoglycerides 602
Case Study 526
Ask an Expert 16.1 Does caffeine help with
18.7 Sphingolipids 605
weight loss? 530 18.8 Biological Membranes 606
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18.9 Steroids 608 Chemistry Around Us 19.1 Alzheimer’s
18.10 Steroid Hormones 612 Disease 636
Chemistry Around Us 19.2 Sickle-Cell
18.11 Prostaglandins 614
Disease 641
Concept Summary 616
Study Skills 19.1 Visualizing Protein
Key Terms and Concepts 617 Structure 643
Key Reactions 617 Case Study Follow-up 647
Exercises 618
Additional Exercises 619
Allied Health Exam Connection 620
Chapter 20
Chemistry for Thought 621 Enzymes 654
Case Study 592
20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes 655
Study Skills 18.1 A Reaction Map for Triglycerides 602
20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and Classification 657
Chemistry and Your Health 18.1 Performance
Enhancing Steroids 603 20.3 Enzyme Cofactors 659
Chemistry Around Us 18.1 Algae in Your Fuel 20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action 661
Tank 609 20.5 Enzyme Activity 662
Ask an Expert How significantly can diet really 20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 663
lower cholesterol? 610 20.7 Enzyme Inhibition 664
Chemistry Around Us 18.2 Olive Oil: A Heart-
20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity 670
Healthy Lipid 614
20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes 673
Case Study Follow-up 615
Concept Summary 675
Key Terms and Concepts 676
Chapter 19 Key Reactions 676
Proteins 622 Exercises 677
Additional Exercises 678
19.1 The Amino Acids 623
Allied Health Exam Connection 678
19.2 Zwitterions 626
Chemistry for Thought 679
19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids 628
Case Study 654
19.4 Important Peptides 631
Chemistry and Your Health 20.1 Enzymes
19.5 Characteristics of Proteins 633 and Disease 658
19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins 637 At the Counter 20.1 ACE Inhibitors
19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins 638 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) 660
19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins 641 Chemistry Around Us 20.1 Enzyme Discovery
19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins 643 Heats Up 665
Chemistry Around Us 20.2 Avoiding Mercury
19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation 645
in Fish 667
Concept Summary 647
Study Skills 20.1 A Summary Chart of Enzyme
Key Terms and Concepts 648 Inhibitors 672
Key Reactions 649 Case Study Follow-up 675
Exercises 650
Additional Exercises 652
Chapter 21
Allied Health Exam Connection 652
Chemistry for Thought 652 Nucleic Acids and Protein
Case Study 622 Synthesis 680
Ask an Expert 19.1 Can a higher protein diet help
me lose weight? 629 21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 682
Chemistry and Your Health 19.1 C-Reactive 21.2 The Structure of DNA 684
Protein: A Message from the Heart 632 21.3 DNA Replication 688
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21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 692 Chemistry for Thought 745
21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information 696 Case Study 716
21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 697 Chemistry Around Us 22.1 The Ten Most
Dangerous Foods to Eat While Driving 724
21.7 The Genetic Code 699
Chemistry and Your Health 22.1 Vitamin
21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis 702
Water: Beneficial or Not? 725
21.9 Mutations 705 Study Skills 22.1 Bioprocesses 732
21.10 Recombinant DNA 705 Chemistry Around Us 22.2 Calorie
Concept Summary 710 Language 733
Key Terms and Concepts 712 Ask an Expert 22.1 Is it better to take a fiber
Exercises 712 supplement or to eat fiber-fortified foods? 739
Case Study Follow-up 740
Additional Exercises 714
Allied Health Exam Connection 714
Chemistry for Thought 714
Case Study 680 Chapter 23
At the Counter 21.1 Nucleic Acid
Supplements 688 Carbohydrate Metabolism 746
Chemistry Around Us 21.1 The Clone Wars 693 23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates 747
Chemistry Around Us 21.2 Is There a DNA 23.2 Blood Glucose 748
Checkup in Your Future? 699 23.3 Glycolysis 748
Study Skills 21.1 Remembering Key Words 701
23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate 752
Chemistry Around Us 21.3 Stem Cell
23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle 754
Research 703
23.6 The Electron Transport Chain 757
Chemistry Around Us 21.4 DNA and the
Crime Scene 707 23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation 757
Chemistry and Your Health 21.1 Genetically 23.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose 759
Modified Foods 709 23.9 Glycogen Metabolism 761
Case Study Follow-up 710 23.10 Gluconeogenesis 762
