2I "IBBHUVANI]NTVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2074 Ashwin

Subject: - Filter Design {8fr04)

Candidates are requiredto give their answers in their own words as fal as practicable.
Attempt All quesiions.
The figures in the murgin indicate Full Marks.
Assume surtable dato if necessary.

l. Define and explain ttre following tenns with necessary diagrams: e, &., op, ar,. What is scaling? Derive
element scaling equations- [a+4]
What me the ekaffiistftx of lnverse Chebyshev respome? Derive the expression to calculate the required
order of Inverso Chs$y$ht lowpass filter. Using your expressiqr elculate tlre required order of InYerse
Chebyshev fiher for following lowpass filter specifications. 12+4+21

ro, =100ffi, o, =2{H00 rad/s G**=A.4, d,, =16 dB

J. What is constmt &lfly filtsr? Obtain the ffansfer firuction of second order constant delay filter. Also mention
the importanceof&.lay rylizarion. t8l
What is frequau5. ffimation in {ilter design? How can you obtain a bandpass filter from given lowpass
filter at nbnnalized fr,tqrffif Obtain a bandpass filter having or=100 rad/s and toz=10000 rad/s from
following lonrpass filter at nsrnalized frequency. [1+3+4]

!o 0,?55tl1 1.E185H

18..65F _o.rryr tO vl

5. What are the proprties of lossless one pott function? Realize the follou,ing function using Cauer I and !'oster II
methotl. [2'3+3]
s (st +4)
l{.s}=-#
' ' (r! +2) is'l +6)
6. Define transmission and refiection coefficient. Synthesize t(s) = 1i(s3+2s2+2s+1) in LC iadder circuit
teminated with R1=qr=15;. [3+s]
7. Draw the circuit diagram of Sallen Key lcwpass biquad circuit and derive the tansfer function. How can you
obtain higirpass filter &om lowpass one? Desigr the secoud order lowpas Butterworth filter having half power
frequertcy of 12 kil{i using Salien-Key biquad circuit. Tz($ = 1(s2+.J2 s+l) {4+2+41
8. What is the importance of sensitivity analysis in filter design? Perform the sensitivity analysis of Tow Thomas
lowpass filter. {2+41
9. What is gelrcralized impedance converter (GIQ? Explain how iflductors san be simulated using SIC? Simulate
the following highpass filter by active simulation of grounded inductors such that rso is 4000 rad/s and
practically realizable elements. 14+4]

requirement. [3+5j
 21 TRIBHUVAN L]NIVERSITY Exam.
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERTNG BE
Examination Control Division Programrne ;E}i
2474 Ch*itra Year / Ilart ivtl
- Filter

'/ Caudidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable"
't Attempt.4Equestions.
'/ The Jigures in the margin indicala {utt Marts
{ N.ecqssqtv tqbks q-re attse!&d hgtgyith,
/ Assume suitsble data if necessan,.

l. What is a filter? What is its imponance in commtinication? Explain ideal response and
response of practicdl fi lter.
[1+2+3]
2. Derive an exDression to calculate the order of Chebyshev low pass filter. Use this formula
to find the order of Chebyshe'., low pass filter having following specification; [3*3]
*) Fcrr pass band extending I}om f - 0 Hz to f ': 3.2lGIz, the attenuation should not
exceed 0.4d8
b) For stop band ertcnding lrom f = 9.8 KHz to f : co, the attenuation sl'rould not be less
than 52 dB
J. T'/hat is an all pass fiiter? What is its importance? Derive the transfer {unction of second
order constant delay iilter. [1-l+4j
4. trtrat is frequency tmnsformation? How can you convert a lolv pass filter into a band stc,p
filter using frequency transforniation'i Explain wirh suitabtre example. [:+41
5. What are the properties of RC impedance function? Which of the follorving is vaiid RC
impedance function? State r','ith reason. Pick a valid RC impedance lirnction and realize i{
using foster I and cauer i method. t2+2+3+31
ii{s" +.ll
Z(S)=--L----'
(s'+i)
(s+l)(s+5)
z(s)- ''
(s+3;{s+7)
(s+3)(s+7)
z( S ) - :-----:---:
(s+i)(s+5)

