‭1. What DBA activities did you to do today?

‭ ow, this is a loaded question and almost begs for you to answer it with "What DBA activities‬
W
‭do you LIKE to do on a daily basis?." And that is how I would answer this question. Again, do‬
‭not get caught up in the "typical" day-to-day operational issues of database administration.‬
‭Sure, you can talk about the index you rebuilt, the monitoring of system and session waits that‬
‭were occurring, or the space you added to a data file, these are all good and great and you‬
‭should convey that you understand the day-to-day operational issues. What you should also‬
‭throw into this answer are the meetings that you attend to provide direction in the database‬
‭arena, the people that you meet and talk with daily to answer adhoc questions about database‬
‭use, the modeling of business needs within the database, and the extra time you spend early in‬
‭the morning or late at night to get the job done. Just because the question stipulates "today" do‬
‭not take "today" to mean "today." Make sure you wrap up a few good days into "today" and talk‬
‭about them. This question also begs you to ask the question of "What typical DBA activities are‬
‭performed day to day within X Corporation?"‬

‭2. What is your typical day like?‬

I‭f you spend enough time on question 1, this question will never be asked. It is really a‬
‭continuation of question 1 to try and get you to open up and talk about the type of things you like‬
‭to do. Personally, I would continue with the theme of question 1 if you are cut short or this‬
‭question is asked later in the interview process. Just note that this question is not all geared‬
‭toward the day-to-day operational issues you experience as a DBA. This question also gives‬
‭you the opportunity to see if they want to know about you as an individual. Since the question‬
‭did not stipulate "on the job" I would throw in a few items like, I get up at 5:00am to get into work‬
‭and get some quiet time to read up on new trends or you help coach your son/daughter's soccer‬
‭team. Just test the waters to what is acceptable. If the interviewer starts to pull you back to "job"‬
‭related issues, do not go to personal. Also, if you go to the office of the interviewer please notice‬
‭the surroundings, if there are pictures of his/her family, it is probably a good idea to venture‬
‭down the personal path. If there is a fly-fishing picture on the wall, do not say you like deep-sea‬
‭fishing. You get the picture.‬

‭3. What is difference between oracle SID and Oracle service name?‬

‭ racle SID is the unique name that uniquely identifies your instance/database where as the‬
O
‭service name is the TNS alias can be same or different as SID.‬

‭ . What are the steps to install oracle on Linux system? List two kernel parameter that effect‬
4
‭oracle installation?‬

I‭nitially set up disks and kernel parameters, then create oracle user and DBA group, and finally‬
‭run installer to start the installation process. The SHMMAX & SHMMNI two kernel parameter‬
‭required to set before installation process.‬
‭5.What are bind variables?‬

‭ ith bind variable in SQL, oracle can cache queries in a single time in the SQL cache area.‬
W
‭This avoids a hard parse each time, which saves on various locking and latching resource we‬
‭use to check object existence and so on.‬

‭6. What is the difference between data block/extent/segment?‬

‭ data block is the smallest unit of logical storage for a database object. As objects grow they‬
A
‭take chunks of additional storage that are composed of contiguous data blocks. These‬
‭groupings of contiguous data blocks are called extents. All the extents that an object takes when‬
‭grouped together are considered the segment of the database object.‬

‭7. What is the difference between PGA and UGA?‬

‭ hen you are running dedicated server then process information stored inside the process‬
W
‭global area (PGA) and when you are using shared server then the process information stored‬
‭inside user global area (UGA).‬

‭8. What is SGA? Define structure of shared pool component of SGA?‬

‭ he system global area is a group of shared memory area that is dedicated to oracle instance.‬
T
‭All oracle process uses the SGA to hold information. The SGA is used to store incoming data‬
‭and internal control information that is needed by the database. You can control the SGA‬
‭memory by setting the parameter db_cache_size, shared_pool_size and log_buffer.‬
‭Shared pool portion contain three major area:‬
‭Library cache (parse SQL statement, cursor information and execution plan),‬
‭data dictionary cache (contain cache, user account information, privilege user information,‬
‭segments and extent information,data buffer cache for parallel execution message and control‬
‭structure.‬

‭9.What is the difference between SMON and PMON processes?‬

‭ MON (System Monitor) performs recovery after instance failure, monitor temporary segments‬
S
‭and extents; clean temp segment, coalesce free space. It is mandatory process of DB and starts‬
‭by default.‬
‭PMON (Process Monitor) failed process resources. In shared server architecture monitor and‬
‭restarts any failed dispatcher or server process. It is mandatory process of DB and starts by‬
‭default.‬

‭10. What is a system change number (SCN)?‬

‭SCN is a value that is incremented whenever a dirty read occurs.‬

‭ CN is incremented whenever a deadlock occurs.‬
S
‭SCN is a value that keeps track of explicit locks.‬
‭SCN is a value that is incremented whenever database changes are made.‬

‭ 1. What is the main purpose of ‘CHECKPOINT’ in oracle database? How do you automatically‬
1
‭force the oracle to perform a checkpoint?‬

‭ checkpoint is a database event, which synchronize the database blocks in memory with the‬
A
‭datafiles on disk. It has two main purposes: To establish a data consistency and enable faster‬
‭database Recovery.‬

‭ he following are the parameter that will be used by DBA to adjust time or interval of how‬
T
‭frequently its checkpoint should occur in database.‬
‭LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT = 3600; # Every one hour‬
‭LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVAL = 1000; # number of OS blocks.‬

‭12. What happens when we fire SQL statement in Oracle?‬

‭ irst it will check the syntax and semantics in library cache, after that it will create execution‬
F
‭plan.‬
‭If already data is in buffer cache it will directly return to the client.‬
‭If not it will fetch the data from datafiles and write to the database buffer cache after that it will‬
‭send server and finally server send to the client.‬

‭13. What is the use of large pool, which case you need to set the large pool?‬

‭ ou need to set large pool if you are using: MTS (Multi thread server) and RMAN Backups.‬
Y
‭Large pool prevents RMAN & MTS from competing with other sub system for the same memory.‬
‭RMAN uses the large pool for backup & restore when you set the DBWR_IO_SLAVES or‬
‭BACKUP_TAPE_IO_SLAVES parameters to simulate asynchronous I/O. If neither of these‬
‭parameters is enabled, then Oracle allocates backup buffers from local process memory rather‬
‭than shared memory. Then there is no use of large pool.‬

‭14. What does database do during the mounting process?‬

‭ hile mounting the database oracle reads the data from controlfile which is used for verifying‬
W
‭physical database files during sanity check. Background processes are started before mounting‬
‭the database only.‬

‭15. What are logfile states?‬

“‭ CURRENT” state means that redo records are currently being written to that group. It will be‬
‭until a log switch occurs. At a time there can be only one redo group current.‬
I‭f a redo group containing redo’s of a dirty buffer that redo group is said to be ‘ACTIVE’ state. As‬
‭we know log file keep changes made to the data blocks then data blocks are modified in buffer‬
‭cache (dirty blocks). These dirty blocks must be written to the disk (RAM to permanent media).‬
‭And when a redolog group contains no redo records belonging to a dirty buffer it is in an‬
‭“INACTIVE” state. These inactive redolog can be overwritten.‬
‭One more state ‘UNUSED’ initially when you create new redo log group its log file is empty on‬
‭that time it is unused. Later it can be any of the above mentioned state.‬

‭16. What is log switch?‬

‭ he point at which oracle ends writing to one online redo log file and begins writing to another is‬
T
‭called a log switch. Sometimes you can force the log switch.‬

‭ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE;‬

‭17. How to check Oracle database version?‬

‭SQL> Select * from v$version;‬

‭18. Explain Oracle Architecture?‬

‭ racle Instance:‬
O
‭a means to access an Oracle database,always opens one and only one database and consists‬
‭of memory structures and background process.‬

‭ racle server:‬
O
‭a DBMS that provides an open, comprehensive, integrated approach to information‬
‭management,Consists of an Instance and a database.‬

‭ racle database:‬
O
‭a collection of data that is treated as a unit,Consists of Datafiles, Control files, Redo log files.‬
‭(optional param file, passwd file, archived log)‬

‭Instance memory Structures:‬

‭ ystem Global Area (SGA):‬

S
‭Allocated at instance startup, and is a fundamental component of an Oracle Instance.‬

‭ GA Memory structures:‬
S
‭Includes Shared Pool, Database Buffer Cache, Redo Log Buffer among others.‬

‭ hared Pool :‬
S
‭Consists of two key performance-related memory structures Library Cache and Data Dictionary‬
‭Cache.‬
‭ ibrary Cache:‬
L
‭Stores information about the most recently used SQL and PL/SQL statements and enables the‬
‭sharing of commonly used statements.‬

‭ ata Dictionary Cache :‬

D
‭Stores collection of the most recently used definitions in the database Includes db files, tables,‬
‭indexes, columns etc. Improves perf. During the parse phase, the server process looks at the‬
‭data dictionary for information to resolve object names and validate access.‬

‭ atabase Buffer Cache:‬

D
‭Stores copies of data blocks that have been retrieved from the datafiles. Everything done here.‬

‭ edo Log Buffer :‬

R
‭Records all changes made to the database data blocks, Primary purpose is recovery. Redo‬
‭entries contain information to reconstruct or redo changes.‬

‭ ser process:‬
U
‭Started at the time a database User requests connection to the Oracle server. requests‬
‭interaction with the Oracle server, does not interact directly with the Oracle server.‬

‭ erver process:‬
S
‭Connects to the Oracle Instance and is Started when a user establishes a session.‬
‭fulfills calls generated and returns results.‬
‭Each server process has its own nonshared PGA when the process is started.‬
‭Server Process Parses and run SQL statements issued through the application, Reads‬
‭necessary data blocks from datafiles on disk into the shared database buffers of the SGA, if the‬
‭blocks are not already present in the SGA and Return results in such a way that the application‬
‭can process the information.‬
‭In some situations when the application and Oracle Database operate on the same computer, it‬
‭is possible to combine the user process and corresponding server process into a single process‬
‭to reduce system overhead.‬

‭ rogram Global Area (PGA):‬

P
‭Memory area used by a single Oracle server process.‬
‭Allocated when the server process is started, deallocated when the process is terminated and‬
‭used by only one process.‬
‭Used to process SQL statements and to hold logon and other session information.‬

‭ ackground processes:‬
B
‭Started when an Oracle Instance is started.‬
‭Background Processes Maintains and enforces relationships between physical and memory‬
‭structures‬
‭ here are two types of database processes:‬
T
‭1. Mandatory background processes‬
‭2. Optional background processes‬
‭Mandatory background processes:‬
‭– DBWn, PMON, CKPT, LGWR, SMON‬
‭Optional background processes:‬
‭– ARCn, LMDn, RECO, CJQ0, LMON, Snnn, Dnnn, Pnnn, LCKn, QMNn‬

‭ BWn writes when:‬

D
‭• Checkpoint occurs‬
‭• Dirty buffers reach threshold‬
‭• There are no free buffers‬
‭• Timeout occurs‬
‭• RAC ping request is made‬
‭• Tablespace OFFLINE‬
‭• Tablespace READ ONLY‬
‭• Table DROP or TRUNCATE‬
‭• Tablespace BEGIN BACKUP‬

‭ og Writer (LGWR) writes:‬

L
‭• At commit‬
‭• When 1/3rd full‬
‭• When there is 1 MB of redo‬
‭• Every 3 seconds‬
‭• Before DBWn writes‬

‭ ystem Monitor (SMON) Responsibilities:‬

S
‭• Instance recovery‬
‭– Rolls forward changes in redo logs‬
‭– Opens database for user access‬
‭– Rolls back uncommitted transactions‬
‭• Coalesces free space‬
‭• Deallocates temporary segments.‬
‭Process Monitor (PMON) Cleans up after failed processes by:‬
‭• Rolling back the transaction‬
‭• Releasing locks‬
‭• Releasing other resources‬
‭• Restarting dead dispatchers‬

‭ heckpoint (CKPT) Responsible for:‬

C
‭• Signaling DBWn at checkpoints‬
‭• Updating datafile headers with checkpoint information‬
‭• Updating control files with checkpoint information‬
‭Archiver (ARCn)‬
•‭ Optional background process‬
‭• Automatically archives online redo logs when ARCHIVELOG mode is set‬
‭• Preserves the record of all changes made to the database‬

