Types of Cell

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What is Prokaryotic Cell?
Prokaryotic cells are single-celled
microorganisms known to be the earliest on
earth. Prokaryotes include Bacteria and
Archaea. The photosynthetic prokaryotes
include cyanobacteria that perform
photosynthesis.

A prokaryotic cell consists of a single

membrane and therefore, all the
reactions occur within the cytoplasm.
They can be free-living or parasites.
 Characteristics of
Prokaryotic Cell
They lack a nuclear The genetic The histone proteins, the
membrane.Mitochondria, material is present important constituents of
Golgi bodies, chloroplast, on a single eukaryotic chromosomes,
and lysosomes are absent. chromosome. are lacking in them.
 Characteristics of
Prokaryotic Cell
The cell wall is made up of
carbohydrates and amino acids.

The plasma membrane acts as the

mitochondrial membrane carrying
respiratory enzymes.

They divide asexually by binary fission.

The sexual mode of reproduction
involves conjugation.
 Components of
Prokaryotic Cell
Plasma Membrane
It is an outer
protective
covering of
phospholipid
molecules which
separates the cell
from the
surrounding
environment.
 The plasma membrane, also called the cell
membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that
separates the interior of the cell from the outside
environment. In bacterial and plant cells, a cell wall
is attached to the plasma membrane on its outside
surface. The plasma membrane consists of a lipid
bilayer that is semipermeable. The plasma
membrane regulates the transport of materials
entering and exiting the cell.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is a thick
solution that fills each
cell and is enclosed by
the cell membrane. It is
mainly composed of
water, salts, and
proteins. In eukaryotic
cells, the cytoplasm
includes all of the
material inside the cell
and outside of the
nucleus.
It is the genetic
material of the cell.
All the prokaryotes
possess a circular
DNA. It directs
what proteins the
cell creates. It also
regulates the
actions of the cell.
 Ribosomes
A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of
both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein
synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the
messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates
that genetic code into a specified string of amino
acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form
proteins.
Prokaryotic Cell Structure
A prokaryotic cell does not have a nuclear
membrane. However, the genetic material is
present in a region in the cytoplasm known as
the nucleoid. They may be spherical, rod-
shaped, or spiral. A prokaryotic cell structure is
as follows:
 Prokaryotic Cell Structure
CAPSULE CELL WALL CYTOPLASM CELL MEMBRANE

It is an outer protective It is the The cytoplasm is This layer

covering found in the outermost mainly composed of surrounds the
bacterial cells, in addition layer of the cell enzymes, salts, cell cytoplasm and
to the cell wall. It helps in which gives organelles and is a regulates the
moisture retention, shape to the gel-like component. entry and exit of
protects the cell when cell. substances in the
engulfed, and helps in the cells.
attachment of cells to
nutrients and surfaces.
 Prokaryotic Cell Structure
PILI FLAGELLA RIBOSOMES PLASMIDS
Pili are short, hair- The flagellum is Your paragraph textThe In addition to the
like structures on the comprised of a body at prokaryotic ribosomes chromosome, many
cell surface of the base, which is contain 3 RNA strands and prokaryotes have
prokaryotic cells. embedded in the cell 52 protein subunits which plasmids, which are
membrane, a filament can be divided into 1 RNA small rings of double-
They can have a role
and 21 proteins in the stranded extra-
in movement, but are or rod, which is the
small ribosomal subunit chromosomal ("outside
more often involved main corkscrew outside
(aka the 30S subunit) and the chromosome") DNA.
in adherence to the cell, and a hook to
2 RNA and 31 proteins in
surfaces, which connect the body and Plasmids carry a small
the large ribosomal
facilitates infection, the filament. The number of non-
subunit (50S subunit). The
and is a key virulence flagellum also has its essential genes and are
small subunit locates the
characteristic own export apparatus, start site and moves along
copied independently of
as it can self-assemble. the RNA the chromosome inside
the cell
Some prokaryotic cells Binary Fission The A cell wall is
possess cilia and flagella DNA of an then formed
which helps in organism replicates between
locomotion. and the new copies each DNA,
Reproduction in attach to the cell dividing the
Prokaryotes A membrane. The cell into two
prokaryote reproduces cell wall starts daughter
in two ways: Asexually increasing in size cells.
by binary fission and starts moving
Sexually by conjugation inwards.
 Eukaryotic Cells
Are cells containing membrane-bound organelles and are the
basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms. In
contrast, prokaryotic cells do not have any membrane-bound
organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.