ZIS):-+ -{s+iXs+3)
(s+4Xs+5)
5. Define zeros of transmission. Flerw zeros of transmission can be reaiized? Erplain rvi&
suitabie exampic.
L4l
7. I,\trat information do -you get fr*m reflection coetficient? Desig,n a tirird order
Butterwortti lo'* pass filter r:sing Resistively terminated lqssless iridrler viittr equirl
lernrination of 1{}. (ijse tatrle ti [1+5]
8" Dra'w the circuit diagrairr of T'ow-Ttllltnas lo.* pass biqar-rd clr*uit ar.rii derive i1s transf'er
function. Design a secorrd orcter lou' pass filter using Tow-'Ihornas biqua-d polcs
at -450t-
j893.03 and dc gain oi"1'5. The finai crrci-ri1 siiould consist practically
rldizaute eieirenrs. [4-r-4]
9. FIcu' excess gain can be cornpensated in sailen ke, tilter? Expiain. t<t
L-l
10" Define sensitivitv PerJorm sen,silif
il;' analysis of Tow-Thornas biqua.d iow pass filter.
[1+4]
11' Whar is ideal g1'rator? How can you simuiate inCuctoi' using gyrator? Explain rvith
nccessan .icri.itio::.
lt+41
i2" Desrgn the lburlli crrler Butterworth loiv pass filter using leapfrag simulation. In yo.rr
final design the half po\'!rci frequenc-v shor:lcl be 10000 ,ud,lr ut A practicallv reatriz"abte
elements. [Refer table 2]
t71
13. What ili- ihe appiicaticns of s-",vitchetl capacitor filter? Design a switched capacitor filter
lbr folion'ing requirements.
I6l

P,T o>
 26 TRIBHWANI.JNIYERSITY iffi;. - -- i Futl Marks I 80
INSTITUTE GF ENGiNEERING i Levet i BE
1,.:**:-:*-....*-*-."&..*.--._.'.-------.-..-;,*-j---*-**--**i----,- i

l-+:: Ygtl-i i?
-*i j
Examination Control Division
2073 Shrawan
i P*g-qrrr: ."qPx
i-v"'i 7 pil;* 'iv lt--
.-
" - i
]-ri*;* -- --|tii;d. I
-,--__-__

Canclidates are required to gi.re their answel's in their o*,r,n words as lar as practicebie.
4 ttenryr All q ue st ian,t.
'lh.c
li*ttres in the ruorgiil in,Ciffite Fq{! ft{wks
As sume su i i,tb le d ato. i f' nec e s s arv.

i. V,ftal is Nolnalization ancl l)e-normalization? A low pass fil1er has half power fiequency
of ",,16 rac{ls. Derive forruula to calculate the new value of the resisters, capacitors attd
inr-iuctors present in the iow pass fiiter if ,"*$u want to change its haif power frequency to
11',, rad/s. [2+5J
2. What are the ciraracreristics of Elliptical Response? Compare it with Che'oyshev and
lnverse Chebyshev response. [3+2+!]
3. What is a constant delay filter? Obtain the kansfer function of second order constant
delay tilier. i4l
t+. The follcrving low pass fiiter has passband fiequency wo of 1 radls. Transfonn it into a
highpass fiiter having passband fiequency of 2KF{2. 14l

3H r rI

Vs ?i r-F )i

5. Which of the foliowing functions are LC driving point impcdance firnction anC why'? l2+3+3i
st r10s2 -i-9
./,(s) =
s'+4s
st +4s
.,{ S}=
s +)s-+b
Also lirrd the Fostcr parallel and cauer I ibrm of the valid i,C driving point inrpedance
lunction.
o. \Vhat is zero shiiting b1' pafliai removai oi'pole? How czur two-poft passive circuits be
synthesized using zet'o-shifting by patie"l poic removal? Explain. [] j-41
7 " 'What is Transmissir;n and Reflecdon Coefficicnt? Fior,; resistivell' terffiina.ted iadder
network can be realized u,ith tlnitc transurission zeroes? Explain. l2t 4)
 -!

8. Draw the circuit diagrarn of Tow Thomas iow pass li1ter and derives iis transfbr functicn.
Realize tirliowing iow pass tilter using Torv Thcrnas biquad circuit. {4+41

- 2000
T(s)=
s2 + 500s -i i000000
!1. I{ow can lhe gain en}rancemetir be perlbrared in a Sallen-Key cil'cui1? Exptrain r,i.ith
necessary diagram. i5j
1ii. \\rhat is sensitivity? Desc:ritre it's importance in filter design? Peribrm sensitivity analysis
of quality lactor in Torv 'liromas l-.ow Pass Filter" t6]
li. What is Gt{;l ilo'w a GIC ca.n be used tc siinulate a groundeci inductor? Explain with
necessffry t-lgures and elerivations. l5l
i2. 'Ihe folltxr,'irg circuit is a third-order (.heb1'sirev lowpass filter. Simuiale it using the leap-
frog method. The final <lesign shor-rlJ ha.,,s wii = 4000 radrs and practically reaiizable
element value:;. [8]
2.1126 H 2.026H

Vi

13.Why resistors are replace,J bv switched capacitor in trC technology? How can you
sirnulate a resistor using a srvitched capacitor? iJxplain *,ith necessmy derivations" Aiso
draw the sivttched capacitc.rr equii,alent circuit for inverting sufirmer lossy integration and
non inverting integrator. t7l
,5**
 2I TR.IBHWANUNIVERSIry Exam.
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERIIIG Level BE Full Marks 80

Examinafion Control Division Programme BEX Pass Marks i/.

