CHAPTER 2

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
●2.1 Bohr's atomic model
c

●2.2 Quantum mechanics

●2.3 Electronic configuration

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 2.1
c
BOHR'S ATOMIC MODEL
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 Learning Outcomes:
2.1 Bohr’s Atomic model.
a) Describe Bohr’s atomic model.
b) Explain the existence of electron energy levels in an atom.
c) Calculate the energy of an electron using:
En = -RH ( 1/n2),where RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
d) Describe the formation of line spectrum of hydrogen atom.
e) Ilustrate the formation of Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund
series.
f) Calculate the energy change of an electron during transition using:
1 1
∆E = RH ( 2 - 2 ) where RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J
𝑛𝑖 𝑛𝑓
g) Calculate the energy of photon emitted by an electron that produces a
particular wavelength during transition using:
∆E = hυ , where υ = c/λ

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 Learning Outcomes:
2.1 Bohr’s Atomic model.
h) Perform calculations involving the Rydberg equation:
1 1 1
= RH ( 2 - 2 ) where RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1 and n1 < n2
λ 𝑛1 𝑛2

i) Calculate ionisation energy of hydrogen atom from Lyman series.

j) State the limitation of Bohr’s atomic model.
k) State the dual nature of electron using de Broglie’s postulate and
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

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 Bohr’s Atomic Model
Four Bohr’s atomic postulate:
Electron moves in circular orbit around the nucleus of an
1 atom
- electron does not release or absorb any energy at
stationary state.
High Energy
Level

Low Energy Level 

orbit =energy level

= energy state
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 In the specific energy level, the energy of electron is fixed in
2 value or is quantised.
(quantised = fixed/specific/definite)
This means that an electron moving in an
orbit can have a certain amount of energy.
n=2

1
electron

E n = − RH  2 
n=1

n 

1
E1 = − RH  2  nucleus
1   1 
E 2 = − RH  2  (proton)
2 
n: Principal quantum number/ energy level= 1, 2, 3, …..∞
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3
❑ An electron moves in an allowed energy
state will not absorb or radiate energy.
no change of energy while electron moves
within an orbit

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❑ Energy is emitted or absorbed by an electron
as it changes from one allowed energy state
to another.

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The existence of electron energy levels in an atom

• The energy of an electron in an atom is

quantised. This means that an electron moving
in an orbit can has only a certain amount of
energy.

• The electron nearest to the nucleus has the lowest

energy. The further the electron from the nucleus,
the higher its energy.

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When electron is absorbed specific amount of energy,
electron is excited from lower to higher energy level

n =1
n=2
n=3
n=4

Electron falls from higher to lower energy level .

A photon of energy is released.

Photon = a packet of light energy equals to h

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energy n=5
n=5

energy
n=4 n=4
n=3 n=3

n=2 n=2

∆E = h (+) ∆E = h (-)
Energy absorbed Energy emitted
n=1 n=1

Energy is absorbed in energy is released in the

when electron moves form of photon when
from lower energy level electron falls back from a
to a higher energy level; higher energy level to a
lower energy level.

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 POINTS TO REMEMBER

Energy level
 energy associated with a specific orbit
or state

Ground state

 The electrons have their lowest energy

Excited state
 The electrons have shifted from a lower
energy level to a higher energy level
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 BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
Energy of an electron in its level (stationary state):
1
En = – RH
n2

RH = Rydberg constant
= 2.18 x 10–18 J

n = Principal quantum number

= 1, 2, 3, …..∞

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 EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the energy (in J) of an electron when it
occupies a level equivalent to the quantum
number of n = 3 and n = 4.

