Proccas v57 n29

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Fourth Series
Volume 57, No. 29, pp. 799–923, 1 pl., 120 figs. December 28, 2006
Muscidae (Diptera) from Madagascar: Identification Keys,

Descriptions of New Species, and New Records
Márcia S. Couri1, Adrian C. Pont2, Norman D. Penny3

1 Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940-040,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road,
Oxford OX1 3PW, U.K; 3 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences,
875 Howard Street, San Francisco, California 94103
The Madagascan Muscidae fauna is known only from scattered publications by a

variety of authors, containing mainly descriptions of new species. Previous records of
Madagascan muscids amount to 78 species in 27 genera (Pont 1980). The present
study of the Muscidae collected by the “Madagascar Arthropod Biodiversity
Project”, developed by the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco,
California, has provided the stimulus for this paper in which all the genera and
species recorded from Madagascar are keyed, 23 new species are described, and 7
species and 3 genera are newly recorded from Madagascar. Almost 80% of the pre-
viously known Madagascan muscid fauna has been recognised among the material
studied. In addition to the new species described herein, replacement names are given
for two homonyms: Dichaetomyia zielkei new name (for Dichaetomyia apicalis Zielke,
1972, preocc.) and Dichaetomyia frontata new name (for Dichaetomyia frontalis
Zielke, 1972, preocc.). One new synonym is established: Dichaetomyia rangeri Zielke,
1973 (syn: Dichaetomyia scutellaris Zielke, 1974). The species newly recorded from
Madagascar are: Atherigona (Acritochaeta) orientalis Schiner, 1868; Atherigona
(Atherigona) addita Malloch, 1923; Brontaea flexa (Wiedemann, 1830); Dichaetomyia
(Dichaetomyia) albivitta (Stein, 1906); Helina lucida (Stein, 1913); Lispe niveimacula-
ta Stein, 1906 and Lispocephala pectinata (Stein, 1900). The genera newly recorded
from Madagascar are: Azelia Robineau-Desvoidy, Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy and
Spilogona Schnabl.
The Muscidae is a speciose family of the calyptrate Diptera that contains some 4500 described
species in 86 genera (Carvalho et al. 2005). It is represented in all zoogeographical regions, and
species occur in a wide variety of habitats except for the most arid.
Adults can be recognized by the absence of a series of strong setae on meron; vein A1+CuA2
not reaching wing margin; male reproductive system without the accessory pair of glands; the
absence of abdominal spiracles 6 and 7 in the female ovipositor (spiracle 6 re-aquired in two gen-
era), the latter character being an autapomorphy of the family.
Many species are of medical and veterinary importance, as vectors of certain etiological agents
that can cause diseases. Others are of agricultural importance as pests of cereal crops, whilst others
are of importance in biological control as predators of other insects that can cause injury to man and
animals.
Although there have been considerable advances in our knowledge of the taxonomy of these
flies in recent years, many species in all regions are still to be described.
The Afrotropical Muscidae fauna has been dealt with in the comprehensive revisions by Emden
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Fourth Series, Volume 57, No. 29
(1939, 1940, 1941, 1942a,b, 1943, 1951) and in the more recent revisions such as Zielke (1971) for
the Muscini, Dike (1989, 1990) and Deeming (1987) for the Atherigonini, and Zumpt (1973) for the
Stomoxyinae. Since Emden’s work, species have been described by Crosskey, Deeming, Dike,
Kleynhans, Paterson, Peris, Pont, Snyder, Zielke and Zumpt, and keys have been published by
Zumpt (1969) for Aethiopomyia, Paterson (1960) for Alluaudinella, Snyder (1953) for Mydaea (in
part), Pont and Dear (1976) for Ochromusca, Pont (1974) for Passeromyia, and Crosskey (1962)
for Pygophora (summarised in Pont 1980).
Knowledge of the Madagascan Muscidae fauna is scattered in the publications of these authors
and consists mainly of the descriptions of new species. Pont (1980) listed 78 species in 27 genera
from Madagascar, and nothing further has been added since then apart from the paper by Deeming
(1987) on the genus Atherigona Rondani. Until the present contribution, the most speciose genera
were Dichaetomyia Malloch, with 14 species, followed by Lispe Latreille with 13 species and
Atherigona with 10. Most of the other genera were represented by a very small number of species.
The study of the muscids collected by the “Madagascar Arthropod Biodiversity Project” devel-
oped by the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco California, has provided the impulse
for this contribution, in which all the genera and species recorded from Madagascar are keyed, with
seven species and three genera newly recorded from Madagascar and 23 species described as new
to science. Almost 80% of the previously known Madagascan muscid fauna is represented in the
material studied. Some species are common, with a large series of specimens represented in muse-
um collections; others are rare and are sometimes represented by only a single specimen.
There is still material to be examined, so the data presented herein are preliminary and the
Madagascan muscid fauna is certainly much richer. The main aim of this contribution is to sum-
marise the present knowledge of this fauna and to serve as a guide for the identication of the record-
ed species, thereby assisting with future studies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Madagascar Arthropod Biodiversity Project
The Madagascar Arthropod Biodiversity Project is an attempt to assess the entire arthropod
fauna of Madagascar. It has been partially funded by NSF Grant DEB-0072713; Brian Fisher is the
principal investigator and Charles E. Griswold, the co-principal investigator. The collecting phase
of the project began in 2001 and continued until early 2005. There was a field crew of as many as
24 persons. Six trapping techniques were used in the field to capture arthropods from more than
seventy localities. The techniques utilized were light traps, Malaise traps, pitfall traps, mini-Winkler
extractors, beating, and collecting the insects off the vegetation with nets. Considerable additional
support with Malaise trapping was obtained from E.I. Schlinger and the Schlinger Foundation,
which employed a field technician full time who was almost continuously moving around the coun-
try and collecting the samples from long-term trapping sites. All samples were collected into 95%
ETOH for potential DNA analysis. During the off-season (April until October), the field crew was
trained to sort arthropods to order, and in some cases to family. Sorted samples were then shipped
to San Francisco where further sorting took place before reshipping specimens to collaborators.
There are now approximately 105 collaborators identifying and further sorting specimens. The
Schlinger Malaise traps, as opposed to the other traps, were in continuous operation for several
PLATE 1
A. Alluaudinella bivittata (Macquart); B. Dimorphia cognata (Robineau-Desvoidy); C. Deltotus facetus Séguy; D.
Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) scutellata (Séguy); E. Deltotus viola Zielke; F. Neomyia setulosa (Zielke); G. Spilogona ful-
vipollinosa, new species; H. Helina carpiae, new species.
COURI ET AL.: MUSCIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM MADAGASCAR 801
years. By mid-2005 all samples had been sorted and sent to San Francisco, except for 1200 Malaise
trap samples. It is expected to take another two years for all of these samples to be sorted.
A Biota database has been created to store information about the specimens. Each “block” of
specimens receives a lot number, and individual specimens receive an individual code number.
Taxonomic information about each specimen is recorded in the database down to the lowest level
available, i.e. family, subfamily, genus, species, etc. A code number is assigned to each collecting
event and this, along with locality information, is entered into a Microsoft Word file, so that many
locality labels can be prepared quickly and easily.
The localities where collecting was carried out were carefully planned beforehand after con-
sultations with other field biologists working in the area and the study of geological and vegetation
maps. At the end of the project, the database will be used to reassemble the arthropod faunal com-
ponents and to prepare detailed maps of distributions and faunal “hotspots”. These will be used to
argue the case to the Malagasy government for new conservation areas and for the stronger protec-
tion of existing areas.
RESULTS
The Muscidae
About 1800 specimens have been studied during the preparation of this paper. The material is
basically that collected during the Madagascar project. Additional material collected beforehand, in
1998 and 1999, during the “Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition”, was also examined.
Muscid flies had to be sorted from mixed Diptera samples, dried, pinned and labelled before
being studied.
All material studied will be deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences,
San Francisco, California (CAS), with a few specimens deposited in the Museu Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil (MNRJ) and The Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH). Some material
in the Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa (NMSA) and the Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, France (MNHNP) has also been listed, for the sake of completeness.
The holotypes of the new species are also deposited in the CAS collection; some paratypes,
when possible, have been referred to the MNRJ and BMNH collections.
Dissected terminalia have been placed in glycerine in a microvial pinned with the respective
specimen.
Colour photos were made using Syncroscopy/JVC Auto-Montage with a Leica M 420 optical
microscope, the drawings were made with an optical microscope Olympus CH-2 fixed with a cam-
era lucida.
The terminology follows McAlpine (1981), and for the special characters of Atherigona, such
as the trifoliate process, we follow Pont (1986a) and Pont and Magpayo (1995).
Some Madagascan muscid types described by Zielke (1974) and deposited in the CAS collec-
tion were also examined and information about them is included in this paper: Annaria scutellaris
(now = Dichaetomyia rangeri Zielke) (Type no. CAS 11871), Annaria harlekini (now Dichaetom-
yia harlekini) (Type no. CAS 11870), Graphomya rossi (Type no. CAS 11874) and Limnophora
rossi (Type no. CAS 11883).
In several instances, identifications were confirmed by A.C.P. by comparison with identified
specimens in the Natural History Museum (London, U.K.) and the Museum für Naturkunde of the
Humboldt-Universität (Berlin, Germany).
For each genus recorded from Madagascar, we give a brief diagnosis, a key for the identifica-
tion of the Madagascan species (including our new species as well as the new records), and brief
comments on the state of our taxonomic knowledge in the Afrotropical region and in Madagascar.
Several of the keys have been adapted from Emden (1939, 1940, 1951), Couri and Pont (1999),
Carvalho and Couri (2002), Zumpt (1973), and others.
The classification follows Pont (1980, 1986b), with the more recent synonyms in the
Coenosiini proposed by Couri and Pont (2000) as follows (junior synonyms in parentheses):
Coenosia Meigen (= Tenuicosta Stein) and Lispocephala Pokorny (= Pectiniseta Stein). We have
followed Pont (1986b) in considering Ophyra Robineau-Desvoidy to be a junior synonym of
Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, although recent opinions have been divided about this (Schuehli et
al. 2004; Savage and Wheeler 2004; Carvalho et al. 2005). References to the original descriptions
of the genera and species, together with details of synonymy and geographic distribution, will be
found in the Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region (Pont 1980) and are not repeated
here.
Key to the Madagascan Genera of Muscidae

