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Mechanics of Solids ESO 202: Instructor: Dr. P. Chakraborty

lecture number 2

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28 views19 pages

Mechanics of Solids ESO 202: Instructor: Dr. P. Chakraborty

lecture number 2

Uploaded by

Rachit Mahajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics of Solids

ESO 202
Instructor: Dr. P. Chakraborty
Department of Aerospace Engineering

5th January 2024


Equilibrium of a Particle

▪ A particle is in a state of equilibrium if the resultant of forces


is zero and its acceleration is zero
▪ Particle can be in rest or constant velocity
▪ Study of forces in systems at rest is called statics

𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + 𝐹3 + 𝐹4 + 𝐹5 = 0
F1 F2
𝑁

𝐹 = ෍ 𝐹𝑖 = 0
F3
𝑖=1

F5 F4
𝑁
▪ Moment about any point
𝑟 × 𝐹 = ෍ 𝑟 × 𝐹𝑖 = 0
due to the resultant force 𝑖=1
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

Assumptions:
▪ The solid body is made of large number of infinitesimal particles
▪ The collective motion of the particles represent the overall
motion of the body
▪ Particles exert equal and opposite forces on each other on same
line of action

▪ A body is considered to be in equilibrium if every constituent


particle is in a state of equilibrium OR resultant force on every
particle is zero
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ Isolation of a system of particles from a body (sub part)

External force on a particle


– due to surrounding
particles outside this
isolated system

Internal force on a particle


– due to surrounding
particles inside this isolated
system
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ For a particle (say 1) to be in equilibrium


𝑁1

෍ 𝐹𝑖𝐼1 + 𝐹 𝐸1 = 0
𝑖=1

▪ This is true for every particle (j) in the system


𝑁𝑗
𝐼𝑗
෍ 𝐹𝑖 + 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0
𝑖=1
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ For a M-particle system in equilibrium


𝑀 𝑁𝑗 𝑀
𝐼𝑗
෍ ෍ 𝐹𝑖 + ෍ 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0
𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1

▪ According to the assumption – each internal force has an


equal and opposite collinear force in the system
𝑀 𝑁𝑗
𝐼𝑗
෍ ෍ 𝐹𝑖 =0
𝑗=1 𝑖=1
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ Hence, for equilibrium of the isolated system of particles,


sum of all the external forces
𝑀

෍ 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0
𝑗=1

▪ Total moment of all the forces about a point O


𝑀 𝑁𝑗 𝑀
𝐼𝑗
෍ ෍ 𝑟𝑗 × 𝐹𝑖 + ෍ 𝑟𝑗 × 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0
𝑗=1 𝑖=1 𝑗=1
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

F
F
▪ Equal and opposite internal
forces for every particle pair
𝑟1 𝑟2 ▪ Net moment about O is zero
𝑀 𝑁𝑗
𝐼𝑗
O ෍ ෍ 𝑟𝑗 × 𝐹𝑖 =0
𝑗=1 𝑖=1

▪ Hence, for equilibrium of the 𝑀


isolated system of particles, ෍ 𝑟𝑗 × 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0
the total moment of all the
𝑗=1
external forces about any
point must be zero
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ The conditions
𝑀 𝑀

෍ 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0 ෍ 𝑟𝑗 × 𝐹𝐸𝑗 = 0
𝑗=1 𝑗=1

are necessary but not sufficient to ensure equilibrium of a


deformable body

▪ For an isolated system of 2


particles these conditions along
with assumption of interacting
forces imply
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ Clearly internal and external forces need not be equal and


the particles can have acceleration

▪ For rigid bodies, particles cannot have relative motion


▪ Adjustment of internal forces to satisfy this condition

The necessary and sufficient conditions for a perfectly rigid


body to be in equilibrium are that the sum of all the external
forces should be zero and the sum of all the moments of all the
external forces about an arbitrary point together with any
external applied moments should be zero
Equilibrium of a Solid Body

▪ For deformable bodies relative motion between particles


can occur

The necessary and sufficient conditions for a deformable body


to be in equilibrium are that the sum of all the external forces
should be zero and the sum of all the moments of all the
external forces about an arbitrary point together with any
external applied moments should be zero on the body and on
every possible subpart isolated from the body.
Two Force Member

▪ A body under the action of 2 forces can be in equilibrium iff


they are collinear, equal and opposite
Three Force Member

▪ A body under the action of 3 forces can be in equilibrium iff


they are coplanar and their lines of action intersect at a
common point
Free Body Diagram

▪ A critical step in the analysis of structures and sub-systems


is the identification of all external forces, moments due to
forces and isolated moments (from couple) that are acting
on them
▪ The best approach is to obtain the Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Steps to obtain FBD:


▪ Isolate the structure or member from the supports and/or
joints
▪ As the supports/joints restrain certain motion (translation or
rotation) of the body, it applies certain forces and/or
moments on the supports/joints
Free Body Diagram

Steps to obtain FBD:


▪ If the body is not isolated from the support then the
▪ forces and/or moments exerted by the body on the
support/joint
▪ & the forces and/or moments exerted by the
support/joint on the body
cancel each other

▪ Once the body is isolated, the forces and/or moments


exerted by the support/joint on the body must be
incorporated in the FBD at the location of the support/joint
Free Body Diagram

Block pushed horizontally on


a frictionless surface and
restrained by a frictionless
rigid wall

RH
P RH

RV
RV
Reactive forces on
Idealization the block
Free Body Diagram

Steps to obtain FBD:


▪ Non-contact forces due to gravity, magnetism, etc. must be
included in the FBD
▪ Any other externally applied forces and/or moments must
be included in the FBD

RH P RH
W W

RV RV

Weight of the block Applied contact force


– non-contact force

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