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 Energy of an electron at n = 3 (E3) :
1
E3 = – RH
n2
1
= – 2.18 x 10–18 J x 32
= – 2.42 x 10–19 J
Energy of an electron at n = 4 (E4) :
1
E4 = – RH 2
n
1
= – 2.18 x 10 J x
–18
42
= – 1.36 x 10–19 J
Tip:

 n decrease (more close to nucleus) , Energy, E more negative

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 TYPE OF SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM

Continuous Spectrum Line Spectrum

Hydrogen emission spectrum

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 Continuous Spectrum

Source:
white light,
sunlight

❖ A spectrum that contains continuous band of light with all wavelengths. 16

 Line Spectrum
Source: gas in discharge tube

A spectrum that contains a series of discrete lines separated by blank area and each line
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corresponds to specific wavelength.
When the electron of a hydrogen
atom at its ground state (lower n=4
energy level) absorbs sufficient n=3
amount of energy, it will move to a nucleus n=2
n=1
higher energy level

At higher energy level, electron is

unstable. It will fall back to a lower n=
n=5
energy level.
n=4

Energy
During the transition (falls from n=3
higher to lower energy level),
energy will be released in a form

Release Energy
Absorb Energy
of light (photon) at definite n=2
wavelength and frequency.

Since energy is quantised (fix in

value), line spectrum is n=1
produced. 18
FORMATION OF LINE SPECTRUM (emission series)
When the electrons fall back to lower energy levels,
radiant energies (photons) are emitted in the form of light

n=
n=5 4th
3rd
n=4
2nd
n=3
Energy
1st Level
Energy n=2 Diagram

Lyman Series

n=1
Emission of photon

E Line
4th 3rd 2nd 1st spectrum

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FORMATION OF LINE SPECTRUM (emission series)

n=
n=5 2nd 3rd
n=4
1st
n=3
Energy
n=2 Energy
Level
Balmer Series Diagram

n=1
Emission of photon

Line E
3rd 2nd 1st
spectrum  Line
spectrum
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 Emission series of hydrogen atom
Energy

n=
n=6
n=5 Pfund series *IR
n=4
Brackett series *IR
n=3
Paschen series *IR
n=2
Balmer series *(visible light)

Lyman series *UV

n=1

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Emission series of hydrogen atom (alternative diagram)

*visible light

Source: https://chem.libretexts.org
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 VARIOUS SERIES IN
ATOMIC HYDROGEN EMISSION

Series nf ni Spectrum
region
Lyman 1 2,3,4,… ultraviolet

Balmer 2 3,4,5,… visible

Paschen 3 4,5,6,… infrared

Brackett 4 5,6,7,... infrared

Pfund 5 6,7,8,… infrared

Lyman - Beli - Pasu - Bunga - Pecah

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Differences
Line spectrum Continuous spectrum
A spectrum of radiation that A spectrum that consists of
consist of discrete line with all wavelengths in the visible
specific wavelengths. region.

Each line is separated by No blank area.

blank area.

Source: light of discharge Source: white light, sun,

tube of H2, Na etc. moon etc.

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 EXAMPLE 2

The following diagram represents the line spectrum of hydrogen atom

for the Lyman series.

E D C B A
Line
spectrum
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Specify the increasing order of the radiant energy,
frequency and wavelength of the emitted photon.
Which of the line that corresponds to:
i. the fourth line? Line D

ii. the shortest wavelength? Line E

iii. the lowest frequency? Line A
1st 5th
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 EXAMPLE 3
Y W
Line
spectrum Balmer series

Describe the transitions of electrons that lead to the lines

W, and Y, respectively. Y
ANSWER: W

For W: transition of electron from n=4 to n=2

For Y: transition of electron from n=7 to n=2 26
 BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
ENERGY CHANGE (E)
1 1
E1 = – RH ( 2 ) E2 = – RH ( 2 )
n1 n2
E = E2 – E1
Energy change between any two levels:

1 1
E = RH ni = initial, nf = final
ni2 nf2
= h

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 BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
 The amount of energy released by the electron
during transition is called a photon
 A photon of energy is released in the form of light with
appropriate frequency and wavelength.
 Therefore, the energy change (released/ absorbed) can
be related as:

E = h c=x
c  : wavelength (m)
 =
   frequency
Thus, c : speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s
E = hc
 h : Planck’s constant = 6.6256 x 10-34 Js
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 EXAMPLE 4

Which of these electron transitions correspond

to absorption of energy and which to emission?
a) n = 2 to n = 4
b) n = 3 to n = 1

