Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
1. Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and ease of use.
2. Basic Syntax
print("Hello, World!") # Outputs: Hello, World!
3. Variables and Data Types
# Variable assignment
x=5
y = "Hello"
z = 3.14
# Data types
a = 10 # int
b = 10.5 # float
c = "Python" # str
d = [1, 2, 3] # list
e = (1, 2, 3) # tuple
f = {1, 2, 3} # set
g = {"a": 1, "b": 2} # dict
4. Operators
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
# Arithmetic operators
x=5
y=2
print(x + y) # 7
print(x - y) # 3
print(x * y) # 10
print(x / y) # 2.5
print(x % y) # 1
# Comparison operators
print(x == y) # False
print(x != y) # True
print(x > y) # True
print(x < y) # False
# Logical operators
print(x > 1 and y < 5) # True
print(x > 1 or y > 5) # True
print(not (x > 1)) # False
5. Control Flow
# if statement
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
# for loop
for i in range(5):
print(i)
# while loop
i=0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1
6. Functions
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}"
print(greet("Alice")) # Outputs: Hello, Alice
7. Modules and Packages
# Importing a module
import math
print(math.sqrt(16)) # 4.0
# Importing specific functions
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(25)) # 5.0
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
8. File Handling
# Writing to a file
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")
# Reading from a file
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content) # Outputs: Hello, World!
9. Exception Handling
try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("You cannot divide by zero!")
10. Object-Oriented Programming
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def bark(self):
return f"{self.name} is barking"
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
dog = Dog("Rex")
print(dog.bark()) # Outputs: Rex is barking
11. Standard Library Modules
# datetime module
import datetime
now = datetime.datetime.now()
print(now)
# os module
import os
print(os.getcwd()) # Outputs the current working directory
12. Commonly Used Libraries
# numpy for numerical operations
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(arr * 2) # Outputs: [2 4 6]
# pandas for data manipulation
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({"A": [1, 2], "B": [3, 4]})
print(df)
13. Advanced Topics
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
# List comprehensions
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
print(squares) # Outputs: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
# Lambda functions
add = lambda x, y: x + y
print(add(5, 3)) # Outputs: 8
# Decorators
def decorator_func(func):
def wrapper():
print("Function is being called")
func()
print("Function has been called")
return wrapper
@decorator_func
def hello():
print("Hello, World!")
hello()
# Generators
def my_generator():
yield 1
Comprehensive Guide to Python Commands
yield 2
yield 3
gen = my_generator()
for value in gen:
print(value) # Outputs: 1 2 3
# Context managers
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, World!")