The key includes all the genera now known to be present in Madagascar, in the sense in which
they are treated here. The numbers of species in the key are the numbers now known from
Madagascar, including the new species and the new records.
1. Proboscis usually elongated, strongly sclerotized, modified into a piercing organ; palpus less
than half the length of proboscis; arista with long hairs on the dorsal surface and bare on the ven-
tral surface or, at most, with 3–4 ventral hairs; prosternum and anepimeron setulose; 2 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stomoxys Geoffroy
Proboscis retractile, not modified into a piercing organ, weakly or moderately sclerotized;
prosternum and anepimeron setulose or bare; arista bare, pubescent or plumose, pectinate only
in the male of Lispocephala pectinata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Head angular in profile; antenna long and inserted above mid-level of eye (Fig. 1); presutural
dorsocentral setae very short and fine, almost indistinct from the ground-setulae; 1 species in
subgenus Acritochaeta and 13 species in subgenus Atherigona, total 14 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atherigona Rondani
Head shape not as above; antennal insertion below mid level of eye; presutural dorsocentral setae
well developed or not differentiated from the ground-setulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Anepimeron setulose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Anepimeron bare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Lower calypter of the Musca-type, i.e. the inner margin at first following the margin of the scutel-
lum then diverging suddenly outward into the more or less broadly truncated apical margin . . 5
Lower calypter of the Phaonia-type, i.e. the inner margin diverging immediately and at right-
angles from the supra-squamal ridge, and tongue-like in shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Palpi yellow; tibiae yellow; antennae orange, flagellomere sometimes infuscated towards tip;
arista short-plumose, the longest individual hairs equal to width of antennal flagellomere; stem-
vein bare; female without proclinate orbital setae; 2 species. . . . . . . . . Alluaudinella Giglio-Tos
Palpi black; legs entirely black; antennae black; the other characters not present in combination
............................................................................6
6. Body shining metallic green or blue; mid tibia with a strong ventral seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Body black or bluish-black, not metallic shining green or blue; mid tibia without a ventral seta
............................................................................8
7. Suprasquamal ridge setulose (Fig. 2); infra-alar bulla setulose; 3 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neomyia Robineau-Desvoidy
Suprasquamal ridge and infra-alar bulla bare; 2 species . . . . . . . . . Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy

8. Vein M with an angular forward bend towards vein R4+5 (Fig. 4); 2 species in subgenus Byomya;
1 species in subgenus Eumusca; 1 species in subgenus Musca; total 4 species . Musca Linnaeus
Vein M with a smoothly rounded forward curve towards vein R4+5 (Fig. 5); 2 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morellia Robineau-Desvoidy
9. Palpus greatly enlarged in apical part, spoon-like; parafacial with setulae; prosternum bare; 15
species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lispe Latreille
Palpus not enlarged, narrow; parafacial bare; prosternum setulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Vein R1 bare dorsally; 2, 3 or 4 pairs of postsutural dorsocentral setae; male cercal plate with-
out spines, with normal setae and setulae; female frons without proclinate orbital setae; 19
species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichaetomyia Malloch
Vein R1 with setulae along dorsal surface; 2 pairs of postsutural dorsocentral setae; male cercal
plate with 2 marginal spines (Fig. 3) (male of D. facetus unknown); female frons with a pair of
proclinate orbital setae; 3 species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deltotus Séguy
11. Hind coxa with setulae present on posterior apical margin; 1 species (not identified)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Azelia Robineau-Desvoidy
Hind coxa bare on posterior apical margin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Wing with the subcosta running in a smooth even curve from humeral cross-vein to costa; body
colour metallic black, blue or green; gena with or without a strong differentiated upcurved seta;
female ocellar triangle shining, long or short, almost reaching lunula, and frons with a pair of
proclinate orbital setae and inclinate interfrontal setae; 2 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy
Wing with the subcosta with a slightly sinuous course from humeral cross-vein to costa, not
smoothly bowed; body colour usually not metallic black, blue or green; gena without a differen-
tiated upcurved seta; female ocellar triangle usually short, and frons without proclinate orbital or
inclinate interfrontal setae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. Wing with at least one setula on ventral surface of Rs node or base of R4+5 (the Madagascan
Phaonia described here with ventral setulae on base of R4+5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Wing without setulae on ventral surface of Rs node or base of vein R4+5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
14. Prosternum with lateral setulae; prealar seta absent; 9 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy
Prosternum bare or only with 1–2 setulae on either side; prealar seta present or absent . . . . . 15
15. Anterior katepisternal seta absent; lower calypter, truncated, of the Musca-type (see above, cou-
plet 4a); vein R4+5 without dorsal setulae; 1 species . . . . . . . . . Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy
Anterior katepisternal seta present; lower calypter not broad and truncated, tongue-shaped, of the
Phaonia-type (see above, couplet 4b); R4+5 with a few dorsal setulae basally . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Veins Sc, Rs and M setulose, usually as follows: vein R before humeral cross-vein, on both sur-
faces; on the basal part of Sc, on both surfaces; ventral surface of R4+5 almost to cross-vein r-m;
on both surfaces of M to beyond cross-vein dm-cu; and on ventral surface of Cu; 1 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimorphia Malloch
Wing veins not setulose as described above. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Hind tibia with a strong posterodorsal seta (calcar) inserted at apical three-fourths; 2 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy
Hind tibia without a strong posterodorsal seta (calcar) inserted on apical three-fourths. . . . . . 18
18. Dorsal surface of vein R4+5 bare; prealar seta absent in male; presutural acrostichal setulae in 4
more or less regular rows, those in outer rows longer and stronger; one well developed prostig-
matal seta; 2 species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hebecnema Schnabl
Dorsal surface of vein R4+5 setulose; prealar seta present; presutural acrostichal setulae not
arranged in 4 more or less regular rows; two well developed prostigmatal setae; 3 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Myospila Rondani
19. Presutural dorsocentral setae absent; palpi moderately dilated; 1 species
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lispacoenosia Snyder
Presutural dorsocentral setae present; palpi usually filiform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Proboscis with the labella not reduced and the prestomal teeth hardly developed, and premen-
tum dusted; prealar seta present, but if absent then sternite 1 with setulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Proboscis with labella usually reduced and/or prestomal teeth strongly developed, and premen-
tum shining, undusted; prealar seta absent; sternite 1 bare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
21. Apical section of vein M distinctly curved forward towards vein R4+5; 3 pairs of presutural dor-
socentral setae; arista plumose; 1 species (not identified) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fraserella Steyskal
Apical section of vein M straight or only slightly curved forward towards vein R4+5; never with
3 pairs of presutural dorsocentral setae; arista plumose or bare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
22. Arista bare; sternite 1 with many setulae near posterior margin; prealar seta absent; male eyes
large in profile and occupying most of the head; 5 species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brontaea Kowarz
Arista plumose, with the longest individual hairs longer than width of flagellomere; sternite 1
usually bare; male eyes in profile not unusually large; 6 species . . . Helina Robineau-Desvoidy
23. Katepisternal setae 1+1–3; ovipositor of the Mydaea-type, short, with a spinose hypoproct . 24
Katepisternal setae usually 1:1:1, placed at the angles of an equilateral triangle; ovipositor long,
with setulose hypoproct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
24. Arista bare; ground-colour black, entire body whitish dusted, and the head wholly white to sil-
very-white; small species, wing-length about 3 mm, confined to the seashore; 1 species, this
taxon to be described elsewhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undescribed genus
Arista plumose; ground-colour brown, with postpronotum yellow, body not entirely whitish dust-
ed and head with at least interfrontalia not silvery-white; larger species, wing-length about 6 mm,
species of the inland forests; 1 species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spilogona Schnabl
25. Two pairs of reclinate orbital setae (Fig. 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
One pair of reclinate orbital setae (Fig. 7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
26. One pair of long presutural dorsocentral setae, sometimes preceded by a very short second pair
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Two pairs of more or less subequal presutural dorsocentral setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
27. Arista with long hairs on basal half (Fig. 6); scutellum with both basal and apical pairs of setae
strong; fore tibia with one median seta on posterior surface; 1 species . . . . . Pygophora Schiner
Arista with hairs along its entire length; scutellum with only the apical pair of setae strong, fore
tibia without one median seta on posterior surface; 1 species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orchisia Rondani
28. Ocellar setae short, hair-like; outer margin of eye emarginated on basal half; hind tibia without
a posteroventral seta; 3 species (1 not identified) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cephalispa Malloch
Ocellar setae long; outer margin of eye not emarginated on basal half; hind tibia with a pos-
teroventral seta; 2 species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lispocephala Pokorny
29. Antennal flagellomere very long, reaching beyond epistoma, and profrons projecting (Fig. 8);
frons much longer than wide; 2 pairs of strong postsutural dorsocentral setae; costa continuing
around wing to apex of vein M; 1 species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anaphalantus Loew
Antennal flagellomere not so long and not reaching epistoma, and profrons not projecting; frons
moderately longer than wide; 3 pairs of strongpostsutural dorsocentral setae, except in C. nova
in which the costa does not reach beyond the apex of vein R4+5; 7 species . . . Coenosia Meigen
SYSTEMATICS
Of the 78 species previously known to occur in Madagascar, 44 have been recognised among
the material studied. Additionally, seven species are newly recorded from Madagascar and 23
species are described as new to science; three genera are newly recorded from Madagascar. The
Madagascan muscid fauna is now known to contain 117 species assigned to 30 genera of which
55% of the species are endemic.
New records: Species
Atherigona (Acritochaeta) orientalis, Schiner, 1868
Atherigona (Atherigona) addita Malloch, 1923
Brontaea flexa (Wiedemann, 1830)
Dichaetomyia (Panaga) albivitta (Stein, 1906)
Helina lucida (Stein, 1913)
Lispe niveimaculata Stein, 1906
Lispocephala pectinata (Stein, 1900)
New records: Genera

