EC8561 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LAB

VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Experiment no -1 SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION
1. State sampling theory.

A continuous time signal can be completely represented in its samples and recovered back
if the sampling frequency is twice of the highest frequency content of the signal.

2 2m
2. What is meant by Nyquist rate and Nyquist interva!?

f 2fmis called the Nyquist rate. T, =/2s.iscalled Nyquist interval.

Jm

3. Define the sampling process.

Sampling is the process of converting the continuous time continuous amplitude signal
into discrete time continuous amplitude signal.

4. What is meant by quantisation?

Quantisation is the process of converting the discrete time continuous amplitude signal
into discrete time discrete amplitude signal.

5. What is meant by under sampling?

If the sampling rate is less than the nyquist rate, then that sampling is called under
sampling.
6. What is meant by over sampling?

If the sampling rate is greater than nyquist rate, then that sampling is called over sampling.

7. What is meant by nyquist sampling?

If the sampling rate is exactly equal to the nyquist rate, then that sampling is called
nyquist sampling.
8. What are the types of sampling?

a. Natural sampling b. Flat top sampling c. Ideal sampling d. Sample and hold

9. What is meant by reconstruetion?

The process of reconstructing the continuous time signal back from discrete time signal is
called reconstruction.

10. What is meant by aliasing? When does it occur?

Aliasing is the overlapping of adjacent spectrums is known as aliasing. Aliasing results, if

the sampling theorem is not satisfied.
11. Give an example for sample and hold circuit.

A switch followed by a grounded capacitor can be used as a sample and hold circuit. The
switch samples the signal and the capacitor holds that value.

12. How to implement the sampler?

Sampler can be implemented by using a switch.

Experiment no -2 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

1. What is mmeant by multiplexing?

Multiplexing is the process of simultaneously transmitting two or more individual signals

over a single communication channel.

2. Explain the operation of TDM.

In TDM, each signal is transmitted only for a short time period. The time is divided into
time slots and each time slot is mapped to one signal.

3. What are the applications of TDM?

Time division multiplexing is used in network data communication as well as in GSM

mobile communications.

4. Differentiate TDM and FDM.

In TDM, the time is divided into time slots and each time slot is assigned to a signal. In
the frequency band is divided into sub-bands and each frequency sub band is assigned to
FDM, a

signal.
TDM is based on time sharing. FDM is based on frequency sharing.

5. What is meant by CDMA?

In CDMA, many transmitters are allowed to transmit in a single channel without any
interference. Each transmitter is assigned with a unique code and spread spectrum modulation
techniques are used. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.

6. What is meant by SDMA?

SDMA stands for Space Division Multiple Access.

7. Define symchronous multiplexer.

In synchronous digital multiplexers, a single clock drives all the sources, so all the sources
will operate at the same bit rate.

Experiment no 3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. Define amplitude modulation.

In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied according to the
modulating signal.
2. What is the range of carrier used in AM?
S00 Hz to 1500 KHz.
3. Which modulation is used for video signals?
Amplitude modulation is used for video signals.

4. What are the types of amplitude modulation?

a. double sideband modulation (DSB-AM)
b. double sideband suppressed carrier modulation (DSB SC-AM)
c. single sideband carrier modulation(SSB AM)
d. single sideband suppressed carrier modulation (SSB SC-AM)
e. vestigial sideband modulation (VSB AM)
5.
Define modulationindex of AM.
Modulation index indicates the amount of amplitude variation around the un-modulated
carrier.
Modulation index, h =
M is the peak amplitude value of modulating signal.
A is the peak amplitude value of carrier signal.
6. What are the advantages of AM?
The AM transmitter and receiver are simple.
7.
areisthe
WhatAM disadvantages of AM?
more susceptible to noise.
8. What are the applications of AM?
AM radio broadcasting., AM video transmission.
9. What are the types of continuous wave analog modulation?
Amplitude modulation
Angle modulation
10. What is VCO?
In Voltage Controlled Oscillator, the frequency of the oscillator is varied according to the
applied voltage.
11. What is the role of mixer in AM demodulator?
Mixer is used to convert the radio frequency (RF) signal into intermediate frequency (IF)
signal.
12. What is the use of two stage amplifier?
The two stage amplifier is used for improving the gain.

Experiment no -4 FREQUENCY MODULATION

1. Define frequency modulation.
The frequency of the carrier signal is varied according to the amplitude of the modulating
signal.
2. What is the range of carrier used in FM?
88 MHz to 108 MHz.
3. What are the types of frequency modulation?
Narrow band FM (h<l)
Wide band FM (h21)
4. Define modulation index of FM.
Modulation index of FM indicates the amount of frequency variation around the un-
modulated carrier frequency.

h/f
where Af is the peak frequency deviation and fm denotes the maximum frequency component
present in the modulating signal.
5. What are the advantages of FM?
mmunity to noise

6. What are the disadvantages of FM?

Bandwidth requirement is more in FM.
Transmitter and receiver are very complex.
7. What are the applications of FM1?
For recording luminance component of the video.
Audio signal broadcasting.

