Forest management
Paper 2/A
Indian Forest Service
Examination 2021
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http://www.fao.org/3/XII/0739-B1.htm
Forest Organization
❑ Administrative (or Organizational) basis
❑ Territorial basis, and
❑ Management (or Silvicultural) basis
► ANNUAL COUPE : An annual felling area.
Sustainable Yield ≡ Even flow
• Progressive yield ⇄ Sustainable yield.
• Sustainable yield → Backbone of forest management, one of the aims of National Forest
Policy, static in nature, suitable for stagnant economies.
• Progressive yield → dynamic in nature + suitable for developing economies.
Increase in growth (or volume) of a tree or crops during a given period of time is
called increment.
increase in plant diameter, Height or basal area
TYPES
1. CURRENT ANNUAL INCREMENT (CAI) : The increment in the volume or size of a forest crop
during a given specific year i.e. CAI in the 10th year of growth.
2. MEAN ANNUAL INCREMENT (MAI) : The total annual increment up to a given age divide by
that age is our MAI i.e. MAI in the volume of teak plantation up to 30 years is 30 m3/hac/year.
3. PERIODIC ANNUAL INCREMENT (PAI) : The average annual increment for any given short
period of time i.e. Height growth in a teak plantation during 10 to 15 years is 0.5 meter per
year.
4. FINAL MEAN ANNUAL INCREMENT : Mean annual increment at rotation.
❑ Volume increment
❑ Price increment
❑ Quality increment
CAI v/s MAI
CONCLUSION
❑ In the first year of growth, both CAI and MAI are
the same (equal).
❑ In the initial phase, CAI in higher than MAI.
❑ When CAI > MAI, MAI is continually rising.
❑ CAI attains its max (Culmination) before MAI.
❑ When CAI is started falling, MAI is still rising.
❑ When both intersect, CAI = MAI and MAI attained its max (culmination). At this point the
MAI curve now becomes flat. Rotation of maximum volume production takes at this point.
❑ Now, both CAI & MAI start falling, however, CAI start falling rapidly
❑ At death or Harvesting of plants, CAI becomes zero. Remember, MAI may fall but not
never possible to become zero.
INCREMENT PERCENTAGE
❑ Current increment percentage Pressler's formula
❑ Periodic increment percentage
❑ MAI percentage
❑ Quality increment percentage
❑ Price increment
percentage
1. Site quality : the productive capacity of the site = (4F).
2. Species : Growth behaviours and genetic.
3. Nature of crop : even-aged or mixed.
4. Silvicultural treatments
INCREMENT ESTIMATION
2017 : Describe the different
formulae used in forest trees for
determining increment percent
in diameter and volume (15 m).
[Linked Q, will discuss also in
forest mensuration].
❑ 2018 : what is increment ? Discuss different types of increments. Discuss the
graphical relationship between current annual increment and mean annual
increment (15 m).
❑ 2016 : What is the increment percent ? discuss the relationship between CAI
and MAI of a forest stand (10m).
❑ 2014 : With the help of a diagram, discuss the relationship between MAI and
CAI. What is their ROLE IN FOREST MEASUREMENTS ? (10 m).
➢ Rotation determination
➢ Yield estimation
➢ Fast growing tree species ?/x
➢ Genetic superiority | Site quality
❑ 2013 : Describe the compound interest and Schneider's formulae
for calculation of increment percentage (10 m).
❑ 2012 : Differentiate between – CAI and MAI (4m).
❑ 2011 : Write short notes on – interrelationship b/w CAI and MAI (5
m).
IMPORTANCE OF GROWING STOCK
❑ It provides information about site productivity, species composition, and value of
our existing forest resources.
❑ It also helps us in estimating the effect of climate change and global warming on
our forest.
❑ This helps in assessing our forest's existing carbon storage and carbon sinking
potential. Which will helps in forest certification, carbon trading, and fulfilling our
INDC’s obligations (2.5 to 3 Billion tonnes carbon sink storage).
❑ It also helps us to determine the effects of various silvicultural operations on the
forest
▪ On the basis of Growing stock, a Forest may be classified as :-
Overstocked forest
Normal stocked forest
Under stocked forest
That mean, 50-m3 volume produces by eucalyptus plantation
per hectare per year
• 2018 : What is growing stock? How is normal growing stock calculated in a
clear-felling system based on final MAT? (15 m).
• 2015 : Show by your interpretation, either graphically or theoretically, how the
forest yield depends upon the growing stock (15 m).
• 2014 : How enumeration of the growing stock is done? Describe in brief the
various methods of enumeration for preparing a working plan (15 m).
• 2014 : Define growing stock. Explain the estimation of growing stock and
density (10).
AGE CLASS + AGE GRADATION
AGE CLASS : one of the intervals into which the range of trees growing in a
forest is divided for classification purposes or use.
AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION : Proportional representation of different age classes in
a forest
NORMAL FOREST
NORMAL FOREST
The normal forest is a forest that has
❑ an ideal growing stock, ideal age class distribution and ideal increment
❑ with annual or periodic removal of produced is equal to the increment
❑ without endangering future yield and site quality
ABNORMAL FOREST
❑ When the growing stock become over or understocked
❑ Abnormal distribution of age gradations or age classes
❑ The increment may be subnormal or abnormal.
❑ Normal increment in the abnormal forest.
STAND STRUCTURE
AND DYNAMICS
STAND FORM
❑ Even-aged stands
❑ Uneven-aged stands
❑ Two-aged stands
period of low biodiversity
• It helps in understanding the way of forest development and its response to disturbances.
• It helps in preparing the Forest growth model based on the prediction of productivity &
future yield, future structure & composition, Controlling silvicultural coasts, Habitat, and
conservation value, etc. and its application in decision making.
• Quantification of silvicultural operations & yield experiments.
• Growing space and competitive situation management
• Effect of species mixture on the stand –> production of mix forest
• Improvement of stand composition and its vigorousness.
• Management of complex forest ecosystems to be resilient (to minimize the effect of climate
change, pests & diseases) and sustainable (Social, economical, ecological &
environmentally).
• Development of MULTI-AGED STANDS
2017 : Why SITE-SPECIFIC PLANNING is essential for forest management ?
Explain different components of site-specific management (8m).
Forest Cover
Monitoring
In 1965, a centre - Pre-investment
Survey of Forest Resources (PISFR) was
established under a joint project by GoI
with the sponsorship of FAO + UNDP.
Later in 1981, this center became Forest
survey of India on the recommendation of
the National Commission on Agriculture
(NCA) 1976 report.
2017 : How the FOREST COVER was measured prior to and post 1980's in India?
Define the various categories of forest cover (8m).
2017 : How the FOREST COVER was measured prior to and post 1980's in India?
Define the various categories of forest cover (8m).
Enumerate the importance of the FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA (FSI) in the forest
management system (10 m).
❑ Forest area
❑ Forest Cover
❑ Growing stock
❑ Carbon stock
❑ TOF
❑ Agroforestry
❑ Mangrove cover
❑ Biodiversity
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