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Normal Distribution

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14 views18 pages

Normal Distribution

Uploaded by

Almina Majid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normal Distribution

• Is a probability function that describes how the values of a variable are


distributed.
For instance;

• if we take the heights of adults, the normal distribution means, roughly,


that:
v there are relatively few short adults,
v there are relatively few tall adults
v the height of most adults will tend towards a middle value (the average
value) between the shortest and the tallest.

Illustration A 100%
short
50%
average
0% tall
heights of adult
Now, instead of classifying adults in our example into just three categories –
short, average, and tall, suppose we introduce more class intervals such
as the following:
A. Less than 4 ft.
B. 4 ft. less than 4 ft. and 6 inches
C. 4 ft. and 6 inches to less than 5 ft.
D. Greater than 6 ft. and 6 inches
E. 4 ft. and 6 inches to less than 5 ft.
F. 4 ft. less than 4 ft. and 6 inches
G. Less than 4 ft.
10
Illustration B. 6.7
4.5 4.9 4.9 4.5
5 3 3

0
Height of the ADULT

A B C D E F G
25 Series 1
20 Series 2
15 Series 3
10 Series 4
5 Series 5
0 Series 6
Illustration c Series 7

Illustration D: Normal Distribution


“Bell Shape”
Skewed Distribution
• Skewed to the right
• Skewed to the left

A distribution that is skewed to the right has a


tail that is longer on the right end:
Example:
§ Age at
marriage
§ Mortality age
diseases
§ Certain
industrial
measurements
While one that is skewed to the left § Various
has a longer left tail: biological
measurements
For example;

Let us assume that the youngest age at marriage is 18 yrs. and the oldest
is 60 yrs. The distribution is shown below.

Illustration:

15 20 30 40 45 50 55 60
18 25 35
Properties of a Normal Curve

• It is symmetrical about the MEAN.


• The mean is equal to the MEDIAN, which is equal to the MODE.
• The tails or ends are asymptotic relative to the horizontal line.
• The total area under the normal curve is equal to 1 or 100%.
• The normal curve area may be sub-divided into at least three standard
scores each to the left and to the right of vertical axis.
• Along the horizontal line, the distance from one integral standard score to
the next integral standard score is measured by the standard deviation.

Area
Illustration D: Normal Distribution
“Bell Shape”
0.5 0.5

Mean
Median
Mode
Areas Under The Normal Curve

Formula:

Sample: Population:
�−� �−�
z= z=
� �

Where:

Z = standard score
� = sample mean
s = sample standard deviation
� = population mean
� = population standard deviation
X = a given value of a particular variable
Example:

Assume that we know a particular distribution:

1. For sample

Mean = 50
s=5
Then, the standard score, z, corresponding to a value of 60 is:
(X = 60)

2. For Population

� = 120
�=3
X = 135
1. For sample 2. For Population

Mean = 50 � = 120
s=5 �=3
Then, the standard score, z, corresponding X = 135
to a value of 60 is:
(X = 60)

�−� 60−50 10 �−� 135−120 15


z= = = =2 z= = = =5
� 5 5 � 3 3

40 45 50 55 60 114 120 126


117 123 129
Area reading under Normal Curve

Z 0 9

00 000
01

1.0

2.5 .4938 .4952

Z-score = 2.59
Area = .4952
The following are examples of area readings corresponding to certain z
scores:

Z score Area

0.0

0.5

0.86

1.52

2.5

3.99
Example 1:
Find the area under the normal curve from z = 0 to z = 1.2.

Area = .3849 or 38.29%

0 1.2
Example 2:
Find the area under the normal curve from z = -0.68 to z = 0.

Area = 0.2517 or 25.17%

0
-0.68

-0.68 = +0.68 -> symmetrical property of the distribution


Example 3:
Find the area under the normal curve from z = 0.81 to z = 1.94.

Zscore = 0.81 Zscore = 1.94


Area= 0.2910 Area= 0.4738

0 1.94
0.81
Area = 0.1828

Area: 0.4738 – 0.2910 = 0.1828 or 18.28%


Example 4:
Find the z score when the area from z = 0 to +z is 0.3770.

Area from +z = 0.3770


Z score = 1.16
Example 5:
Find the z score when the area to the right of +z is .1230.

Area of the half of the normal


curve = .5000
+z Area = .1230

0.3770
Z score = 1.16 .5000 – .1230 = 0.3770

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