AMaton Subtradtionand

2 Their Applications
as ne
Objecs that are mede by hand are special can
fwo pleces can be exactly the same. A potter
pot.
take many hours to ereate a symmetrical
lade by Hand

Cross-stitch embroldery
in the desin. A
needs careful
teblecloth
counting
with miror
ef
work has 235 small
squares How many pleces
of mirrors equally distributed In 10 sections.
pHeces
ere there in each section?

LooKING BACK
Addition
numbers. You start from the
AOdition large numbers is the same as addition of smaller
of
ones place and regroup if necessary.

a. b. The numbers you

L TTh Th H T L TTh Th H T O
add are called
addends.
6 1 3 2 7 27 53
3 9 8 55 + 2 69 3 2
1 01 18 2 14 7 8 4 1

17 7 5 26

Check your addition by adding up.

Remember
2 7 4 4 2 9 Youcan add numbers in any
order and the sum will be the
2 3 4 5 7 4 same.

Zero added to any number

398 5 5
gives the same number as the
2 7 4 4 2 9 Sum.

1. Rewrite in columns using place value and add.

a. 5087+ 26542 b. 45735 +69046 c. 93485 + 48294
d. 51487 +456+ 239601 e. 111321+56789+ 45987 f. 108162+59346+ 1892
2. Add down. Check your addition by adding up.
a. 65875+75842 b. 54567+45765+12635 287635
C.
+1198
26
Subtraction
a4estndsuapngep*don ** 015990gp
Subtraction of large numbers is the same as subtraction of The number you subtract
maller numbers. You start from the ones place and regroup from is called the minuend
The number you subtract is
if necessary. You can check your subtraction with addition.
called the subtrahend.
L TTh Th H T
Check:
2 0 3 29 1
1 5 3 85 2 +1 5 3 85 2
2 0 3 29 3 5 7 1 43
Watch out for the zeros.
3. b.
Th H TT TTh Th HT o

16

2 758 8 2 3 4
Remember
3 2 4 8 16 8 5 6 Any number subtracted from
****a****assnn********************te***************** *** ****neas
*******ea9*****
itself will give zero as the
Use a shortcut: Subtract: 4000-2847 difference.
Reduce both numbers by 1 and then subtract. Zero subtracted from any
number will give the number
(4000-1) 3 99 9 This helps avoid
itself as the difference.
(2847-1) -2 8 4 6 regrouping.
1 15 3
You can try this method for large numbers also.
4 *****

1. Rewrite in columns using place value and subtract.

a. 8765-2984 b. 938743-78243 c. 439235-145987
d. 30000- 18603 e. 50001 -39846 f.81065-21952
2. Fill in the boxes.

b.
a.
2 4 5 6

8 15 4 6

8 2 0 1 3 |2 2 8
SSubtract. Check your answer with addition.
a. 93542-78645 b. 21976-8756 C. 20106- 15302

27
UsING COMPENSATION FOR ADDITION AND
SUBTRACTION
we can change numbers into multiples of 10 or 100 to make it easier to add and
subtract.
Addition ****

In addition, increase
a. 38 gives you the same answer as 38(+ 2) = 40 one number and
+26 +26(-2) = 24 decrease the other by
the same amount.
64 64
b. In this
example it is easier to make the second number
into a
multiple of 10.
45 42
+87
45 -
45(-3) =
+87 (+3) +87 (+ 3)= 90
132

Subtraction
While subtracting we always change the subtrahend
into a multiple of 10 or 100.
a. 43 gives you the same answer as 45
- 28
43 (+ 2)=
28 (+ 2))= 30
15 15
**********************************~***-******
In subtraction, either b. 77 77 77(-3)= 74
increase both numbers or
decrease both numbers by
-33 -

33 (-3) S - 33(-3)= 30
the same amount. ? 44
*******

Exereise 2 A
Solve using compensation.
1. 28+86 2. 39+ 63 3. 72+446 4. 63 +94 5. 47+86
6. 51+39 7. 93+ 47 8. 56 38 9. 80-27 10. 97-29
11. 63-31 12. 84-39 13. 96 63 14. 70-58 15. 64 4 2