2073 Chaitra Year / Part ru/I Time 3 hrs.

Sabject: - Filter Design (8X704)

"" Candidates are required to give their answers in rheir oran words as far as practicable.
/ Attempt All questions.
'/ Thefigures in the margin indicute Full Mark;
{ Assume suitoble data if neces.tary.

1. Detine normalization and denormalisation. Foiiowiag circuit is a lowpass filter designed

at normalization fi'equency of rvo : lrad/s. Appiy freiluency and magnitude scaling so that
wo: 10s rad/s and practically realizable eiements. l3+4]
2. Show that the potres of chebyshev filter lie on an ellipse. Also shor.v the major and minor
axes. t7l
3. Slhat are the characteristics of, butterarorth response'/ Calcuiate the fansfer function of 5s
order Buttenvofih filter. 13+41

4. What is freqnency transformation? Obtain thc bandpass filter from lo.rvpass fiiter given in
flgurei having center frequency 10a racf/s and beurdrvidth of 9.9 x 104 radls. l2++1
5. Wirichaf the following iunctions are lossiess impedance function? State with reason. [2r-3+3]
(S2 19)
+l)(S2
d}--_;-.-_-=-'-.,,--_;--_-
1.. S(Sr +4)
(S2 + 4) (S2 + t6) (S2 + l;1S2 + 31

. 2$2 +l) (Sr +9)

ci
,. --;.:-_
.i,
Sj -4Sr + 55

S(S'/+4) ' S* +-5S'+6

--;---- one of the valid lossless impedance filnction using Foster I and cauer I forms.
S),nthesize
(*&tat are the zeros
6. of transmission? F{crrv can a zero of transmission to be realized?
Explain with exampies. t5j

7. Realize tire third order Br-itteril,orth lowpass transf-er function T(s)' =:.; : in
S'+25'+23+1
ihe fbrm of resistively terminate,j i C ladder with Rr : 1O afld Rz: 2fl. t5]
8. Derive the transfer function of Saiien and Key low pass Biquad. Using Sallen amd Key
circuit, design a lclrpass fiiter having w; of 1000 rarllses, quality factor of 0.866 and gain
of 2. [4+4]
9. Explain -CR transfcnnation with sr"ritable examples.
R"C I4l
I0.'fitrat is sensitivity? Wirat is ihe imp.66un"* of sensitivity analysis in filter design?
Pedonn sensitivit," analvsis of tvo in Sallen anri Key lo*pass l-rltr:r. I5l
11" What is fieqriency dependent negative resistor (FDNH")? How can it be used to avoid
inductors in Loupass L,L' iadder circuit? Lixplain liora ii:e circuit givcrr irL f;gure 1 de:;ign
tire l,;,wpass filter hal'ing -trn: 104 ra,hs and praciical element values using FDI.{R.. [5+5J
12. What are the applieations of switchectr capacitor filters? Design the switched capacitor
filter to realize the magnitude response given in irgure 2. [7+51

fit Lt il L2
1fi; 2.{?+t{ 6 e.$24H

Figure: 1

ITIdS

r{r dg
a

I
I
!
t
I

Figure:2

***
 24 TRIBHUVANUNTVERSITY Exam. , New Back€066 & Latei Batch)
. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING LeveI BE I Full Marks 80

Examination Control Division Prograrnme BEX Fass Marks 32

2072Karti]x Year I Pru"t iVII Tirne 3 irrs.

"/ Candidates are required to give their answers in their orvn words as far as practicable.
I Attempt All questions.
'/ The,figures in the rn*rgirt ihdicate Full il{arkq,
/ Assume suttable data if nccessary.

l. Define the terms: c**o*, o*in, Half Power Frequency, Bandwidth, lnserlion Gain and
Insertian Lilss with necessaJy figures. t6l
?. A Chebyshev low pass filier has follorving specifications: t8l
clmar : 0.5 dB, a:, : I radis
Gmin : 22 dB, :2.33 rad/s
cou

Find the minimum order required to meet the speci{ications and also find the transfer
function.
3. What is delay equalization and how can it be done? Exp!.ain with necessary figures. 14]

