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Experiment 7 - Fault Analysis

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22 views7 pages

Experiment 7 - Fault Analysis

Uploaded by

Arvind Sriram
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXP 7: UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

AIM:

To develop a MATLAB program to perform unsymmetrical fault analysis for


a given power system network.

APPARATUS:

S.no Software Version

1. MATLAB R2022a

FORMULAE:

1. Unlike symmetrical faults, in unsymmetrical faults the system becomes


unbalanced, i.e., the voltages and currents in each phase are not equal in
magnitude and/or phase.

2. These types of faults must be analyzed using a method called ‘symmetrical


components’ where the unbalanced voltages and currents are transformed
into three sets of balanced voltages and currents.

3. This method is known for its simplicity because the transformation of the
unbalanced voltages results in the impedances presented by the system
components being decoupled resulting in independent system networks.

4. The single line diagram is converted into 3 parts – positive, negative, and
zero-sequence networks.

5. A common base MVA is chosen, and the given power system is divided into
sections with similar voltage levels. This is done by identifying the
transformers. Note that all values are in per unit (pu).
6. The individual impedances associated with the power system components
like motor, generator is now calculated in the new MVA and new voltage
base.

𝟐
𝐌𝐕𝐀𝐛,𝐧𝐞𝐰 𝐕𝐛,𝐨𝐥𝐝
𝐙𝐧𝐞𝐰 = 𝐙𝐨𝐥𝐝 × ×( )
𝐌𝐕𝐀𝐛,𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐕𝐛,𝐧𝐞𝐰

7. If a transmission line is present, the base impedance is calculated from which


the per unit impedance is obtained.

(𝐤𝐕𝐛 )𝟐
𝐙𝐛,𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 =
𝐌𝐕𝐀𝐛

𝐙
𝐙𝐩𝐮,𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 =
𝐙𝐛,𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞

8. The same formulas are used to compute all the necessary pu impedances. In
some cases, there may be other data specified. For example, negative
sequence or zero sequence impedance can be specified in addition to the
positive sequence impedance. The same procedure illustrated above can be
used to calculate the pu impedance of such values.

9. If a wye-connected reactor is used in a motor or a generator, as three times


the fault current flows through the reactor, the pu value of the reactor will
be calculated as:

𝐌𝐕𝐀𝐛
𝐙𝐩𝐮,𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 = 𝟑 × × 𝐙𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
(𝐤𝐕𝐛 )𝟐

10. If 3-phase transformers are present, their connections need to be properly


accounted for while drawing the zero-sequence network.

11. In case of a single line to ground fault, the sequence networks are
connected along the fault point as shown in the figure below.
12. The equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence impedances (Z1, Z2, Z0)
are calculated from the drawn networks.

13. The pre-fault voltage, 𝑉𝑓 0 is evaluated using the given data – motor load
voltage and the base voltage.

14. The fault current in a single line to ground fault is given by:

𝟑 𝐕𝐟 𝟎
𝐈𝐟 = 𝟑𝐈𝐚 𝟏 =
𝐙𝟏 + 𝐙𝟐 + 𝐙𝟎

Also,

𝐈𝐚 𝟏 = 𝐈𝐚 𝟐 = 𝐈𝐚 𝟎

15. The fault currents from the generator and motor towards/from the fault
point are:
𝐈𝐚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝐈𝐚 𝟏
[ 𝐛 ] = [𝛂𝟐
𝐈 𝛂 𝟏] [ 𝐈 𝐚 𝟐 ]
𝐈𝐜 𝛂 𝛂𝟐 𝟏 𝐈𝐚 𝟎
16. The sub-transient currents in the motor are calculated as follows:

𝑴𝑽𝑨𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝑰𝒎 ′′ = ∠ 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 (𝒑𝒇)
𝒌𝑽𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 × 𝒑𝒇

MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear all
format compact

a = exp(2*pi*j/3);
V_base_gen = 11;
MVA_base = 25;

T_LT = 10.8;
T_HT = 121;

tr_line_V = V_base_gen * (T_HT/T_LT);


motor_V = tr_line_V * (T_LT/T_HT);

Gen_pu = j*0.2;
Gen_MVA = 25;
Gen_kV = 11;

T1 = j*0.1;
T2 = j*0.1;
T1_MVA = 30;
T2_MVA = 30;