Challenge!
This is a magic square. All the rows, columns, 30 31 32 42
and diagonals should add up to 150. ******* ************* Hint: First find which are
34 4 39 37| the rows or columns that
While writing it out, two of the numbers were
written in the other's place. Find the error 38 36 35 41 do not add up to 150.
** *****"******
Then work on those.
and correct the magic square. 33 43i44 45
PROFIT AND LOSS

Profit
sikankari is delicate embroidery work on fine cloth done in
ikankari is
Uttar Pradesh.

r cOsts
It Preeti
costs Preeti 363 to make this chikankari cushion cover. She will
sellit for R450.

cost price (C.P) of the cushion cover.

363 is the
450 is the selling price (S.P) of the cushion cover.
When the seling price is more than the cost price, the difference is the profit.

Iwill earn 787 50

on each cushion
Selling price= 4
cover I sell. Cost price =-7 3 6 3
78 7--- Proft(P)

These models will help you remember the relationship between these three terms.

S.P.
S.P. C.P P 450
C.P. Difference? 363 87
S.P>C.P.
Difference is profit.

Loss
When the cost price is more than the selling price, the difference is the los5.
One cushion cover was slightly damaged so Preeti sold it for z300.

Ilost 63 on this
Cost price 73 6 3 cushion cover.
Selling price= - 7 3 0 0 ' ...

76 3--- Loss()

C.P
C.P. S.P 363
S.P. Difference? C.P.> S.P. 300 63
Difference is loss.
 of an object increases due to other expenses
transportation like e

price
Ddldries, and so on. These are called overheads and are added to the cost price, shop
When 7 5 on packing and
somebody outside her city buys a cushion cover, Preeti spends
postal
postal charges.
C.P.= 3 6 3 ****

sell it
+ 75
I will now

at ?500.

4 3 8 - - -

Finalcost price
S.P. S.P.>C.P.
C.P. Profit So, the difference is profit.
75 0 0
500 500
7438 -74 3 8
? 7438 62
C.P Profit 6 2 C.P Profit

Exereise 2 B
1. Decide whether there is profit or loss in each of these products with the help of a model.
a.
Kondapalli toys from Andhra Pradesh b. Mask from Kerala
S.P.
C.P Profit?
34 0
3 0 5

Cost price = 7305 Cost price = r275

Selling price= 7340 Selling price = 255
Profit =
C. Kolhapuri chappals from Maharashtra d. Metal craft of Madhya Pradesh
********** **********naew*******epe

Cost price =7428 Cost price =71,680

6
Selling price = 7410
Selling price = 2,390
Protrt
30
2. Find out the profit or loss in each of these. You mav use models if you wish.

Cost price
****

*********************lye
Selling price Profit/Loss
Amount
*riuwveltidv vesiaiib**5pFowotvraitevsa**tasos******"

a. 2.090 2,100 2,100-72,090 =F10

* * *********tatta**-ve*id
C.P.<S.P.= Profit
b. 8,395 8,935
****

C.
***************i***4

F14,060
A*******************************

14,600
**********,*********
Proft *********"*

79,319
***************:*****mse imsoue
79,139
***u*d*amasa
Pofi **********
.oae***sg95********

"*************************
. 11,190 11,865
"****

First find the final cost of each item. Then calculate

profit or loss using models if you wi
Cost price Overheads (C.P.+Overheads)
Final cost
S.P Profit/Loss amount
*******************i*

****************************************************"********asi*******************":******************** **********od evvesvVo oviveir******

****

a. T645 80 Z725 T800 T800 R725 = z75 profit

***"*************************************************************************** **********************************-** s* *******
b. 909 162 ,071.
.*********;******************.*******.*i******************************o*sen*ni *******"***********
1,235
****

***
64
********************T*********************************
C. 72,100 395 . T2,300
**********************************************"*************************V'***************************************
* *

P.A.4. ****************************
d. 7,213 520 79,818
********** . * * * ** * * * * * * * *