‭19. Why do you run orainstRoot and ROOT.SH once you finalize the Installation?‬

‭ rainstRoot.sh needs to be run to change the Permissions and groupname to 770 and to dba.‬
o
‭Root.sh (ORACLE_HOME) location needs to be run to create a ORATAB in /etc/oratab or‬
‭/opt/var/oratab in Solaris and to copy dbhome, oraenv and coraenv to /usr/local/bin.‬
‭orainstRoot.sh‬
‭[root@oracle11g ~]# /u01/app/oraInventory/orainstRoot.sh‬
‭Changing permissions of /u01/app/oraInventory to 770.‬
‭Changing groupname of /u01/app/oraInventory to dba.‬
‭The execution of the script is complete‬
‭root.sh‬
‭[root@oracle11g ~]# /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1/root.sh‬
‭Running Oracle 11g root.sh script…‬
‭The following environment variables are set as:‬
‭ORACLE_OWNER= oracle‬
‭ORACLE_HOME= /u01/app/oracle/product/11.1.0/db_1‬
‭Enter the full pathname of the local bin directory: [/usr/local/bin]:‬
‭Copying dbhome to /usr/local/bin …‬
‭Copying oraenv to /usr/local/bin …‬
‭Copying coraenv to /usr/local/bin …‬
‭Creating /etc/oratab file…‬
‭Entries will be added to the /etc/oratab file as needed by‬
‭Database Configuration Assistant when a database is created‬
‭Finished running generic part of root.sh script.‬
‭Now product-specific root actions will be performed.‬
‭Finished product-specific root actions.‬
‭For Oracle installation on unix/linux, we will be prompted to run a script ‘root.sh’ from the oracle‬
‭inventory directory.this script needs to run the first time only when any oracle product is installed‬
‭on the server.‬
‭It creates the additional directories and sets appropriate ownership and permissions on files for‬
‭root user.‬

‭20. Oracle Database 11g New Feature for DBAs?‬

‭ ) Automatic Diagnostic Repository [ADR]‬

1
‭2) Database Replay‬
‭3) Automatic Memory Tuning‬
‭4) Case sensitive password‬
‭5) Virtual columns and indexes‬
‭6) Interval Partition and System Partition‬
‭ ) The Result Cache‬
7
‭8) ADDM RAC Enhancements‬
‭9) SQL Plan Management and SQL Plan Baselines‬
‭10) SQL Access Advisor & Partition Advisor‬
‭11) SQL Query Repair Advisor‬
‭12) SQL Performance Analyzer (SPA) New‬
‭13) DBMS_STATS Enhancements‬
‭14) The Result Cache‬
‭15) Total Recall (Flashback Data Archive)‬
‭Note: The above are only top new features, there are other features as well introduced in 11g‬
‭which will be included subsequently‬

‭ 1. What is the Difference Between Local Inventory and Global Inventory?‬

2
‭What is oraInventory ?‬

‭ raInventory is repository (directory) which store/records oracle software products & their‬
o
‭oracle_homes location on a machine. This Inventory now a days in XML format and called as‬
‭XML Inventory where as in past it used to be in binary format & called as binary Inventory.‬
‭There are basically two kind of inventories,‬
‭One is Local Inventory (also called as Oracle Home Inventory) and other is Global Inventory‬
‭(also called as Central Inventory).‬

‭22. What is Global Inventory ?‬

‭ lobal Inventory holds information about Oracle Products on a Machine. These products can be‬
G
‭various oracle components like database, oracle application server, collaboration suite, soa‬
‭suite, forms & reports or discoverer server . This global Inventory location will be determined by‬
‭file oraInst.loc in /etc (on Linux) or /var/opt/oracle (solaris). If you want to see list of oracle‬
‭products on machine check for file inventory.xml under ContentsXML in oraInventory Please‬
‭note if you have multiple global Inventory on machine check all oraInventory directories)‬
‭You will see entry like‬
‭HOME NAME=”ORA10g_HOME” LOC=”/u01/oracle/10.2.0/db” TYPE=”O” IDX=”1?/‬

‭23. What is Local Inventory ?‬

I‭nventory inside each Oracle Home is called as local Inventory or oracle_home Inventory. This‬
‭Inventory holds information to that oracle_home only.‬

‭24. What is Oracle Home Inventory?‬

‭ racle home inventory or local inventory is present inside each Oracle home. It only contains‬
O
‭information relevant to a particular Oracle home. This file is located in the following location:‬
‭$ORACLE_HOME/inventory‬
‭It contains the following files and folders:‬
·‭ Components File‬
‭· Home Properties File‬
‭· Other Folders‬

‭25. Can I have multiple Global Inventory on a machine ?‬

‭ uite common questions is that can you have multiple global Inventory and answer is YES you‬
Q
‭can have multiple global Inventory but if your upgrading or applying patch then change‬
‭Inventory Pointer oraInst.loc to respective location. If you are following single global Inventory‬
‭and if you wish to uninstall any software then remove it from Global Inventory as well.‬

‭26. What to do if my Global Inventory is corrupted ?‬

‭ o need to worry if your global Inventory is corrupted, you can recreate global Inventory on‬
N
‭machine using Universal Installer and attach already Installed oracle home by option‬
‭-attachHome‬
‭./runInstaller -silent -attachHome -invPtrLoc $location_to_oraInst.loc‬
‭ORACLE_HOME=”Oracle_Home_Location” ORACLE_HOME_NAME=”Oracle_Home_Name”‬
‭CLUSTER_NODES=”{}”‬

‭27. What is RESULT Cache?‬

‭28. 11G Backgroung Processes?‬

‭ he following process are added in 11g as new background processes.‬

T
‭1 dbrm DB resource manager‬
‭2 dia0 Diagnosability process‬
‭3 fbda Flashback data archiver process‬
‭4 vktm Virtual Timekeeper‬
‭5 w000 Space Management Co-ordination process‬
‭6 smc0 Space Manager process‬
‭NOTE : The above six are mandatory processes.‬
‭But 11g has 56 new processes added which can be queried using‬

‭ 9. If any one of these 6 mandatory background processes is killed/not running, the instance will‬
2
‭be aborted ?‬

‭ ackground processes are started automatically when the instance is started.‬

B
‭Mandatory background processes are DBWn, LGWR, CKPT, SMON, PMON, and RECO. All‬
‭other processes are optional, will be invoked if that particular feature is activated.‬
‭If any one of these 6 mandatory background processes is killed/not running, the instance will be‬
‭aborted.‬
‭Any issues related to backgroud processes should be monitored and analyzed from the trace‬
‭files generated and the alert log.‬
‭30. What is SGA_TARGET and SGA_MAX_SIZE ?‬

‭ GA_MAX_SIZE is the largest amount of memory that will be available for the SGA in the‬
S
‭instance and it will be allocated from memory. You do not have to use it all, but it will be‬
‭potentially wasted if you set it too high and don’t use it. It is not a dynamic parameter. Basically‬
‭it gives you room for the Oracle instance to grow.‬
‭SGA_TARGET is actual memory in use by the current SGA. This parameter is dynamic and can‬
‭be increased up to the value of SGA_MAX_SIZE.‬
‭SGA_MAX_SIZE and SGA_TARGET both are the parameter are used to change the SGA‬
‭SIZE.‬
‭SGA_MAX_SIZE sets the maximum value for sga_target.‬
‭SGA_TAGET is 10G feature used to change the sga size dynamically .it specifies the total‬
‭amount of SGA memory available to an instance.‬
‭this feature is called Automatic Shared Memory Management. With ASMM, the parameters‬
‭java_pool_size, shared_pool_size, large_pool_size and db_cache_size are affected.‬

‭SGA_MAX_SIZE & SGA_TARGET‬

‭ GA_MAX_SIZE sets the overall amount of memory the SGA can consume but is not dynamic.‬
S
‭The SGA_MAX_SIZE parameter is the max allowable size to resize the SGA Memory area‬
‭parameters. If the SGA_TARGET is set to some value then the Automatic Shared Memory‬
‭Management (ASMM) is enabled, the SGA_TARGET value can be adjusted up to the‬
‭SGA_MAX_SIZE parameter, not more than SGA_MAX_SIZE parameter value.‬
‭I.e. If SGA_MAX_SIZE=4GB and SGA_TARGET=2GB, later period of time, if you want you can‬
‭resize your SGA_TARGET parameter to the value of SGA_MAX_SIZE i.e. 4GB, you can’t resize‬
‭the SGA_TARGET value to more than 4GB.‬
‭It is significant that SGA_TARGET includes the entire memory for the SGA, in contrast to earlier‬
‭releases in which memory for the internal and fixed SGA was added to the sum of the‬
‭configured SGA memory parameters. Thus, SGA_TARGET gives you precise control over the‬
‭size of the shared memory region allocated by the database. If SGA_TARGET is set to a value‬
‭greater than SGA_MAX_SIZE at startup, then the latter is bumped up to accommodate‬
‭SGA_TARGET‬
‭Do not dynamically set or unset the SGA_TARGET parameter. This should be set only at‬
‭startup.‬
‭SGA_TARGET is a database initialization parameter (introduced in Oracle 10g) that can be‬
‭used for automatic SGA memory sizing.‬
‭SGA_TARGET provides the following:‬
‭§ Single parameter for total SGA size‬
‭§ Automatically sizes SGA components‬
‭§ Memory is transferred to where most needed‬
‭§ Uses workload information‬
‭§ Uses internal advisory predictions‬
‭§ STATISTICS_LEVEL must be set to TYPICAL‬
‭ SGA_TARGET is dynamic‬
§
‭§ Can be increased till SGA_MAX_SIZE‬
‭§ Can be reduced till some component reaches minimum size‬
‭§ Change in value of SGA_TARGET affects only automatically sized components‬
‭If I keep SGA_TARGET =0 then what will happen ?‬
‭Disable automatic SGA tuning by setting sga_target=0‬
‭Disable ASMM by setting SGA_TARGET=0‬
‭http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/SGA_target‬
‭SGA_TARGET is a database initialization parameter (introduced in Oracle 10g) that can be‬
‭used for automatic SGA memory sizing.‬
‭Default value 0 (SGA auto tuning is disabled)‬

‭31. What happens when you run ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS ?‬

‭ he current online redo logs are archived, the log sequence number is reset to 1, new database‬
T
‭incarnation is created, and the online redo logs are given a new time stamp and SCN.‬
‭The reason to do the open the database with the resetlogs is that after doing an incomplete‬
‭recovery , the data files and control files still don’t come to the same point of the redo log files.‬
‭And as long as the database is not consistent within all the three file-data, redo and control, you‬
‭can’t open the database. The resetlogs clause would reset the log sequence numbers within the‬
‭log files and would start them from 0 thus enabling you to open the database but on the cost of‬
‭losing all what was there in the redo log files.‬
‭In what scenarios open resetlogs required ?‬
‭An ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS statement is required,‬
‭1.after incomplete recovery (Point in Time Recovery) or‬
‭2.recovery with a backup control file.‬
‭3. recovery with a control file recreated with the reset logs option.‬
‭http://onlineappsdba.com/index.php/2009/09/11/oracle-database-incarnation-open-resetlogs-scn‬
‭/‬
‭http://web.njit.edu/info/limpid/DOC/backup.102/b14191/osrecov009.htm‬
‭Whenever you perform incomplete recovery or recovery with a backup control file, you must‬
‭reset the online logs when you open the database. The new version of the reset database is‬
‭called a new incarnation..‬

‭32. Difference between RESETLOGS and NORESETLOGS ?‬

‭After recover database operation, open the database with:‬

‭ LTER DATABASE OPEN [NO]RESETLOGS‬

A
‭NORESETLOGS:‬
‭The NORESETLOGS option does not clear the redo log files during startup and the online redo‬
‭logs to be used for recovery. Only used in scenario where MANUAL RECOVERY is started,‬
‭CANCEL is used, and then RECOVER DATABASE is started.‬
‭RESETLOGS:‬
‭ AUTION: Never use RESETLOGS unless necessary.‬
C
‭Once RESETLOGS is used then the redo log files cannot be used and any completed‬
‭transactions in those redo logs are lost!!‬
‭Before using the RESETLOGS option take an offline backup of the database.‬

‭33. What is SCN (System Change Number) ?‬

‭ he system change number (SCN) is an ever-increasing value that uniquely identifies a‬