Azelia Robineau-Desvoidy
Phaonia Robineau Desvoidy
Spilogona Schnabl
New species
Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis, sp. nov.
Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta, sp. nov.
Atherigona (Atherigona) variata, sp. nov.
Brontaea differa, sp. nov.
Cephalispa azurea, sp. nov.
Cephalispa curta, sp. nov.
Coenosia aberrans, sp. nov.
Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov.
Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov.
Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov.
Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov.
Hebecnema humeralis, sp. nov.
Helina flavomaculata, sp. nov.
Helina carpiae, sp. nov.
Helina grisella, sp. nov.
Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov.
Limnophora mesovittata, sp. nov.
Limnophora triangularis, sp. nov.
Lispe argentata, sp. nov.
Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov.
Phaonia univittata, sp. nov.
Pyrellia ampullacea, sp. nov.
Spilogona fulvipollinosa, sp. nov.
Eggs of the genus Stylogaster Macquart (Diptera, Conopidae) were found impaled mainly in
the eyes, mesonotum and abdomen of a few specimens (Couri and Pont 2006). This genus is known
to occur in North and South America, Africa south of Sahara, Madagascar, parts of Asia, the
Philippines and New Guinea (Smith 1967). No attempt has been made to identify the species of
Stylogaster involved.
Alluaudinella Giglio-Tos, 1895

DIAGNOSIS.— The genus includes moderate to robust and large flies, usually yellow to rufous,
but blackish in ground-colour in A. stuckenbergi Paterson, 1960; eyes widely separated in both
sexes, but less so in male than in female; palpus flattened, strap-like, with characteristic short blunt
dorsal setae; lower calypter broad, of the Musca-type, truncated behind; vein M straight or only
very slightly curved forwards; dorsocentrals 3+4; suprasquamal ridge and proepisternal depression
bare; anepimeron setulose; katepisternals 1+2. [REF. Paterson 1960].
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Alluaudinella is confined to the Afrotropical region and is known
from 6 species. Paterson (1960) redescribed the genus and gave a key for the identification of all
the species, which can be distinguished mainly by the colour patterns of the mesonotum. The genus
is closely related to Aethiopomyia Malloch and Ochromusca Malloch, as all known species use
dead or dying snails as a nutrient medium for their larvae (Paterson 1960, Pont and Dear 1976). The
three genera appear as a monophyletic group in the cladistic analysis made by Couri and Carvalho
(2003).
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Two species are recorded from Madagascar, A. bivittata (Macquart,
1843) and A. stuckenbergi Paterson, 1960, the latter endemic and known only from the male. Adults
of A. bivittata are often seen on human faeces in the bush or in the forests to which the flies are
restricted. The larvae are saprophagous, not parasitic, and the females oviposit on dead or moribund
snails, especially of the genus Achatina (Paterson, 1960). Paterson (1960) unsuccessfully attempt-
ed to induce females of A. bivittata to oviposit on healthy snails. Only A. bivittata was found among
the material studied.
Key to the Madagascan Species of Alluaudinella

1. Dark species, mesonotum, pleura, scutellum and abdomen largely dark brown in ground-colour,
with paler areas; mesonotum with a median vitta of pale dust (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. stuckenbergi Paterson
Paler species, largely yellowish, with a pair of presutural elongated black spots on mesonotum
along the dorsocentral row of setae, approximately between the first and second pairs (Mauritius,
widespread east to southern Africa, Madagascar, Réunion, Seychelles) . A. bivittata (Macquart)
MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

A. bivittata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Forêt de Mite, elev. 75 m, 20.7 km 29° NWN Tongobory;
23°31′27″S 44°7′17″E, pitfall trap—in gallery forest, 27 February–3 March 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., col-
lection code: BLF5848, 1 male, CASENT 3008894. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev.
180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 16–17 December 2002, M. Irwin, F. Parker,
R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-09, 1 female, CASENT 3010895. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo,
elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap in deciduous dry forest, 6–16 December 2001, Harin’ Hala,
collection code: MA-02-18A-05, 1 male, CASENT 3010827. 4 km NW Manombo, 3–10 November 2003, R.
Harin’ Hala and M.E. Irwin, 1 female, CASENT 8067653. Antsiranana Province: Forêt de Binara, elev. 375
m, 7.5 km 230° SW Daraina; 13°15′18″S 49°37′00″E, pitfall trap—tropical dry forest, 1 December 2003, B.L.
Fisher, collection code: BLF9558, 1 male, CASENT 3008973; 1 female, CASENT 3008976 (MNRJ); 1
female, CASENT 3008974; 1 female, CASENT3008975; Sakalava Beach, dwarf littoral forest, elev. 10 m,
12°15′46″S 49°23′51″E, Malaise trap, across sand, 31 May–7 June 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-
01-048-11, 1 male, CASENT 3009857 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009859; 1 female, CASENT 3009858.
Parc National de Marojejy, elev. 2000 m, 25.4 km 30° NNE Andapa, 10.9 km 311° NW Manantenina,
14°26′42″S 49°44′06″E, yellow pan trap—montane shrubland, 23 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection
code: BLF9323, 1 female, CASENT 3008936. Toamasina Province: Maroantsetra, June, July and November
1959, 3 males, J. Vadon (MNHNP). Antsiranana Province: Nossi-Bé, H.R. villa, January 1952, 1 female,
N.H.L.Krauss (BMNH).
Anaphalantus Loew, 1857

DIAGNOSIS.— Male dichoptic; frons parallel-sided, longer than wide, strongly projecting
beyond eyes at the level of base of antenna (Fig. 8); one pair of reclinate orbital setae; antennal fla-
gellomere very long, reaching beyond epistoma; labella reduced, prestomal teeth developed; arista
bare; prealar seta absent; scutellum with two strong pairs of setae; both calypters of approximately
the same size; anepimeron bare; dorsocentrals 1+3, the first postsutural usually very small; katepis-
ternals 1:1:1.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Only one species known, occurring only in the Afrotropical region,
with a widespread distribution, including Annobon, Madagascar and Yemen: A. longicornis
(Macquart, 1843).
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— A. longicornis can be recognized by the shape of the head with its
intense golden pollinosity; thorax and abdomen dark shining; abdomen long and narrow.

A. longicornis: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: Périnet (Parc Nacional Andasibe), December 1955,
1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
Atherigona Rondani, 1856

DIAGNOSIS.— This genus can be easily distinguished from all other muscid flies by the char-
acteristically angular head, with long face and antennal flagellomere (Fig. 1); arista bare; one pair
of reclinate orbital setae; palpus strongly differentiated between the two sexes; dorsocentral setae
reduced; katepisternals 1+2; hind tibia without calcar; wing veins bare; adult male (sg. Atherigona)
usually with a trifoliate process (Fig. 11) and a hypopygial prominence (Fig. 9); adult female with
a pair of small anterior plates on tergite 8 of ovipositor. Small flies, uniform in general appearance
and structure; general colour grey or yellowish-grey, with very short setae on mesonotum and legs.
[REF. Deeming 1971 (for Nigerian species), Deeming 1979 (for Comoros Archipelago species),
Deeming 1987 (for Malagasy species), Dike 1989, 1990 (for Afrotropical species), Pont 1986a (for
Australian species), and Pont and Magpayo 1995 (for Philippine Islands species)].
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Atherigona is a speciose genus known in the Afrotropical region
from some 126 species, 14 of them belonging to the subgenus Acritochaeta Grimshaw and 112 to
the subgenus Atherigona Rondani. Most of the Acritochaeta species are known to live in a wide
range of decaying plant or animal material, being saprophagous or facultatively carnivorous, while
the Atherigona s.s. species are of considerable economic importance as they are significant pests of
cereal crops. In Africa, they have been found attacking sorghum, rice, wheat, maize, barley and var-
ious millets. In this subgenus, the shape of the hypopygial prominence and trifoliate process are
important characters for the identification of the species.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— According to Pont (1980), only two species were known from
Madagascar, but since that time Deeming (1987) has reviewed the species of the Malgasian subre-
gion and has recorded 9 species from Madagascar: bimaculata Stein, 1910, contrastiloba Deeming,
1987, bifurcata Deeming, 1987, matilei Deeming, 1975, trapezia Emden, 1940, madagascarensis
Deeming, 1987, bedfordi Emden, 1940 (as humeralis Wiedemann, misidentification), humeralis
(Wiedemann, 1830) (as ferruginea Emden, 1940), and laevigata (Loew, 1852). A. contrastiloba and
A. bimaculata have been found in our material, and we here also record two species as new for
Madagascar (A. addita Malloch, 1923, and A. orientalis Schiner, 1868) and describe three new
species. The key given below is for males only. It is no more than a guide to the identification of
the species, which must always be confirmed by examination of the hypopygial prominence and tri-
foliate process.
The Madagascan Atherigona fauna will certainly be found to be much richer than this, and the
present contribution must be considered as preliminary as there are still hundreds of specimens in
CAS to be examined.
Key to the Madacascan Species of Atherigona — Males