4. Vy'hat is frequency transformation? Describe the frequency transfonnation from low pass
io bard stop tllter with exarnple. i4l
5. Reaiiae &e given luriction Z{S) using Cauer-I and Cauer-li method I5l
4Sa +4032 +36
z(s) =
53 +45
6. Synthesize a two port LC ladder to satis$ the following open circuit impedance
of tl .,?] (s':- + 1)
parameters: zzr (s) =
s(s' +4)
, ze, (s) =
s(sz +4) 17)

7. What do you undersiand when the transmission coefficient has unity value? Design a
third order Bufierworth low pass filter using Resistively terminated lossless iadder with
equal termination of Rr : 1 Q and Rz = 1 f2. iRefer table 1) [1+6]
8. Design an active filter using non-inverting op-amp configuration with following transfer
(s+B)
fiinc1ion. T(s ) = t4l
(s+2)
9. Draw the circuit diagrani of Sallen-Key lcrv pass filler and derive iis transfer func'rion.
Design second order bufiemorth low pass filter llaving half por,r'er frequencl' cf i0 KI{z
using Sallen Key biquad. In your final dcsign the vaiue of capacitors nrusl- be il.01pF and
ftcdirack resisiors shouid also i:e equai iReibr table 1). [5f4]
10. Define Sensitivitv. What is its importance in modern filter design? Cornpute the
sensitivity expression for tlre o0 cl Salieir-Iiey i,orr,,pass filter. 15]

11. \trhat is the irnpoitance of llrr.rton rrans{bnr:ation in fi}ter ilesign? I-Iorv can 1'ou siurulate
fI]'i{R uising geiieralized inrpe<iarrce converier (GIC)? Explain with exarnple , i6]
i?. Design third order Butteru'odh loi.n' pass fiiter using Leapfrog simtilation. (Refer table 2).
Your finai desig,i should have half power itequency cf 4Ki{z and practica}li, realizabie
eiements. I6l
13. Design a switched capacitor t'ilter to realize ihe transfcr functioir: I 1-i'r- II
L'

(S+200)iS+800)
T(S):
{S+ 400)?
 Teblp.l:-
Fole Location f*r Btifferlryorfir'Responses

.O;.,2 ttr-=3 n=4 n:5

- c"7CI7106S - fi.50 - 0.18?6834 - 0.809017
* i 0.7071068 * i 0.86603 * i 0.9238795 r j 0.58?7852
.,!i. - 1,0 - 0"9?3S795 - 0.309017
*j 0. 3825S34 * j c.95i0_565
:ir*liit't '
-1.0

Tablc 2:
Elements val'.res for dcubly ierminated Butterworth tiher nornialized to half power frequency of I rad/s
.:
, r,z

nClLzC:L+
2 t.4t4 1.414
3I z ""1
4 0.7654 1.848 1.848 0.7654
5 0.618 1.618 2 1.618 0.6i I
ntr,lCzL3Ca T.

Ls

Vs
 2t TRIBHUVAN UNiVERSITY Exam.
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80

Examination Control Division Programrne BEX Fass Marks 32

2A12 Chg'itra Year i Part IV1I Time 3 hrs.

S ubi e ct : ; Iiltgr Depi 4f e{ 1:!_4,)

Candidates are required"to give their answers irr their own lvords as far as practicai:ie.
Attempt All questions.
The Jigures in tlte margin.indicate Fyll Marks.
Necessarv tables sre attached herewith.
Assume suitahle data if necessary.

1. What is the significance of normalization and de-normaiization in filter design? The

foliowing is a pass filter wittr op : I rad/sec. Modi{-l the circuit so that it becomes a low
pass filter with a pass band of 1000 racU*qec and a load resistance of 75 Q. l2-r3]

0.5 H
+
Vz

2. Derive an expression to calculate the order of Inverse Chebyshev low pass filter. Use this
formula to estimate the oreier of Invcrse Chevyshev low pass filter having following
speciticaiion: [5+3]
un,r" =0.25d8, w, =1000radi s
cr*in = 18 dts , '*, = 1400 rad/s
3. What is delay equalizaiion? Horv czur it be done? Explain rvith necessary tigures. i5]
4. What are the appiications of Frequency Transfbrmation in F-iiter Design. How can you
obtain a high pass filter from a given 1or,,r pass fiiter? Explain with a suitable example. t6]
5. Which of the following is LC lossless i'unction and u,hy? Pick one of the valid LC
iossless functions and synthesize it using Foster and Cauer methods. [2+3+3]
.\ Z,(s)=
., , , --r.-------
l) "t'"/
s(s'+4.1(s2 +9)
is: +2)(s2 +10)
tsz-2;1sr+I0;
lI) Z,(s)- L . ,-,
s(s'+5)
+25
s2
iii) Z,(s) =
s(s2+5)(s2+50)
6. Define transrnission zeros. Ilor.v zeros of transmission be realized? Explain with suitable
example. isl
7. Design a third order Buttq:rworth iow pass fiiter using resistively terminated lossless
ladder with unequal termination. Rr : l0 and Rz :4f) (Refer tabie 1) I7l
8. Realize the following transfbr firnction tr1' casoading two f'irst-order sections using
inverting op-amp configuration. t5]
11
I ISJ = -=_-_=-
'L