Are the cells that contain a membrane bound nucleus

and organelles.
It has a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear
membrane and form large and complex organism.
Protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals all have eukaryotic
cell. They are classified under the kingdom
“Eukaryota”.
Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cell have The Cell has Flagella and Cilia are
the nucleus enclosed metochondria the locomotory organs
within the nuclear in a eukaryotic cell.
membran

The cells divide by a

process called
The Eukaryotic cell
A cell wall is the mitosis
contain a
outermost layer of
Cytoskeletal
the eukaryotic cells The nucleus contains a structure
single , linear DNA
which carries all the
genetic information
Components of Eukaryotic
cell
The nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm are
considered the basic components of any
eukaryotic cell since this are present in all
eukaryotic cell

Vacuoles are found in both animals

and plant cells but size varies.

Cell wall and chloroplast are

absent in animal cell
NUCLEUS
 A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the
membrane- enclosed organelle within a cell
that contains the chromosomes. An array of
holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane
allows for the selective passage of certain
molecules (such as proteins and nucleic
acids) into and out of the nucleus.
MITOCHONDRION
 Mitochondria function somewhat like batteries,
because they convert energy from one form to another.
Cells with high metabolic needs can meet their higher
energy demands by increasing the number of
mitochondria they contain.

Mitochondria contain their own small

chromosomes. Generally, mitochondria, and
therefore mitochondrial DNA, are inherited only the
mother.
 Cytoplasm is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed
by the cell membrame. It is mainly composed of water, salts,
and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of
the materials inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of
the organelles in eukaryotic cell, such as the nucleus
endroplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the
cytoplasm. The portion of the cytoplasm that is not contained
in the organelles is called the cytosol. Although cytoplasm may
appear to have no form or structure , it is actually highly
organized. A framework of protein scaffolds called the
cytoskeleton provides the cytoplasm and the cytoplasm and the
cell with their structure.
 The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi body or
Golgi complex, is a type of organelle (i.e.,a structure
located in the cell ) that processes and packages
proteins and lipid molecules. These are later
transported to other cell compartment or secreted
from the cell.
When the Golgi apparatus was discovered in 1898 by Camillo
Golgi, it was one of the first organelles of the cell to be
discovered. He discovered it while researching the nervous
system. Camillo Golgi referred to his discovery as the
“internal reticular apparatus”, and it was not until 1910 that
the organelle became named for him.
 Each vesicle type has a different function,
and different vessicle are necessary for
different processes.

Vesicles can help transport materials that an

organism needs to survive and recycle waste
materials. They can also absorb and destroy toxic
substances and pathogens to prevent cell damage
and infection.
 The cell membrane, also
called the plasma
membrane, is found in all
cells and separates the
interior of the cell from the
outside environment. The
cell membrane consists of a
lipid bilayer that is
semipermeable. The cell
membrane regulates the
transport of materials
entering and existing the
cell.
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
The smooth endplasmic reticulum functions in many
metabolic processes. It synthesizeslipids, phospholipids
are in plasma membranes, and steroids. Cells that secrete
thses products, such as cells of the testes, ovaries, and skin
oil glands, have an exerces of smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
 CILLIUM
A cilium, or cilia(plural),are small hair-like
protuberances on the outside of eukaryotic cells.
They are primarily responsible for locomotion, either
of the cell itself or of fluids on the cell surface. They
are also involved in mechanoreception. There is even
class of microorganisms names for these small
structures. Ciliates are protozoans that posesess cilia
which they use for both locomotion and feeding.
 LYSOSOMES
Lysosomes are involved with various cell
processes.They break down excess or worn-
out cell parts. They may be used to destroy
invading viruses and bacteria. If the cell is
damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can
help it to self-destruct in a process called
programmed cell death, or apoptosis.
 CENTRIOLE
Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles
located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the
nucelar envelope. Centrioles play a role in
organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s
skeletal system. Thy help determine the locations of
the nucleus anf other organelles within the cell.
 CENTROSOME
A Centrosome is a cellular structure
involved int the process off cell
division, the centrosome duplicates
and then, as division begins, the two
centrosomes move to opposite ends of
the cell.
 PEROXISOME
Summary. Peroxisomes are
specialized for carrying out oxidative
reactions using molecular oxygen.
They generate hydrogen peroxide,
which they use for oxidative purposes
—destroying the excess by means of
the catalase they contain.
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