8. What are the types of angle modulation?

Frequency modulation and phase modulation.

9. What is the role of a limiter in FM system?

To limit the amplitude variations in a FM signal.

Experiment No - 5
PULSE CODE MODULATION

1. Define Pulse code modulation?

Each and every quantized samples will be encoded with sequence of zeros and ones with 'n' bits
within sampling interval (Ts), So the bit duration will be Ts/n. as no. of bits (n) increases error
decreases but bandwidth increases
2.How bits are needed to encode N diferent levels?
Log N
3.Define step size?
It is the difference between two successive no.s (levels), i.e. voltage difference between one
digital level and the next digital level. (Ex: 000 & 001. 1011 & 100)
How to calculate Step size in PCM?
step size(A) = (Ves-Vin)

where L=2", n = no. of bits, VFS = full scale voltage

4.Define Quantization error?

It is the difference between sampled signal and Quantized signal

5. Define Diferential pulse code modulation?

In DPCM, The difference between the consequent samples will be encoded with sequence of
zeros and ones

Experiment no - 6 DELTA AND ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION

1. What is the reason to use delta modulation?

Data rate and bandwidth required are more in PCM. So delta modulation is used.
2. How many bits are transmitted per sanmple in DM?
Only one bit per sample is transmitted in DM.
3. Draw the DM waveform for an analog input signal.
4. What are the two types of errors present in DM?
Slope over load distortion and granular noise.
5. Define slope overload distortion with an illustrative waveform.
When the slope of the input signal is larger than the slope of staircase wavefom, thee
staircase waveform can't follow the input signal variations. This error is known as slope overload
distortion.
6. Define granular noise with an illustrative waveform.
 When the slope of the input signal is smaller than the slope of staircase wavefom the
granular noise occurs.
7. How to reduce the slope overload distortion?
The slope overload distortion can be minimized by increasing the step size of the
quantize.
8. How to reduce the granular noise?
This noise can be controlled by decreasing the step size of the quantizer
9. Explain the operation of DM.
In delta modulation present sample value is compared with the previous sample value.
I fpresent sample value is greater than previous sample value, then "l is transmitted.
If present sample value is less than previous sample value, then '0' is transmitted.
10. is the
What reason to go for ADM?
To control the slope overload distortion and granular noise ADM is used.
11. Explain the operation of ADM.
The step size of the quantizer is made adaptive to the variations of input signal. If the
input signal varies slowly, step size is decreased. If the input signal varies sharply, step size is
increased.
12. What does the term adaptive mean in ADM?
The step size of the quantizer is made adaptive to the variations of input signal.
13. What is the condition to avoid slope overload distortion in DM?
The slope overload distortion will not occur
if A>T(2nfT)
Where A is the step size, fis the frequency of the modulating signal, T is the sampling period, A
is the amplitude of the modulating signal.
14. DiferentiateDM and ADM.
In DM, the step size of the quantizer is fixed, but in ADM the step size is adaptive. The
SNR of ADM is better than that of DM.
15. What is the use of higher order ilters at the receiver side?
For making the frequency response of practical filter closer to ideal response.

Experiment no -7 LINE CODING TECHNIQUES

1. Define line coding&

Line coding is the waveform representation of digital data.

2. Differentiate uni-polar, bi-polar and polar signalling.

. I n uni-polar signalling, symbol 0' is represented by 0 volts. Symbol l ' is represented by

a positive pulse.

I n polarsignalling, symbol "0' is represented negative ulse. Symbol "|' is represented

by a positive pulse.

I n bi-polar signalling. symbol "0" is represented by 0 Volts. Symbol 1"' is represented by

alternative positive and negative pulse.

3. Dilferentiate NRZ and RZ signalling.

In Non retum to zero (NRZ) signalling, the pulses are transmitted for the entire bit
duration but in Return to zero (RZ) signalling. the pulses are transmitted only for half bit duration.

4. What is meant by NRZ-L, NRZ-M and NRZ-S?

The NRZ-Level is just like the uni-polar NRZ. In NRZ-M, the change in level occurs for
symbol'l' and no change for symbol 0'. In NRZ-S, the change in level occurs for symbol'0" and
no change for symbol'1.
5. What are the types of bi-phase coding techniques?
Bi--level, bi-@-mark and bi-d-space

6. What is meant by Bi-0-level, bi-0-mark and bi-O-space signalling?

In Bi--level signalling, symbol 1' is represented by positive to negative transition at

half bit interval and symbol "0' is represented by negative to positive transition at half bit
interval.