23.11 The Hormonal Control of
Chapter 22 Carbohydrate Metabolism 765
Concept Summary 767
Nutrition and Energy for Life 716 Key Terms and Concepts 769
22.1 Nutritional Requirements 717 Key Reactions 769
22.2 The Macronutrients 719 Exercises 770
22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins 722 Additional Exercises 772
22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals 725 Allied Health Exam Connection 772
22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere 726 Chemistry for Thought 773
22.6 Metabolism and an Overview Case Study 746
of Energy Production 729 Ask an Expert 23.1 How can we avoid energy
22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier 730 crashes? 750
Chemistry Around Us 23.1 Lactate
22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common Catabolic
Accumulation 756
Pathway 735
Study Skills 23.1 Key Numbers for ATP
Concept Summary 741
Calculations 762
Key Terms and Concepts 742
Chemistry Around Us 23.2 What Is the Best
Key Reactions 742 Weight-Loss Strategy? 764
Exercises 743 Chemistry and Your Health 23.1 Reactive
Additional Exercises 744 Hypoglycemia: What Causes It? 766
Allied Health Exam Connection 744 Case Study Follow-up 767
xvi Contents Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 24 Chapter 25
Lipid and Amino Acid Body Fluids 802
Metabolism 774 25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids 803
24.1 Blood Lipids 776 25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport 804
24.2 Fat Mobilization 779 25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells 809
24.3 Glycerol Metabolism 780 25.4 The Constituents of Urine 810
24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids 780 25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 810
24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids 783 25.6 Acid–Base Balance 812
24.6 Ketone Bodies 784 25.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH 813
24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis 786 25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH 813
24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism 787 25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH 814
24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Nitrogen 25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis 815
Atoms 788 Concept Summary 818
24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate of the Carbon Key Terms and Concepts 819
Skeleton 792 Key Reactions 819
24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 795 Exercises 819
Concept Summary 797 Additional Exercises 821
Key Terms and Concepts 798 Allied Health Exam Connection 821
Key Reactions 798 Chemistry for Thought 821
Exercises 799 Case Study 802
Additional Exercises 801 At the Counter 25.1 Erythropoietin: A
Allied Health Exam Connection 801 Performance-enhancing Drug 806
Chemistry for Thought 801 Chemistry and Your Health 25.1 Exercise
Beats Angioplasty 807
Case Study 774
Chemistry Around Us 25.1 Pulse
Ask an Expert 24.1 Are certain foods better for
Oximetry 812
the brain? 778
Case Study Follow-up 817
Study Skills 24.1 Key Numbers for ATP
Calculations 785
Chemistry and Your Health 24.1 Omega-3
Fatty Acids: Will They Improve Heart Appendix A The International System
Health? 790 of Measurements A-1
Chemistry Around Us 24.1 Phenylketonuria Appendix B Answers to Even-Numbered
(PKU) 793 End-of-Chapter Exercises B-1
Chemistry Around Us 24.2 Phenylalanine and Appendix C Solutions to Learning Checks C-1
Diet Foods 794
Case Study Follow-up 796
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014 Contents xvii
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
P r e f ace
Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014 Preface xix
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
New to This Edition
In this eighth edition of the text, we have some exciting new features, including Case Studies,
which begin each chapter, and Ask an Expert boxes written by CNN health expert Dr. Melina
B. Jampolis. We have also retained features that received a positive reception from our own
students, the students of other adopters, other teachers, and reviewers. The retained features
are 23 Study Skills boxes that include 5 reaction maps; 4 How Reactions Occur boxes; 45
Chemistry Around Us boxes, including 14 new to this edition. The 13 At The Counter boxes
reflect coverage of both prescription and non-prescription health-related products. There are
25 Chemistry and Your Health boxes, with 5 new to this edition. A greatly expanded feature
of this eighth edition is the Allied Health Exam Connection that follows the exercises at the
end of each chapter. This feature consists of examples of chemistry questions found on typi-
cal entrance examinations used to screen applicants to allied health professional programs.