1. Palpus elongate, flattened; presutural acrostichal setulae in 4–5 rows; without hypopygial promi-
nence or trifoliate process. Subgenus Acritochaeta Grimshaw. (Nicobar Is., widespread
Afrotropical region, including Cape Verde Is., Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar, Rodriguez,
Seychelles, South Yemen; also Canary Is., Middle East, Oriental and Australian Regions to
Hawaii, southern Nearctic Region, northern Neotropical Region) . . . . . . . . A. orientalis Schiner
Palpi short, club-like, strikingly swollen in apical part; presutural acrostichal setulae in 2–3 rows;
hypopygial prominence and trifoliate process present. Subgenus Atherigona Rondani . . . . . . . 2
2. Palpi black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Palpi yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Fronto-orbital plates shining black, without trace of dust; wing with brown clouds on humeral
cross-vein and on wing-margin between subcosta and vein R1; hypopygial prominence knob-
like; ground-colour of abdomen yellow, with dark spots, tergite 4 with two extra lateral brown
marks in addition to the usual lateral pair (widespread in the Afrotropical region, including
Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. bimaculata Stein
Fronto-orbital plates weakly yellowish-grey dusted, subshining; wing with a trace of brown
clouding apically and on cross-vein dm-cu; hypopygial prominence knob-shaped; dorsum of
abdomen entirely black on tergites 1+2 to 5 (Madagascar) . . . . . . A. madagascarensis Deeming
Fronto-orbital plates densely dusted; wing clear, without dark markings; hypopygial prominence
bifurcate; ground-colour of abdomen yellow, with the usual paired spots on tergites 3 and 4
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. quadriseta, sp. nov.
4. Frontal vitta yellow, or half-yellow and half-black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Frontal vitta wholly black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Frontal vitta and fore femur wholly yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Frontal vitta yellow on anterior half or third, dark brown or black posteriorly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. Ground-colour of scutum and scutellum entirely dark; wing-tip narrowly and faintly infuscated;
fore tarsus with long erect fine sinuous dorsal hairs, tarsomere 4 anteriorly concave on basal half,
and convex and with a brush of fine sinuate hairs on apical half (widespread in the Afrotropical
region, including Madagascar, Egypt, Israel) (humeralis of authors, misidentification)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. bedfordi Emden
Ground-colour of scutum mostly yellow before suture and laterally, and scutellum also exten-
sively pale; wing clear; fore tarsus without specialised chaetotaxy (widespread in the
Afrotropical region, including Madagascar, also Canary Is., North Africa and Middle East) (fer-
ruginea Emden) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. humeralis (Wiedemann)
7. Fronto-orbital plate and occiput dusted; hypopygial prominence bifurcate (Rodriguez,
Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. addita Malloch
Fronto-orbital plate and part of occiput shining, without dust; hypopygial prominence rounded,
knob-like (widespread in the Afrotropical region, including Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles,
also Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, Middle East) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. laevigata (Loew)
8. Fronto-orbital plate shining, undusted; hypopygial prominence knob-like; trifoliate process black
(Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. nigridorsalis, sp. nov.
Fronto-orbital plate dusted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Fore femur and fore tibia both entirely yellow; hypopygial prominence weakly bifurcate, the
branches rounded; trifoliate process wholly black, the lateral plate with a distinct inner lobe
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. bifurcata Deeming
At least fore tibia partly or mainly black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Fore femur wholly yellow; hypopygial prominence bilobed; trifoliate process black, the shoul-
der paler, lateral plate with a conspicuous inner lobe (West and East Africa, Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. matilei Deeming
Fore femur partly black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Fore femur with apical half black; hypopygial prominence bifurcate, each branch truncated, not
rounded; trifoliate process with the median piece white, membraneous, and without any setulae
at tip, the median piece narrow in lateral view (Madagascar) . . . . . . . A. contrastiloba Deeming
Fore femur with apical two-thirds black; hypopygial prominence bifurcate, each branch rather
pointed; trifoliate process with lateral plates and most of median piece black, the lateral plates
narrow in lateral view (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. variata, sp. nov.
Fore femur with a weak dark dorsal streak; hypopygial prominence broadly trapezoidal in out-
line; trifoliate process black, the median piece rather broad in lateral view (widespread in the
Afrotropical region, Madagascar, and perhaps Comoros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. trapezia Emden

A. addita: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Manderano, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise
trap, edge of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collec-
tion code: MGF035, 1 male, CASENT 3009321; 1 male, CASENT 3009322; 1 male, CASENT 3009323
(MNRJ); 23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest at edge of marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, 1 male, CASENT 3008991 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT
300889. Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 male CASENT 3009240.
A. bimaculata: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National d’Isalo, 9.1 km, 354° N Ranohira,
elev. 725 m, 22°28′54″S 45°27′42″E, collected at light, gallery forest, 27–31 January 2003, Fisher, Griswold
et al., collection code: BLF7304, 1 male, CASENT 3009304.
A. contrastiloba: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E,
Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1
male, CASENT 3009409; 1 male, CASENT 3009595; 1 male, CASENT 3009607; 1 male, CASENT 3009683;
1 male, CASENT 3009611; 1 male, CASENT 3009610; 1 male, CASENT 3009613 (BMNH); 1 male,
CASENT 3009419 (MNRJ). Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise
trap, deciduous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 male,
CASENT 3010083. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130
m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collec-
tion code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 male, CASENT 3010237; 1 male, CASENT 3009897.
A. orientalis: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest
edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 16 October–8 November
2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-01, 1 male, CASENT 3009726; 1 female, CASENT
3009725. Toliara Province: Ifaty, near Hotel Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9 m, 23° 10.78′S 43°37.01′E,
Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 26 May–5 June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-28, 1
male, CASENT 3009800 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009799. Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km, 74° ENE
Itampolo, 24° 39′13″S 43°59′48″E, elev. 80 m, pitfall trap — in spiny forest thicket, 21–25 February 2002,
Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5763, 1 female, CASENT 3008962; 1 female, CASENT 3008963
(MNRJ); Ranobe, elev. 30 m, 23°02′22″S 43°36′37″E, Malaise trap — in spiny forest thicket, 5–9 February
2003, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF058, 1 female, CASENT 3009203. Parc National
d’Andohahela, Forêt d’Ambohibory, 1.7 km, 61° ENE Tsimelahy, 36.1 km 308° NW Tolagnaro, 24°55′48″S
46°38′44″E, elev. 80 m, pitfall trap—in tropical dry forest, elev. 300 m, 16–20 January 2002, Fisher, Griswold
et al., collection code: BLF4915, 1 female, CASENT 3008958; 1 female, CASENT 3008959. Forêt de
Beroboka, 5.9 km, 131° SE Ankidranoka, 22°13′59″S 43°21′59″E, elev. 80 m, pitfall trap — in tropical dry
forest, 21–25 February 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6068, 1 female, CASENT 3009250.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF ATHERIGONA

Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc
National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed
tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, CASENT 3009823.
DIAGNOSIS.— Males of A. nigridorsalis can be easily recognized by the general colour of the
body; dark brown shining on dorsum, contrasting with the yellow postpronotal lobes; tergites 1+2
and 3 also dark brown shining on dorsum, contrasting with the yellow lateral and ventral areas of
abdomen; tergite 4 with two oblong spots very well marked and visible; median piece of trifoliate
process linear, not curved (Fig. 17) and with 6 strong and short setae, 4 on apical margin and two
longer subapicals (Fig. 18).
MALE.— Length. Body: 3.0–3.5 mm, wing: 3.2–3.5 mm.
HEAD.— Occiput, frons, ocellar tubercle and fronto-orbital plate shining dark brown; parafa-
cial, face and gena yellow; 4–5 pairs of moderate frontal setae; parafacial and gena narrow.
Antennae black, pedicel and arista shining dark brown, flagellomere long, almost reaching oral
margin, measuring about 4 times the length of the pedicel. Palpi yellow. Proboscis relatively long
and slender, with prementum glossy dark brown.
THORAX.— Dorsum of mesothorax shining dark brown, with no trace of vittae; postpronotal
lobe yellow; pleura with grey pollinosity, yellow around anterior spiracle and proepisternum.
Presutural acrostichal setulae in 3–4 irregular rows. One strong and two weak proepimeral seta.
Three katepisternal setae present. Scutellum with one long subbasal and one long apical setae. Legs
mostly yellow; fore femur brown dorsally on apical fourth; fore tibia and tarsi brown; hind tibia yel-
low to yellowish-brown. Fore femur without preapical excavation, with 3–5 posterodorsal setae on
apical half, and one preapical posteroventral. Fore tibia without setae at middle, one anterodorsal
and one posterodorsal preapical setae and a ventral apical. Fore tarsus elongated. Mid femur with
one posterior preapical seta. Mid tibia with a median posterior seta and a long ventral apical. Hind
femur with an anterodorsal and an anteroventral row of setae, the former more developed especial-
ly on basal half. Hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, one submedian anteroventral and one
submedian posterodorsal. Wing and calypters clear; cross-vein r-m distinctly before middle of cell
dm; knob of halteres whitish-yellow.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 1+2 and 3 completely dark brown shining dorsally; tergite 4 with 2
oblong lateral dark brown shining spots; rest of abdomen yellow. Tergites of normal proportions,
and with normal sparse setulae.
TERMINALIA.— Hypopygial prominence knob-like (Figs. 14 and 15); trifoliate process with
stalk very long, about five times as long as lateral plate (Fig. 16); stalk and entire process dark
brown, except for apex of stalk and apex of median piece which are a little lighter; lateral plates
without inner lobe; median piece linear, only a little expanded at apex and with four strong and short
spines at apical margin and 2 longer subapical ones (Figs. 17 and 18).
FEMALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES same data as holotype: 1 male, CASENT 3010221; 1
male, CASENT 3009904 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3009900 (BMNH); 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala,
collection code: MA-02-09B-12, 1 male, CASENT 3009781; 1 male, CASENT 309811; 1 male, CASENT
3009832.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name is derived from the Latin word niger, meaning black or dark, and
dorsum, meaning back, and refers to the shiny dark brown mesothorax of this species.
DISCUSSION.— In Deeming’s (1971) key, A. nigridorsalis will run to A. mirabilis Deeming,
1971, from which it can be distinguished by the glossy brown ground-colour of the body and by the
presence of strong spines at the apex of the median piece of the trifoliate process, whereas A.
mirabilis has numerous short and fine white hairs apically and preapically on the median piece.
Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Ifaty, near
Hotel Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9m , 23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 26
May–5 June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-28, CASENT 3009804.
DIAGNOSIS.— A. quadriseta can be easily recognized among the Madagascan species by its
brown palpi and the expanded apex of median piece of the trifoliate process, which bears four setae,
of which the two median are curved outwards and the two lateral ones are long and straight (Fig.
22).
HEAD.— Occiput and ocellar tubercle with grey pollinosity; frons dark brown; fronto-orbital
plate, parafacial, face and gena yellowish with a little grey pollinosity; 4–5 pairs of moderately long
frontal setae; parafacial and gena narrow. Antennae black, pedicel and arista brown; flagellomere
long, almost reaching oral margin, measuring about 4 times the length of the pedicel. Palpi brown.
Proboscis relatively long and slender, prementum glossy dark brown.
THORAX.— Dorsum of mesothorax shining brown on some more or less extensive areas, espe-
cially behind suture, and with grey pollinosity; postpronotal lobe yellow; some specimens with
apex of scutellum yellow; pleura yellow with grey pollinosity. Presutural acrostichal setulae in 3–4
irregular rows. One strong and two weak proepimeral setae. Scutellum with one long subbasal and
one long apical setae. Three katepisternal setae present. Legs mostly yellow, except for the brown
apical half or two-thirds of fore femur, fore tibia except base and all of the fore tarsi; hind tibia and
tarsi somewhat yellowish-brown. Fore femur without preapical excavation, with 4–5 posterodorsal
setae in apical half, and one preapical posteroventral. Fore tibia without setae at middle; one
anterodorsal and one posterodorsal preapical seta and a ventral apical. Fore tarsus elongated. Mid
femur with one posterior preapical seta; mid tibia with one median posterior. Hind femur with an
anterodorsal row of setae, stronger on apical half; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, one sub-
median anteroventral and one submedian posterodorsal setae. Wing and calypters clear; knob of
halteres whitish-yellow. Wing with cross-vein r-m distinctly before middle of cell dm.
ABDOMEN.— Abdomen yellow with the following dark brown spots: tergite 1+2 with a faint
more or less triangular median brown spot; tergite 3 with two high rectangular lateral spots, almost
touching anterior and posterior margins of the tergite; tergite 4 with two roundish lateral brown
spots on the posterior half. Tergites of normal proportions, and with normal sparse setulae.
TERMINALIA.— Hypopygial prominence bifurcate (Figs. 19 and 20); trifoliate process with a
moderately long stalk, about 3 times as long as lateral plate (Fig. 21); whole process dark brown;
median piece very expanded at apex, with four apical setae, the two median ones curved outwards
and the two lateral ones long and straight. (Figs. 22–23).
FEMALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc
National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed
tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 male, CASENT
3009867; 1 male, CASENT 3009873; 1 male, CASENT 3009878 (BMNH); 1 male, CASENT 3009880
(MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 30010230; 1 male, CASENT 30010213; 1 male, CASENT 3009871; 1 male,
CASENT 3009896; 1 male, CASENT 3009903 (MNRJ). Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S
47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-
02-09C-12, 1 male, CASENT 3009826; 1 male, CASENT 3009854; 1 male, CASENT 3009820; 1 male,
CASENT 3009815; 1 male, CASENT 3009827; 1 male, CASENT 3009808 (BMNH). Mahajanga Province:
Parc National de Namoroka, 17.8 km, 329° WNW, Vilanandro, elev. 100 m, 16°22′36″S 45°19′36″E, Malaise
trap, tropical dry forest, 8–12 November 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6508, 1 male,
CASENT 3010040.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name is derived from the Latin word quadri, meaning four, and seta,
meaning bristle, and refers to the median piece of the trifoliate process with its four strong setae.
DISCUSSION.— In Deeming’s (1971) key, A. quadriseta will run to A. torrida Deeming, 1971,
from which it can be separated by the bifurcate hypopygial prominence and the expanded apex of
the median piece of the trifoliate process, with 4 strong setae.
Atherigona (Atherigona) variata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′, Malaise trap, secondary
tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, CASENT 3009856.
DIAGNOSIS.— The male of A. variata can be distinguished by the very slender and long medi-
an piece of the trifoliate process, with basal half brown and apical half entirely white and membra-
neous (Fig. 28). The shape of the hypopygial prominence, with the processes widely separate at
base, will also assist with its recognition.
MALE.— Length. Body: 3.5 mm, wing: 3.3 mm.
HEAD.— Occiput and ocellar tubercle with grey pollinosity; frons dark brown; fronto-orbital
plate, parafacial, face and gena grey pollinose; 4–5 pairs of moderate frontal setae; parafacial and
gena narrow. Antennae black, pedicel and arista brown; flagellomere long, almost reaching oral
margin, measuring about 4 times the length of the pedicel. Palpi yellow. Proboscis relatively long
and slender; prementum glossy brown.
THORAX.— Dorsum of mesothorax grey pollinose, with one median vitta and a pair of lateral
vittae along the dorsocentral rows of setae; postpronotal lobe yellow; pleura yellow with grey polli-
nosity. Presutural acrostichal setulae in 3–4 irregular rows. One strong and two weak proepimeral
setae. Three katepisternal setae present. Scutellum with one long subbasal and one long apical setae.
Legs mostly yellow, except for the apical dorsal two-thirds of fore femur and apical half of fore tibia
which are brown; hind tibia and tarsi somewhat yellowish-brown. Fore femur without preapical
excavation, with 4 posterodorsal setae in apical half, and one preapical posteroventral. Fore tibia
without setae at middle; one anterodorsal and one anteroventral preapical seta and a ventral apical.
Fore tarsus elongated. Mid femur with one posterior preapical seta; mid tibia with one median pos-
terior. Hind femur with an anterodorsal row of setae; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, one
submedian anteroventral and one submedian posterodorsal setae. Wing and calypters clear; knob of
halteres whitish-yellow. Wings with cross-vein r-m distinctly before middle of cell dm.
ABDOMEN.— Abdomen yellow with the following dark brown spots: tergite 1+2 with a faint
more or less triangular median brown spot; tergite 3 with a very faint linear median vitta and two
elongated well marked laterals; tergite 4 with two round laterals. Tergites of normal proportions,
and with normal sparse setulae.
TERMINALIA.— Hypopygial prominence with processes widely separate at base (Figs. 24 and
25); trifoliate process with a moderately long stalk, about 3 times as long as lateral plate (Fig. 26);
stalk and lateral plate dark brown; median piece slender and longer than lateral plate, black on basal
half and completely white and membraneous on apical half (Figs. 27 and 28).
FEMALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPE labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky,
elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness
Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 male, CASENT 3009612.
ETYMOLOGY.— The names comes from the Latin word varius, meaning different, and refers
to the colour pattern of the median piece of the trifoliate process, which is black basally and white
apically.
DISCUSSION.— In Deeming’s (1971) key, A. variata will run to A. soccata Rondani, 1871, and
both species have similar hypopygial prominence with the lobes widely separated at bases; but the
median piece of the trifoliate process, black on basal half and completely white and membraneous
on apical half in the new species, is very different from that of A. soccata.
Azelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