*******************************************************************:*************************************************************
T9,127 T2,061 10,050 38
4. Solve.
a. During the Diwali sale, a shopkeeper sells a watch that costs 3,500 for 2,750. *********1e *p******

What was his gain or loss? Another

word for
b. A mobile phone that costs 8,900 is sold at 79,800. What was the profit made? profit is
C. A shopkeeper buys fabric for 1,740 and has it tailored into a coat for <760. gain.
He then sells it for 2,999. What was his profit or loss?
d. Ata used book sale, Karan sells books worth 5,000 at 73,150. What was the loss he incurred?
e. Adining table costing9,500 was sold at 79,900 after polishing it at a cost ofR1,500.
What was the profit or loss?

Projeet
Choose a 3-digit number with the first digit greater than the third digit. 6 7 2
Reverse the digits and subtract. - 2 7 6

Reverse the digits you get as the difference and add. 39 6

Now try with these numbers. What do you notice? +69 3
1. 321 2. 782 3. 844 4. 775 10 8 9

31
 FINDING COST PRICE OR SELLING PRICE
can help you find the cost price or
The same bar models
you used in the page
selling price when you know the profitprevious
or loss.

Model A (for profit) Model B(forloss)

fyou know
any two values C.P.
S.P.
you can find L
C.P. P the third. S.P

To Find the Cost Price

23. What
Wnat was
was the
1: Rakul from at a los of the cot o
Example
of the puppet?
Rajasthan sold a puppet for 315 N
Selling price = 315 C.P.
Loss=R23
Cost price=? 7315 23
This is for loss, so use Model B. S.P L

Add to find CR 7315 Check your ans wer:

S.P.+L=CP +23 CP-S.P=L
7338..--CA 338-315=23
Answer:The cost of the puppet was 338.
Example 2:A shop sells sandalwood carvings from Karnataka. A particular piece was sold a
5,389 for a profit of R281. What was the cost ofthe carving?
Selling price = 75,389 S.P.
Profit 281 T5,389
********

Cost price=? 281

This isfor profit, so use Model A. C.P. P

Subtract to find C.P. 5389 Check your answer:

S.P-P CP - 281
S.P.-C.P= P
5108--- -CP 5,389-5,108 =281
Answer:The cost price ofthe carving was 5,108.

TryThis!
C.P . S.P.
a. C. S.P= R1,205; P=T213;CP=?
F4,538
*******************:*********
I713 142
968 d. S.P.=1,900; L=T190; C.P=
S.P P.

32
To Find the Selling Price
Brample 1: Paintings with gold inlay work are famous in Thanjavur,
Tamil Nadu. Atourist bought a painting at 21,380. He sold it at a
Profit of 1.500. What price did he sell the painting at?
p r o t

Cost Price = R21,380 S.P.

Profit 1,500
Selling price ? =

21,380 1,500
This is for profit, so use Model A. C.P P

Add to find S.P 21380 Check your answer:

C.P+P S.P +1500 S.P.-C.P.=P
722880 22,880-21,380 1500
Answer:The painting was sold for 22,880.
AA
www Example 2: A handmade mirror-work wall hanging from Gujarat
cost Uma 78,350. She sold it after a few months for 550 less than
what she had paid for it. What price did she sell it for?

UICostprice =78,350 C.P.

Loss=550 T8,350
wwwwAA Selling price =? 550
This is for loss, so use Model B. S.P. L

Subtract to find S.P. 8350

- 7550
Check your answer:
C.P-L S.P.
C.P-S.P.=
7800 7
8,350-7,800 =550
Answer: Uma sold the wall hanging for 7,800.

Exereise 2 C
.6
1. Complete the table. 2. Complete the table.

Selling Profit Loss Selling

Profit Loss Cost price Cost price price
vesiu
price **** ***Pvsags********************** ************.********************* "*****************a***i ** *******************

a. 71,095 89
a. 2,385 195 ********************* ****************************************************************************************

*******************"****************** **

628 b. 3,586 T369

0.2 1,900
************************* ***** ****************** * ********************************************

1,020 C. 79,980 T351

C. 8,630 ********************************************************************* ************

d. 74,365 2,315 d.15,381 1,395

3
 3. Find the
selling price or cost price of each of these products with the help of
of a mode
a.
Terracota from West Bengal b. Juttis from Punjab

C.P.
S.P.?

