Data:

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Data:
Collection of facts and gures concerning
an object or event or Stored represent
ation of objects and events that have
meaning and impo ance in the user’s
environment. It is always in raw form
OR Data is a value or set of values. OR
Data are facts that concern with people,
person, place, event, objects etc
Data Item:
A single unit of value in data is called data
item e.g., Name, Address, Roll No. etc
Types of Data:
1. Textual/Alphabetic Data: Data in the
form of written phrases and sentences.
2. Numeric Data: Numeric data consists
of numeric digits from 0 to 9 like 10, 245
or -5 etc.
The numeric type of data may either be
positive or negative.
3. Alphanumeric Data: Alphanumeric
data consists of numeric digits (0 to 9),
letters
(A to Z) and all special characters like +, %,
and @ etc. like “87%”, “$300” and
“H#17”.
4. Audio Data: Data in the form of spoken
phrases and sentences.
5. Graphical/Image Data: Pictorial
(Graphic) data i.e., data in the form of
images, cha s,
graphs, pictures etc.
6. Video Data: Data in the form of Digital
video i.e., an electronic representation of
moving
visual images (video) in the form of
encoded digital dat
Database:
An organized collection of information in
computerized format. An organized
collection of logically related data. A
database is a shared collection of logically
related data, designed to meet the
information needs of multiple users in an
organization.
Two basic operations pe ormed by the
DBMS are:
Management of Data in the Database.
 Management of Users associated with
the database.
Management of the data means to specify
that how data will be stored, structured
and accessed in the database.
Management of database users
means to manage the users in such a way
that they can pe orm
any desired operations on the database.
DBMS also ensures that a user cannot
pe orm any operation for which he is not
allowed.
Entity:Entity is basic building block
of the Entity Relation Data model.
The term Entity is used in three
di erent meanings or for three
di erent terms and that are:
Entity Types:
An Entity Type that exists
independently of other Entity Types.
The Strong Entity Type is called
the Identifying Owner. An Entity Type
whose Instances can exist indepe
ndently, that is, without being linked
to the Instances of any other Entity
Type is called Strong Entity Type.
Weak Entity Type:
An Entity Types whose existence
depends on another Entity Type. An
Entity Type whose Instances cannot
exist without being linked with
Instances of some other Entity Type,
i.e., they cannot exist independently.
For example,in an organization, to
maintain data about the vehicles
owned by the employees.
Attributes:
Types of Attributes:
1. Required Attribute
2. Optional Attribute
3. Simple Attribute
4. Composite Attribute
5. Single Valued Attribute
6. Multi Valued Attribute
7. Stored Attribute
Simple Attribute:
- An Attribute that cannot be
decomposed into smaller Attributes
e.g., age, roll#, CNIC, Phone# etc. -
Symbol for Simple Attribute
Composite Attribute:
- An Attribute that can be
decomposed into smaller Attributes
e.g. Name, address etc. - Name can
be divided into rst name, middle
name, last name. - Address can be
divided into House#, Street#,
Sector#, Phase#, Tehsil, District etc. -
Symbol for Composite Attribute
Database Approach:
A database is a shared collection of
logically related data, and designed
to meet the requirements
of di erent users of an organization
Advantages of Database Approach:
1. Program Data Independence:
The separation of data descriptions
from the application programs that
uses the data is called data
independence. With the Database
Approach, data descriptions are
stored in a central location called
the Reposito . This prope y of
database systems allows an
organization’s data to change and
evolve (develop) without changing
the application programs that
process the data.
2. Controlled Data Redundancy:
The Database Approach does not
eliminate redundancy entirely, but it
enables the designer to
control the duplication data to
improve database pe ormance..
Data Dictiona :
This is a rese ed space within a
database used to store information
about the database itself. Data
Dictionaries are created during the
design phase to de ne the structure
of a database.
Types of Data Dictionaries:
There are basically two types of data
dictionaries which are available for
use by a DBMS, with
respect to their existence
There are two types of Integrated
Data Dictiona :
i. Active Data Dictiona : The
Integrated Data Dictiona is called
active if it is
checked by DBMS eve time when a
database is accessed.
Passive Data Dictiona : The
Integrated Data Dictiona is called
Passive if it is not used day-to-day
database processing.
Data Base Management System
(DBMS):
DBMS is a collection of programs
that are used to create, store,
retrieve, and modify data in
database on request. DBMS is the
software or tool that is used to
manage the database and its users.
Two basic operations pe ormed by
the DBMS are:
Management of Data in the
Database.
Management of Users associated
with the database.
Management of the data means to
specify that how data will be stored,
structured and accessed
in the database.
Management of database users
means to manage the users in such a
way that they can pe orm
any desired operations on the
database.
DBMS examples:
• MySQL
• Microsoft Access
• SQL Se er
• FileMaker
• Oracle
• RDBMS
2. Database:
A database is an organized collection
of logically related data, usually
designed to meet the
information needs of multiple users
in an organization.
Key:
A Key is a set of one or more
attributes that can be used to
identify or access a pa icular Entity
Instance of an Entity Type (or out of
an Entity Set).
Types of Keys:
There are the following main types of
Keys:
1. Super Key
2. Candidate Keys
3. Prima Key
4. Foreign Key
5. Seconda Key/Alternate Key
6. Simple Key
7. Compound Key
8. Composite Key
Super key:
A Super Key is a set of one or more
attributes which taken collectively,
allow us to identify uniquely an
Entity Instance in the Entity Set.
2. Candidate Key:
A Candidate Key is a single eld or
the least (smallest) combination of
elds that uniquely
identi es each record in the table. It
is called Candidate Key
3. Prima Key:
Prima Key is a Key which uniquely
identify each record in the table.
Prima Key is the one
Super Key that has minimum number
of columns because of which Prima
Key
4. Foreign Key:
A Foreign Key is an attribute or a set
of attributes in a relation whose
values match a Prima Key in
another relation. The relation in
which Foreign Key
Seconda Key/Alternate Key:
A table may have one or more choices for
the Prima Key. Collectively these are
known as Candidate Keys. One is selected
as a Prima Key.
6. Simple Key:
A Simple Key consists of a single eld to
uniquely identify a record. For example,
studentId, which uniquely identi es a
pa icular student, is a single eld and
therefore, it is called a Simple
Key.
Compound Key:
A Compound Key consists of more than
one eld to uniquely identify a record. A
Compound Key is distinguished from a
Composite Key
Composite Key:
A Composite Key is a Candidate Key that
consists of more than one attributes to
uniquely identify a record. A Composite
Key is a
Relationships
are the connections and interactions
between the Entity Instances
e.g., DEPT_EMP associates Depa ment
and Employee. Association between data.
A named association between entities
showing Optionality (May be) and Degree
(How Many). Examples are employees and
depa ments, and orders and items.
Each direction of the Relationship
contains: A Name: For example, taught by
or assigned to. An Optionality: Either
must be or may be. A Degree: Either one
and only one | or one or more.
One-to-One Relationship:
A Relationship from X to Y is one-to-one
if each Entity Instance in X is associated
with at
most one Entity Instance in Y and each
Entity Instance in Y is associated with at
most
one Entity Instance in X.
One-to-Many Relationship:
A Relationship from X to Y is one-to-many
if each Entity Instance in X is associated
with
many Entity Instancesin Y but each Entity
Instance in Y is associated with one Entity
Instance
in X.