DIAGNOSIS.— Male holoptic; eyes bare; arista very short pubescent; female with cruciate inter-
frontal and proclinate orbital setae; prosternum bare; anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+1; M
straight; mid tibia without ventral seta; hind coxa with setulae on posterior apical surface; hind tibia
without a calcar; distiphallus with apical part of juxta spinulose; ovipositor long, with narrow ter-
gites.
The larvae live in mammal dung and are facultative carnivores, the final larval instars preying
on other small larvae in the substrate.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— There is only one Afrotropical species, known from Uganda.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only one unnamed species is known from Madagascar.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNNAMED SPECIES
MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo Province: Ankaratra massif, Manjakatompo forest station, January 1956,
1 female, B.R.Stuckenberg (NMSA).
Brontaea Kowarz, 1873

DIAGNOSIS.— Prealar seta absent; arista almost bare, with the longest individual hairs shorter
than its basal diameter; dorsocentrals 2+4; prosternum and anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+2;
vein M slightly curved upwards at apex; wing-veins bare; posterior spiracle with bare margins; hind
tibia with one short submedian anterodorsal seta and usually a short anteroventral, calcar absent;
sternite 1 with several stiff setulae laterally; female ovipositor and egg of the “Mydaea-type”.
The larvae live in dung of various kinds, where they are obligate carnivores.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Brontaea is represented in the Afrotropical Region by 22 species and
is widespread throughout the region, including Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Cape Verde Is.,
Canary Is., Comoro Is.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only three species of Brontaea have been recorded from Madagascar:
B. gentilis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), B. tonitrui (Wiedemann, 1824) and B. versicolor (Stein,
1906). B. flexa (Wiedemann, 1830) is recorded for the first time from Madagascar and B. differa
new species is described.
Key to the Madacascan Species of Brontaea (modified from Emden 1951)

1. Mesonotum with an Anthomyia-pattern, i.e. grey dusted with a pair of black presutural spots,
which may or may not be fused, and a black transverse postsutural band; legs mainly to wholly
black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Mesonotum with a different colour pattern, without a black transverse postsutural band; legs with
at least the tibiae yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Presutural mesonotal spots fused only at neck; vein M strongly upcurved and sigmoid at apex
(widespread in Afrotropical Region, including Madagascar and Comoro Is.)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. versicolor (Stein)
Presutural mesotonal spots broadly fused; vein M slightly to moderately upcurved at apex . . . 3
3. Vein M slightly upcurved and not sigmoid at apex; hind marginal bands on abdominal tergites 3
and 4 uninterrupted or only very narrowly interrupted in middle and fused with the small paired
paramedian spots of the anterior margin (Mauritius, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, perhaps Rodriguez, Socotra, perhaps D.R. Congo)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. gentilis (Robineau-Desvoidy)
Vein M moderately upcurved and sigmoid at apex; hind marginal bands on abdominal tergites 3
and 4 broadly interrupted in middle by pale dust; the paramedian spots short and roundish (wide-
spread in the Afrotropical Region, including Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion; Canary Is.;
Oriental Region to Taiwan and Malaysia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. tonitrui (Wiedemann)
4. Lower calypter enlarged, of the Musca-type, both calypters whitish with yellow margins;
katepisternals 1+1; ocellar triangle golden-yellow, long, reaching lunula; abdominal tergites 3
and 4 with round brown lateral spots (widespread in the mainland Afrotropical region,
Madagascar, Taiwan, India, Okinawa Is.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. flexa (Wiedemann)
Lower calypter not enlarged, of the Phaonia-type, both calypters a little brownish, at least the
upper one with brown margins; katepisternals 1+2; ocellar triangle short; abdomen brown with-
out brown spots on tergites 2 and 3; tergites 1+2 and 3 yellow in males and tergite 1+2 yellow
in females (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. differa new species

B. flexa: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S
43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous dry forest, 4–14 December 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code:
MA-02-18-76, 1 female, CASENT 3010509; 1 female, CASENT 3010502.
B. gentilis: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Mananara, Ivontaka, 15 m, 10–14
March 1958, 1 male 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
B. tonitrui: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Mananara, Ivontaka, 10–14 March
1958, 2 males 2 females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Toliara Province: dct [District of]
Ambovombe, Beloha, 175 m, 20–21 February 1957, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
B. versicolor: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: Périnet (Parc Nacional Andasibe), 1 female
(NMSA). Antananarivo Province: Ankaratra massif, Manjakatompo forest station, January 1956, 1 female,
B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Fianarantsoa Province: Vakoana, Andringitra Ambalavao, 1520 m, 21–24
January 1958, 2 males 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Plateau Soaindrana, Andringitra Ambalavao,
2060 m, 14–17 January 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF BRONTAEA