T
‭committed version of the database at a point in time. Every time a user commits a transaction‬
‭Oracle records a new SCN in redo logs.‬
‭Oracle uses SCNs in control files datafile headers and redo records. Every redo log file has both‬
‭a log sequence number and low and high SCN. The low SCN records the lowest SCN recorded‬
‭in the log file while the high SCN records the highest SCN in the log file.‬

‭34. What is Database Incarnation ?‬

‭ atabase incarnation is effectively a new “version” of the database that happens when you reset‬
D
‭the online redo logs using “alter database open resetlogs;”.‬
‭Database incarnation falls into following category Current, Parent, Ancestor and Sibling‬
‭i) Current Incarnation : The database incarnation in which the database is currently generating‬
‭redo.‬
‭ii) Parent Incarnation : The database incarnation from which the current incarnation branched‬
‭following an OPEN RESETLOGS operation.‬
‭iii) Ancestor Incarnation : The parent of the parent incarnation is an ancestor incarnation. Any‬
‭parent of an ancestor incarnation is also an ancestor incarnation.‬
‭iv) Sibling Incarnation : Two incarnations that share a common ancestor are sibling incarnations‬
‭if neither one is an ancestor of the other.‬

‭35. How to view Database Incarnation history of Database ?‬

‭ sing SQL> select * from v$database_incarnation;‬

U
‭Using RMAN>LIST INCARNATION;‬
‭However, you can use the RESET DATABASE TO INCARNATION command to specify that‬
‭SCNs are to be interpreted in the frame of reference of another incarnation.‬
‭•For example my current database INCARNATION is 3 and now I have used‬
‭FLASHBACK DATABASE TO SCN 3000;then SCN 3000 will be search in current incarnation‬
‭which is 3. However if I want to get back to SCN 3000 of INCARNATION 2 then I have to use,‬

‭ MAN> RESET DATABASE TO INCARNATION 2;‬

R
‭RMAN> RECOVER DATABASE TO SCN 3000;‬

‭36. How would you decide your backup strategy and timing for backup?‬

‭In fact backup strategy is purely depends upon your organization business need.‬
I‭f no downtime then database must be run on archivelog mode and you have to take frequently‬
‭or daily backup.‬
‭If sufficient downtime is there and loss of data would not affect your business then you can run‬
‭your database in noarchivelog mode and backup can be taken in-frequently or weekly or‬
‭monthly.‬
‭In most of the case in an organization when no downtime then frequent inconsistent backup‬
‭needed (daily backup), multiplex online redo log files (multiple copies), different location for redo‬
‭log files, database must run in archivelog mode and dataguard can be implemented for extra bit‬
‭of protection.‬

‭37. What is difference between Restoring and Recovery of database?‬

‭ estoring means copying the database object from the backup media to the destination where‬
R
‭actually it is required where as recovery means to apply the database object copied earlier (roll‬
‭forward) in order to bring the database into consistent state.‬

‭38. What is the difference between complete and incomplete recovery?‬

‭ n incomplete database recovery is a recovery that it does not reach to the point of failure. The‬
A
‭recovery can be either point of time or particular SCN or Particular archive log specially incase‬
‭of missing archive log or redolog failure where as a complete recovery recovers to the point of‬
‭failure possibly when having all archive log backup.‬

‭39. What is the benefit of running the DB in archivelog mode over no archivelog mode?‬

‭ hen a database is in no archivelog mode whenever log switch happens there will be a loss of‬
W
‭some redoes log information in order to avoid this, redo logs must be archived. This can be‬
‭achieved by configuring the database in archivelog mode.‬

‭ 0. If an oracle database is crashed?‬

4
‭How would you recover that transaction which is not in backup?‬

I‭f the database is in archivelog we can recover that transaction otherwise we cannot recover‬
‭that transaction which is not in backup.‬

‭41. What is the difference between HOTBACKUP and RMAN backup?‬

‭ or hotbackup we have to put database in begin backup mode, then take backup where as‬
F
‭RMAN would not put database in begin backup mode. RMAN is faster can perform incremental‬
‭(changes only) backup, and does not place tablespace in hotbackup mode.‬

‭42. Can we use Same target database as Catalog database?‬

‭ o, the recovery catalog should not reside in the target database (database to be backed up)‬
N
‭because the database can not be recovered in the mounted state.‬

I‭ncremental backup levels:‬

‭Level 0 – full backup that can be used for subsequent incrementals‬
‭RMAN> backup incremental level 0 database;‬
‭Differential Level 1–only the blocks that have changed since the last backup (whether it is level‬
‭0 or level 1)‬
‭RMAN> backup incremental level 1 differential database;‬
‭Cumulative Level 1 – all changes since the last level 0 incremental backup‬
‭RMAN> backup incremental level 1 cumulative database;‬
‭A full backup cannot be used for a cumulative level 1 backup.‬
‭A cumulative level 1 backup must be done on top of an incremental level 0 backup.‬

‭43. Why RMAN incremental backup fails even though full backup exists?‬

I‭f you have taken the RMAN full backup using the command ‘Backup database’, where as a‬
‭level 0 backup is physically identical to a full backup. The only difference is that the level 0‬
‭backup is recorded as an incremental backup in the RMAN repository so it can be used as the‬
‭parent for a level 1 backup. Simply the ‘full backup without level 0’ can not be considered as a‬
‭parent backup from which you can take level 1 backup.‬

‭44. Can we perform RMAN level 1 backup without level 0?‬

I‭f no level 0 is available, then the behavior depends upon the compatibility mode setting (oracle‬
‭version).‬
‭If the compatibility mode less than 10.0.0, RMAN generates a level 0 backup of files contents at‬
‭the time of backup.‬
‭If the compatibility is greater than 10.0.0, RMAN copies all block changes since the file was‬
‭created, and stores the results as level 1 backup.‬

‭45. How to put Manual/User managed backup in RMAN?‬

I‭n case of recovery catalog, you can put by using catalog command:‬
‭RMAN> CATALOG START WITH ‘/oracle/backup.ctl’;‬

‭46. How to check RMAN version in oracle?‬

I‭f you want to check RMAN catalog version then use the below query from SQL*plus‬
‭SQL> Select * from rcver;‬

‭47. What happens actually in case of instance Recovery?‬

‭ hile Oracle instance fails, Oracle performs an Instance Recovery when the associated‬
W
‭database is being re-started. Instance recovery occurs in 2 steps:‬
‭Cache recovery: Changes being made to a database are recorded in the database buffer cache‬
‭as well as redo log files simultaneously. When there are enough data in the database buffer‬
‭cache, they are written to data files. If an Oracle instance fails before these data are written to‬
‭data files, Oracle uses online redo log files to recover the lost data when the associated‬
‭database is re-started. This process is called cache recovery.‬
‭Transaction recovery: When a transaction modifies data in a database (the before image of the‬
‭modified data is stored in an undo segment which is used to restore the original values in case‬
‭the transaction is rolled back). At the time of an instance failure, the database may have‬
‭uncommitted transactions. It is possible that changes made by these uncommitted transactions‬
‭have gotten saved in data files. To maintain read consistency, Oracle rolls back all uncommitted‬
‭transactions when the associated database is re-started. Oracle uses the undo data stored in‬
‭undo segments to accomplish this. This process is called transaction recovery.‬

‭ 8. When you moved oracle binary files from one ORACLE_HOME server to another server‬
4
‭then which oracle utility will be used to make this new ORACLE_HOME usable?‬

‭Relink all.‬

‭49. In which months oracle release CPU patches?‬

‭JAN, APR, JUL, OCT‬

‭50. When we applying single Patch, can you use opatch utility?‬

‭ es, you can use Opatch incase of single patch. The only type of patch that cannot be used with‬
Y
‭OPatch is a patchset.‬

‭51. Is it possible to apply OPATCH without downtime?‬

‭ s you know for apply patch your database and listener must be down. When you apply‬
A
‭OPTACH it will update your current ORACLE_HOME. Thus coming to your question to the point‬
‭in fact it is not possible without or zero downtime in case of single instance but in RAC you can‬
‭Apply Opatch without downtime as there will be more separate ORACLE_HOME and more‬
‭separate instances (running once instance on each ORACLE_HOME).‬

‭ 2. You have collection of patch (nearly 100 patches) or patchset. How can you apply only one‬
5
‭patch from it?‬

‭ ith Napply itself (by providing patch location and specific patch id) you can apply only one‬
W
‭patch from a collection of extracted patch. For more information check the opatch util NApply‬
‭–help. It will give you clear picture.‬
‭ or Example:‬
F
‭opatch util napply -id 9 -skip_subset -skip_duplicate‬
‭This will apply only the patch id 9 from the patch location and will skip duplicate and subset of‬
‭patch installed in your ORACLE_HOME.‬

‭53. If both CPU and PSU are available for given version which one, you will prefer to apply?‬

‭ rom the above discussion it is clear once you apply the PSU then the recommended way is to‬
F
‭apply the next PSU only. In fact, no need to apply CPU on the top of PSU as PSU contain CPU‬
‭(If you apply CPU over PSU will considered you are trying to rollback the PSU and will require‬
‭more effort in fact). So if you have not decided or applied any of the patches then, I will suggest‬
‭you to go to use PSU patches. For more details refer: Oracle Products [ID 1430923.1], ID‬
‭1446582.1‬

‭54. PSU is superset of CPU then why someone choose to apply a CPU rather than a PSU?‬

‭ PUs are smaller and more focused than PSU and mostly deal with security issues. It seems to‬
C
‭be theoretically more consecutive approach and can cause less trouble than PSU as it has less‬
‭code changing in it. Thus any one who is concerned only with security fixes and not functionality‬
‭fixes, CPU may be good approach.‬

‭55. How to Download Patches, Patchset or Opatch from metalink?‬

I‭f you are using latest support.oracle.com then after login to metalink Dashboard‬
‭– Click on “Patches & Updates” tab‬
‭– On the left sidebar click on “Latest Patchsets” under “Oracle Server/Tools”.‬
‭– A new window will appear.‬
‭– Just mouseover on your product in the “Latest Oracle Server/Tools Patchsets” page.‬
‭– Corresponding oracle platform version will appear. Then simply choose the patchset version‬
‭and click on that.‬
‭– You will go the download page. From the download page you can also change your platform‬
‭and patchset version.‬

‭56. What is the recent Patch applied?‬

‭57. What is OPatch?‬

‭58. How to Apply Opatch in Oracle?‬

‭ . You MUST read the Readme.txt file included in opatch file, look for any prereq. steps/ post‬
1
‭installation steps or and DB related changes. Also, make sure that you have the correct opatch‬
‭version required by this patch.‬
‭2.Make sure you have a good backup of database.‬
‭ . Make a note of all Invalid objects in the database prior to the patch.‬
3
‭4. Shutdown All the Oracle Processes running from that Oracle Home , including the Listener‬
‭and Database instance, Management agent etc.‬
‭5. You MUST Backup your oracle Home and Inventory‬
‭tar -cvf $ORACLE_HOME $ORACLE_HOME/oraInventory | gzip >‬
‭Backup_Software_Version.tar.gz‬
‭6. Unzip the patch in $ORACLE_HOME/patches‬
‭7. cd to the patch direcory and do opatch -apply to apply the patch.‬
‭8. Read the output/log file to make sure there were no errors.‬

‭Patching Oracle Software with OPatch ?‬

‭ patch napply -skip_subset -skip_duplicate‬

o
‭OPatch skips duplicate patches and subset patches (patches under that are subsets of patches‬
‭installed in the Oracle home).‬

