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The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

Faculty of Science ACADEMIC YEAR


Department of Chemistry 2024-2025

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara


Bachelor of Science
YEAR 1 CHE ********* MDC CREDIT 4
Semester I Basics of Chemistry-I HOURS 60

OBJECTIVES:
Study of Some fundamental aspects in chemistry.

COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUS


Metallic and electrolytic conductors:
Metallic and electrolytic conductors: Conduction of electricity by metals and solutions.
Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation. Specific, equivalent and molar conductance -
measurement of conductance - variation of conductance with dilution for strong and weak
electrolytes, Molar conductivity at infinite dilution. Debye-Huckel- Onsager (D-H-O) theory
UNIT-I of electrolytic conductance. Wien effect, Debye-Falkenhagen effect, Walden’s rule. Ionic 15 hrs.
velocities, mobilities, and their determinations, Transport number and its determination
by Hittorff’s and moving boundary method. Effect of temperature and concentration: ionic
mobility and ionic conductance - Kohlrausch's law and its applications, conductometric
titrations.

Alkanes, Alkene and Alkyl Halides


Alkanes: Introduction, Preparation of alkanes: catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes and
alkynes; reduction of alkyl halide using metal & mineral acid; hydrolysis of Grignard
reagent, Corey-House synthesis. Reactions of alkanes: halogenations of alkanes; free
radical mechanism .
Alkenes: Nomenclature, geometric isomerism, preparation of alkenes from halides
UNIT-II elimination reactions, E1, E2 mechanisms, dehydration of alcohols Saytzeff rule. 15 hrs.
Electrophilic addition reactions: mechanism of addition of H2, X2, HX, H2SO4, H2O and
X2/H2O, addition of alkenes, oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration,
hydroxylation (syn. and anti).
Alkyl halides: Synthesis from alcohols; alkanes; alkenes; alkynes;. Reactions of alkyl halides:
SN1and SN2 reactions (kinetics, stereochemistry); reactions of alkyl halides with -OH, H2O,
RCC-, CN-, NH3, R-M, I-, RCOO-.
Electronic configuration and chemical properties
Electronic configuration and chemical properties: Origin of quantum numbers and their
relation to the symbols and energy of atomic orbitals, radial and angular probabilities.
Electronic configuration and Periodic properties –atomic size, ionization energy, electron
affinity, electronegativity. Trends in the metallic character. Ionization of elements and
stabilization of various oxidation states. Characteristic and distinctive properties of
UNIT-III 15 hrs.
elements. Chemistry of s-Block elements: Hydrogen. Hydrides-Classification and
Chemistry. Alkali Metals: Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs–occurrence, comparative study of elements,
oxides, halides, hydroxides and carbonates. Exceptional property of Lithium.
Alkaline Earth Metals: Be, Mg, Ca,Sr and Ba -occurrence, and comparative study of the
elements, oxides, hydroxides, halides, sulphates and carbonates. Exceptional property of
Beryllium.
Chemistry of Nobel Gases: Chemical properties of the noble gases, chemistry of xenon,
structure and bonding in xenon compounds.
Introduction to Analytical Science
Introduction to Analytical Science. Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry. Vocabulary of
Analytical Chemistry- Analysis, Determination, Measurement, Techniques, Methods,
Procedures, Protocols, Sample, Analyte.
Different methods of expressing concentration- Weight by weight and Weight by volume
methods.
UNIT-IV
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, comparison. Principles of Qualitative Analysis - 15 hrs.
Solubility product, common ion effect and pH - effects on solubility. Systematic Qualitative
analysis scheme based on the above principles
Evaluating Analytical Data-Significant figures, Types of Errors involved during analysis-
determinate and indeterminate, detection of errors and correction, rejection of data
(based on standard deviation, coefficient of variation and Q- test). Numerical problems
based on all the above topics mentioned in the unit.

REFERENCES

Atkins P. and Paula J. D. (2006), Physical Chemistry, 8th Edition (International Student Edition) Oxford Univ.
1
Press, New Delhi.
Puri, B. R., Sharma, L.R. and Pathania, M. S. (2005), 41st Edition, Principles of Physical Chemistry, Vishal
2
Publ. Co., Jalandhar
3 Bahl, B.S., Bahl A. and Tuli, G.D. (2007), Essentials of Physical Chemistry, 25th Edition,S. Chand, New Delhi.
Morrison R.T. and Boyd R.N; (1994) Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
4
Graham Solomons T.W. and Fryhle C., (2002) Organic Chemistry, John Wiley, New York.
5 Pine S.H; (1993) Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
6 Loudon G M; (2002) Organic Chemistry, Oxford, New York.
7
Roberts J.D. and Caserio M.C., (1992) Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition,W.A. Benjamin Inc.,
California
8 Graham Solomons T.W. and Fryhle C., (2002) Organic Chemistry, John Wiley, New York.
9 Singh S.P. and Mukherjee S.M; (1984) Organic Chemistry, McMillan India.
10 Tewari K. S. and Vishnoi N. K.; (2006) A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
11. Lee J.D., (1991) Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Chapman and Hall,
Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Kalia K.C., (2006). Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 29th Edition, Milestone
12.
Publ., Delhi
Cotton F.A. and Wilkinson G., (2009) Basic Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition,
13.
Wiley Eastern
14 Christian Gary, (2004) Analytical Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.
15 Khopkar, S.M.(2009) Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry New Age, International Publisher
John Bassett (Editor) Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Including Elementary
16
Instrumental Analysis, 4th edition, Longman Science and Tech
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Faculty of Science ACADEMIC YEAR
Department of Chemistry 2023-2024