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a) n = 2 to n = 4
 Electron transition: lower to higher level

 Absorption

b) n = 3 to n = 1

 Electron transition: higher to lower level

 Emission

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 EXAMPLE 5

Calculate the wavelength (in nm) of a

photon emitted by a hydrogen atom when
its electron drops from the n = 5 state to
the n = 3 state.
n=5

 =?

n=3

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 1 1
E = RH ni = initial, nf = final
ni 2 n f2

= 2.18 x 10-18 J x (1/25 – 1/9)

= – 1.55 x 10-19 J (energy emitted)

E = hc

 = hc
E
6.6256 x 10-34 (Js) x 3.00 x 108 (m/s)
=
1.55 x 10-19J
= 1.282 x 10–6 m = 1282 nm

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 RYDBERG EQUATION
Used to calculate the wavelength of transition of
electron between two energy levels :

1 1 1
= RH ( 2 ) n1 < n2
 n1 n22

: wavelength of a spectral line

n1, n2: 1,2, 3 …..∞

RH: Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 107 m–1

 > 0, n1 < n2
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 EXAMPLE 6

Use the Rydberg equation to calculate:

i. wavelength (in nm)

ii. frequency

iii. energy

of the fourth line in the Balmer series of hydrogen

spectrum .

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4th line of Balmer series : n=6 to n=2

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 4th line of Balmer series : n=6 to n=2

By using Rydberg equation:

i)
1 1 1
= RH n1 < n2
 n12 n22

= 1.097 x 107 m-1 1 1

22 62

= 2.437 x 106 m-1

 = 4.102 x 10-7 m = 410.2 nm

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 ii) c 3.00 x 108 (m/s)
 = =
 4.102 x 10-7 m

= 7.314 x 1014 s–1

iii) E = h = 6.6256 x 10–34 J•s x 7.314 x 1014 s–1

= 4.845 x 10–19 J

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 EXAMPLE 7

An electron in the n = 5 level of an H atom

emits a photon of wavelength 1281 nm.
To which energy level does the electron
move?

ANS: n = 3

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 Electron transition: n1 = 5 n2 = ?

By using Rydberg equation:

1 1 1
= RH n1 < n2
 n12 n22

1
= 1.097 x 107 m-1 1 1
1281 x 10–9 m n12 52

7.8064 x 105 = 1.097 x 107 m-1 1 1

n12 52
1 = 0.11116
n12
n12 = 8.996 n1 = 3 39
 DIFFERENT VALUE OF RH AND USAGE

Used to calculate wavelength

1 1 1
= RH ( 2 ) n1 < n2
 n1 n22
RH: Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 107 m–1

Used to calculate energy

E = RH ( 1 1
) ni = initial, nf = final
ni2 n2
f
RH: Rydberg constant = 2.18 x 10–18 J

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 IONIZATION ENERGY OF H ATOM

Ionization energy (IE) : minimum energy (in kJ/mol)

required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
or ion in its ground state.

H(g) → H+(g) + e  = ?

H atom is ionised when an electron is removed from :

n1 = 1 to n2 = ∞

E = RH ( 1 1
)
ni2 nf2
= 2.18 x 10-18 J x 1 1
12 ∞2
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= 2.18 x 10-18 J
 IONIZATION ENERGY OF H ATOM

For removal of 1 mol electrons from 1 mol H atom:

2.18 x 10-18 J 6.02 x 1023 atoms H

E = x
1 atom H 1 mol

= 1.3124 x 106 J/mol

= 1312.4 kJ/mol

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 FINDING IONISATION ENERGY EXPERIMENTALLY:

Convergent limit 1st line

frequency
increase

 1
 increase
 Ionisation energy is determined by detecting
the wavelength of the convergence point.
 Eventually the line become so close to each other
that merge at a point (convergent limit/
continum limit) form continuous band.
 the nucleus can no longer hold the electron. 43
 EXAMPLE 8

Calculate the:

i) Wavelength
ii) Frequency
iii) Wave number

of the last line of hydrogen spectrum in Lyman

series

NOTE: Wave number = (1 / wavelength) or 1 / 

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 For Lyman series: n1 = 1 & n2 = ∞