‭What is Opactch in Oracle?‬

‭OPATCH Utility (Oracle RDBMS Patching)‬

‭ . Download the required Patch from Metalink based on OS Bit Version and DB Version.‬
1
‭2. Need to down the database before applying patch.‬
‭3. Unzip and Apply the Patch using ”opatch apply” command.On successfully applied of patch‬
‭you will see successful message “OPatch succeeded.“, Crosscheck your patch is applied by‬
‭using “opatch lsinventory” command .‬
‭4. Each patch has a unique ID, the command to rollback a patch is “opatch rollback -id ”‬
‭command.On successfully applied of patch you will see successful message “OPatch‬
‭succeeded.“, Crosscheck your patch is applied by using “opatch lsinventory” command .‬
‭5. Patch file format will be like, “p__.zip”‬
‭6. We can check the opatch version using “opatch -version” command.‬
‭7. Generally, takes 2 minutes to apply a patch.‬
‭8. To get latest Opatch version download “patch 6880880 – latest opatch tool”, it contains‬
‭OPatch directory.‬
‭9. Contents of downloaded patches will be like “etc,files directories and a README file”‬
‭10. Log file for Opatch utility can be found at $ORACLE_HOME/cfgtoollogs/opatch‬
‭11. OPatch also maintains an index of the commands executed with OPatch and the log files‬
‭associated with it in the history.txt file located in the /cfgtoollogs/opatch directory.‬
‭12. Starting with the 11.2.0.2 patch set, Oracle Database patch sets are full installations of the‬
‭Oracle Database software. This means that you do not need to install Oracle Database 11g‬
‭Release 2 (11.2.0.1) before installing Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).‬
‭13. Direct upgrade to Oracle 10g is only supported if your database is running one of the‬
‭following releases: 8.0.6, 8.1.7, 9.0.1, or 9.2.0. If not, you will have to upgrade the database to‬
‭one of these releases or use a different upgrade option (like export/ import).‬
‭ 4.Direct upgrades to 11g are possible from existing databases with versions 9.2.0.4+,‬
1
‭10.1.0.2+ or 10.2.0.1+. Upgrades from other versions are supported only via intermediate‬
‭upgrades to a supported upgrade version.‬

‭ racle version 10.2.0.4.0 what does each number refers to?‬

O
‭Oracle version number refers:‬
‭10 – Major database release number‬
‭2 – Database Maintenance release number‬
‭0 – Application server release number‬
‭4 – Component Specific release number‬
‭0 – Platform specific release number‬
‭ORACLE – ASM‬
‭What is ASM in Oracle?‬

‭ racle ASM is Oracle’s volume manager specially designed for Oracle database data. It is‬
O
‭available since Oracle database version 10g and many improvements have been made in‬
‭versions 11g release 1 and 2.‬

‭ SM offers support for Oracle RAC clusters without the requirement to install 3rd party software,‬
A
‭such as cluster aware volume managers or filesystems.‬

‭ SM is shipped as part of the database server software (Enterprise and Standard editions) and‬
A
‭does not cost extra money to run.‬

‭ SM simplifies administration of Oracle related files by allowing the administrator to reference‬

A
‭disk groups‬
‭rather than individual disks and files, which are managed by ASM.‬

‭ he ASM functionality is an extention of the Oracle Managed Files (OMF) functionality that also‬
T
‭includes striping and mirroring to provide balanced and secure storage. The new ASM‬
‭functionality can be used in combination with existing raw and cooked file systems, along with‬
‭OMF and manually managed files.‬

‭ dvantages of ASM in Oracle?‬

A
‭Provides automatic load balancing over all the available disks, thus reducing hot spots in the file‬
‭system‬

‭ revents fragmentation of disks, so you don’t need to manually relocate data to tune I/O‬
P
‭performance‬

‭ dding disks is straight forward – ASM automatically performs online disk reorganization when‬
A
‭you add or remove storage‬

‭Uses redundancy features available in intelligent storage arrays‬

‭The storage system can store all types of database files‬

‭Using disk group makes configuration easier, as files are placed into disk groups‬

‭ASM provides stripping and mirroring (fine and coarse gain – see below)‬

‭ASM and non-ASM oracle files can coexist‬

‭ triping—ASM spreads data evenly across all disks in a disk group to optimize performance‬
S
‭and utilization. This even distribution of database files eliminates the need for regular monitoring‬
‭and I/O performance tuning.‬

‭ or example, if there are six disks in a disk group, pieces of each ASM file are written to all six‬
F
‭disks. These pieces come in 1 MB chunks known as extents. When a database file is created, it‬
‭is striped (divided into extents and distributed) across the six disks, and allocated disk space on‬
‭all six disks grows evenly. When reading the file, file extents are read from all six disks in‬
‭parallel, greatly increasing performance.‬

‭ irroring—ASM can increase availability by optionally mirroring any file. ASM mirrors at the file‬
M
‭level, unlike operating system mirroring, which mirrors at the disk level. Mirroring means‬
‭keeping redundant copies, or mirrored copies, of each extent of the file, to help avoid data loss‬
‭caused by disk failures. The mirrored copy of each file extent is always kept on a different disk‬
‭from the original copy. If a disk fails, ASM can continue to access affected files by accessing‬
‭mirrored copies on the surviving disks in the disk group.‬

‭ SM supports 2-way mirroring, where each file extent gets one mirrored copy, and 3-way‬
A
‭mirroring, where each file extent gets two mirrored copies.‬

‭ nline storage reconfiguration and dynamic rebalancing—ASM permits you to add or remove‬
O
‭disks from your disk storage system while the database is operating. When you add a disk,‬
‭ASM automatically redistributes the data so that it is evenly spread across all disks in the disk‬
‭group, including the new disk. This redistribution is known as rebalancing. It is done in the‬
‭background and with minimal impact to database performance. When you request to remove a‬
‭disk, ASM first rebalances by evenly relocating all file extents from the disk being removed to‬
‭the other disks in the disk group.‬

‭ anaged file creation and deletion—ASM further reduces administration tasks by enabling files‬
M
‭stored in ASM disk groups to be Oracle-managed files. ASM automatically assigns filenames‬
‭when files are created, and automatically deletes files when they are no longer needed.‬

‭What is ASM instance in Oracle?‬

‭ he ASM functionality is controlled by an ASM instance. This is not a full database instance, just‬
T
‭the memory structures and as such is very small and lightweight.‬

‭Characteristics of Oracle ASM instance‬

‭1. do not have controlfile and datafiles, do not have online redo logs‬

‭ . do have init.ora and a passwordfile‬

2
‭3. for connecting remotely, create passwordfile and set following in init.ora‬
‭remote_login_passwordfile=exclusive‬

‭ reate a password file:‬

c
‭$ORACLE_HOME/bin/orapwd file=orapw+ASM1 password=yourpw entries=10‬
‭4. ASM instance can not be in open status as there are not datafiles. Can be in mount (although‬
‭there is no controlfile) and nomount status. When in mount status, database can use the‬
‭diskgroup. The mount status actually means mount disk groups.‬

‭What are ASM Background Processes in Oracle?‬

‭ oth an Oracle ASM instance and an Oracle Database instance are built on the same‬
B
‭technology. Like a database instance, an Oracle ASM instance has memory structures (System‬
‭Global Area) and background processes. Besides, Oracle ASM has a minimal performance‬
‭impact on a server. Rather than mounting a database, Oracle ASM instances mount disk groups‬
‭to make Oracle ASM files available to database instances.‬

‭There are at least two new background processes added for an ASM instance:‬

‭ASM Instance Background Processes:‬

‭ RBx (ASM) Rebalance working processARBn performs the actual rebalance data extent‬
A
‭movements in an Automatic Storage Management instance. There can be many of these‬
‭processes running at a time, named ARB0, ARB1, and so on.These processes are managed by‬
‭the RBAL process. The number of ARBx processes invoked is directly influenced by the‬
‭asm_power_limit parameter.‬

‭ BAL (Re-balancer) RBAL runs in both database and ASM instances. In the database instance,‬
R
‭it does a global open of ASM disks. In an ASM instance, it also coordinates rebalance activity‬
‭for disk groups.RBAL, which coordinates rebalance activities‬
‭for disk resources controlled by ASM.‬

‭ atabase Instance ASM Background Processes:‬

D
‭In the database instances, there are three background process to support ASM, namely:‬
‭ SMB, this process contact CSS using the group name and acquires the associated ASM‬
A
‭connect string. The connect string is subsequently used to connect to the ASM instance.‬

‭ BAL, which performs global opens on all disks in the disk group.A global open means that‬
R
‭more than one database instance can be accessing the ASM disks at a time.‬

‭O00x, a group slave processes, with a numeric sequence starting at 000.‬

‭ hat are the components of components of ASM are disk groups?‬

W
‭The main components of ASM are disk groups, each of which comprise of several physical‬
‭disks that are controlled as a single unit. The physical disks are known as ASM disks, while the‬
‭files that reside on the disks are know as ASM files. The locations and names for the files are‬
‭controlled by ASM, but user-friendly aliases and directory structures can be defined for ease of‬
‭reference.‬

‭ ailure groups are defined within a disk group to support the required level of redundancy. For‬
F
‭two-way mirroring you would expect a disk group to contain two failure groups so individual files‬
‭are written to two locations.‬

‭What are ASM instance initialization parameters?‬

I‭NSTANCE_TYPE – Set to ASM or RDBMS depending on the instance type. The default is‬
‭RDBMS.‬

‭ B_UNIQUE_NAME – Specifies a globally unique name for the database. This defaults to‬
D
‭+ASM but must be altered if you intend to run multiple ASM instances.‬

‭ SM_POWER_LIMIT -The maximum power for a rebalancing operation on an ASM instance.‬

A
‭The valid values range from 1 to 11, with 1 being the default. The higher the limit the more‬
‭resources are allocated resulting in faster rebalancing operations. This value is also used as the‬
‭default when the POWER clause is omitted from a rebalance operation.‬

‭ SM_DISKGROUPS – The list of disk groups that should be mounted by an ASM instance‬
A
‭during instance startup, or by the ALTER DISKGROUP ALL MOUNT statement. ASM‬
‭configuration changes are automatically reflected in this parameter.‬

‭ SM_DISKSTRING – Specifies a value that can be used to limit the disks considered for‬
A
‭discovery. Altering the default value may improve the speed of disk group mount time and the‬
‭speed of adding a disk to a disk group. Changing the parameter to a value which prevents the‬
‭discovery of already mounted disks results in an error. The default value is NULL allowing all‬
‭suitable disks to be considered.‬

‭Advantages of ASM in Oracle?‬

‭ rovides automatic load balancing over all the available disks, thus reducing hot spots in the file‬
P
‭system‬

‭ revents fragmentation of disks, so you don’t need to manually relocate data to tune I/O‬
P
‭performance‬

‭ dding disks is straight forward – ASM automatically performs online disk reorganization when‬
A
‭you add or remove storage‬

‭Uses redundancy features available in intelligent storage arrays‬

‭The storage system can store all types of database files‬

‭Using disk group makes configuration easier, as files are placed into disk groups‬

‭ASM provides stripping and mirroring (fine and coarse gain – see below)‬

‭ASM and non-ASM oracle files can coexist‬

‭ triping—ASM spreads data evenly across all disks in a disk group to optimize performance‬
S
‭and utilization. This even distribution of database files eliminates the need for regular monitoring‬
‭and I/O performance tuning.‬

‭ or example, if there are six disks in a disk group, pieces of each ASM file are written to all six‬
F
‭disks. These pieces come in 1 MB chunks known as extents. When a database file is created, it‬
‭is striped (divided into extents and distributed) across the six disks, and allocated disk space on‬
‭all six disks grows evenly. When reading the file, file extents are read from all six disks in‬
‭parallel, greatly increasing performance.‬

‭ irroring – ASM can increase availability by optionally mirroring any file. ASM mirrors at the file‬
M
‭level, unlike operating system mirroring, which mirrors at the disk level. Mirroring means‬
‭keeping redundant copies, or mirrored copies, of each extent of the file, to help avoid data loss‬
‭caused by disk failures. The mirrored copy of each file extent is always kept on a different disk‬
‭from the original copy. If a disk fails, ASM can continue to access affected files by accessing‬
‭mirrored copies on the surviving disks in the disk group.‬

‭ SM supports 2-way mirroring, where each file extent gets one mirrored copy, and 3-way‬
A
‭mirroring, where each file extent gets two mirrored copies.‬

‭ nline storage reconfiguration and dynamic rebalancing—ASM permits you to add or remove‬
O
‭disks from your disk storage system while the database is operating. When you add a disk,‬
‭ASM automatically redistributes the data so that it is evenly spread across all disks in the disk‬
‭group, including the new disk. This redistribution is known as rebalancing. It is done in the‬
‭background and with minimal impact to database performance. When you request to remove a‬
‭ isk, ASM first rebalances by evenly relocating all file extents from the disk being removed to‬
d
‭the other disks in the disk group.‬