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara


Bachelor of Science
YEAR 1 CHE *********MDC CREDIT 4
Semester II Basics of Chemistry-II HOURS 30

OBJECTIVES:

COURSE CONTENT / SYLLABUS


Chemical Bonding
Covalent Bond: Valence bond theory and its limitations, directional characteristics of
covalent bond, various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules
and ions. Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to NH3, H3O+, SF4, ClF3, ICl2˗
and H2O. MO theory, homonuclear and heteronuclear (CO and NO) diatomic molecules,
multicenter bonding in electron deficient molecules, bond strength and bong energy,
UNIT-I percentage ionic character from dipole moment and electronegativity difference. 15 hrs.
Ionic Solids: Ionic structures, radius ratio effect and coordination number, limitation of
radius ratio rule, lattice defects, semiconductor, lattice energy and Born-Haber cycle,
salvation energy and solubility of ionic solids, polarizing power and polarisability of ions,
Fajan’s rule. Metallic bond-free electron, valence bond and band theories.
Weak interactions: hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.

Benzene and Aromatic Compounds


Benzene: Structure, Huckel rule. Aromaticity in tropilium ion and cyclopentadienyl anion.
Electrophillic substitution reactions of benzene with mechanism: Nitration, Sulphonation,
Halogenation, Friedel-Craft’s alkylation and acylation, Reactivity and orientation,
UNIT-II
Arenes: Synthesis, substitution reactions, side chain and ring halogenation and side chain 15 hrs.
oxidation. Structure and stability of benzyl cation, Alkenyl and alkynylbenzenes:
Nomenclature, synthesis and reactions.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Preparation and reactions of naphthalene,
anthracene, phenanthrene.

Chemistry of p-block and d-block elements


Chemistry of p-block elements: Comparative study of the p-Block elements- Groups 13-18
with special reference to electronic configuration, structure of elements and trends in
atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity and
oxidation states. Inert pair effect. Occurrence, extraction and important uses of p-Block
UNIT-III
elements. 15 hrs.
Chemistry of Transition elements: Characteristic properties of d-block elements.
Electronic configuration. Comparative account of atomic and ionic radii, density, M.P., B.P.,
metallic character, reactivity of metals, ionization energies. Difference between the
properties of the elements of first and the other two transition Series. Application of
coordination compounds in analysis and industry.

UNIT-IV Alcohol, ethers and introductory stereochemistry 15 hrs.


Alcohols: Introduction. Preparation: oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-
oxidation, hydroxylation of alkenes, Grignard reaction, hydrolysis of alkyl halides.
Reactions with HX, PX3, dehydration and oxidation. Esterification. 1,2-Glycols, glycerol,
preparations and reactions, periodic acid oxidation, pinacol – pinacolone rearrangement.
Ethers: Nomenclature, preparations, reactions, cleavage, auto oxidation, Ziesel’s method.
Cyclic ethers: epoxides, synthesis, acid and base catalysed opening. Orientation, reaction
with Grignard and organolithium reagents. Crown ethers.
Stereochemistry: Isomerism, conformation of butane, optical activity, specific rotation,
Newman and Fischer Projection, chirality, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, meso
compounds.

REFERENCES
1. Lee J.D., (1991) Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Chapman and Hall
2.
Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Kalia K.C., (2006). Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 29th Edition, Milestone Publ.,
Delhi
3. Cotton F.A. and Wilkinson G., (2009) Basic Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Wiley Eastern
4. Mahan B.H., (2009) University Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Narosa Publ House, New Delhi
5. Gilreath E. S., (1985) Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Int.
6 Morrison R.T. and Boyd R.N; (1994) Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
7 Pine S.H; (1993) Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
8 Loudon G M; (2002) Organic Chemistry, Oxford, New York.
9
Roberts J.D. and Caserio M.C., (1992) Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 2nd Ed., W.A. Benjamin Inc.,
California
10 Graham Solomons T.W. and Fryhle C., (2002) Organic Chemistry, John Wiley, New York
11 Singh S.P. and Mukherjee S.M; (1984) Organic Chemistry, McMillan India.
12 Tewari K. S. and Vishnoi N. K.; (2006) A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House, N.Delhi.
13 Finar I L Organic Chemistry Vol 1 & 2 ELBS/ Pearson 1982
14. Lee J.D., (1991) Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Chapman and Hall
15.
Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Kalia K.C., (2006). Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 29th Edition, Milestone Publ.,
Delhi
16. Cotton F.A. and Wilkinson G., (2009) Basic Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Wiley Eastern
17. Mahan B.H., (2009) University Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Narosa Publ House, New Delhi
18. Gilreath E. S., (1985) Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill Int.
19. Morrison R.T. and Boyd R.N; (1994) Organic Chemistry, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
20. Pine S.H; (1993) Organic Chemistry, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
21. Loudon G M; (2002) Organic Chemistry, Oxford, New York.
22..
Roberts J.D. and Caserio M.C., (1992) Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, 2nd Ed., W.A. Benjamin Inc.,
California
23. Graham Solomons T.W. and Fryhle C., (2002) Organic Chemistry, John Wiley, New York
24. Singh S.P. and Mukherjee S.M; (1984) Organic Chemistry, McMillan India.
25. Tewari K. S. and Vishnoi N. K.; (2006) A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Vikas Publishing House, N.Delhi.
26. Finar I L Organic Chemistry Vol 1 & 2 ELBS/ Pearson 1982

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