s' + 8s+ l2
g. Design Sailen key lowpass fiiter fbr founh order Butter \^,ortli filter. The final circuit
should haverv6: 10,000 radis have and praclically realizable elements. (Refer table 1). t8]
i0" What infornation do you get wiren the sensitivity of x with respect to y is -5? Perform
sensitivity anaiysis for center frequenc,v (w6) of the Sallen Key low pass filter with
respect to ail the resistors and capacitors present in the circuit. [1+4]
i1. Drawthe circuit diagram of an generalizedirnpedance converter. I)erive the relationship
between input and output current. How ean it be used to simulate a grounded FDNR.?
Expiain. isl
12. Design a Fourth order Butterworth iow pass lilter having half power fiecruency of 4000
rad/s using Frequency ciependent negative resister (FDNR). (Use table 2) t6l
13. What is switched capacitor fiiter? Design a sr.vitched capacitor filter to realize the
magnitude response given below: [1+6]

lrldB
 26 TRIBHU\/AN T,]NI VERS I'I'Y Ilxam. H-]4 --- -r -_:l=
INSTITUTE OF ENGINI]ERIN(;
i
t,evel i BE
--
i Fuu Marff
i SO j
Examination Control f,)ivisio n i r"ng.o-** ; aEx '
;;;;;;;*, l:i i

2071 Shawan
I yrrryrry iry l ! _ . ___ irtirq . *_ i,i t r, i

Sul$ect - Irilter Design (8X704)

'/ Candidates are requircd to givc (lrcir answcrs in thcir own rvords as far as practicable.
,/ Attempt Ailquestions..
'/ Thefigures in the margin indicutc [tull Marks.
,/ As sume sui tab le data iJ' nc t: (:).\..\. t u..)).

1' Y}|}'t:"1*alization aflcl clenortnalization? Explain the importance of normalization and denorrnalization
rn Illter design with exarnple,
2' Derive the relation to oalcutate the order of chebyshev filter. using
this formula calculate the required
order of chebyshev 1iltcr for fbltowing lowpass filter specification.
[5+3]
clmox = 0.5 dB o*in : 20 dB
arn - 1000 radls rr;, = 2000 radls
3. what are the characteristics of elliptic response? compare it with that of Inverse
Chebyshev response. t6]
4- I{ow can you obtain a bandstop filter from given lowpass filter?
Explain with a suitable example. t5]
5' What are the required propertias of a function tobe realizable? Explain
- " ---r --- the properties of lossless two port
function.
[3+3]
6. Which of the following function is valid RC admittance function?
State with reason. Realiize one of the RC
admitlance function in Foster II and RC ladder form.
(s2+1xs2+3)
[2+3+3]
y(s) = y(s) = (s+1xs+3)
s(s2 +2)(s2 +4)' s(s+2Xs+4)
7. Define transmission and reflection coefficient. Explain how resistively
terminated ladder network can be
realized with finite transmission zeros.
L2+41
8. Draw the circuit diagrant of Tow Thomas biquad filter and derive its
lowpass transfer function- Design a
second order Butterworth lowpass filter having half power frequency
of 5 iHz ;ri*-** Thomas biquad
circuit. Your final circuit should have all capacitors of 0-001pF.
L4+41
9. How gain enhancement can be performed in Sallen and Key circuit? Explain with
necessary diagram. tSI
10- What is sensitivity? what is its importancs in filter design? Perform the sensitivig
factor of Tow Thomas blquad lowpass filter. r -- of quality
analysis
till-a
11- What is generalized impedance converter (GIC)? How Antonious's GIC can
be used to simulate grounded
inductor? Explain with necessary figures and derivations.
t6I
12. What is FDNR? Exptain'how FDNR avoids the use of inductor. Following circuit
is a lowpass filter having
I
half power frequency of rad/sec. Obtain a lowpass filter having tulfpowor fr,rqu"r,oy
of 5 kllz and
largest capacitor of 0.01 pF using FDNR. p+4)

:
0.618F lz.On 0.618 F to
l0.6l8F

13. What is switched capacitor filter? What are its applications? Draw the switched capacitor equivalent circuit
' for inverting summer, lossy integrator and non-inverting integrator.
t6]
*rk,k
 TR,IBHUVAN TINIVERSITY
27 Elxam" iil*.i#,iior,,j&eeiiltii :':'-,'-': :,l', ;:,''1:
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING tevel t31., i Full Marks i 80
-i1;i;-
Examination Control Division Frr:granerne BEX i P;;' M;;k
2071 Chaitra Year I Part ryil Tirue 3 hrs.