Cost price - Loss ==?

Cost price = R315 Selling price = {690

315
Loss = R38 8
3 Profit= 5 7
Selling price = ? Cost price = ?

** ***************.
*********
**** * - ********************* ***********
C. Shawl from Nagaland d. Dokra metal from Telangana
Selling price = T1,560 Cost price = F2,880D

Loss = 350 Profit= 990

Cost price = ? Selling price = ?

4. Solve.
a. Simran incurred a loss of 7750 painting she sold for R4,500. What was the cost
of thhe
on a

painting?
b. Shashank solda carpet at a profit of 73,200. If he had originally paid T15,290 for the carnas
what price did he sell it for?
C. Salim sold an encyclopaedia set at a loss of R300. If he sold it for R1,790, what price
had he
paid for it?
d. Ricky bought a keyboard at 712,980. He sold it a year later at a profit of 1,900. What price
did he sell it for?
e.
e. A laptop costing {20,350 was repaired at a cost of 2,300 and sold later at a loss of 2,500
What price was it sold for?

Data Connect
Open the Data Bank on page 242 and study the data on 'The Water Footprint of the Food'.
Then answer the questions below.
1. Rewrite the table starting from the highest to the lowest water
2. What is the water footprint of 2 kg almond chocolate made with
footprint.
equal quantities of both
ingredients?
3. What is the difference between the highest and the lowest water footprint given in the table? Name
the items.
4. What is the water footprint of half a dozen eggs?
5.What is the water footprint of a litre of milk made into a milk shake withkg banana?

34
STEPS OF PROBLEM SOLVING
The steps of problem solving help you think in an organised
way and decide how to solve a word problem.
Supriyo needs 16 equal strips of bamboo to make a coaster.
He has a 198 cm strip of bamboo of which 3 cm at both ends
are damaged, so he needs to cut those off. How long will each
of the bamboo pieces be?
Step 1: Read the problem and understand the question.
We need to find out how long each of the 16 bamboo pieces will be.
Step 2: Find the important information in the problem.
Supriyo needs 16 equal pieces of bamboo.
The length ofthe bamboo strip is 198 cm.
3 cm at each end ofthe strip is damaged.

Step 3:Decide what to do?

there is some part of the
To make equal pieces of bamboo strips we have to divide. But
This is a multi-
bamboo that is unusable, so we must subtract that figure before we divide.
step problem.
Step 4:Solve the problem and answer the question.
3 cm+3 cm = 6 cm ofthe bamb00 cannot be used.
So, 198-6 =192 cm can be used.
192+16= 12 cm
Answer: Each piece of bamboo that Supriyo gets will be 12 cm long.

Step 5: Check your answer

a: Is the calculation correct?
Yes.Working back, 12 x 16= 192 cm and 192+3+3= 198cm.
b: Have you answered the question correctly using the correct units?
Yes. The answer gives the length of each equal piece of bamboo. The unit cm is correct.
C: Does your answer make sense? Can you think of a sentence to
Yes, the answer of 12 cm makes sense as each piece rememberthe steps R-F-D-
will be much smaller than the entire length of bamboo.
S-C My sentence is Rita Finds
DogsSo Cute. What is yours?
Read R
Find
Decide D

Solve
Check C 35
 Exercise 2D
Solve using addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. There are
single-step,
two-step, and multi-step problems.
1. Mr Shenoy had 3,25,765. He borrowed 1,12,700 to buy a new car.
How much did the car cost?
2. A chef has to bake 5 cakes for dessert at a party. She uses seven 250
g packets of flour for these
If she empties all the flour packets into one
large bowl and then divides it equally into 5
smaller
bowls, how much flour will go into each cake?
3. The odometer ona van showed 53,811 km in the
beginning of October. After being used for
three months it showed 84,209 km at the end of December. If it
had traveled 21,614 km in
October and November, what distance did it cover in the month of December?
4. Suraksha's website had 23,450 visitors in one month. That
was 2,300 visitors less than
what
Varun's website had. How many visitors did Varun's website have?
5. A school's audio-visual room has 12 rows of chairs. Each row
has 12 chairs. If two more chairs
are added to each row, how chairs will be
many in the AV room?