M1 = j*0.25;
M2 = j*0.25;
M1_kV = 10;
M2_kV = 10;
M1_MVA = 15;
M2_MVA = 7.5;
pf = 0.8;

M1_zeroseq = j*0.06;
M2_zeroseq = j*0.06;
Gen_zeroseq = j*0.06;

Line = 100;
Line_zeroseq = 300;

Reactor_gen = 2.5;
Reactor_motor = 2.5;

% Transformer
T2_pu = T2 * (MVA_base/T1_MVA) * (T_LT/Gen_kV)^2;
T1_pu = T1 * (MVA_base/T1_MVA) * (T_LT/Gen_kV)^2;

% Transmission line
Line_pu = j*Line/(tr_line_V^2/MVA_base);
Line_pu_z = j*Line_zeroseq/(tr_line_V^2/MVA_base);

% positive and negative sequence impedance of motors


M1_pu = M1 * (MVA_base/M1_MVA) * (M1_kV/motor_V)^2;
M2_pu = M2 * (MVA_base/M2_MVA) * (M2_kV/motor_V)^2;

% zero sequence impedance of motors


M1_z_pu = M1_zeroseq * (MVA_base/M1_MVA) * (M1_kV/motor_V)^2;
M2_z_pu = M2_zeroseq * (MVA_base/M2_MVA) * (M2_kV/motor_V)^2;

% neutral reactors
Reactor_motor_pu = 3*j * Reactor_motor * MVA_base/motor_V^2;
Reactor_gen_pu = 3 *j* Reactor_gen * MVA_base/Gen_kV^2;

prefault_voltage = M1_kV/V_base_gen;

% positive sequence impedance Z1


T = T1_pu + T2_pu + Line_pu + Gen_pu;
M = (M1_pu*M2_pu)/(M1_pu + M2_pu);
Z1 = T*M/(T+M);

Z2 = Z1;

% zero sequence impedance (refer to diagram)


Z0 = Reactor_motor_pu + M2_z_pu;

% fault currents
disp("Positive sequence current: ")
Ia1 = prefault_voltage/(Z1 + Z2 + Z0)
disp("Total fault current: ")
If = 3*Ia1

disp("Component of Ia1, Ia2 flowing from gen side to fault


point: ")
k1 = Ia1 * M/(M + T)
Ig = [k1;k1;0]

disp("Component of Ia1, Ia2 flowing from motor side to fault


point: ")
k2 = Ia1 * T/(M + T)
Im = [k2;k2;Ia1]
disp("Fault currents from generator towards fault point: ")
Ig_flow = [1 1 1; a^2 a 1; a a^2 1] * Ig

disp("Fault currents from motors towards fault point: ")


Im_flow = [1 1 1; a^2 a 1; a a^2 1] * Im

% subtransient currents

disp("Subtransient current of motor 1: ")


I_s_M1 = ((M1_MVA/MVA_base)/(prefault_voltage * pf)) * exp(j *
acos(pf))
disp("Subtransient current of motor 2: ")
I_s_M2 = ((M2_MVA/MVA_base)/(prefault_voltage * pf)) * exp(j *
acos(pf))

OUTPUT:
Positive sequence current:
Ia1 =
0.0000 - 0.4469i
Total fault current:
If =
0.0000 - 1.3406i
Component of Ia1, Ia2 flowing from gen side to fault point:
k1 =
0.0000 - 0.1359i
Ig =
0.0000 - 0.1359i
0.0000 - 0.1359i
0.0000 + 0.0000i
Component of Ia1, Ia2 flowing from motor side to fault point:
k2 =
0.0000 - 0.3110i
Im =
0.0000 - 0.3110i
0.0000 - 0.3110i
0.0000 - 0.4469i
Fault currents from generator towards fault point:
Ig_flow =
0.0000 - 0.2718i
0.0000 + 0.1359i
0.0000 + 0.1359i
Fault currents from motors towards fault point:
Im_flow =
0.0000 - 1.0688i
0.0000 - 0.1359i
0.0000 - 0.1359i
Subtransient current of motor 1:
I_s_M1 =
0.6600 + 0.4950i
Subtransient current of motor 2:
I_s_M2 =
0.3300 + 0.2475i

RESULT:

Thus, the unsymmetrical fault analysis of the given power system was
carried out in MATLAB and the fault and sub-transient currents were
verified.

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