Sy!j_"_g:l: : Fillgr D_95!Er CE{ru4)

r'- Candidxes are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
/ Aaempt Atl questions.
./ The figures in the margin indicate FuIl Msrks.
,/ Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. What is the significance of scaling in filter design? Derive the necessary expressions to
determine the new values of circuit elements in the case of magnitude and frequ"ncy
scaling.
i6l
2. Derive an expression to calculate the order of Inverse Chebyshev low pass filter. Use this
formula to estimate the order of Chebyshev low pass filter having following
specifications: [5+3]
0,o = 0.25 dB, cDp = 1000rad/s
Cx'rr, = 18 dB, rD, =i400rad/s
J. Explain the importance of all pass filters in delay equalization. Find the transfer function
of fourth order Bessel-Thomson low pass filter.
[3+3]
T. What is the importance of frequency transformation in filter design? The circuit given in
figure below is a lawpass filter having passband frequency of 1 radls. Obtain a band pass
filter having too : 2000 rad/s and B : 400 radls.
lZ+31

trJ 0.9941[I
+
lQ
v1
.0237F Q.o237F _vz

5. Which of the following functions are LC driving point impedance function and why?
[2+3+3]
s(s2 + 4Xs2 +I6)
Zp.\:,
(s'7+l)(s'z+9)
(s + 2Xs + 5)
z(s) =o
/s -L I \/c r- 4\

Also find the Faster series and Cauer II Realization of the valid LC driving point
impedance function. )
6. What is transmission zeros? Explain "zero shifting by partial removal of pole" with
example.
[1+4]
7" What is transmission coefficient? What information do we get from it? Derive expression
for reflection coefiicient for a resistively terminated LC ladder circuit. L2+51
o
Realize a system using inverting op:amp configuration with zerc at s : -2 and pole at
s : -5 and having high frequency gainaf 2, 13l
9. Perform sensitivity analysis for center frequency (W") and quality factor (Q) of the Tow
Thomas low pass filter with respect to all the resistors and capacitors present in the
circuit. [5]
10. What is Frequency Dependent Negative Resistor? How can it be used to avoid bulky
inductors in the design of your circuits? Explain with suitabie examples. t5l
11. Using heapfrag method simulate the LC ladder circuit given in question number 4 to
obtain a low pass filter having passband of 6KHz and suitable element values. t6l
12. What is switched capacitor filter? How inverting lossy integrator, integrator and non-
inverting integrator can be realized using srvitched capacitor? Explain with necessary
diagrams and transfer functions. t71
13. Draw a neat and clean circuit diagram of Tow-Thomas Low Pass Biquad filter and derive
it's transfer firnction. Design a low pass filter using Tow-Thomas Biquad circuit which
has poles at 100018994.03j and DC gain of 1.89. Use 0.01pF capacitor in your design. Iqt
l- )

*x*
'"j 26 TRllli ll-tVr\N UNIVEITSITY Exam. New Back (.2066 & LaterBatch) \
INST'Il'UTlr OF IiNCI INEL.RNG Level BE Full Marks , B0 I

Eramination Control f)ivision i Progr:rmmc BEX Pass Marks : 32

2070 Ashad i vglrl lltrl : lY I I , -- "tti-9
, ". .., lt: '\

j
Subject - Filter Design (EX70!
./ Cl:indidates are required to give their ansr.r'ers in their olrr rvorcls as far as practicable.
,/ Attentpt All qut'.rtiott.r.
'/ T'hefigure.s in the ntat'gin indicate Full Marks.
,/ AssrLnte s'uitoble data if necessary.

l. Define ihe terms: Passband, Stopband, omax, omin, rDr, o, and Bandwidth rvith necessary figures, t7]

2. Derive an expression calculate the order of Inverse Chebyshev approximation for lorvpass filter
to
specifications. Calculate the order of lnverse Chebyshev filter for following specifications of a lowpass
filter: [5+3]
0r.* = 0.5 dB CI,*;n = l8 dB

roo = 1000 rad/s tos = I 800 rad/s

3. What is a constant delay filter? How can you design a constant delay filter? Explain with example of
second order filter. t6l
4. State the importance of frequency transformation. How can you obain a bandpass filter from given
lowpass filter? Explain with example. t5]

