Scribd
Upload
27 views28 pages

Geologic Deep Time and Earth History

Uploaded by

Harlette A. Laguidao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views28 pages

Geologic Deep Time and Earth History

Uploaded by

Harlette A. Laguidao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

GEOLOGIC

DEEP TIME
AND EARTH
LA TIERRA

HISTORY
GROUP 3
DEEP TIME
“Deep time" refers to the
time scale of geologic
events, which is greater
than the time scale of
human lives and human
plans. It is one of geology's
great gifts to the world's
set of important ideas.
What is the Geologic Time Scale?
The geologic time scale organizes Earth's history by
categorizing different periods according to the life
forms that existed during those times, referred to as
geochronologic units. These units help chart the
planet's history since its formation.

Much of our understanding of this history comes from


studying fossils, which are the preserved remains or
imprints of ancient organisms embedded in rock or
sediment. These fossil records are crucial, as they
provide evidence that Earth's history extends far
beyond human existence.
Relative Dating Vs Absolute Dating
Relative dating is a method of determining the
age of a fossil or geological feature by comparing
its position with that of other fossils or features in
the same stratigraphic sequence. It doesn't
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
provide an exact age but adipiscing
consectetur ratherelit.places
Duis objects or
vulputate nulla at ante rhoncus,
events in a sequence relative
vel efficitur to one another.
felis condimentum.
Proin odio odio.

Absolute dating, on the other hand, provides a


numerical age or range in years for a fossil or
geological feature. This is usually achieved
through radiometric dating techniques, which
measure the decay of radioactive isotopes within
the specimen.
Relative Dating Vs Absolute Dating
The key difference is that relative dating
establishes the sequence
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis of events or objects in
relationvelto one another, while absolute dating
vulputate nulla at ante rhoncus,
efficitur felis condimentum.

provides a specific age or range of ages for those


Proin odio odio.

events or objects.
The Geologic Time Scale is divided by
the following divisions:
1. Eons: The longest subdivisions, defined by the
presence of specific types of fossils.
2. Eras: The second-longest subdivisions,
characterized by significant shifts in the fossil
record.
3. Periods: Defined by the varieties of life that
existed during these times.
4. Epochs: The shortest subdivisions, distinguished
by variations in life forms, which can differ
across continents.
Early geologists could not predict how their findings
would evolve, so the geologic time scale was
constructed gradually, one unit at a time. As these
units wereconsectetur
identified, they were often named after
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
adipiscing elit. Duis
vulputate nulla at ante rhoncus,
local geographical features,
vel efficitur felis condimentum.
Proin odio odio.
notable individuals, or the
predominant rock types within each unit.
EXAMPLES
Cambrian: Derived from the Latin name
for Wales, this period was named by
01
British geologist Adam Sedgwick after
03
studying rock layers in Wales.
Devonian: Named for the prominent rock
formations first identified near
Devonshire, England.
Jurassic: This period was named after the
Jura Mountains, where its characteristic
strata were first observed by German
geologist Humboldt in 1795.
Cretaceous: Takes its name from the Latin
word "creta," meaning chalk, a term coined
by a Belgian geologist.
CHARLES DARWIN

-A BRITISH NATURALIST WHO PROPOSED THE


THEORY OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION BY
NATURAL SELECTION.

-DEFINED EVOLUTION AS "DESCENT WITH


MODIFICATION," THE IDEA THAT SPECIES
CHANGE OVER TIME, GIVE RISE TO NEW
SPECIES, AND SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.
-“THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” (HIS SEMINAL
BOOK), SET FORTH HIS IDEAS ABOUT
EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION. THESE
IDEAS WERE LARGELY BASED ON DIRECT
OBSERVATIONS FROM DARWIN'S TRAVELS
AROUND THE GLOBE.
The concept of natural selection,
also known as "survival of the
fittest," was first introduced by
Charles Darwin during his five-
year voyage on the HMS Beagle
around the globe, wherein he
observed differences between
the same species during this
time, particularly in Galapagos
turtles, and observed that some
of the mutations were
advantageous and some were
not.
NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection is the process by which


specific species of mammals, amphibians,
or reptiles acquire adaptations and develop
modifications over long periods of time in
response to environmental condition where
helpful variations appear in a species while
unfavorable variations disappear, thus
improving their suitability for their
surroundings and raising their chances of
survival and procreation.
DARWIN'S CONCEPT OF NATURAL SELECTION BASED
ON SEVERAL KEY OBSERVATIONS:

TRAITS ARE OFTEN


HERITABLE
MORE OFFSPRING ARE
PRODUCED THAN CAN
SURVIVE
OFFSPRING VARY IN
THEIR HERITABLE
TRAITS
PUNCTUATED EVENTS THROUGH
GEOLOGIC TIME

Environmental changes on earth are usually


an indicator of a species extinction (or a
species addition). These changes can be
brought about by an asteroid or comet
impact,volcanic activity, or climatic changes
like the onset of ice ages.
PUNCTUATED EVENTS THROUGH
GEOLOGIC TIME
1. Impact:
The dinosaur extinction, the most famous extinction
event, is thought to have been caused by a large comet
striking Earth in current-day Mexico. This event likely
created a significant atmospheric dust cloud, possibly
blocking sunlight and changing oxygen levels. This
could have caused extensive plant death, leading to the
extinction of dependent animals, and potentially a swift
temperature decline.
PUNCTUATED EVENTS THROUGH
GEOLOGIC TIME

It took million years for the earth to recover, large


dinosaurs were gone that time
Some species of bird did survive and flourish and
thought to be descendents of dinosaurs.
PUNCTUATED EVENTS THROUGH
GEOLOGIC TIME

2. Climate Change
The climate has always been changing. The atmosphere
lacked free oxygen. However, the formation of the present-
day atmosphere began approximately 600 million years
ago with the emergence of the earliest life forms.
Paleozoic - warm shallow seas and tropical climates
were common.
PUNCTUATED EVENTS THROUGH
GEOLOGIC TIME

Mesozoic - plate movement shifted the continents and


only the animals and plants with the greatest ability to
adapt could survive.
Cenozoic - climate continued to change during the
Cenozoic and continues to change to this day, as issues
of “Global Warming”.
Ice Ages - extreme cold
PUNCTUATED EVENTS THROUGH
GEOLOGIC TIME

3. Volcanic Activity
Significant volcanic activity such as producing ash
clouds in the air, lava flows on Earth happened during
Precambrian. Most life forms couldn't exist due to
extreme heat.
Volcanism due to tectonic plate collision.
Cause and effect of catastrophic events impacted life on
Earth.
THE STUDY OF FOSSILS
A fossil is the preserved remains of an
organism that has died. Fossils tell scientists,
called paleontologists, about
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis
living things such
as their biology and
vulputate nulla environmental
at ante rhoncus,
vel efficitur felis condimentum.
conditions
over earth’s history through the rock record. In
Proin odio odio.

addition, they give clues to the conditions of


the earth (i.e. climate) at the time that the
fossil was preserved and possibly relate
changes of an organism over time.
The Process of Fossilization

1. Death and Burial


2. Decay prevention of dead organisms
3. Mineralization of the remains
4. Replacement of the organic materials
5. Hardening and Preservation
6. Exposure
TYPES OF FOSSILS

1. Mold fossils - when sediments bury an organism


and the sediment hardens into rock. The organism
decays slowly inside the rock, leaving an cavity in
the shape of the organism.

2. Cast fossils - The cavity or mold mentioned above


can filled in with mud. When the mud hardens, it takes
on the shape of the organism.
TYPES OF FOSSILS

3. Petrified fossil or permineralized fossil - Minerals like calcium


can soak into the buried remains of an organism. The mineral
replaces the remaining bone and changes it into rock.
TYPES OF FOSSILS
4. Carbonized fossil - When organism
parts are pressed between layers of mud
or clay that hardens over time,
squeezing the decaying organism away
and leaving a carbon imprint in the rock,
since all living things contain carbon.

may result when organisms are


rapidly buried, especially in low-
oxygen conditions.
most often black in color, reflecting
the fact that they composed mostly
of carbon
TYPES OF FOSSILS
5. Trace fossil - When the mud or sand hardens into rock where a
footprint, trail or burrow was left behind.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
FOSSILS
The fossil record, like the rock record, is an
important record
Lorem ipsum for understanding
dolor sit amet, life on
earth before the dawn of man.
consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis
vulputate nulla at ante rhoncus,

Extinctions and new life forms are also


vel efficitur felis condimentum.
Proin odio odio.

found within the fossil record.


Fossils can also show structural similarities
and differences in organisms over time
revealing the diversity of life forms on
earth. Nearly 90 percent of organisms that
have lived on the earth are now extinct.
GROUP 3 MEMBERS
Andalis, Nicole D.
Arcos, Saneahian M.
Ballon, Dana Althea Radjel G.
Benasa, Jerusalem C.
Bilason, Harthali Aysha R.
Laguidao, Jethro A.
Riosa, Alwin Clark C.
Vinas, Mark Jem B.

BSED Science 1

You might also like