MOLES IN EQUATIONS Updated

MOLES IN EQUATIONS
Because chemical equations tell you how many

particles react with other particles and how
many particles are then formed
And
The number of particles in the same number of
moles of any chemical is the same
We can use chemical equations and moles to
find out what masses and volumes react with
each other and are formed in reactions.
There are several steps you must take
Step one: Write a balanced chemical equation
(In the exams this is nearly always done for you)
Step two
(In pencil) write underneath each chemical the
number of particles that are reacting.
This will tell you the number of moles
2AgNO3 + MgCl2 2 AgCl + Mg(NO3)2
• 2 1 2 1
Step 3
Read the question carefully. Underline the
chemicals they are asking you about.
Find the relative mass of those chemicals
Find the mass of magnesium nitrate that can be
made from 17 g of silver nitrate
• 2 1 2 1
Mr of AgNO3 = 170
Mr of Mg(NO3)2 = 148
Step 4
Change the moles into masses
• 2 1 2 1
340 148
So 340 grams of AgNO3 will make 148 grams of
Mg(NO3)2
Now use simple ratio
There are 17 g of silver nitrate so I will make
17/340 x 148 g of magnesium nitrate
18.8 g of magnesium nitrate
Example
What mass of zinc sulfate would you get when
you added 13 g of zinc to an excess of sulfuric
acid.
The equation is
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
1 1 1 1
Relative mass of Zn is 65
Relative mass of ZnSO4 is 65 + 32 + 64 = 161
1 1 1 1
65 161
65 grams of zinc will give 161 g of zinc sulfate
We have 13 g of zinc so by ratio
We will get 13/65 x 161 = 32.4 g of zinc sulfate
Sometimes they will ask you to find the volume
of a gas used or made. Simply change the moles
to volume
Example: What volume of CO2 is made when
10 g of calcium carbonate is added to excess
sulfuric acid
(When you add to excess acid it means all the
calcium carbonate will be used)
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
1 1 1 1 1
Relative formula mass of CaCO3
1 X 40 + 1 X 12 + 3 X 16 = 100
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
1 1 1 1 1
100g 24dm3
I have 10 g of CaCO3 so by ratio
I have 10/100 x 24 = 2.4 dm3
Example
What volume of hydrogen would you get when
you added 13 g of zinc to an excess of sulfuric
acid.
The equation is
1 1 1 1
65 24
So 65 g of Zn will give 24 dm3 of H2
We have 13 g of Zinc so by ratio we have
13/65 x 24 = 4.8 dm3
When dealing with solutions it is usually easier
to leave everything in moles.
What mass of magnesium sulfate do I make
when I add an excess of magnesium to 50cm3 of
sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.5
mol/dm3
(If magnesium is in excess then all the sulfuric
acid will be used up)
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
1 1
1 136
RFM of MgSO4 = 40 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 136
50 cm3 of H2SO4 with c = 0.5 mol/dm3
= 50/1000 x 0.5 = 0.025
So 1 mole of sulfuric acid will give 136 g of
magnesium sulfate
But I have 0.025 moles of sulfuric acid
So will have 0.025/1 x 136 = 3.4 g of magnesium
sulfate
They may also ask how much magnesium would
be left if you added 5 g magnesium
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
1 1
40 1
So 1 mole of sulfuric acid uses 40 g of
magnesium
0.025 moles will use
0.025/2 x 40 = 1 g
So there will be 5 – 1 = 4 g left
An excess of iron is added to 100 cm3 of HCl
with concentration of 2 mol/dm3
What is the mass of the iron chloride made
Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2
1 2 1 1
RFM of FeCl2 = 56 + 2 x 35.5 = 127
We have 100/1000 x 2 = 0.2 moles of HCl
Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2
1 2 1 1
2 127
So 2 moles of HCl will give 127 g
We have 0.2 which will give 0.2/2 x 127
12.7 g
A very common reaction in chemistry is when an
acid neutralizes an alkali. In these reactions
they usually want to know how much of one
reactant will exactly neutralize the other
What volume of sodium hydroxide with a
concentration of 1 mol/dm3 will exactly
neutralise 50 cm3 of sulfuric acid with a
concentration of 2 mol/dm3
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
1 2 1 2
Step 1
Find the number of moles of the chemical where
they give you both volume and concentration.
Number of moles = concentration x volume
(dm3)
Number of moles of sulfuric acid =
2 x 50/1000 = 0.1
Step 2
Use your equation to find the number of moles
of second solution
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
1 2 1 2
0.1 0.2
Step 3
Use the number of moles to find the volume of
other solution if they have given you the
concentration or the concentration if they have
given you the volume
There is 0.2 moles of NaOH and concentration is
1 mol/dm3
So volume is given by n/c
0.2/1 = 0.2 dm3
=
200 cm3
Example. A student found that it takes 15.0 cm3
of 0.5 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid to neutralise
10 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution. What is
the concentration of the sodium hydroxide
solution
USING THE 5 STEPS
• NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
• 1 1 1 1
• Number of moles of HCl = concentration x
volume in dm3 = 0.5 x 0.015 = 0.0075
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
1 1 1 1
0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075
We need 0.0075 moles of sodium hydroxide to
neutralise 0.0075 moles of hydrochloric acid
Concentration of sodium hydroxide = moles
volume
= 0.0075
0.01
= 0.75 mol/dm3
The chemical technique they use to measure the
exact volumes is called titration.
In titration a chemical is added drop by drop,
using a burette, until the end point is reached.
When you are mixing an acid and an alkali this is
the point when the solution becomes neutral.
You need another chemical to tell when a
solution becomes neutral.
This chemical is known as an indicator which
changes colour in acids and alkalis
Methyl orange changes
From red in acid to yellow in an alkali
Phenolphtalein changes from
Pink in alkali to colourless in acid
Chemists put a known amount of one of the
chemicals in a conical flask using a pipette
They then carefully add the other chemical using
the burette until the colour change and then
measure the volume.
They repeat the reading at least 3 times and
average.
If the readings are very different they will do
more readings.
Exercise
• A student adds 4.8 g of magnesium to excess

dilute hydrochloric acid. What mass of
magnesium chloride would be made
• Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2
• 19 g
• If you add 5.3 g of sodium carbonate to excess
dilute sulfuric acid what mass of sodium
sulfate would be made
• Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
• 7.1 g
• It takes 30cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric
acid to neutralise 24 cm3 of KOH solution.
What is the concentration of the KOH
solution?
• KOH + HCl KCl + H2O
• 1.25 mol/dm3
Example 1
• Zinc oxide is heated with carbon in a furnace.
The Zinc oxide is reduced to Zinc and carbon
monoxide is formed. How much Zinc Oxide do
you need to make (a) 130 g (b) 130 tonnes of
Zinc
Example 2
• You start with a solution containing 0.95 g of
magnesium chloride. You add a solution of
silver nitrate. If all the magnesium chloride
reacts how much silver chloride is made
• 2AgNO3 + MgCl2 2 AgCl + Mg(NO3)2

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MOLES IN EQUATIONS

Because chemical equations tell you how many

• A student adds 4.8 g of magnesium to excess

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