5. What are the propefties of RC impedance functjon? Explain with example. Realize the following LC
function using Cauer II method. Z(s) = s1s2+:y11s2+lXs2++1; t+*+l
6. What are zeros of transmission? How can you realize zeros of transmission? Explain with examples, t5]
I

7. What is reflection coefficient? Design third order Butterworth highpass filter using lossless ladder with
equaltermination of Rl = R2 = 1O. [2+s]
8. What are advantages of active filter over passive filter? Draw the circuit diagram of Sallen Key lowpass
filter and derive its transfer firnction. Design a second order Buttenvorth lowpass filter having half power
frequency of 4 kHz using Salley Key circuit. Your final circuit should have all capacitors of 0.0lpF.
Perform gain compensation if necessary. [3+4+4]-
9. Define sensitivity. What is single parameter and multi-parameter sensitivity? Perform the sensitivity
analyiis of oe of Sallen Key lowpass filter. t5l
'(.
10. What are the different techniques of designing higher order active filters? Discuss briefly. t4]
ll. What is FDNRIHow FDNR avoids the use of inductor? Explain. Following circuit is a Iowpass filter
having half power frequency of I rad/sec. Obtain a lowpass filter having half power frequency of 4.5 kHz
and largest capacitor of 0.1 pF using FDNR. [3+4]

r.848F t0.7654F I V2

lZ. Design a switched capacitor filter having following characteristics. t7l

 -

X6 TRtsHI.IVAN TINIVERSITY Exam. ' Reoulnrj.

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING L,evel BE : Full Marks i 80
Examination Control Division Programme BEX Pass Marks 32
2070 Chaira Year / Part rV/I Time 3 hrs.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
Attempt All questions.
The fintres in the marsin indicate Full Marks-
Necessary tablx are attacheil herewith.
Assume suitable data if necessary.

1. Define cr6, cra;n and half power bandwidth with necessary diagrams. At frequency f = 20
KHz and f = 30 KHz a filter is designed to attenuate the input signal by 78 dB and 90 dB
respectively. Find the arnplitude of the outPut signal 11 the 30 KHz input signal has
amplitude of lV. [3+4]
Derive an expression to calculate the order of Chebyshev low pass filter. Use this
formula to estimate the order of Chebyshev low pass filter having following specification:
cimo.:O.l dB, wu = 1000 rad/s [5+3J
cr,6a:20 dB, q:2500 radls
3. What is constant delay filter? What are the steps involved in designing constant delay
filter? Explain with necessary example. t6]
4. What is the significance of frequency transformation in filter design? How band pass
filter can be obtained from prototype low pass filter? Explain with example. [+3J
5. Which ofthe following functions are LC driving point impedance function and why? Pick
one of the valid LC driving point impedance and synthesize it in Foster-I and Caverl

forrr:2,(s):$ffi [2+3+3]

2(s2 +1)(s2 +9)

Z{s)=
s(sz + 4)

6. What is transmission zeros? What are the steps in'r,olved in realizing transmission zeros of
a lossless two port network? Explain with suitable example. t5I
7. What is reflection coefficient? Design a third order Butterworth high pass filter using
resistively terminated Iossless ladder with equal termination of 1C!. (Refer follo*'ing
table). u+61
r.oguon for Butterworth Resporues
1;i,f6tO
n:2 n:3 n:4 n:5
-
0.7071068 - 0.50 - 0.3826834 - 0.809017
,+ i 0.7071068 * i0.86603 * i 0.9238',195 *. j 0.5877852
- 1.0 - 0.9238795 - 0.309017
*. ja.38i26834 +j 0. 95r056s
-t.0

8. Draw the circuit diagram and derive transfer function of Tow Thomas Biquad circuit.
Design a low pass filter using Tow-Thomas Biquad circuit with poles at -500 t j2M9.49
and dc gain of2. The final circuit should consist capacitors ofvalue 0.1pF.
[3+5]
 7',
i
i
i
I

f
:

9. What is RC-CR transfomration? I)raw the circuit diagram of high pass sallen-key biquad
obtained by RC-CR transformation of its low pass counterpart. t4]
10. What is signal parameter sensitivity? Perform sensitivity alalysis for center frequency
(wo) of Sallen-Key biquad with respect to all resistors and capacitors presenl in the
circuit. [i+4]
11.What is GIC? How a GIC can be used to simulate grounded inductor? Explain with I

necessary figures and expression. t5]

i
l
.t
12. Simulate third order Butterwotth low pass filter using Leapfrog simuiation. (Refer I