‭ anaged file creation and deletion—ASM further reduces administration tasks by enabling files‬
M
‭stored in ASM disk groups to be Oracle-managed files. ASM automatically assigns filenames‬
‭when files are created, and automatically deletes files when they are no longer needed.‬

‭Why should we use separate ASM home?‬

‭ SM should be installed separately from the database software in its own ORACLE_HOME‬
A
‭directory. This will allow you the flexibility to patch and upgrade ASM and the database software‬
‭independently.‬

‭How many ASM instances should one have?‬

‭ everal databases can share a single ASM instance. So, although one can create multiple ASM‬
S
‭instances on a single system, normal configurations should have one and only one ASM‬
‭instance per system.‬

‭For clustered systems, create one ASM instance per node (called +ASM1, +ASM2, etc).‬

‭How many diskgroups should one have?‬

‭ enerally speaking one should have only one disk group for all database files – and, optionally‬
G
‭a second for recovery files (see FRA).‬

‭ ata with different storage characteristics should be stored in different disk groups. Each disk‬
D
‭group can have different redundancy (mirroring) settings (high, normal and external), different‬
‭fail-groups, etc. However, it is generally not necessary to create many disk groups with the‬
‭same storage characteristics (i.e. +DATA1, +DATA2, etc. all on the same type of disks).‬

‭ o get started, create 2 disk groups – one for data and one for recovery files. Here is an‬
T
‭example:‬

‭ REATE DISKGROUP data EXTERNAL REDUNDANCY DISK ‘/dev/d1′, ‘/dev/d2′, ‘/dev/d3′, ….;‬
C
‭CREATE DISKGROUP recover EXTERNAL REDUNDANCY DISK ‘/dev/d10′, ‘/dev/d11′,‬
‭‘/dev/d12′, ….;‬

‭Here is an example how you can enable automatic file management with such a setup:‬

‭ LTER SYSTEM SET db_create_file_dest = ‘+DATA’ SCOPE=SPFILE;‬

A
‭ALTER SYSTEM SET db_recovery_file_dest = ‘+RECOVER’ SCOPE=SPFILE;‬
‭ ou may also decide to introduce additional disk groups – for example, if you decide to put‬
Y
‭historic data on low cost disks, or if you want ASM to mirror critical data across 2 storage‬
‭cabinets.‬

‭What is ASM Rebalancing?‬

‭ he rebalancing speed is controlled by the ASM_POWER_LIMIT initialization parameter.‬

T
‭Setting it to 0 will disable disk rebalancing.‬

‭ALTER DISKGROUP data REBALANCE POWER 11;‬

‭What happens when an Oracle ASM diskgroup is created?‬

‭When an ASM diskgroup is created, a hierarchialfilesystem structure is created.‬

‭How does this filesystem structure appear?‬

‭ racle ASM diskgroup’sfilesystem structure is similar to UNIX filesystem hierarchy or Windows‬

O
‭filesystem hierarchy.‬

‭Where are the Oracle ASM files stored?‬

‭ racle ASM files are stored within the Oracle ASM diskgroup. If we dig into internals, oracle‬
O
‭ASM files are stored within the Oracle ASM filesystem structures.‬

‭How are the Oracle ASM files stored within the Oracle ASM filesystem structure?‬

‭ ralce ASM files are stored within the Oracle ASM filesystem structures as objects that RDBMS‬
O
‭instances/Oracle database instance access. RDBMS/Oracle instance treats the Oracle ASM‬
‭files as standard filesystem files.‬

‭What are the Oracle ASM files that are stored within the Oracle ASM file hierarchy?‬

‭ iles stored in Oracle ASM diskgroup/Oracl ASM filestructures include:‬

F
‭1) Datafile‬
‭2) Controlfiles‬
‭3) Server Parameter Files(SPFILE)‬
‭4) Redo Log files‬

‭ hat happens when you create a file/database file in ASM?What commands do you use to‬
W
‭create database files?‬

‭ ome common commands used for creating database files are :‬

S
‭1) Create tabespace‬
‭ ) Add Datafile‬
2
‭3) Add Logfile‬
‭For example,‬
‭SQL> CREATE TABLESPACE TS1 DATAFILE ‘+DATA1′ SIZE 10GB;‬
‭Above command creates a datafile in DATA1 diskgroup‬

‭How can you access a databasefile in ASM diskgroup under RDBMS?‬

‭ nce the ASM file is created in ASM diskgroup, a filename is generated. This file is now visible‬
O
‭to the user via the standard RDBMS view V$DATAFILE.‬

‭What will be the syntax of ASM filenames?‬

‭ SM filename syntax is as follows:‬

A
‭+diskgroup_name/database_name/database_file_type/tag_name.file_number.incarnation‬
‭where,‬
‭+diskgroup_name – Name of the diskgroup that contains this file‬
‭database_name – Name of the database that contains this file‬
‭datafile – Can be one among 20 different ASM file types‬
‭tag_name – corresponds to tablespace name for datafiles, groupnumber for redo log files‬
‭file_number – file_number in ASM instance is used to correlate filenames in database instance‬
‭incarnation_number – It is derived from the timestamp. IT is used to provide uniqueness‬

‭What is an incarnation number?‬

‭ n incarnation number is a part of ASM filename syntax. It is derived from the timestamp. Once‬
A
‭the file is created, its incarnation number doesnot change.‬

‭What is the use of an incarnation number in Oracle ASM filename?‬

I‭ncarnation number distinguishes between a new file that has been created using the same file‬
‭number and another file that has been deleted‬

‭ SM’s SPFile will be residing inside ASM itself. This could be found out in number of ways,‬
A
‭looking at the alert log of ASM when ASM starts‬
‭Machine: x86_64‬
‭Using parameter settings in server-side spfile‬
‭+DATA/asm/asmparameterfile/registry.253.766260991‬
‭System parameters with non-default values:‬
‭large_pool_size = 12M‬
‭instance_type = “asm”‬
‭remote_login_passwordfile= “EXCLUSIVE”‬
‭asm_diskgroups = “FLASH”‬
‭asm_diskgroups = “DATA”‬
‭ sm_power_limit = 1‬
a
‭diagnostic_dest = “/opt/app/oracle”‬
‭Or using the asmcmd’s spget command which shows the spfile location registered with GnP‬
‭profile‬
‭ASMCMD> spget‬
‭+DATA/asm/asmparameterfile/registry.253.766260991‬
‭ORACLE – RAC‬

‭What is RAC? What is the benefit of RAC over single instance database?‬

I‭n Real Application Clusters environments, all nodes concurrently execute transactions against‬
‭the same database. Real Application Clusters coordinates each node’s access to the shared‬
‭data to provide consistency and integrity.‬

‭ enefits:‬
B
‭Improve response time‬
‭Improve throughput‬
‭High availability‬
‭Transparency‬

‭What is Oracle RAC One Node?‬

‭ racle RAC one Node is a single instance running on one node of the cluster while the 2nd‬
O
‭node is in cold standby mode. If the instance fails for some reason then RAC one node detect it‬
‭and restart the instance on the same node or the instance is relocate to the 2nd node incase‬
‭there is failure or fault in 1st node. The benefit of this feature is that it provides a cold failover‬
‭solution and it automates the instance relocation without any downtime and does not need a‬
‭manual intervention. Oracle introduced this feature with the release of 11gR2 (available with‬
‭Enterprise Edition).‬

‭ eal Application Clusters‬

R
‭Oracle RAC is a cluster database with a shared cache architecture that overcomes the‬
‭limitations of traditional shared-nothing and shared-disk approaches to provide a highly scalable‬
‭and available database solution for all your business applications. Oracle RAC provides the‬
‭foundation for enterprise grid computing.‬

‭ racle’s Real Application Clusters (RAC) option supports the transparent deployment of a single‬
O
‭database across a cluster of servers, providing fault tolerance from hardware failures or planned‬
‭outages. Oracle RAC running on clusters provides Oracle’s highest level of capability in terms of‬
‭availability, scalability, and low-cost computing.‬

‭ ne DB opened by multipe instances so the the db ll be Highly Available if an instance crashes.‬

O
‭Cluster Software. Oracles Clusterware or products like Veritas Volume Manager are required to‬
‭provide the cluster support and allow each node to know which nodes belong to the cluster and‬
‭ re available and with Oracle Cluterware to know which nodes have failed and to eject then‬
a
‭from the cluster, so that errors on that node can be cleared.‬

‭Oracle Clusterware has two key components Cluster Registry OCR and Voting Disk.‬

‭ he cluster registry holds all information about nodes, instances, services and ASM storage if‬
T
‭used, it also contains state information ie they are available and up or similar.‬

‭ he voting disk is used to determine if a node has failed, i.e. become separated from the‬
T
‭majority. If a node is deemed to no longer belong to the majority then it is forcibly rebooted and‬
‭will after the reboot add itself again the the surviving cluster nodes.‬

‭Advantages of RAC (Real Application Clusters)‬

‭ eliability – if one node fails, the database won’t fail‬

R
‭Availability – nodes can be added or replaced without having to shutdown the database‬
‭Scalability – more nodes can be added to the cluster as the workload increases‬

‭ hat is a virtual IP address or VIP?‬

W
‭A virtual IP address or VIP is an alternate IP address that the client connections use instead of‬
‭the standard public IP address. To configure VIP address, we need to reserve a spare IP‬
‭address for each node, and the IP addresses must use the same subnet as the public network.‬

‭What is the use of VIP?‬

I‭f a node fails, then the node’s VIP address fails over to another node on which the VIP address‬
‭can accept TCP connections but it cannot accept Oracle connections.‬
‭Give situations under which VIP address failover happens:-‬
‭VIP addresses failover happens when the node on which the VIP address runs fails, all‬
‭interfaces for the VIP address fails, all interfaces for the VIP address are disconnected from the‬
‭network.‬
‭Using virtual IP we can save our TCP/IP timeout problem because Oracle notification service‬
‭maintains communication between each nodes and listeners.‬

‭What is the significance of VIP address failover?‬

‭ hen a VIP address failover happens, Clients that attempt to connect to the VIP address‬
W
‭receive a rapid connection refused error .They don’t have to wait for TCP connection timeout‬
‭messages.‬

‭What is voting disk?‬

‭ oting Disk is a file that sits in the shared storage area and must be accessible by all nodes in‬
V
‭the cluster. All nodes in the cluster registers their heart-beat information in the voting disk, so as‬
t‭o confirm that they are all operational. If heart-beat information of any node in the voting disk is‬
‭not available that node will be evicted from the cluster. The CSS (Cluster Synchronization‬
‭Service) daemon in the clusterware maintains the heart beat of all nodes to the voting disk.‬
‭When any node is not able to send heartbeat to voting disk, then it will reboot itself, thus help‬
‭avoiding the split-brain syndrome.‬

‭ or high availability, Oracle recommends that you have a minimum of three or odd number (3 or‬
F
‭greater) of votingdisks.‬

‭ oting Disk – is file that resides on shared storage and Manages cluster members. Voting disk‬
V
‭reassigns cluster ownership between the nodes in case of failure.‬

‭ he Voting Disk Files are used by Oracle Clusterware to determine which nodes are currently‬
T
‭members of the cluster. The voting disk files are also used in concert with other Cluster‬
‭components such as CRS to maintain the clusters integrity.‬

‭ racle Database 11g Release 2 provides the ability to store the voting disks in ASM along with‬
O
‭the OCR. Oracle Clusterware can access the OCR and the voting disks present in ASM even if‬
‭the ASM instance is down. As a result CSS can continue to maintain the Oracle cluster even if‬
‭the ASM instance has failed.‬

‭How many voting disks are you maintaining ?‬

‭ ttp://www.toadworld.com/KNOWLEDGE/KnowledgeXpertforOracle/tabid/648/TopicID/RACR2A‬
h
‭RC6/Default.aspx‬

‭By default Oracle will create 3 voting disk files in ASM.‬

‭ racle expects that you will configure at least 3 voting disks for redundancy purposes. You‬
O
‭should always configure an odd number of voting disks >= 3. This is because loss of more than‬
‭half your voting disks will cause the entire cluster to fail.‬

‭ ou should plan on allocating 280MB for each voting disk file. For example, if you are using‬
Y
‭ASM and external redundancy then you will need to allocate 280MB of disk for the voting disk. If‬
‭you are using ASM and normal redundancy you will need 560MB.‬