Brontaea differa Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc
National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, elev.
450 m, 14°26′12″S 49°46′30″E, Malaise trap—rain forest, 12–15 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al., collec-
tion code: BLF8723, CASENT 3010152.
DIAGNOSIS.— Dorsum of mesonotum dark brown with yellow pollinosity laterally and on
scutellum; postpronotum grey pollinose; both calypters a little brownish, the upper one with brown
margins; abdomen dark brown, with tergites 1+2 and 3 yellow in males and only tergite 1+2 yel-
low in females; abdomen brown without brown spots on tergites 2 and 3; tergite 1+2 yellow
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown. Head with frons brown; fronto-orbital plate and
gena silvery pollinose; antenna, arista and palpus brown. Mesonotum brown, with yellow pollinos-
ity in some areas (more or less extensive in the series), especially laterally on mesonotum, parts of
anepisternum, anepimeron and katepimeron. Calypters a little brownish, at least upper one with
brown margins; haltere yellow. Spiracles yellow. Wing clear. Legs yellow, tarsi brown. Male
abdomen with tergite 1+2 and 3 yellow and 4–5 brown, the ground setulae with very small dark
bristle-dots at their bases; sternites yellow; abdomen of female similar, except that only tergite 1+2
is yellow.
HEAD.— Holoptic, eyes very close together, separated at vertex only by the diameter of ocel-
lar triangle. Frontal row with 5–6 pairs of setae. Ocellar triangle short. Inner and outer vertical setae
not developed; ocellar setae moderately long. Antenna inserted at mid-level of eye, with flagellom-
ere about 2.8 times the length of pedicel. Palpus with long dorsal setae.
THORAX.— Dorsocentrals 2+4; acrostichals in four rows, prescutellar pair well-developed; 1
postpronotal; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars; 1 supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae.
Scutellum with one long basal and one long apical pair of setae, similar in length. Anepisternum
with a series of 6 long setae. Katepisternals 1+2; some specimens with 1–2 setae close to the pos-
terior one. Lower calypter about 1.8 the length of the upper. Wing veins bare. Fore femur with rows
of posteroventral, posterodorsal, posterior and dorsal setae, those in posteroventral row longer and
stronger; fore tibia with a preapical dorsal seta, and ventral and posteroventral apicals; mid femur
with about 5 ventral setae on basal half and 2 posterior preapicals; mid tibia with one median pos-
terior seta; with anteroventral, ventral and posteroventral apical setae; hind femur with a complete
row of anteroventral and anterodorsal setae; hind tibia with a short median to submedian anteroven-
tral and anterodorsal seta, dorsal preapical and one anteroventral apical.
ABDOMEN.— Ground-setae moderately developed; without differentiated setae. Sternite 1 with
lateral setulae. Sternite 5 with anterior membrane straight; anterior processes short (Fig. 29).
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate wider than high and surstyli large (Figs. 30 and 31). Aedeagus as
in Figs. 32 and 33.
FEMALE.— Length. Body: 5.5–6.3 mm, wing: 5.9–6.2 mm. Differs from male as follows:
Frons at vertex about one-third of head-width; inner and outer vertical setae well developed; ocel-
lar setae long; frontal row with 6–8 setae. Setae on abdomen much shorter than in male.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor long, with microtrichia along its entire length; tergite 8 with 6 long
and strong setae (Figs. 34 and 35); spermathecae pyriform, as in Fig. 35.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES as follows: same data as holotype, 1 female, CASENT
3010142. Fianarantsoa Province: Ranomafana, JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap
near river, elev. 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 male,
CASENT 300997856; 1 female, CASENT 3009974; 6–15 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09D-06,
1 female, CASENT 3010483. Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, sec-
ondary tropical forest, 14–24 July 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-35, 1 male, CASENT
3010482; 1 female, CASENT 3010480 (BMNH); 22–28 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09C-04, 1
female, CASENT 3009735; 1 female, CASENT 3009736; 12–19 February 2002, collection code: MA-02-
09C-16, 1 female, CASENT 3009758; 26 February–4 March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09C-18, 1 female,
CASENT 3010590 (MNRJ). Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S
47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 16 October–8 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09B-01, 1 female, CASENT 3009721; 1 female, CASENT 3009719 (MNRJ); 14–21 January
2002, collection code: MA-02-09B-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009794; 1 female, CASENT 3009787; 15–21
December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010861 (BMNH). Vohiparara, at bro-
ken bridge, elev. 1110 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap in high altitude rainforest, 14–21 January 2002,
R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 female, CASENT 3010623; 19–26 February 2002, collec-
tion code: MA-02-09A-17, 1 female, CASENT 3010458; collection code: MA-02-09A-09, 1 male, CASENT
3010752.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word differens, meaning dissimilar, and refers
to the distinct colour pattern of the mesonotum.
DISCUSSION.— The previously recorded Madagascan species of Brontaea have an “Anthomyia-
type” pattern on the dorsum of the mesonotum; B. differa differs from all of them by its colour pat-
tern.
B. tonitrui is represented in the CAS collection by one specimen from the Congo and seven
from India, and B. versicolor by one specimen from the Congo.
Cephalispa Malloch, 1935

DIAGNOSIS.— Male dichoptic; posterior eye-margin emarginated in basal half; frons parallel-
sided, longer than wide; prestomal teeth well-developed; prealar seta absent; two pairs of reclinate
orbital setae; ocellar setae short, hair-like; 2 pairs of long presutural dorsocentrals, the first presu-
tural pair very reduced in the two new species described here; anepimeron bare; katepisternals
1:1:1, arranged in an equilateral triangle; both pairs of scutellar setae well developed (apical pair
very reduced in C. curta, sp. nov.); wing veins bare, vein M straight at apex; hind tibia with a supra-
median posterodorsal and anterodorsal seta, a strong median anterodorsal and a submedian
anteroventral; abdomen of male lanceolate.
Biology unknown.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Only one unnamed species is recorded from the Afrotropical Region
(Pont 1980), known only from Madagascar.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Two new species were found in our material and are described here.
Both agree in all characters with the known Oriental species of Cephalispa, except for the rudimen-
tary anterior presutural dorsocentral seta in both species and the weak apical scutellar setae in C.
curta, sp. nov.
Key to the Madagascan Species of Cephalispa

1. Frons dark brown; scutellum concolorous with thorax; apical pair of scutellar setae much short-
er than the very long basal pair (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. curta, sp. nov.
Frons reddish; scutellum yellow on at least apical two-thirds; apical pair of scutellar setae long,
as long as the basal pair (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. azurea, sp. nov.

No described Cephalispa was found among the material examined.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF CEPHALISPA

Cephalispa azurea Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc
National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary
tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, CASENT 3009853.
DIAGNOSIS.— This species is easily distinguished by the reduced pair of prescutellar dorsocen-
tral seta; the reddish frons; the mesonotal colour pattern, with little bluish-grey pollinosity, more or
less extensive yellow areas on postpronotum and anterior and lateral areas of dorsum of mesono-
tum, and the almost wholly yellow scutellum.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown, with little bluish-grey pollinosity, and more or less
extensive yellow areas on postpronotum and anterior and lateral areas of dorsum of mesonotum;
scutellum almost entirely yellow. Head with frons reddish; parafacial and ocellar triangle grey polli-
nose from certain angles; face, fronto-orbital plate and gena yellowish-grey pollinose; antenna with
pedicel yellow and flagellomere almost totally brown; arista brown; palpus yellow. Calypters
whitish and hyaline; haltere yellow with whitish knob. Wing clear. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown
with sparse bluish-grey pollinosity; tergite 1+2 with a median yellow spot.
FEMALE.— Length: body: 4.3–4.5 mm; wing: 4.1–4.4 mm.
HEAD.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. Frontal
row with 4 pairs of setae. Ocellar triangle long, reaching middle of frons or surpassing it. Inner and
outer vertical setae short; ocellar setae short, hair-like. Antenna inserted slightly above mid-level of
eyes, with flagellomere about 2.3–2.5 times as long as pedicel. Palpi filiform.
THORAX.— Dorsocentrals 2+3, the first presutural pair very reduced, almost hair-like; acros-
tichals in two irregular rows, prescutellar pair developed; 1 postpronotal; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars;
1 supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae similar in length. Scutellum with one
long basal and one long apical pair of setae, subequal in length. Anepisternum with a series of 3
long setae, 2 in upper posterior corner and one in lower; with 3–4 fine and short setae between the
second and the third. Katepisternals 1:1:1. Lower calypter about twice as long as the upper one.
Wing veins bare. Fore femur with a row of sparse posteroventral and posterodorsal setae, with about
5–7 setae in each row, those on posteroventral surface much longer; one long anterior seta in basal
third; fore tibia with no median seta, a preapical dorsal seta and apical posteroventral and pos-
terodorsal setae; mid femur with two anterior setae on middle third, 3–4 posteroventral setae in
basal half, one preapical posterior seta and one short posteroventral; mid tibia with two posterior
setae on middle third, ventral surface with a long and strong apical seta; hind femur with a sparse
anterodorsal and anteroventral row of setae on basal two-thirds, one anteroventral and one
anterodorsal on apical third; one posterodorsal preapical; hind tibia with two anterodorsal setae, one
median long and one supramedian shorter; two posterodorsal setae, one median and one suprame-
dian, similar in length, one submedian anteroventral; a long posterodorsal to dorsal seta on apical
third; one posterodorsal preapical and one long and strong ventral apical.
ABDOMEN.— Tergite 4 with a row of discal setae. Tergite 5 with a row of discal and marginal
setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Moderately long, tergites 6 and 7 very large (Figs. 36 and 37); spermathecae
as in Fig. 38.
EGG.— As in Fig. 39.
MALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: same data as holotype, 1 female, CASENT 30010617.
Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap,
in high altitude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female,
CASENT 3009369; 14–21 January 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 female, CASENT 3010618.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the French word azur, meaning blue, and refers to the
bluish-grey pollinosity of the abdomen.
DISCUSSION.— The two new species described here have the first presutural dorsocentral pair
of setae strongly reduced, which separates them from their congeners. The two species can be dis-
tinguished by their general body colour, the length of the apical pair of scutellar setae, and by the
chaetotaxy of mid femur.
Cephalispa curta Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc
National de Marojejy, Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina; elev. 1325 m,
14°26′36″S 49°44′36″E, yellow pan trap—montane shrubland, 18 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection
code: BLF9081, 1 male, CASENT 3009045.
DIAGNOSIS.— This species can be distinguished by the reduced pair of prescutellar dorsocen-
tral setae and the very short pair of apical scutellar setae.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown, grey pollinose. Head with frons brown; parafacial
and ocellar triangle grey pollinose from certain angles; face, fronto-orbital plate and gena yellow
pollinose; antenna and arista brown, flagellomere somewhat yellow in some specimens; palpus
brownish-yellow to yellow. Mesonotum brown, with grey pollinosity; lateral margins of scutellum
more or less extensively yellow. Calypters whitish and hyaline; haltere yellow with knob whitish.
Wing clear. Legs yellow. Abdomen mostly brown dorsally and yellow laterally and ventrally,
including sternite 5 and terminalia; tergite 1+2 yellow laterally in some males; posterior margins of
all segments usually yellow; tergite 5 with two round dark brown spots.
HEAD.— Dichoptic; interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocel-
lus. Frontal row with 4 pairs of setae. Ocellar triangle long, reaching middle of frons or surpassing
it. Inner and outer verticals short; ocellar setae short, hair-like. Antenna inserted slightly above mid-
level of eye, with flagellomere about 2.3–2.5 times as long as pedicel. Palpi filiform.
THORAX.— Dorsocentrals 2+3, the first presutural pair very reduced, almost hair-like; acros-
tichals in two irregular rows, prescutellar pair developed; 1 postpronotal; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars;
1 supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae similar in length. Scutellum with one
long basal pair of setae and one very short apical pair. Anepisternum with a series of 5 long setae.
Katepisternals 1:1:1. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore femur
with a row of sparse posteroventral and posterodorsal setae, with about 5–7 setae in each row, those
on posteroventral surface much longer; fore tibia with no median seta, a preapical dorsal seta and
apical posteroventral and posterodorsal setae; mid femur with sparse setae (2–3) on basal third of
anterodorsal, anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces, one median anterior seta; one preapical
posterior and one posteroventral setae; mid tibia with two posterior setae on middle third, ventral
surface with a long and strong apical seta; hind femur with a sparse anterodorsal row with about
seven setae, 4–5 anteroventral and posteroventral setae on basal two-thirds, one anteroventral on
apical third and one posteroventral preapical; hind tibia with two anterodorsal setae, one median
long and one supramedian shorter; two posterodorsal setae, one median and one supramedian, sim-
ilar in length, one submedian anteroventral; a long posterodorsal to dorsal seta on apical third; one
posterodorsal preapical and one long and strong apical ventral seta.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 3 and 4 with one pair of lateral setae; tergite 5 with a row of about 4 dis-
cal and marginal setae. Sternite 5 projecting, with large anterior processes (Fig. 40).
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate small, surstyli with spines on internal margin (Figs. 41 and 42).
Aedeagus as in Fig. 43.
FEMALE.— Length. Body. 4.0–4.3 mm, wing: 4.0–4.4 mm. Similar to male.
OVIPOSITOR.— Moderately long, tergites 6 and 7 very broad (Figs. 44 and 45); spermathecae
as in Fig. 46.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: same datas as holotype: 1 male, CASENT 3009050; 1
male, CASENT 3009051; 1 male, CASENT 3009048; 1 male, CASENT 3009046 (BMNH); 1 female,
CASENT 3009052; 1 female, CASENT 3009049 (BMNH). Antsiranana Province: Parc National de
Marojejy, 25.7 km 32° NNE Andapa, 10.3 km 314° NW Manantenina, elev. 1575 m, 14°26′42″S 49°44′30″E,
yellow pan trap—montane rainforest, 21 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9243, 1 male,
CASENT 8078200; 1 male, CASENT 8078204; 1 male, CASENT 8078205; 1 male, CASENT 8078206; 1
1 male, CASENT 8078210; 1 male, CASENT 8078212; 1 male, CASENT 8078213; 1 male, CASENT
8078216; 1 male, CASENT 8078225; 1 male, CASENT 8078218; 1 male, CASENT 8078219; 1 male,
8078234; 1 male, CASENT 8078215 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 8078220 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT
8078211 (BMNH); 1 male, CASENT 8078202 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT 80782021; 1 female, CASENT
80782201; 1 female, CASENT 8078235; 1 female, CASENT 8078217 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 8078214
(BMNH). Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m,
21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 12–19 February, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09C-16, 1 female, CASENT 3009776. Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge,
elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 15–22 November 2001, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-03, 1 female, CASENT 3010050; 26–31 March 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT 3009387; 1 male, CASENT 3009368; 6–15
December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 male, CASENT 3010003 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT
3010008 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010002. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S
47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-
09B-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009791.
DISCUSSION.— See the discussion under the previous species.
Coenosia Meigen, 1826