1 1 1
i) = RH n1 < n2
 n12 n22

= 1.097 x 107 m-1 x 1 1

12 ∞2
 = 9.116 x10-8 m

ii) c 3.00 x 108 (m/s)

 = =
 9.116 x 10-8 m
= 3.291 x 1015 s–1
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iii) Wave number , 1


1 1 1
= RH n1 < n2
 n12 n22

= 1.097 x 107 m-1 x 1 1

12 ∞2

= 1.097 x 107 m-1

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 EXAMPLE 9

10.97 10.66 10.52 10.27 9.74 8.22

wave number (x106 m-1)

The Lyman series of the spectrum of hydrogen is

shown above. Calculate the ionisation energy of
hydrogen from the spectrum.

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 EXAMPLE 9

E = h x c

= 6.6256 x 10-34 (J•s) x 3.00 x 108 (m/s) x 10.97 x 106 m-1
= 218.06x 10-20 J
= 2.18 x 10-18J
For 1 mol of electrons:
Ionisation energy
= 2.18 X 10 -18J x 6.02 X 1023 atom H
1 atom H 1 mol
= 1.312 x 106 J mol-1
= 1312 kJ mol-1 48
❑ Unable to explain the line
spectrum of atoms or ions Why got extra lines….?
containing more than one
electron (such as helium). n=
n=7
n=6
n=5
❑ Electron is restricted to n=4

move in a certain distance n=3

around the nucleus of an

atom. n=2

❑ Unable to explain the extra

lines formed.
n=1

❑ Unable to explain the dual BALMER SERIES

nature of electrons. 49
 de Broglie’s Postulates

❖Tiny particles like electrons can also have wave

properties
❖Electrons should diffuse like wave into
dimensionless space.
❖Electrons should NOT be confined to a particular
energy level.

Wave
h
 = mu
property
Particle
Where: property
h = Planck constant (J.s) m = particle mass (kg)
u = velocity (m/s)  = wavelength

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de Broglie’s Postulates

Bohr’s Atomic de Broglie’s

Model Postulates

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 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
❖It is impossible to know simultaneously both the
momentum, p and the position, x of a moving particle
with certainty.
❖An electron should not be confined in a particular orbit
because its exact position and velocity cannot be
determined
❖We can only determine the probability of finding an
electron.
Where:
x = uncertainty in measuring the position
h
x p  p = uncertainty in measuring the momentum

4 h = Planck’s constant
 = pi
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 2.2
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL MODEL
c
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 Learning Outcomes:

2.2 Quantum Mechanics model.

a) Define the term orbital.

b) Explain all four quantum numbers of an electron in an orbital:

i. principal quantum number, n

ii. angular momentum quantum number, ℓ
iii. magnetic quantum number, m
iv. electron spin quantum number, s

c) Sketch the 3-D shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

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 3.2-04
ATOMIC ORBITAL

An orbital is a three-dimensional region in space

around the nucleus where there is a high
probability of finding an electron.

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 3.2-07
QUANTUM NUMBER
For H atom, an atomic orbital is specified by 4
quantum numbers :

Principal quantum number (n)

indicates the energy level of the electron)

Angular momentum quantum number (ℓ)
indicates the shape of the orbital
Magnetic quantum number (m)
describes the orientation of the orbital in space
Electron spin quantum number (s)

represents the spin direction of electron on its own

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axis
 PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)
The value of n determines the size and energy of
an atomic orbital.
The principal quantum number may have only
positive integers: n= 1,2,3……,∞

n 1 2 3 4
Orbital
size

Energy Increase

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 Orbital size:
3s > 2s > 1s

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 3.2-10
ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (ℓ)
Also called azimuthal / subsidiary / orbital
quantum number
ℓ = An integer from 0 to (n – 1) @ ℓ = (n – 1)
Indicates shape and type of orbital
n determine ℓ
Note :
n ℓ Subshell
1 0 1s ℓ orbital z

sphere
x

2 0 2s 0 s z
y

1 2p 1 p y
dumbbell
z

3 0 3s x

2 d y cloverleaf
1 3p
3 f
2 3d
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 MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (m)
m = an integer from –ℓ through 0 to +ℓ @ m=(–ℓ..0..+ℓ)
Indicates the orientation of the orbital in the space
around the nucleus
m depends on the value of ℓ