‭Why we need to keep odd number of voting disks ?‬

‭ racle expects that you will configure at least 3 voting disks for redundancy purposes. You‬
O
‭should always configure an odd number of voting disks >= 3. This is because loss of more than‬
‭half your voting disks will cause the entire cluster to fail.‬

‭What are Oracle RAC software components?‬

‭ racle RAC is composed of two or more database instances. They are composed of Memory‬
O
‭structures and background processes same as the single instance database.Oracle RAC‬
‭instances use two processes GES(Global Enqueue Service), GCS(Global Cache Service) that‬
‭enable cache fusion.Oracle RAC instances are composed of following background processes:‬
‭ACMS – Atomic Controlfile to Memory Service (ACMS)‬
‭GTX0-j – Global Transaction Process‬
‭LMON – Global Enqueue Service Monitor‬
‭LMD – Global Enqueue Service Daemon‬
‭LMS – Global Cache Service Process‬
‭LCK0 – Instance Enqueue Process‬
‭RMSn – Oracle RAC Management Processes (RMSn)‬
‭RSMN – Remote Slave Monitor‬

‭What are Oracle Clusterware processes for 10g ?‬

‭ luster Synchronization Services (ocssd) — Manages cluster node membership and runs as‬
C
‭the oracle user; failure of this process results in cluster restart.‬
‭Cluster Ready Services (crsd) — The crs process manages cluster resources (which could be a‬
‭database, an instance, a service, a Listener, a virtual IP (VIP) address, an application process,‬
‭and so on) based on the resource’s configuration information that is stored in the OCR. This‬
‭includes start, stop, monitor and failover operations. This process runs as the root user‬
‭Event manager daemon (evmd) —A background process that publishes events that crs creates.‬
‭Process Monitor Daemon (OPROCD) —This process monitor the cluster and provide I/O‬
‭fencing. OPROCD performs its check, stops running, and if the wake up is beyond the expected‬
‭time, then OPROCD resets the processor and reboots the node. An OPROCD failure results in‬
‭Oracle Clusterware restarting the node. OPROCD uses the hangcheck timer on Linux platforms.‬
‭RACG (racgmain, racgimon) —Extends clusterware to support Oracle-specific requirements‬
‭and complex resources. Runs server callout scripts when FAN events occur.‬

‭What are Oracle database background processes specific to RAC?‬

‭ MS—Global Cache Service Process‬

L
‭LMD—Global Enqueue Service Daemon‬
‭LMON—Global Enqueue Service Monitor‬
‭LCK0—Instance Enqueue Process‬
‭Oracle RAC instances use two processes, the Global Cache Service (GCS) and the Global‬
‭Enqueue Service (GES). The GCS and GES maintain records of the statuses of each data file‬
‭and each cached block using a Global Resource Directory (GRD). The GRD contents are‬
‭distributed across all of the active instances.‬

‭What is Cache Fusion?‬

‭ ransfor of data across instances through private interconnect is called cachefusion.Oracle RAC‬
T
‭is composed of two or more instances. When a block of data is read from datafile by an instance‬
‭ ithin the cluster and another instance is in need of the same block,it is easy to get the block‬
w
‭image from the insatnce which has the block in its SGA rather than reading from the disk. To‬
‭enable inter instance communication Oracle RAC makes use of interconnects. The Global‬
‭Enqueue Service(GES) monitors and Instance enqueue process manages the cahce fusion‬

‭What is SCAN? (11gR2 feature)‬

‭ ingle Client Access Name (SCAN) is s a new Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) 11g‬
S
‭Release 2 feature that provides a single name for clients to access an Oracle Database running‬
‭in a cluster. The benefit is clients using SCAN do not need to change if you add or remove‬
‭nodes in the cluster.‬

‭ CAN provides a single domain name via (DNS), allowing and-users to address a RAC cluster‬
S
‭as-if it were a single IP address. SCAN works by replacing a hostname or IP list with virtual IP‬
‭addresses (VIP).‬

‭ ingle client access name (SCAN) is meant to facilitate single name for all Oracle clients to‬
S
‭connect to the cluster database, irrespective of number of nodes and node location. Until now,‬
‭we have to keep adding multiple address records in all clients tnsnames.ora, when a new node‬
‭gets added to or deleted from the cluster.‬

‭ ingle Client Access Name (SCAN) eliminates the need to change TNSNAMES entry when‬
S
‭nodes are added to or removed from the Cluster. RAC instances register to SCAN listeners as‬
‭remote listeners. Oracle recommends assigning 3 addresses to SCAN, which will create 3‬
‭SCAN listeners, though the cluster has got dozens of nodes.. SCAN is a domain name‬
‭registered to at least one and up to three IP addresses, either in DNS (Domain Name Service)‬
‭or GNS (Grid Naming Service). The SCAN must resolve to at least one address on the public‬
‭network. For high availability and scalability, Oracle recommends configuring the SCAN to‬
‭resolve to three addresses.‬
‭http://www.freeoraclehelp.com/2011/12/scan-setup-for-oracle-11g-release211gr2.html‬

‭What are SCAN components in a cluster?‬

‭ .SCAN Name‬
1
‭2.SCAN IPs (3)‬
‭3.SCAN Listeners (3)‬

‭What is FAN?‬

‭ ast application Notification as it abbreviates to FAN relates to the events related to‬
F
‭instances,services and nodes.This is a notification mechanism that Oracle RAc uses to notify‬
‭other processes about the configuration and service level information that includes service‬
‭status changes such as,UP or DOWN events.Applications can respond to FAN events and take‬
‭immediate action.‬
‭What is TAF?‬

‭ AF (Transparent Application Failover) is a configuration that allows session fail-over between‬

T
‭different nodes of a RAC database cluster.‬
‭Transparent Application Failover (TAF). If a communication link failure occurs after a connection‬
‭is established, the connection fails over to another active node. Any disrupted transactions are‬
‭rolled back, and session properties and server-side program variables are lost. In some cases, if‬
‭the statement executing at the time of the failover is a Select statement, that statement may be‬
‭automatically re-executed on the new connection with the cursor positioned on the row on which‬
‭it was positioned prior to the failover.‬

‭ fter an Oracle RAC node crashes—usually from a hardware failure—all new application‬
A
‭transactions are automatically rerouted to a specified backup node. The challenge in rerouting is‬
‭to not lose transactions that were “in flight” at the exact moment of the crash. One of the‬
‭requirements of continuous availability is the ability to restart in-flight application transactions,‬
‭allowing a failed node to resume processing on another server without interruption. Oracle’s‬
‭answer to application failover is a new Oracle Net mechanism dubbed Transparent Application‬
‭Failover. TAF allows the DBA to configure the type and method of failover for each Oracle Net‬
‭client.‬
‭TAF architecture offers the ability to restart transactions at either the transaction (SELECT) or‬
‭session level.‬

‭What are the requirements for Oracle Clusterware?‬

‭ . External Shared Disk to store Oracle Cluster ware file (Voting Disk and Oracle Cluster‬
1
‭Registry – OCR)‬
‭2. Two netwrok cards on each cluster ware node (and three set of IP address) –‬
‭Network Card 1 (with IP address set 1) for public network‬
‭Network Card 2 (with IP address set 2) for private network (for inter node communication‬
‭between rac nodes used by clusterware and rac database)‬
‭IP address set 3 for Virtual IP (VIP) (used as Virtual IP address for client connection and for‬
‭connection failover)‬
‭3. Storage Option for OCR and Voting Disk – RAW, OCFS2 (Oracle Cluster File System), NFS,‬
‭…..‬
‭Which enable the load balancing of applications in RAC?‬
‭Oracle Net Services enable the load balancing of application connections across all of the‬
‭instances in an Oracle RAC database.‬

‭How to find location of OCR file when CRS is down?‬

I‭f you need to find the location of OCR (Oracle Cluster Registry) but your CRS is down.‬
‭When the CRS is down:‬
‭Look into “ocr.loc” file, location of this file changes depending on the OS:‬
‭ n Linux: /etc/oracle/ocr.loc‬
O
‭On Solaris: /var/opt/oracle/ocr.loc‬
‭When CRS is UP:‬
‭Set ASM environment or CRS environment then run the below command:‬
‭ocrcheck‬

‭In 2 node RAC, how many NIC’s are r using ?‬

‭ network cards on each clusterware node‬

2
‭Network Card 1 (with IP address set 1) for public network‬
‭Network Card 2 (with IP address set 2) for private network (for inter node communication‬
‭between rac nodes used by clusterware and rac database)‬

‭In 2 node RAC, how many IP’s are r using ?‬

‭ – 3 set of IP address‬
6
‭## eth1-Public: 2‬
‭## eth0-Private: 2‬
‭## VIP: 2‬

‭How to find IP’s information in RAC ?‬

‭ dit the /etc/hosts file as shown below:‬

E
‭# Do not remove the following line, or various programs‬
‭# that requires network functionality will fail.‬
‭127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost‬
‭## Public Node names‬
‭192.168.10.11 node1-pub.hingu.net node1-pub‬
‭192.168.10.22 node2-pub.hingu.net node2-pub‬
‭## Private Network (Interconnect)‬
‭192.168.0.11 node1-prv node1-prv‬
‭192.168.0.22 node2-prv node2-prv‬
‭## Private Network (Network Area storage)‬
‭192.168.1.11 node1-nas node1-nas‬
‭192.168.1.22 node2-nas node2-nas‬
‭192.168.1.33 nas-server nas-server‬
‭## Virtual IPs‬
‭192.168.10.111 node1-vip.hingu.net node1-vip‬
‭192.168.10.222 node2-vip.hingu.net node2-vip‬

‭What is difference between RAC ip addresses ?‬

‭ ublic IP adress is the normal IP address typically used by DBA and SA to manage storage,‬
P
‭system and database. Public IP addresses are reserved for the Internet.‬
‭ rivate IP address is used only for internal clustering processing (Cache Fusion) (aka as‬
P
‭interconnect). Private IP addresses are reserved for private networks.‬
‭VIP is used by database applications to enable fail over when one cluster node fails. The‬
‭purpose for having VIP is so client connection can be failover to surviving nodes in case there is‬
‭failure‬

‭Can application developer access the private ip ?‬

‭ o. private IP address is used only for internal clustering processing (Cache Fusion) (aka as‬
N
‭interconnect)‬
‭ORACLE – DATAGUARD‬

‭What is Dataguard?‬

‭ ata Guard provides a comprehensive set of services that create, maintain, manage, and‬
D
‭monitor one or more standby databases to enable production Oracle databases to survive‬
‭disasters and data corruptions. Data Guard maintains these standby databases as copies of the‬
‭production database. Data Guard can be used with traditional backup, restoration, and cluster‬
‭techniques to provide a high level of data protection and data availability.‬

‭What is DG Broker?‬

‭ G Broker “it is the management and monitoring tool”.‬

D
‭Oracle dataguard broker is a distributed management framework that automates and centralizes‬
‭the creation , maintenance and monitoring of DG configuration.‬
‭All management operations can be performed either through OEM, which uses the broker (or)‬
‭broker specified command-line tool interface “DGMGRL”.‬

‭What is the difference between Dataguard and Standby?‬

‭ ataguard :‬
D
‭Dataguard is mechanism/tool to maintain standby database.‬
‭The dataguard is set up between primary and standby instance .‬
‭Data Guard is only available on Enterprise Edition.‬

‭ tandby Database :‬
S
‭Physical standby database provides a physically identical copy of the primary database, with on‬
‭disk database structures that are identical to the primary database on a block-for-block basis.‬
‭Standby capability is available on Standard Edition.‬

‭ EFERENCE:‬
R
‭http://neeraj-dba.blogspot.in/2011/06/difference-between-dataguard-and.html‬
‭What are the differences between Physical/Logical standby databases? How would you decide‬
‭which one is best suited for your environment?‬
‭ hysical standby DB:‬
P
‭As the name, it is physically (datafiles, schema, other physical identity) same copy of the‬
‭primary database.‬
‭It synchronized with the primary database with Apply Redo to the standby DB.‬
‭Logical Standby DB:‬
‭As the name logical information is the same as the production database, it may be physical‬
‭structure can be different.‬
‭It synchronized with primary database though SQL Apply, Redo received from the primary‬
‭database into SQL statements and then executing these SQL statements on the standby DB.‬
‭We can open “physical stand by DB to “read only” and make it available to the applications‬
‭users (Only select is allowed during this period). we can not apply redo logs received from‬
‭primary database at this time.‬
‭We do not see such issues with logical standby database. We can open the database in normal‬
‭mode and make it available to the users. At the same time, we can apply archived logs received‬
‭from primary database.‬