In bi--mark signalling., symbol "1' is represented by both starting transition and half bit
interval transition and symbol °0' is represented by only starting transition.

In bi--space signalling, symbol 0" is represented by both starting transition and half bit
interval transition and symbol °| is represented by only starting transition.

7. What is Manchester code? Draw the Manchester format for the data stream 10110?
In Manchester code each bit of data is signified by at least one transition. Manchester encoding is
therefore considered to be self-clocking, which means that accurate clock recovery from a data
stream is possible. In addition, the DC component of the encoded signal is zero. Although
transitions allow the signal to be self-clocking, it carries significant overhead as there is a need for
essentially twice the bandwidth of a simple NRZ or NRZI encoding.
8. State any four desirable properties of line code
T h e PAM signal should have adequate timing content,
The PAM signal should immune to channel noise and interference
The PAM signal should allow error detection and error correction
The PAM signal should be transparent to digital data being transmitted

Experiment no - 8 DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES (ASK, FSK, BPSK)

1. Give examples for digital modulation techniques.

Amplitude shift keying (ASK), Frequency shift keying (FSK), Phase shift keying (PSK).
Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

2. What is meant by pass-band transmission?

The transmission of the modulated signal is called pass band transmission because of its
spectrum located at high frequency band. This spectrum is similar to the response of the band.
pass filter.

3. What is meant by base-band transmission?

The transmission of the message signal without any modulation is called as baseband
transmission because its spectrum is located nearby zero frequency. This spectrum is similar to
the frequency response of low pass filter.

4. What is the need for modulation?

F o r placing the signal at low noise frequency.

F o r reducing the antenna size

5. Define ASK, FSK, PSK.

ASK: In ASK, the digital data modulates the amplitude of the carrier.

FSK: In FSK, the digital data modulates the frequency of the carrier.
 PSK: In PSK, the digital data modulates the phase of the carrier.

6. What is QPSK?
In QPSK, the binary data sequence is converted to an odd bit sequence and an even bit
sequence. Four different phase delays are assigned to the four combinations of two bits.

For 10, the phase delay is 45®. For 00, the phase delay is 135®. For O1, the phase delay is 225®.
For 11, the phase delay is 3150.

7. What are the types of QPSK?

Non ofset QPSK, Ofset QPSK (0QPSK). (t/4) QPSK.

8. What is meant by coherent detection?

In coherent detection, a local carier is generated at the receiver with the same frequency
and phase as the transmitter clock.

9. What is meant by non-coherent detection?

In non-coherent detection, there is no need of generating local carrier at the receiver.

Experiment no -9 DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES (DPSK, QPSK, QAM)

1. What is meant by DPSK?
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) is an alternative form of digital modulation where the
binary input information is contained in the difference between two successive signaling
elements rather than the absolute phase.
2. What is meant by Probability of error & Bit Error Rate?
Probability of error P (e) & Bit Error Rate (BER) are often used interchangeably, although in
practice they do have slightly different meanings. P (e) is a theoretical expectation of the bit
eror rate for a given system. BER is an empirical record of a systems actual bit error

performance.
3. What is meant by antipodal signaling?
The phase relationship between signaling elements for BPSK (i.e., 180 degree out of phase) is
the optimum-signaling format, referred to as antipodal signaling, and occurs only when two
binary signal levels are allowed and when one signal is the exact negative of the other.
4. Give the formula for the error distance of the PSK.
The error distance of the PSK is given by, d = (2 sin 180/M)°D Where, d- error distance, M
-
number of phases D -

peak signal amplitude

5. What does &-QAM & 16-QAM means? Eight QAM is an M-ary encoding technique
where M=8. The output signal from an 8-QAM is not constant amplitude. Sixteen QAM is
also an M-ary system where M=16.
6. What are all the types of FSK systems & explain them?
There are two types of FSK system. -Non coherent FSK -Coherent FSK -With non-coherent
FSK, the uransmitter and receiver are not frequency or phase synchronized. -With coherent
 FSK, local receiver reference signals are in frequency and phase lock with the transmitted
signals.
7. Compare the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK and QPSK modulated signals.
The bandwidth efficiency of BPSK is 1 bit per cycle, where as that of QPSK is 2 bits per
cycle. The bandwidth efficiency of QPSK is more because it encodes the signal with 4
different phase shifts. Therefore it combines two successive bits.
8. What is meant by peak frequency deviation?
Peak frequency deviation is the product of the binary input voltage and the deviation
sensitivity of the VCO. iG= vm () *k1 Where, iG= Peak frequency deviation (Hz) vm()=
peak binary modulating signal voltage (volts) kl = deviation sensitivity (Hz per vol)

9. Define QPSK.
QPSK is Quadrature phase -shift keying. In QPSK the phase of the carrier takes on one of the
four equally spaced values Such as 84, 3e/4, Se4 and 7e4.

