ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
Computer Science Assignment 2022-23

By: Vaibhav N
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................3
AI - BRIEF HISTORY:......................................................................................................4
AI - WORKING PRINCIPLES:............................................................................................5
DIAGRAM......................................................................................................................6
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE...................................................................7
JOB OPPORTUNITIES.....................................................................................................8
FUTURE SCOPE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE..............................................................11
CONCLUSION:..............................................................................................................12

2
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

INTRODUCTION:
Artificial intelligence (AI) broadly refers to any human-like behavior
displayed by a machine or system. In AI’s most basic form, computers are
programmed to “mimic” human behavior using extensive data from past
examples of similar behavior. This can range from recognizing differences
between a cat and a bird to performing complex activities in a manufacturing
facility.

Whether you are talking about deep learning, strategic thinking, or another
species of AI, the foundation of its use is in situations that require lightning-
fast responses. With AI, machines can work efficiently and analyze vast
amounts of data in the blink of an eye, solving problems through supervised,
unsupervised, or reinforced learning.

3
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

BRIEF HISTORY:
Before 1949, computers could execute commands, but they could not
remember what they did as they were not able to store these commands. In
1950, Alan Turing discussed how to build intelligent machines and test this
intelligence in his paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Five
years later, the first AI program was presented at the Dartmouth Summer
Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (DSPRAI). This event catalyzed
AI research for the next few decades.

Computers became faster, cheaper, and more accessible between 1957 and
1974. Machine learning algorithms improved and, in 1970, one of the hosts
of DSPRAI told Life Magazine that there would be a machine with the
general intelligence of an average human being in three to eight years.
Despite their success, computers’ inability to efficiently store or quickly
process information created obstacles in the pursuit of artificial intelligence
for the next ten years.

AI was revived in the 1980’s with the expansion of the algorithmic toolkit
and more dedicated funds. John Hopefield and David Rumelhart introduced
“deep learning” techniques that allowed computers to learn through
experience. Edward Feigenbaum introduced “expert systems” that mimicked
human decision-making. Despite a lack of government funding and public
hype, AI thrived and many landmark goals were achieved in the next two
decades. In 1997, reigning chess World Champion and Grandmaster Gary
Kasparov was defeated by IBM’s Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer
program. The same year, speech recognition software developed by Dragon
Systems was implemented on Windows. Cynthia Breazeal also developed
Kismet, a robot who could recognize and display emotions.

4
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

AI - TYPES:
There are three types of AI or AI-based systems:

1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
3. Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing
and intelligent algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from
patterns or features in the data.

5
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

A common AI application that we see today is the automatic switching of

appliances at home.

When you enter a dark room, the sensors in the room detect your presence
and turn on the lights. This is an example of non-memory machines. Some
of the more advanced AI programs are even able to predict your usage
pattern and turn on appliances before you explicitly give instructions.

Some AI programs are able to identify your voice and perform an action
accordingly. If you say, “Turn on the TV”, the Sound Sensors on the TV
detect your voice and turn it on.

With the Google Dongle and a Google Home Mini, you can actually do this
every day.

6
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

DIAGRAM:

7
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

APPLICATIONS OF AI:
 Personalized Shopping.
 AI-powered Assistants.
 Fraud Prevention.
 Administrative Tasks Automated to Aid Educators.
 Creating Smart Content.
 Voice Assistants.
 Personalized Learning.
 Autonomous Vehicles.

8
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

JOB OPPORTUNITIES:
What AI Careers Can You Pursue?

Despite being a new and niche field, careers in artificial intelligence aren’t
homogenous. Within AI, there are various kinds of jobs needing specific
skills and experience. Let us look at the top ten one by one.

1. Machine Learning Engineer

Machine learning engineers are at the intersection of software engineering

and data science. They leverage big data tools and programming frameworks
to create production-ready scalable data science models that can handle
terabytes of real-time data.

Machine learning engineer jobs are best for anyone with a background that
combines data science, applied research, and software engineering. AI jobs
seek applicants with strong mathematical skills, experience in machine
learning, deep learning, neural networks, and cloud applications, and
programming skills in Java, Python, and Scala. It also helps to be well-
versed in software development IDE tools like Eclipse and IntelliJ.

The average salary of a machine learning engineer in the US is $1,31,000.