SKILLS OF PROBLEM SOLVING - Less Information

The following problems have either enough or less information than
you need to solve
them. Say what information is missing on the ones with less information and
solve the
others.

1. The drawing teacher bought 30 boxes of pencils.Was that enough for 450 students?
Answer: Not enough information. We do not know how many pencils are in each box.
2. Half the students in the music class are learning to play the sitar. Of the rest, 12 are
learning the tabla and 4 are learning the violin. How many students are in the music class?
3. Agroup of 35 children formed quiz teams with an equal number of students in each group
3 students were the judges. How many students were on each team?
4. 600 people went to see a musical show.Tickets for adults cost115 each and ticketsfor
children cost 75 each. How much money was collected by the organisers of the show:
5. Monica sold tickets for the school fair to her friends. She did this for
3 days. Each day she started with a book of 50 tickets and on each
day she had 5 tickets left. How many tickets did she sell in all?

36
USING MODELS TO FIND MISSING
NUMBERS
Missing Addends
Example 1:A pen drive can hold 530 songs. So
How many more songs can be copied on to thefar 391 songs have been copied on to it.
pen drive?
Inother words, what must you add to 391 to make it 5307
391+? 530

Total songs Subtract to find the difference:

530
5 30
391
3 9 1
Songs already Songs yet to
copied be copied 1 3 9
(difference)
Answer: 139 more songs can be copied on to the pen drive.
Missing Minuends
Example 1: Devyani was playing a maths game on her computer. She made some
the beginning but lost 128 points after a while. She now has 318 points in
points left with her. How
many points had Devyani made in the beginning?
In other words, from what can you take
away 128 and leave 318?

I?-128 318

Add to find the total points: Try This!

a. What must you add to 7,328 to
1 2 8 make it 14,095?
Total points
b. Find the number from which
+3 1 8
? 8,913 must be subtracted to
128 318 4 4 6 leave 11,238.
Points lost Points left

Answer: Devyani had made 446 points in the beginning.

Challenge!
Three consecutive numbers have a sum of 9,000. What are the numbers?

37
 Missing Subtrahends
p l e 1:Dheeraj's laptop had 738 fles. He deleted some ofthem,
but still had 239
left. How many files had he
n other
delereu
words, what do you take away from 738 to leave 239/
738-?=239
Total files Subtract to find the difference:
738 7 3 8
239 ? 2 3 9
Files left Files deleted
(difference) 499
Answer: Dheeraj had deleted 499 files from his
laptop.

Exercise 2E
Solve. Use models to help you.
1. Find the missing numbers.
a. 612 +. = 948 b. 7394+ =12642
C.
--847 = 1238 d. - 9162 1 8 1 1
e. 9408. = 1138 . = 23175
49584
2. Solve.
a. What must
you add to 18,345 to make it 19,624?
b. Ifyou subtract 23,146 from a
number, you are left with 35,906. Find the number.
C. Find the number which must be subtracted from
83,196 to leave 11,422.
d. The sum
of two numbers is 40,132. If one number is 29,184, find the other number.
3. Application in real life.
a. Khalid wants to buy a board game that costs 501. He has 479. How much
more money
does he need?

Harshita's stamp album can hold 1,500

785 stamps in it. How
stamps. So far, she has paste
many more stamps can she paste in it?
c. A large library has lent out 1,785 books. It has 7,816 books left.
How many books does the library have in all7
d. An art exhibition had 915 pieces
of art on show. Some of them got
Sold but there were 211 unsold pieces. How
many pieces were sold?

Journal
Look at this bar model. Would you say that the parts
shown are drawn correctily? Explain how would you 500
change it to a better representation if you don't agree. 300 200
38