‭For OLTP large transaction database it is better to choose logical standby database.‬

‭Explain Active Dataguard?‬

‭ 1g Active Data Guard‬

1
‭Oracle Active Data Guard enables read-only access to a physical standby database for queries,‬
‭sorting, reporting, web-based access, etc., while continuously applying changes received from‬
‭the production database.‬
‭Oracle Active Data Guard also enables the use of fast incremental backups when offloading‬
‭backups to a standby database, and can provide additional benefits of high availability and‬
‭disaster protection against planned or unplanned outages at the production site.‬

‭What is a Snapshot Standby Database?‬

‭ 1g Snapshot Standby Database‬

1
‭Oracle 11g introduces the Snapshot Standby database which essentially is an updateable‬
‭standby database which has been created from a physical standby database.‬
‭We can convert a physical standby database to a snapshot standby database, do some kind of‬
‭testing on a database which is a read write copy of the current primary or production database‬
‭and then finally revert it to it’s earlier state as a physical standby database.‬
‭While the snapshot standby database is open in read-write mode, redo is being received from‬
‭the primary database, but is not applied.‬
‭After converting it back to a physical standby database, it is resynchronized with the primary by‬
‭applying the accumalated redo data which was earlier shipped from the primary database but‬
‭not applied.‬
‭Using a snapshot standby, we are able to do real time application testing using near real time‬
‭production data. Very often we are required to do production clones for the purpose of testing.‬
‭ ut using snapshot standby databases we can meet the same requirement sparing the‬
B
‭effort,time,resources and disk space.‬

‭ EFERENCE:‬
R
‭http://gavinsoorma.com/2009/07/11g-snapshot-standby-database/‬

‭ napshot Standby Database (UPDATEABLE SNAPSHOT FOR TESTING)‬

S
‭A snapshot standby database is a fully updatable standby database that is created by‬
‭converting a physical standby database into a snapshot standby database.‬

‭ ike a physical or logical standby database, a snapshot standby database receives and‬
L
‭archives redo data from a primary database. Unlike a physical or logical standby database, a‬
‭snapshot standby database does not apply the redo data that it receives. The redo data‬
‭received by a snapshot standby database is not applied until the snapshot standby is converted‬
‭back into a physical standby database, after first discarding any local updates made to the‬
‭snapshot standby database.‬

‭ EFERENCE:‬
R
‭http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28294/title.htm‬

‭ hat is the Default mode will the Standby will be, either SYNC or ASYNC?‬
W
‭ASYNC‬

‭Dataguard Architechture?‬

‭ ata Guard Configurations:‬

D
‭A Data Guard configuration consists of one production database and one or more standby‬
‭databases. The databases in a Data Guard configuration are connected by Oracle Net and may‬
‭be dispersed geographically. There are no restrictions on where the databases are located,‬
‭provided they can communicate with each other.‬

‭ ataguard Architecture‬
D
‭The Oracle 9i Data Guard architecture incorporates the following items:‬

•‭ Primary Database – A production database that is used to create standby databases. The‬
‭archive logs from the primary database are transfered and applied to standby databases. Each‬
‭standby can only be associated with a single primary database, but a single primary database‬
‭can be associated with multiple standby databases.‬
‭• Standby Database – A replica of the primary database.‬
‭• Log Transport Services – Control the automatic transfer of archive redo log files from the‬
‭primary database to one or more standby destinations.‬
‭• Network Configuration – The primary database is connected to one or more standby‬
‭databases using Oracle Net.‬
•‭ Log Apply Services – Apply the archived redo logs to the standby database. The Managed‬
‭Recovery Process (MRP) actually does the work of maintaining and applying the archived redo‬
‭logs.‬
‭• Role Management Services – Control the changing of database roles from primary to standby.‬
‭The services include switchover, switchback and failover.‬
‭• Data Guard Broker – Controls the creation and monitoring of Data Guard. It comes with a GUI‬
‭and command line interface.‬

‭ rimary Database:‬
P
‭A Data Guard configuration contains one production database, also referred to as the primary‬
‭database, that functions in the primary role. This is the database that is accessed by most of‬
‭your applications.‬

‭ tandby Database:‬
S
‭A standby database is a transactionally consistent copy of the primary database. Using a‬
‭backup copy of the primary database, you can create up to nine standby databases and‬
‭incorporate them in a Data Guard configuration. Once created, Data Guard automatically‬
‭maintains each standby database by transmitting redo data from the primary database and then‬
‭applying the redo to the standby database.‬
‭The types of standby databases are as follows:‬

‭ hysical standby database:‬

P
‭Provides a physically identical copy of the primary database, with on disk database structures‬
‭that are identical to the primary database on a block-for-block basis. The database schema,‬
‭including indexes, are the same. A physical standby database is kept synchronized with the‬
‭primary database, through Redo Apply, which recovers the redo data received from the primary‬
‭database and applies the redo to the physical standby database.‬

‭ ogical standby database:‬

L
‭Contains the same logical information as the production database, although the physical‬
‭organization and structure of the data can be different. The logical standby database is kept‬
‭synchronized with the primary database through SQL Apply, which transforms the data in the‬
‭redo received from the primary database into SQL statements and then executes the SQL‬
‭statements on the standby database.‬

‭What are the services required on the primary and standby database ?‬

‭ he services required on the primary database are:‬

T
‭• Log Writer Process (LGWR) – Collects redo information and updates the online redo logs. It‬
‭can also create local archived redo logs and transmit online redo to standby databases.‬
‭• Archiver Process (ARCn) – One or more archiver processes make copies of online redo logs‬
‭either locally or remotely for standby databases.‬
•‭ Fetch Archive Log (FAL) Server – Services requests for archive redo logs from FAL clients‬
‭running on multiple standby databases. Multiple FAL servers can be run on a primary database,‬
‭one for each FAL request. .‬
‭The services required on the standby database are:‬
‭• Fetch Archive Log (FAL) Client – Pulls archived redo log files from the primary site. Initiates‬
‭transfer of archived redo logs when it detects a gap sequence.‬
‭• Remote File Server (RFS) – Receives archived and/or standby redo logs from the primary‬
‭database.‬
‭• Archiver (ARCn) Processes – Archives the standby redo logs applied by the managed‬
‭recovery process (MRP).‬
‭• Managed Recovery Process (MRP) – Applies archive redo log information to the standby‬
‭database.‬

‭What is RTS (Redo Transport Services) in Dataguard?‬

I‭t controls the automated transfer of redo data from the production database to one or more‬
‭archival destinations. The redo transport services perform the following tasks:‬
‭a) Transmit redo data from the primary system to the standby systems in the configuration.‬
‭b) Manage the process of resolving any gaps in the archived redo log files due to a network‬
‭failure.‬
‭c) Automatically detect missing or corrupted archived redo log files on a standby system and‬
‭automatically retrieve replacement archived redo log files from the‬
‭primary database or another standby database.‬

‭What are the Protection Modes in Dataguard?‬

‭ ata Guard Protection Modes‬

D
‭This section describes the Data Guard protection modes.‬
‭In these descriptions, a synchronized standby database is meant to be one that meets the‬
‭minimum requirements of the configured data protection mode and that does not have a redo‬
‭gap. Redo gaps are discussed in Section 6.3.3.‬

‭ aximum Availability‬
M
‭This protectionmode provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without‬
‭compromising the availability of a primary database. Transactions do not commit until all redo‬
‭data needed to recover those transactions has been written to the online redo log and to at least‬
‭one synchronized standby database. If the primary database cannot write its redo stream to at‬
‭least one synchronized standby database, it operates as if it were in maximum performance‬
‭mode to preserve primary database availability until it is again able to write its redo stream to a‬
‭synchronized standby database.‬
‭This mode ensures that no data loss will occur if the primary database fails, but only if a second‬
‭fault does not prevent a complete set of redo data from being sent from the primary database to‬
‭at least one standby database.‬
‭ aximum Performance‬
M
‭This protectionmode provides the highest level of data protection that is possible without‬
‭affecting the performance of a primary database. This is accomplished by allowing transactions‬
‭to commit as soon as all redo data generated by those transactions has been written to the‬
‭online log. Redo data is also written to one or more standby databases, but this is done‬
‭asynchronously with respect to transaction commitment, so primary database performance is‬
‭unaffected by delays in writing redo data to the standby database(s).‬
‭This protection mode offers slightly less data protection than maximum availability mode and‬
‭has minimal impact on primary database performance.‬
‭This is the default protection mode.‬

‭ aximum Protection‬
M
‭This protection mode ensures that zero data loss occurs if a primary database fails. To provide‬
‭this level of protection, the redo data needed to recover a transaction must be written to both the‬
‭online redo log and to at least one synchronized standby database before the transaction‬
‭commits. To ensure that data loss cannot occur, the primary database will shut down, rather‬
‭than continue processing transactions, if it cannot write its redo stream to at least one‬
‭synchronized standby database.‬
‭Because this data protection mode prioritizes data protection over primary database availability,‬
‭Oracle recommends that a minimum of two standby databases be used to protect a primary‬
‭database that runs in maximum protection mode to prevent a single standby database failure‬
‭from causing the primary database to shut down.‬

‭ ow to delay the application of logs to a physical standby?‬

H
‭A standby database automatically applies redo logs when they arrive from the primary‬
‭database. But in some cases, we want to create a time lag between the archiving of a redo log‬
‭at the primary site, and the application of the log at the standby site.‬

‭ odify the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n initialization parameter on the primary database to set a‬

M
‭delay for the standby database.‬

‭ xample: For 60min Delay:‬

E
‭ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=’SERVICE=stdby_srvc DELAY=60′;‬
‭The DELAY attribute is expressed in minutes.‬
‭The archived redo logs are still automatically copied from the primary site to the standby site,‬
‭but the logs are not immediately applied to the standby database. The logs are applied when‬
‭the specified time interval expires.‬

‭Steps to create Physical Standby database?‬

‭ .Take a full hot backup of Primary database‬

1
‭2.Create standby control file‬
‭3.Transfer full backup, init.ora, standby control file to standby node.‬
‭4.Modify init.ora file on standby node.‬
‭ .Restore database‬
5
‭6.Recover Standby database‬
‭(Alternatively, RMAN DUPLICATE DATABASE FOR STANDBY DO RECOVERY can be also‬
‭used)‬
‭7.Setup FAL_CLIENT and FAL_SERVER parameters on both sides‬
‭8.Put Standby database in Managed Recover mode‬

‭What are the DATAGUARD PARAMETERS in Oracle?‬

‭Set Primary Database Initialization Parameters‬

‭ n the primary database, you define initialization parameters that control redo transport‬
O
‭services while the database is in the primary role. There are additional parameters you need to‬
‭add that control the receipt of the redo data and log apply services when the primary database‬
‭is transitioned to the standby role.‬

‭ B_NAME=chicago‬
D
‭DB_UNIQUE_NAME=chicago‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG=’DG_CONFIG=(chicago,boston)’‬
‭CONTROL_FILES=’/arch1/chicago/control1.ctl’, ‘/arch2/chicago/control2.ctl’‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1=‬
‭‘LOCATION=/arch1/chicago/‬
‭VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)‬
‭DB_UNIQUE_NAME=chicago’‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2=‬
‭‘SERVICE=boston LGWR ASYNC‬
‭VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)‬
‭DB_UNIQUE_NAME=boston’‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE‬
‭REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=30‬
‭Primary Database: Standby Role Initialization Parameters‬
‭FAL_SERVER=boston‬
‭FAL_CLIENT=chicago‬
‭DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=’boston’,’chicago’‬
‭LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=‬
‭‘/arch1/boston/’,’/arch1/chicago/’,’/arch2/boston/’,’/arch2/chicago/’‬
‭STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO‬

‭Prepare an Initialization Parameter File for the Standby Database‬

‭ reate a text initialization parameter file (PFILE) from the server parameter file (SPFILE) used‬
C
‭by the primary database; a text initialization parameter file can be copied to the standby location‬
‭and modified. For example:‬
‭CREATE PFILE=’/tmp/initboston.ora’ FROM SPFILE;‬