10. Define Dibit.

A unique pair of bits is called a dibit. Gray encoded set of dibits 10, 00, 01 &11
11. Glve the two basic operation of DPSK transmitter.
I. Differential encoding of the input binary wave 2. Phase -shift keying hence, the name
differential phase shift keying
12. What are the three broad types of synchronization?
1. Carrier synchronization 2. Symbol & Bit synchronization 3. Frame synchronization.

13. What is carrier synehronization?

The carrier synchronization is required in coherent detection methods to generate a coherent
reference at the receiver. In this method the data bearing signal is modulated on the carrier in
such a way that the power spectrum of the modulated carrier signal contains a discrete

component at the carrier frequency.

14. What are the two methods for carrier synchronization?
1. Carrier synchronization using Mth Power loop 2. Costas loop for carrier synchronization
15. What is called symbol or bit synchronization?
In a matched filter or correlation receiver, the incoming signal is sampled at the end of one bit
or symbol duration. Therefore the receiver has to know the instants of time at which a symbol
or bit is transmitted. That is the instants at which a particular bit or symbol status and when it
is ended. The estimation of these times of bit or symbol is called symbol or bit
synchronization.
16. What are the two methods of bit and symbol synchronization?
1) Closed loop bit synchronization 2) Early late gate synchronizer
Experiment no -12 ERROR CONTROL CoDING (Linear code and Cyelie code)
1. What is the need for error control coding?
For error detection and error correction of the code word.

2. What is meant by linear code?

I fsum of two code vector results in another valid code vector, then the code is said to be
linear code.

3. What is meant by cyelic code?

If cyclic shift in a code word results in another valid code vector, then the code is said to
be cyclic code.

4. Name some error control coding techniques.

Linear block code, binary cyclic code, convolutional code, CRC codes, RS codes, BCH
codes.

5. Name the code which is used only for error detection.

CRC code can perform eror detection but error correction is not possible.

6. In the linear block code program, what is the use of function *eye?

eye' is a library function used for initialising an identity matrix.

7. What is the meaning for error pattern?

Eror pattern which is also known as error vector is the vector containing zeros and ones
as elements. Zero represents 'no erTor on that position and one represents 'error' on that position.
The size of the error pattern is same as that of the code vector.

8. Differentiate systematic and non-systematic coding?

In a systematic code word, it is possible to distinguish the message bits and check bits in
the code word.

In a systematic code word, it is not possible to distinguish the message bits and check bits
in the code word.

Experiment no -13 CONVOLUTONAL CODING SCHEMES

1. Mention is the properties of cyclic codes

Linearity property The sum of any two code word is also a valid code word Cyclic property
Every cyclic shift of a valid code vector produces another valid code vector
2. Define hamming distance.
The hamming distance between two code vectors is equal to the number of elements in which
they differ. For example, let the two code words be, X = (101) and Y= (1 10) These two code

words differ in second and third bits. Therefore the hamming distance between X and Y is
two.
3. What is meant by transparency with respect to line codes
 The line code is said to be transparent if the synchronization between the transmiter and
receiver is maintained for any type of input data sequence.
4. Define hamming distance and calculate its value for two code words 11100 and 11011
The hamming distance between two code vectors is equal to the number of elements in which
they differ. Forexample, let the two code words be, X =(11 100) and Y= (1 1011) D=2 These
two code words differ in second and third bits. Therefore the hamming distance between X
and Y is two.
5. What is Golay codes?

Golay code is the (23,12) cyclic code whose generating polynomial is, G(p)=
pl1+p9+p7+pó+p5+p+1 This code has minimum distance of dmin = 7. This code can correct
upto 3 erors. But Golay code cannot be generalized to other combinations of n and k.
6. What is meant by systematic and non-systematic codes?
In a Systematic block code, message bits appear first and then check bits. In the

nonsystematie code, message and check bits cannot be identified in the code vector.
7. What is meant by linear code?

A code is linear if modulo-2 sum of any two code vectors produces another code vector. This
means any code vector can be expressed as linear combination of other code vectors.

8. What are the error detection and correction capabilities of hamming codes?

The minimum distance (dmin) of hamming codes is ,3". Hence it can be used to detect double
erors or correct single errors. Hamming codes are basically linear block codes with dmin =3.
9. What is meant by cyelic codes?
Cyclic codes are the subclasses of linear block codes. They have the property that a cyclic
shift of one codeword produces another code word.
10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of convolutional codes?

Advantages: 1. The decoding delay is small in convolutional codes since they operate o
smaller blocks of data.
2. The storage hardware required by convolutional decoder is less since the block sizes are

smaller
Disadvantages: 1. Convolutional codes are difficult to analyze since their analysis is complex.
2. Convolutional codes are not developed much as compared to block codes.