Organizations like Apple, Facebook, Twitter, etc., pay significantly higher—
in the range of $170,000 to $200,000. Read more about ML engineer salaries
here.

2. Data Scientist

Data scientists collect data, analyze it, and glean insights for a wide range of
purposes. They use various technology tools, processes, and algorithms to
extract knowledge from data and identify meaningful patterns. This could be

9
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

as basic as identifying anomalies in time-series data or complex as

predicting future events and making recommendations. The primary
qualifications expected of a data scientist are:

- Advanced degree in statistics, mathematics, computer science, etc.

- Understanding of unstructured data and statistical analysis
- Experience with cloud tools like Amazon S3 and the Hadoop platform
- Programming skills with Python, Perl, Scala, SQL, etc.
- Working knowledge of Hive, Hadoop, MapReduce, Pig, Spark, etc.
- The average salary of a data scientist is $105,000. With experience,
this can go up to $200,000 for a director of data science position.

3. Business Intelligence Developer -

Business intelligence (BI) developers process complex internal and external

data to identify trends. For instance, in a financial services company, this
could be someone monitoring stock market data to help make investment
decisions. In a product company, this could be someone monitoring sales
trends to inform distribution strategy.

However, unlike a data analyst, business intelligence developers don’t create

the reports themselves. They are typically responsible for designing,
modeling, and maintaining complex data in highly accessible cloud-based
data platforms for business users to use the dashboards. The qualifications
expected of a BI developer are:

- Bachelor’s degree in engineering, computer science, or a related field

- Hands-on experience in data warehouse design, data mining, SQL,
etc.
- Familiarity with BI technologies like Tableau, Power BI, etc.

10
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

- Strong technical and analytical skills

- Business intelligence developers earn an average salary of $86,500,
going up to $130,000 with experience.

4. Research Scientist -

The research scientist role is one of the most academically-driven AI

careers. They ask new and creative questions to be answered by AI. They are
experts in multiple disciplines in artificial intelligence, including
mathematics, machine learning, deep learning, and statistics. Like data
scientists, researchers are expected to have a doctoral degree in computer
science.

Hiring organizations expect research scientists to have extensive knowledge

and experience in computer perception, graphical models, reinforcement
learning, and natural language processing. Knowledge of benchmarking,
parallel computing, distributed computing, machine learning, and artificial
intelligence are a plus.

5. Software Engineer -

AI software engineers build software products for AI applications. They

bring together development tasks like writing code, continuous integration,
quality control, API management, etc., for AI tasks. They develop and
maintain the software that data scientists and architects use. They stay
informed and updated about new artificial intelligence technologies.

An AI software engineer is expected to be skilled in software engineering

and artificial intelligence. They need to have programming skills as

11
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

statistical/analytical skills. Companies typically look for a bachelor’s degree

in computer science, engineering, physics, mathematics, or statistics. To
land a job as an AI software engineer, certifications in AI or data science are
helpful too.

The average salary of a software engineer is $108,000. This goes up to

$150,000 based on your specialization, experience, and industry.

FUTURE SCOPE OF AI:

The adoption of Artificial Intelligence in India is promising. However,
currently, it is at a nascent stage. While there are a few industries such as IT,
manufacturing, automobile, etc, that are leveraging the prowess of AI, there
are still many areas in which its potential is unexplored.

12
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

The immense potential that AI holds can be understood by the various other
technologies that are covered under the umbrella of AI. Some of the
examples of such technologies include self-improving algorithms, Machine
Learning, Pattern Recognition, Big Data, and many others. In the next few
years, it is predicted that there will hardly be any industry left untouched by
this powerful tool. This is the reason why AI has so much potential to grow
in India.

13
 CS Assignment - Artificial Intelligence

CONCLUSION:
In recent years, there has been a massive unraveling of the AI and Machine
learning phenomena as they find hundreds of possibilities for their
application of artificial intelligence in various fields. In fact, researchers
started using AI and Machine learning to gain more insights into the recent
global pandemic. This further marks the combined use of AI and Machine
learning in the field of medical and research.

Due to the pandemic, the demand for AI and ML engineers also increased in
the IT sector. Even when the country witnessed massive job losses, the
demand for jobs in AI and ML was least affected. Businesses are already on
their way to giving more work-from-home options that will also require AI
and ML professionals. To wrap it up, AI and ML have immense potential,
and pursuing a career in the same will help you get some major benefits and
an in-demand job.

14