DIAGNOSIS.— Male dichoptic; one pair of reclinate orbital setae; frons parallel-sided, longer
than wide; labella reduced, prestomal teeth well developed; prealar seta absent; lower proepimeral
seta directed downwards; dorsocentrals 1+3 (rarely 2+3); anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1:1:1,
arranged in an equilateral triangle; scutellum with both pairs of setae developed; lower calypter
about 1.8 times as long as the upper one; hind femur with two preapical setae, one anterodorsal and
one dorsal, the posterodorsal absent; hind tibia with one submedian anterodorsal seta and usually
one anteroventral; median posterior or posterodorsal setae absent; sternite 1 bare; male hypandrium
tubular; female ovipositor long and with many microtrichia. [REF. Curran 1935, Emden 1940].
Very few biologies are known (Skidmore 1985). The larvae are obligative carnivores, living in
soil, humus, leaf litter, or decaying vegetation.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Coenosia is the largest muscid genus occurring in the Afrotropical
region, with 110 described species (Pont 1980). Species are found throughout the region, including
Aldabra, Astove, Cape Verde Is., Madagascar, Seychelles.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only six Coenosia species have been recorded from Madagascar (3 of
them endemic): C. humilis Meigen, 1826; C. madagascariensis (Séguy, 1957); C. nova (Stein,
1906); C. trichocnema Stein, 1913; C. nitidiventris Stein, 1906; and C. strigipes Stein 1916. C.
humilis and the latter two were found in our material. A highly aberrant Coenosia specimen was
found in our material and is here described as a new species.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Coenosia

1. Katepisternal seta 1+2, the lower one placed below the upper posterior one and not equidistant
from the upper two; proepimeral seta directed upwards (Madagascar) . . . . C. aberrans, sp. nov.
Katepisternal setae 1:1:1, forming an equilateral triangle; proepimeral seta directed downwards
............................................................................2
2. Costa short, not reaching beyond the tip of vein R4+5; 2 postsutural dorsocentrals; arista with
short hairs confined to its base; (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nova (Stein)
Costa, as usual, reaching to the tip of vein M; 3 postsutural dorsocentrals; arista with hairs along
its entire length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Mesonotum and abdomen shining black (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nitidiventris Stein
Mesonotum and abdomen brown with grey pollinosity, not shining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Legs yellow, including coxae; arista very short plumose; flagellomere black (yellow in some
males); small species, under 4 mm long (widespread in Afrotropical Region, including Aldabra,
Astove, Cape Verde Is., Madagascar; Palaearctic Region). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. strigipes Stein
Most of femora black, the tips sometimes pale; the other characters not all present together . . 5
5. First presutural dorsocentral pair of setae more or less well developed, but not as long as second;
arista pubescent, with some longer hairs on upper and median parts (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. madagascariensis Séguy
Only one pair of presutural dorsocentral setae developed, arista with short hairs . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Antenna short, not reaching epistoma; hind tibia without fine setae along entire length of ventral
surface (widespread northeast to southern Africa, Madagascar, St. Helena, also occurring in
Holarctic and Oriental Regions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. humilis Meigen
Antenna long, reaching epistoma; hind tibia on ventral surface with fine setae along its entire
length (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. trichocnema Stein

C. humilis: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Centre, Vakoana, Andringitra Ambalavao, 1520 m,
21–24 January 1958, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
C. nitidiventris: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at for-
est edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-12, 1 male, CASENT 3009778; 1 female, CASENT 3009780; 15–21
December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT 3009924, 1 female
CASENT3009920. Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary
tropical forest, 6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 male, CASENT
3010028; 26 February–4 March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09C-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010596; 1 male,
CASENT 3010595; 1 male, CASENT 3010602 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010598; 1 female, CASENT
3010594 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010593; 1 female, CASENT 3010603. Vohiparara, at broken bridge,
elev. 1110 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap in high altitude rainforest, 14–21 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 female, CASENT 3010621 (MNRJ). Toliara Province: Ifaty,
near Hotel Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9 m, 23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area,
26 May–5 June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-28, 1 female, CASENT 3009802.
Antsiranana Province: Sakalava Beach, dwarf litoral forest, 10 m, 12°15′46″S 49°23′51″E, Malaise trap—
across sand trail, 1 December 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: BLF9558, 1 male.
C. strigipes: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken
bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 6–15 December 2001,
R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 male, CASENT 3009999; 1 male, CASENT 3010015; 1
male, CASENT 3010006 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010018; 1 male, CASENT 3010016 (MNRJ); 15–22
November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 male, CASENT 3009999; 14–21 January 2002, collection
code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 female, CASENT 3010620; 1 female, CASENT 3010619; 1 female, CASENT
3010622; 1 female, CASENT 3010246 (MNRJ). Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S
47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code:
MA-02-09C-06, 1 male, CASENT 3010027; 1 male, CASENT 3010025; 1 male, CASENT 3010023; 1 male,
CASENT 3010026; 23 May–3 June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-30, 1 female, CASENT
3010036. JIRAMA water works, elev. 690 m, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, 8–15 November
2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-02, 1 male, CASENT 3010723; 15–21 December 2001,
collection code: MA-02-09D-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010498. Toliara Province: Mikea Forest, NW of
Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous forest, 17–28 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-03, 1 male, CASENT 3010046; 1 male, CASENT 3010045; 1 male,
CASENT 3010049; 21–31 August 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-66, 1 female, CASENT 3010297; 9–19
May 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-55, 1 female, CASENT 3010762; 21 September- 2 October 2003, col-
lection code: MA-02-18A-69, 1 female, CASENT 3010793; 1 female, CASENT 3010799; 1 male, CASENT
3010798. 16 km east Sakaraha, Zombitse Nature Reserve, 825m, Malaise trap, in tropical forest on sand,
M.E.Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, 20 April 1998, collection code:
98-MAD-15, 1 male, CASENT 8021588b; 1 female, CASENT 3010269. Parc National d’Andohahela,
Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 28 January–12
February 2004, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT
8078181; 1 female, CASENT 8078182; 6–18 March 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-56, 1 female, CASENT
8078015. Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 male, CASENT 3009641; 1 male, CASENT
3009596; 1 female, CASENT 3009427; 1 female, CASENT 3009431; 1 female, CASENT 3009449; 1 female,
CASENT 3009499 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009687; 1 female, CASENT 3009659. Lake Ranobe, elev.
30 m, 23°02′22″S 43°36′37″E, Malaise trap, spiny forest thicket, 17–21 February 2003, Frontier Wilderness
Project, collection code: MGF063, 1 male, CASENT 3009267; 1 female, CASENT 3009266; collection code:
MGF062, 1 female, CASENT 3009258; 1 female, CASENT 3009255; 1 female, CASENT 3009259; 1 female,
CASENT 3009256; 1 female, CASENT 3009260; 23°02.468′S 43°36.607′E, Malaise trap, spiny forest /
tamarind forest near lake edge, 25–21 April 2003, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF066, 1
female, CASENT 3009285; 1 female, CASENT 3009287; 1 female, CASENT 3009286; 1 female, CASENT
3009289. Fiherenana, 23°10.619′S 43°57.685′E, Malaise trap, in small undisturbed riparian forest valley,
18–22 August 2003, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF078, 1 male, CASENT 3009252; elev.
65 m, 23°13.351′S 43°52.853′E, Malaise trap, in degraded riparian forest close to water, 5–10 August 2003,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF076, 1 female, CASENT 3009190. Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m,
23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collec-
tion code: MGF038, 1 female, CASENT 3009229; 1 female, CASENT 3009237; elev. 130 m, Malaise trap,
gallery forest and mixed scrub on hilltop, collection code: MGF039, 1 female, CASENT 3009199; 1 female,
CASENT 3009200. Fort Dauphin, 1 female, R.Paulian (NMSA).
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF COENOSIA