,is following table) t6l

,i*
'u:
Elements values for doubly terminated Butterworth filter normalized to halfpower frequeacy of I rad/s
::,j

-i: t l-t
:

.i
.,!6
i.lr:r:: ;&
:::,];,ii:i
ia.,iil'liii :ijl. .i! '':w Vs

nCrL2Cr Lt
2 1.4t4 1.414
.-.+t.- - ...1
LL
4 0.76s4 1.s48 1.848 4.76s4
5 0.618 1.618 2 1.618 0.618
nl-lCzL3 Ct L5

13. What is switched capacitor filter? What are its applications? Design a switched capacitor
filter to realize the magnitude response given below: IZ+SI
'
lrlas
20 db
 €:

26 l'R iBul..lvA'i'i UNI\iER.StT\',- Ii,xzrm. Reqular

.RE Full Marks B()
IN S1-1]'til-Lr OF I-'N GIN EE,RI N(r Level
Programme , BI:X Pass Marks 37
Examination Control Division
2069 Clhaitra i Year / Parl iV/I Time 3 hrs.

Subject: ' F-rlter Design (EX70'/)

as far as practicable'
Candidates are required to give their answers in tl-reir ou'n words
Atlentpt Al[ questions.
The figures in the ntargin indicate Full' Marks'
Assume suitable data if necessary.

l. Whai is the importance of Norrnalization and Denormalization in filter design? Derive

elemetrt scaling equations. [2+5]
rcoll 2. Derive the expression to calculate the order of Butterworth appronimation
for given
Iowpass filter ipecifications. Caiculate the order of Butterworth
low pass filter having
following specifi cation; [5+31

i) Passband extends from co : 0 to co : 200 radis and the attenuation in the passband
should not exceed 0.1 dB.
:
Stopband extends from ro 2000 rad/s to 0)
ii) : c. and the attenuation in the stopband
should not be less than 30 dB
3. What is a constant delay filter? Find the transfer function
of a third order Bessei Thomson
response having constant deiaY. 12+4)

4. what is fiequency transformation? Describe the frequency

transformation from low pass
to band stop filter with examPle' t4l

5. which of the fbilowing functions are LC driving point impedance function and why? [4+3]
s(s2 + 4) s(s2 +1)(s2 +9)
Z(s) =
(s2 +9)(sQ+16)
, z(s) --
(s'+4)(s'+16)
\t/
s(s2 + 4) . 2(s - l)ts + 3)
Z(s) =
2(s2 +1)(s2 + 9)
' =
- 1,1>l
(s-2)(s+4)
Also find the Cauer II realization of the valid LC driving point impedance function'
6. What is "zero shifting by partial removal of pole"? Explain
with example' Also mention
its importance in two"pon network- synthesis. 14+21

7. What is transmission coefficient? What information do

you get from the transmission
coefficient? Design a second order Butterworth low pass filter using lossless ladder with
equal termination of lQ i.e.Rr: lf) and Rz: 1f) (Refer Table 1) [1+1+5]

8. Draw the circuit diagram,of Tow thomas biqual low pass filter and derive its transfer
function. Design a seiond order low pass filter using Tow Thomas biquad circuit having
poles at -l5Ot j 661 .44 anddc gain of 2. Use capacitor of value 0.01pF in
your design. t8l
!l' ': 9.'-.Design the'following transfer function using ir-iverting op-arnp configuratiol, .- . : - L4]

1'(s)=7 !-tl9q
S+200
You are not allot,cd to Lrse inductors iit thc clesign.
10. What do you understand when the sensitivity of y nith respect to
x is equal to -3?
Perform sensitivity analysis lor Quality factor Q of the Tow Thonas lou, pass filter
with
respect to all the resistors and capacitors present in the circuit.
[l +4]
11. What is\generalized impendance converter (GIC)? FIow can you simulate the grounded
incuctor in the passive fiiter using GIC? Explain The foilowing circuit is a high
iass filter
having half power frequency of 1 radlsec. Design- a high pais filter having- half power
frequency of 4.5 Wlz by active simulation of inductors- In your final circu]t the
largest
capacitance should be 0.1 pF.
[2+4+6]

I.618 H I CI

12. what,'is a switched capacitor filter? what are its applications? How can you simulate a
resistor using switched capacitor? Explain with necessary derivation. Il+l l
L"
Table l: Pole Location for Butterworth Responses
n:2 n:3 n:4 n:5
-0.7a71068 -0.50 -0.382684 -0.809017
ri 0.7071068 ti 0.86603 +j 0.9238795 +i 0.s8778s2
1.0 -0.923879s -0.3090i7
1i 0.3826834 ti 0.9s10s6s
-1.0