Aim: To study the working of an 741 operational amplier by conducting the following experiments: (a) Input bias current measurement (b) Input oset current measurement (c) Gain measurement in the inverting and non-inverting congurations (d) Set up the op-amp as an integrator. Apparatus:
1 Introduction The term operational amplier or ”op-amp” refers to a class of high-gain DC coupled ampliers with two inputs and a single output. The modern integrated circuit version is typied by the famous 741 op-amp. Some of the general characteristics of the IC version are:
• High gain, on the order of a million
• High input impedance, low output impedance • Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V • Used with feedback, with gain determined by the feedback network.
The operational amplier (op-amp) was designed to perform mathematical operations. Although now superseded by the digital computer, op-amps are a common feature of modern analog electron- ics. The op-amp is constructed from several transistor stages, which commonly include a dierential- input stage, an intermediate-gain stage and a push-pull output stage. The dierential amplier consists of a matched pair of bipolar transistors or FETs. The push-pull amplier transmits a large current to the load and hence has a small output impedance. The op-amp is a linear amplier with Vout ∝ Vinp . The DC open-loop voltage gain of a typical op-amp is 103 to 106 . The gain is so large that most often feedback is used to obtain a specic transfer function and control the stability. Cheap IC versions of operational ampliers are readily available, making their use popular in any analog circuit. The cheap models operate from DC to about 20 kHz, while the high-performance models operate up to 50 MHz. A popular device is the 741 op-amp. It is usually available as an IC in an 8-pin dual, in-line package (DIP).
1 +Vcc
Inverting IC 741 input I b1
OFFSET 1 8 Not Connected
Output To following amplifier stages −IN 2 7 +V Noninverting input I b2 +IN 3 6 OUTPUT
−V 4 5 OFFSET −Vcc
Figure 1: Operational ampier IC 741.
2 Theoretical background
2.1 Inverting and non-inverting amplier
Basic circuits for inverting and non-inverting amplier are schematically shown in Fig. 2. The gain of the inverting amplier is simply given by Rf A=− (1) R1 and the gain of the non-inverting amplier is given by R1 + Rf A= (2) R1
Figure 2: Circuits for inverting and non-inverting amplier.
Everything else can be calculated using equations (1) and (2).
2.2 Oset voltage
A practical concern for op-amp performance is voltage offset. That is, eect of having the output voltage something other than zero volts when the two input terminals are shorted together. Remem- ber that operational ampliers are differential ampliers above all: they’re supposed to amplify the