In addition, approximately 20% of the end-of-chapter exercises have been changed.
a. sulfate ions
Allied Health Exam Connection b. water ions
The following questions are from these sources: c. hydrogen ions
1. Nursing School Entrance Exam © 2005, Learning Express, LLC. d. oxygen ions
2. McGraw-Hill’s Nursing School Entrance Exams by Thomas A. 9.133 When a solution has a pH of 7, it is:
Evangelist, Tamara B. Orr and Judy Unrein © 2009, The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. a. a strong base
3. NSEE Nursing School Entrance Exams, 3rd Edition © 2009, b. a strong acid
Kaplan Publishing. c. a weak base
4. Cliffs Test Prep: Nursing School Entrance Exams by Fred N. d. neutral
Grayson © 2004, Wiley Publishing, Inc.
9.134 A common detergent has a pH of 11.0, so the detergent is:
5. Peterson’s Master the Nursing School and Allied Health Entrance
a. neutral
Exams, 18th Edition by Marion F. Gooding © 2008, Peterson’s,
a Nelnet Company. b. acidic
9.126 An acid is a substance that dissociates in water into one or more c. alkaline
_______ ions and one or more _______. d. none of the above
a. hydrogen . . . anions 9.135 In a 0.001 M solution of HCl, the pH is:
b. hydrogen . . . cations a. 2
c. hydroxide . . . anions b. 23
d. hydroxide . . . cations c. 1
Also new to this edition are many new photographs and updated art to further enhance
student comprehension of key concepts, processes, and preparation.
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© Spencer L. Seager
© Spencer L. Seager
© Spencer L. Seager
1 2 3
Step 1. Put 0.125 mol of solute into a Step 2. Add some water and dissolve Step 3. Fill the flask to the mark with
250-mL flask. the solute. water. Mix thoroughly.
Figure 7.8 Preparation of a 0.500 M solution. Use the data given in the and show by
a calculation that the resulting solution is 0.500 M.
xx Preface Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Revision Summary of Eighth Edition:
Chapter 1:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Ask an Expert: Does Food Density Matter When You’re Trying to Lose Weight?
• New Chemistry Around Us: Effects of Temperature on Body Function
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 2:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• Updated element table
• New Chemistry Around Us: Looking at Atoms
• New At the Counter: Nonprescription Medicines
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 3:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Chemistry and Your Health: Iron: Too Much of a Good Thing?
• New Ask an Expert: Are Calcium Supplements Necessary?
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 4:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Chemistry Around Us: Rare Earths Are All Around You
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 5:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Chemistry Around Us: Redox Reactions and Energy for Life
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 6:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Chemistry Around Us: Blood Pressure: A Barometer of Health
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 7:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014 Preface xxi
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
• New photography
• New Chemistry and Your Health: The Risk of Dehydration During Vigorous Youth
Activities
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 8:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 9:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Ask an Expert: Does Diet Play a Role in Peptic Ulcer Disease?
• New Chemistry Around Us: Carbon Dioxide in the Oceans
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 10:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Chemistry Around Us: Radiation Exposure in Modern Life
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 11:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Ask an Expert: Is Organic Food Worth the Price?
• New Chemistry Around Us: Oil Production from Wells and Sands
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 12:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 13:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
• Several revised figures
• New photography
• New Chemistry Around Us: Alcohol and Antidepressants Don’t Mix
• New Chemistry And Your Health: Why Do Teens Drink?
• New Ask an Expert: What Are Polyphenols?
• 20% new Exercises
Chapter 14:
• New Case Study
• New Case Study Follow-up
xxii Preface Unless otherwise noted all art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.