EXAMPLE: 1 possible orbitals

( s subshell)
ℓ=0 m=0 3 possible orbitals
ℓ=1 m = –1, 0 , +1 ( p subshell)

ℓ=2 m = –2, –1, 0 , +1 , +2 5 possible orbitals

( d subshell)

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 3.2-31
ELECTRON–SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (s)
determines the direction of spinning motions
of an electron
Two possible motions of an electron
 clockwise and anti–clockwise
value of s: +½ and –½

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 3.2-18
Each allowed combination of n, ℓ and m values
specifies one atomic orbital
 size (energy), shape and spatial orientation

n l m Orbitals Number of Number

(name) orbitals of e-

1 0 0 1s 1 2
0 0 2s 1 2
2
1 -1, 0, +1 2p 3 6
0 0 3s 1 2
3 1 -1, 0, +1 3p 3 6
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 3d 5 10
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 3.2-13
POINT TO REMEMBER
Hierarchical relationship:

limits limits
n ℓ m
EXAMPLE:
n=2 possible ℓ values = 0 , 1

ℓ=1 possible m values = – 1 , 0 , +1

ℓ=0 possible m values = 0

max no. of e− = 2n2

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 SHAPE OF ATOMIC ORBITAL

s orbital
➢ The s orbital is represented by l = 0
➢ It has spherical shape with the nucleus at the
centre.
➢ The l =0 , there is only one value of m = 0,
which refer to one s orbital

➢ The size of s orbital becomes larger as the

value of n increases

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 SHAPE OF s ORBITAL
The size of s orbital with different values of n

2s

65
 SHAPE OF ATOMIC ORBITAL

p orbital
➢ The p orbitals are represented by l = 1
➢ Each p orbitals has dumbbell shaped and
separated by a node at the nucleus
➢ The l =1 , there are three possible values of
m = -1,0,+1, which refer to three p orbitals,
( px , py , pz )

➢ As n increases, the p orbitals get larger

6666
 SHAPE OF p ORBITAL

Px Py Pz

6767
 SHAPE OF ATOMIC ORBITAL
d orbital
➢ The d orbitals are represented by l = 2

➢ All the d orbitals do not look alike.

➢ There are five possible m values: -2,-1, 0, +1, +2,
which correspond to five d orbitals with five
different orientations:

d xy , d yz , d xz , d x 2 -y2 , d z2

6868
SHAPE OF d ORBITAL

69
 EXAMPLE 10

Specify the ℓ and m values for n = 4.

When, n = 4
ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3
ℓ m
0 0
1 -1,0,+1
2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2
3 –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3

70
 EXAMPLE 11

Give all possible m values for orbitals that have

each of the following:

a) ℓ = 2
When ℓ = 2,
Possible values of m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2

b) n = 4 , ℓ = 3
When n = 4 ℓ = 3
ℓ=3
Possible values of m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

71
 EXAMPLE 12
Give the name, magnetic quantum numbers, and
number of orbitals for each subshell with the
following quantum numbers:

a) n=3, ℓ=2
b) n=2, ℓ=0
c) n=5, ℓ=1
d) n=4, ℓ=3

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 EXAMPLE 12

Name Number
n ℓ of orbital Possible m values of orbitals

a) 3 2 3d –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 5

b) 2 0 2s 0 1

c) 5 1 5p –1, 0, +1 3

d) 4 3 4f –3,–2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7

73
 EXAMPLE 13
Are the following quantum number combinations
allowed? If not, show two ways to correct them.

a) n = 1; ℓ = 0; m = –1
When n = 1; ℓ = 0
ℓ = 0; m = 0 m ≠ –1

So, the combination is not allowed.