‭Modifying Initialization Parameters for a Physical Standby Database.‬

‭ B_NAME=chicago‬
D
‭DB_UNIQUE_NAME=boston‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG=’DG_CONFIG=(chicago,boston)’‬
‭CONTROL_FILES=’/arch1/boston/control1.ctl’, ‘/arch2/boston/control2.ctl’‬
‭DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=’chicago’,’boston’‬
‭LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=‬
‭‘/arch1/chicago/’,’/arch1/boston/’,’/arch2/chicago/’,’/arch2/boston/’‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=log%t_%s_%r.arc‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1= ‘LOCATION=/arch1/boston/‬
‭VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)‬
‭DB_UNIQUE_NAME=boston’‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2= ‘SERVICE=chicago LGWR ASYNC‬
‭VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=chicago’‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE‬
‭LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE‬
‭REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE‬
‭STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO‬
‭FAL_SERVER=chicago‬
‭FAL_CLIENT=boston‬

‭ racle Performance Tuning‬

O
‭Application user is complaining the database is slow.How would you find the performance issue‬
‭of SQL queries?‬

‭ igh performance is common expectation for end user, in fact the database is never slow or fast‬
H
‭in most of the case session connected to the database slow down when they receives‬
‭unexpected hit. Thus to solve this issue you need to find those unexpected hit. To know exactly‬
‭what the session is doing join your query v$session with v$session_wait.‬
‭SELECT NVL(s.username,’(oracle)’) as username,s.sid,s.serial#,sw.event,sw.wait_time,‬
‭sw.seconds_in_wait, sw.state FROM v$session_wait sw,v$session s‬
‭WHERE s.sid=sw.sid and s.username= ‘&username’ORDER BY sw.seconds_in_wait DESC;‬

‭ .Check the events that are waiting for something.‬

1
‭2.Try to find out the objects locks for that particular session.‬
‭3.Locking is not only the cause to effects the performance. Disk I/O contention is another case.‬
‭When a session retrieves data from the database datafiles on disk to the buffer cache, it has to‬
‭wait until the disk sends the data. The wait event shows up for the session as “db file sequential‬
r‭ ead” (for index scan) or “db file scattered read” (for full table scan).When you see the event,‬
‭you know that the session is waiting for I/O from the disk to complete. To improve session‬
‭performance, you have to reduce that waiting period. The exact step depends on specific‬
‭situation, but the first technique “reducing the number of blocks retrieved by a SQL statement”‬
‭almost always works.Reduce the number of blocks retrieved by the SQL statement. Examine‬
‭the SQL statement to see if it is doing a full-table scan when it should be using an index, if it is‬
‭using a wrong index, or if it can be rewritten to reduce the amount of data it retrieves.‬
‭4.Run SQL Tuning Advisor (@$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/sqltrpt.sql) by providing SQL_ID‬
‭as the input for generating the findings and recommendations.‬
‭SQL Tuning Advisor seems to be doing logical optimization mainly by checking your SQL‬
‭structure and statistics.‬
‭SQL Tuning Advisor suggests indexes that might be very useful.‬
‭SQL Tuning Advisor suggests query rewrites.‬
‭SQL Tuning Advisor suggests SQL profile.‬

‭ ore:‬
M
‭1.Run TOP command in Linux to check CPU usage.‬
‭2.Run VMSTAT, SAR, PRSTAT command to get more information on CPU, memory usage and‬
‭possible blocking.‬
‭3.Enable the trace file before running your queries,then check the trace file using tkprof create‬
‭output file.‬
‭According to explain plan check the elapsed time for each query,then tune them respectively.‬

‭What is the use of iostat/vmstat/netstat command in Linux?‬

I‭ostat – reports on terminal, disk and tape I/O activity.‬

‭Vmstat – reports on virtual memory statistics for processes, disk, tape and CPU activity.‬
‭Netstat – reports on the contents of network data structures.‬

I‭f you are getting high “Busy Buffer waits”, how can you find the reason behind it?‬
‭Buffer busy wait means that the queries are waiting for the blocks to be read into the db cache.‬
‭There could be the reason when the block may be busy in the cache and session is waiting for‬
‭it. It could be undo/data block or segment header wait.‬
‭Run the below two query to find out the P1, P2 and P3 of a session causing buffer busy wait‬
‭then after another query by putting the above P1, P2 and P3 values.‬
‭SQL> Select p1 “File #”,p2 “Block #”,p3 “Reason Code” from v$session_wait Where event =‬
‭‘buffer busy waits’;‬
‭SQL> Select owner, segment_name, segment_type from dba_extents‬
‭Where file_id = &P1 and &P2 between block_id and block_id + blocks -1;‬

‭What to Look for in AWR Report and STATSPACK Report?‬

‭ any DBAs already know how to use STATSPACK but are not always sure what to check‬
M
‭regularly.‬
‭ emember to separate OLTP and Batch activity when you run STATSPACK, since they usually‬
R
‭generate different types of waits. The SQL script “spauto.sql” can be used to run STATSPACK‬
‭every hour on the hour. See the script in $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/spauto.sql for more‬
‭information (note that JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES must be set > 0). Since every system is‬
‭different,this is only a general list of things you should regularly check in your STATSPACK‬
‭output:‬

¦‭ Top 5 wait events (timed events)‬

‭¦ Load profile‬
‭¦ Instance efficiency hit ratios‬
‭¦ Wait events‬
‭¦ Latch waits‬
‭¦ Top SQL‬
‭¦ Instance activity‬
‭¦ File I/O and segment statistics‬
‭¦ Memory allocation‬
‭¦ Buffer waits‬

‭ hat is the difference between DB file sequential read and DB File Scattered Read?‬
W
‭DB file sequential read is associated with index read where as DB File Scattered Read has to‬
‭do with full table scan.‬
‭The DB file sequential read, reads block into contiguous memory and DB File scattered read‬
‭gets from multiple block and scattered them into buffer cache.‬

‭Which factors are to be considered for creating index on Table? How to select column for index?‬

‭ reation of index on table depends on size of table, volume of data. If size of table is large and‬
C
‭we need only few data for selecting or in report then we need to create index. There are some‬
‭basic reason of selecting column for indexing like cardinality and frequent usage in where‬
‭condition of select query. Business rule is also forcing to create index like primary key, because‬
‭configuring primary key or unique key automatically create unique index.‬
‭It is important to note that creation of so many indexes would affect the performance of DML on‬
‭table because in single transaction should need to perform on various index segments and table‬
‭simultaneously.‬

‭Is creating index online possible?‬

‭ ES. You can create and rebuild indexes online. This enables you to update base tables at the‬
Y
‭same time you are building or rebuilding indexes on that table. You can perform DML operations‬
‭while the index building is taking place, but DDL operations are not allowed. Parallel execution‬
‭is not supported when creating or rebuilding an index online.‬
‭CREATE INDEX emp_name ON emp (mgr, emp1, emp2, emp3) ONLINE;‬

‭How to recover password in oracle 10g?‬

‭You can query with the table user_history$. The password history is store in this table.‬

‭How can you track the password change for a user in oracle?‬

‭ racle only tracks the date that the password will expire based on when it was latest changed.‬
O
‭Thus listing the view DBA_USERS.EXPIRY_DATE and subtracting PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME‬
‭you can determine when password was last changed. You can also check the last password‬
‭change time directly from the PTIME column in USER$ table (on which DBA_USERS view is‬
‭based). But If you have PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME and/or PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX set in‬
‭a profile assigned to a user account then you can reference dictionary table USER_HISTORY$‬
‭for when the password was changed for this account.‬
‭SELECT user$.NAME, user$.PASSWORD, user$.ptime, user_history$.password_date‬
‭FROM SYS.user_history$, SYS.user$‬
‭WHERE user_history$.user# = user$.user#;‬

‭What is Secure External password Store (SEPS)?‬

‭ hrough the use of SEPS you can store password credentials for connecting to database by‬
T
‭using a client side oracle wallet, this wallet stores signing credentials. This feature introduced‬
‭since oracle 10g. Thus the application code, scheduled job, scripts no longer needed embedded‬
‭username and passwords. This reduces risk because the passwords are no longer exposed and‬
‭password management policies are more easily enforced without changing application code‬
‭whenever username and password change.‬

‭ hy we need CASCADE option with DROP USER command whenever dropping a user and‬
W
‭why “DROP USER” commands fails when we don’t use it?‬

I‭f a user having any object then ‘YES’ in that case you are not able to drop that user without‬
‭using CASCADE option. The DROP USER with CASCADE option command drops user along‬
‭with its all associated objects. Remember it is a DDL command after the execution of this‬
‭command rollback cannot be performed.‬

‭What is the difference between Redo,Rollback and Undo?‬

I‭ find there is always some confusion when talking about Redo, Rollback and Undo. They all‬
‭sound like pretty much the same thing or at least pretty close.‬
‭Redo: Every Oracle database has a set of (two or more) redo log files. The redo log records all‬
‭changes made to data, including both uncommitted and committed changes. In addition to the‬
‭online redo logs Oracle also stores archive redo logs. All redo logs are used in recovery‬
‭situations.‬
‭Rollback: More specifically rollback segments. Rollback segments store the data as it was‬
‭before changes were made. This is in contrast to the redo log which is a record of the‬
‭insert/update/deletes.‬
‭ ndo: Rollback segments. They both are really one in the same. Undo data is stored in the‬
U
‭undo tablespace. Undo is helpful in building a read consistent view of data.‬

‭ ou have more than 3 instances running on the Linux server? How can you determine which‬
Y
‭shared memory and semaphores are associated with which instance?‬
‭Oradebug is undocumented oracle supplied utility by oracle. The oradebug help command list‬
‭the command available with oracle.‬
‭SQL>oradebug setmypid‬
‭SQL>oradebug ipc‬
‭SQL>oradebug tracfile_name‬

‭Why drop table is not going into Recycle bin?‬

I‭f you are using SYS user to drop any table then user’s object will not go to the recyclebin as‬
‭there is no recyclebin for SYSTEM tablespace, even we have already SET recycle bin‬
‭parameter TRUE.‬
‭Select * from v$parameter where name = ‘recyclebin’;‬
‭Show parameter recyclebin;‬

‭ emp Tablespace is 100% FULL and there is no space available to add datafiles to increase‬
T
‭temp tablespace. What can you do in that case to free up TEMP tablespace?‬
‭Try to close some of the idle sessions connected to the database will help you to free some‬
‭TEMP space. Otherwise you can also use ‘Alter Tablespace PCTINCREASE 1’ followed by‬
‭‘Alter Tablespace PCTINCREASE 0’‬

‭What is Row Chaning and Row Migration?‬

‭ ow Migration:‬
R
‭A row migrates when an update to that row would cause it to not fit on the block anymore (with‬
‭all of the other data that exists there currently). A migration means that the entire row will move‬
‭and we just leave behind the «forwarding address». So, the original block just has the rowid of‬
‭the new block and the entire row is moved.‬

‭ ow Chaining:‬
R
‭A row is too large to fit into a single database block. For example, if you use a 4KB blocksize for‬
‭your database, and you need to insert a row of 8KB into it, Oracle will use 3 blocks and store‬
‭the row in pieces.‬
‭Some conditions that will cause row chaining are: Tables whose rowsize exceeds the blocksize.‬
‭Tables with LONG and LONG RAW columns are prone to having chained rows. Tables with‬
‭more then 255 columns will have chained rows as Oracle break wide tables up into pieces.‬
‭So, instead of just having a forwarding address on one block and the data on another we have‬
‭data on two or more blocks.‬

‭How to find out background processes ?‬

‭ QL> select SID,PROGRAM from v$session where TYPE=’BACKGROUND’;‬
S
‭SQL> select name,description from V$bgprocess;‬

‭How to findout background processes from OS:‬

‭ ps -ef|grep ora_|grep SID‬

$
‭To Find and Delete bigger size and older files in Linux‬
‭–To find out files size more than 5MB‬
‭find . -size +5000 -exec ls -ltr {} \;‬
‭– To **Remove** files size more than 5MB‬
‭find . -size +5000k -exec rm -rf {} \;‬
‭–To find out files older than 30days‬
‭find . -mtime +30 -exec ls -ltr {} \;‬
‭–To find **Remove** files older than 30days‬
‭find . -mtime +30 -exec rm -rf {} \;‬