Correction:
n = 1; ℓ = 0; m = 0 or n = 2; ℓ = 1; m = –1

74
 EXAMPLE 13

b) n = 4; ℓ = 3; m = –1

When n = 4; ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3

ℓ = 3; m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3

So, the combination is allowed.

75
 EXAMPLE 13

c) n = 5; ℓ = 2; m = +3

When n = 5; ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

ℓ = 2; m = –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 m ≠ +3

Combination is not allowed.

Correction:

n = 5; ℓ = 2; m = +2
or
n = 5; ℓ = 3; m = +3

76
 EXAMPLE 14
For the following subshells give the values of the quantum
numbers (n, ℓ, m) and the number of orbitals in each
subshell:
a) 3p
n = 3, ℓ = 1 , m = –1, 0 , +1 (3 orbitals)
b) 5d
n = 5, ℓ = 2 , m = –2, –1 , 0 , +1, +2 (5 orbitals)

c) 4f
n = 4, ℓ = 3 , m = –3, –2, –1, 0, +1,+2, +3 (7 orbitals)

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 2.3
ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
c
SLIDESMANIA.COM

78
 Learning Outcomes:

2.3 Electronic Configuration.

a) Explain Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule and Pauli exclusion

principle.
b) Predict the electronic configuration of atoms and
monoatomic ions using spdf notation and orbital diagram.
c) Justify the anomalous electronic configurations of copper
and chromium.

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 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Shows how the electrons are distributed

among the various atomic orbitals

EXAMPLE:
H atom (ground state)

n value number of electrons in

1s1 the orbital or subshell

Subshell or orbital

80
 Representing Electronic Configuration
Method 1: Orbital diagram

8 O: box
1s 2s 2p
platform
1s 2s 2p
Method 2: spdf notation Number of electrons in the
subshells

2 2 4
8 O: 1s 2s 2p Azimuthal quantum number, 

Principal quantum number, n

81
Rules Used to Fill Electrons
Into Atomic Orbitals

Aufbau Principle

Hund’s Principle

Pauli Exclusion Principle

82
 AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first and other
orbitals in order of increasing energy.

n=1 1s
1s 2s 2p
n=2 2s 2p
n=3 3s 3p 3d
1s 2s 2p
n=4 4s 4p 4d 4f
n=5 5s 5p 5d 5f
The order of filling energy orbitals with electrons:
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s
83
 KEEP IN MIND
Degenerate orbitals are orbitals with the
same energy.
EXAMPLE:

2px = 2py = 2pz

3dxy = 3dyz = 3dxz = 3dx2- y2 = 3dz2

84
 Relative Energy Level of Atomic Orbitals
4d
5s
4p

3d
n=4 4s
energy

3p
n=3 3s

2p
n=2 2s

n=1 1s Orbital energy levels

in a many-electron atom

85
 EXAMPLE 15

Which of the following pairs is lower in

energy for the case of many–electron atoms:
a) 2s , 2p 2s < 2p

b) 3p , 3d 3p < 3d

c) 3s , 4s 3s < 4s

d) 4d , 5f 4d < 5f

e) 3d , 4s 4s < 3d

86
 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

No two electrons in the same atom have

the same four quantum numbers
In other words,

Each electron must have a different set of

quantum numbers
EXAMPLE:
He atom
1s2
1st electron (1,0,0, +½ ) (1,0,0, -½ ) (1,0,0, +½ )
2nd electron (1,0,0, +½ ) (1,0,0, -½ ) (1,0,0, -½ )
correct
87
 HUND’S RULE

Most stable arrangement of electrons in orbital of a

subshell is the one with the greatest number of
parallel spin

Thus electrons fill each and all degenerate orbital

EXAMPLE:
singly before they pair up.

C (Z = 6)
1s 2s 2p

number of parallel
spin = 2
88
HOW TO WRITE ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION OF
AN ION?
Write electronic configuration
for the respective neutral atom

Cation: remove first electron

from the outermost shell
Anion: add electron to the
outermost shell

89
 EXAMPLE 16
Write the electron configuration of
K (Z = 19) and Mg (Z = 12).

K : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

Mg: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

90
 EXAMPLE 17

Write the electron configuration of the

following transition metal:

a) V5+ (V; Z = 23)

b) Ti4+ (Ti; Z = 22)
c) Sc3+ (Sc; Z = 21)
d) N3- (N; Z = 7)
e) S2- (S; Z = 16)

91
 EXAMPLE 17

a) V5+
Electron configuration:
V : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
or
V : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2

V5+ (18 electrons)

V5+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

92
 EXAMPLE 17

b) Ti4+ (Ti; Z = 22)

Ti (22 electrons)
Electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2
or

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2

Ti4+ (18 electrons)

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

93
 EXAMPLE 17

c) Sc3+ (Sc; Z = 21)

Sc (21 electrons)
Electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
or

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2

Sc3+ (18 electrons)

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

94
 EXAMPLE 17

d) N3- (N; Z = 7)
N (7 electrons)
Electronic configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p3

N3- (10 electrons)

1s2 2s2 2p6

95
 EXAMPLE 17

e) S2- (S; Z = 16)

S (16 electrons)
Electronic configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

S2- (18 electrons)

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

96
 The Anomalous Electronic Configurations of
Chromium, Cr and Copper, Cu

Cr and Cu both have electron configurations which

are inconsistent with the Aufbau Principle.
The anomalous are explained on the basis that
a fully filled or half-filled d orbital is more stable.

Element Expected Observed/actual

e- configuration e- configuration
Cr (Z=24) [Ar] 3d4 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s1

Cu (Z=29) [Ar] 3d9 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s1

97
 Anomalous Cases
Chromium (Z=24)
Expected electronic configuration:
24Cr : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2

1s 2s 3s 4s
2p 3p

3d
Actual electronic configuration:
24Cr : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
2 2 6 2 6 5 1

1s 2s 3s 4s
2p 3p

3d

REASON:
Half-filled (3d5) orbitals exhibits greater stability 98
 Anomalous Cases
Copper (Z=29)
Expected electronic configuration:
1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d94s2
29Cu:

1s 2s 3s 4s
2p 3p

3d
Actual electronic configuration:

1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d104s1

29Cu:

1s 2s 3s 4s
2p 3p

3d

REASON:
Fully filled (3d10) orbitals exhibits greater stability 99
 GLOSSARY
BIL TERM SYMBOL/ DEFINE
FORMULA
1. Energy level - Energy associated with a specific orbit or state

2. Ground state - The electrons have their lowest energy

3. Photon - A packet of light energy equals to h

4. Continuous Spectrum - A spectrum that contains continuous bands of

c light with all wavelengths.
5. Line Spectrum - A spectrum that contains a series of discrete lines
separated by blank area and each line
corresponds to specific wavelength.

6. de Broglie’s Postulates - Tiny particles like electrons can also have wave
properties.
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7. Heisenberg’s - It is impossible to know simultaneously both the

Uncertainty Principle momentum, p and the position, x of a moving
particle with certainty.
8. Atomic Orbital - An orbital is a three-dimensional region in space
around the nucleus where there is a high
100
probability of finding an electron.
 GLOSSARY
BIL TERM SYMBOL/ DEFINE
FORMULA
9. Principal quantum n= 1,2,3……,∞ indicates the energy level of the electron
number (n)
10. Angular momentum 0 to (n – 1) indicates the shape of the orbital
quantum number (ℓ)
11. Magnetic quantum m=(–ℓ..0..+ℓ) describes the orientation of the orbital in space
number (m)
12. Electron spin quantum s: +½ and –½ represents the spin direction of electron on its own
number (s) c axis.
13. Electronic Configuration Shows how the electrons are distributed
among the various atomic orbitals.
14. Aufbau Principle Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first and other
orbitals in order of increasing energy.
15. Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons in the same atom have the same
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four quantum numbers.

or
Each electron must have a different set of quantum
numbers
16. Hund’s Rule Most stable arrangement of electrons in orbital of a
subshell is the one with the greatest number of 101
parallel spin
 102
THE END
c
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