Coenosia aberrans Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc
National de Marojejy, 25.7 km 32° NNE Andapa, 10.3 km 314° NNW Manantenina, elev. 1575 m, 14°26′42″S
49°44′30″E, yellow pan trap montane rain forest, 21 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9243.
DIAGNOSIS.— Mesonotum dark brown without vittae, with a little grey pollinosity confined to
proepimeron, katepisternum and meron; lower proepimeral seta directed upwards, katepisternals
1+2, the lower one placed below the upper posterior one and closer to it than to anterior upper one;
very long anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae on hind tibia.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown with some grey pollinosity on pleura; frons dark
brown with a little grey pollinosity on ocellar triangle; parafacial dark brown, face, fronto-orbital
plate and gena silvery pollinose. Palpus, antenna and arista uniformly dark brown. Dorsum of
mesonotum without vittae. Proepimeron, katepisternum and meron with a little grey pollinosity.
Calypters whitish and haltere whitish-yellow. Wing weakly brown. Legs dark brown. Abdomen
without spots; anterior margin of tergites 3–5 with a longitudinal shining vitta.
FEMALE.— Length. Body: 4.3mm, wing: 5 mm.
HEAD.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. 3 pairs of
frontal setae, and 1 pair of reclinate orbital setae. Inner and outer vertical setae developed and sim-
ilar in length. Ocellar setae long. Antenna short, inserted a little above mid-level of eye; flagellom-
ere about twice as long as pedicel. Palpi falciform.
THORAX.— Dorsocentrals 1+3; acrostichals hair-like, very few and in two irregular series; 1
postpronotal; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars; 2 supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two
setae, similar in length. Scutellum with one pair of basal and apical setae, both long and similar in
length. Lower proepimeral seta directed upwards. Anepisternum with a series of 6 long setae.
Katepisternals 1+2, the lower one placed below the posterior upper one. Anepimeron bare. Lower
calypter about 2.3 times as long as upper one. Wing veins bare, veins R4+5 and M parallel at apex
and anal vein very abbreviated. Legs with fore femur with sparse rows of posterodorsal and long
ventral setae; fore tibia with a long median posterior seta, and strong posterior, posteroventral and
posterodorsal preapicals; mid femur with sparse anteroventral and posteroventral rows of long setae
and four anterodorsals on basal third; mid tibia with strong median anterior and posterior setae;
preapical posterior long, and apical anterior and ventral setae also long; hind femur with an
anteroventral and an anterodorsal row of setae, the anterodorsal with stronger setae; preapical dor-
sal and anterodorsal setae; hind tibia with a very long and strong median anterodorsal seta; a short
anteroventral submedian; a posterodorsal, dorsal and anterodorsal preapical setae, the posterodor-
sal as long and strong as the anteroventral and one apical ventral.
ABDOMEN.— Lateral pair of setae on tergite 3; tergites 4–5 with sparse discal and marginal
rows of setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Long, with microtrichia on both sides (Figs. 47–48). Spermathecae as in Fig.
48.
MALE.— Unknown.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word aberrans, meaning wandering or go
astray, and refers to the position of the katepusternal setae and the upcurved nature of the lower
proepimeral seta.
DISCUSSION.— This is a very aberrant Coenosia, but the bristling of hind tibia, with pos-
terodorsal, dorsal and anterodorsal preapical setae, very abbreviated anal vein, the presence of only
one presutural dorsocentral, and one reclinate orbital place it among the Coenosiini, although the
position of the katepisternals and the upcurved lower proepimeral seta are not right for this tribe.
Only one specimen was found in the material examined.
Deltotus Séguy, 1935

DIAGNOSIS.— Ground-colour of body shining blue, violet, green, or black and yellowish-
brown; one pair of presutural acrostichal setae; arista long plumose; proboscis and palpi short; dor-
socentrals 2+2; prosternum and anepimeron setulose; katepisternals 1+3; postalar wall setulose;
lower calypter not enlarged, of the Phaonia-type; scutellum setulose laterally; hind coxa bare on
posterior surface; veins R1 and R4+5 setulose from base to apex; vein M strongly curved forwards
towards vein R4+5 in apical part; male cercal plate with 2 marginal spines. (REF. Séguy 1935, Zielke
1972).
Biology unknown; the larvae may be coprophagous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Only three species of Deltotus are known, all restricted to
Madagascar.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Prior to 1972, only one species of Deltotus was known, D. facetus
Séguy, 1935. Zielke (1972) added two new species to the genus, D. stuckenbergi Zielke, 1972 and
D. viola Zielke, 1972, and gave a key to separate the three species. The genus is endemic to
Madagascar. D. facetus and D. viola were found in the material studied. Most of the specimens in
the series of D. viola are more green metallic than shining violet with blue reflections as stated in
the original description, and show variation in the colour of the halteres; two other specimens are
violet-metallic, and smaller than the others (about 6mm). In all other characters, all the specimens
agree with the original description.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Deltotus (modified from Zielke 1972)

1. Postsutural pair of acrostichals hair-like or indistinguishable from the ground-setulae; ground-
colour of body shining black and yellowish-brown (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . D. facetus Séguy
Postsutural pair of acrostichal setae developed and very distinct from the ground-setulae;
ground-colour of body shining blue, violet or green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Postpronotum yellow, contrasting with the ground-colour of thorax (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. stuckenbergi Zielke
Postpronotum concolorous with thorax (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. viola Zielke

D. facetus: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0
km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, elev. 450 m, 14°26′12″S 49°46′30″E, Malaise trap—
rain forest, 12–15 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al., collection code: BLF8723, 1 female, CASENT 3009094;
1 female, CASENT 3009095; 1 female, CASENT 3009097; 1 female, CASENT 3009096; 1 female, CASENT
3009098; 1 male, CASENT 3009093 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009092; 1 female, CASENT 3008904; 1
female, CASENT 3010126 (MNRJ), 1 female; CASENT 3010127; 1 female, CASENT 3010128; 1 female,
CASENT 3010140; 1 female, CASENT 3010141. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana,
Talatakely, 30 October–20 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019867; 1 female,
CASENT 8019863; 1 female, CASENT 8019860; 1 male, CASENT 80198859; elev. 915–1000 m, 4–20
November 1998, 1 female, CASENT 8019713. Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13.57′S
47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-
02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT 3009398; 1 male, CASENT 3009402; 1 male, CASENT 3009381; 12–19
March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-20, 1 female, CASENT 30010041; 14–21 January 2002, collection
code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 female, CASENT 3010613; 31 March–8 April 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-
23, 1 male, CASENT 3010583. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise
trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female,
CASENT 3010859; 1 female, CASENT 3009877; 1 female, CASENT 3009914. Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev.
1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 12–19 February 2002, R. Harin’Hala,
collection code: MA-02-09C-16, 1 female, CASENT 3009764. Toliara Province: Mikea Forest, NW of
Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous forest, 17–28 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010122. Toamasina Province: Montagne
d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev. 1100 m, 15°10′42″S 49°38′06″E, yellow pan trap in
montane rainforest, 12–16 March 2003, B.L. Fisher, C.E. Griswold et al., collection code: BLF8153, 1 female,
CASENT 3009195.
D. viola: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken
bridge, elev. 1110 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT 3009380; 1 female, CASENT 3009401; 1
3009405; 1 female, CASENT 3009379; 31 March–8 April 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-23, 1 female,
CASENT 3010584; 1 female, CASENT 3010585; 1 female, CASENT 3010581; 1 female, CASENT 3010587;
14–26 June 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-32; 1 female, CASENT 3010304 (MNRJ); 16 October–8
November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010427. Toliara Province: Mikea
Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous forest, 17–28
January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010099; 1 female,
CASENT 3010114; 1 female, CASENT 3010112 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010114; 1 female, CASENT
3010101; 1 female, CASENT 3010103; 1 female, CASENT 3010117; 1 female, CASENT 3010117.
Dichaetomyia Malloch, 1921

DIAGNOSIS.— Eyes of male narrowly separated by the diameter of anterior ocellus or more;
eyes in female widely separated; proclinate orbital and crossed interfrontal setae absent; arista long-
plumose; dorsocentrals 2+2, 3 or 4, the first presutural seta shorter than the second; prosternum
setulose on sides; anepimeron setulose; prealar seta present; postalar wall with sparse hairs or bare;
posterior spiracle with some black setulae along lower margin; vein M only slightly curved for-
wards before apex; hind tibia with a well developed anterodorsal preapical in addition to dorsal one,
calcar absent. [REF. Emden 1942a, b]
Few biologies are known (Skidmore 1985). The larvae are obligate carnivores, and have been
found in decaying vegetation and dung.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Two subgenera are recognised within the genus, Dichaetomyia s.str.
and Panaga Curran, both widespread in the Afrotropical region (to which sg. Panaga is restricted),
with a total of 61 described species, 33 in sg. Dichaetomyia and 28 in sg. Panaga. Both subgenera
can be easily separated by the presence of setulae or stiff hairs on the greater ampulla (infra-alar
bulla) in sg. Panaga; these are absent in sg. Dichaetomyia. The metallic green, blue or violet species
of the subgenus Dichaetomyia were mainly described by Zielke (1972, 1973 and 1974) in the genus
Annaria Zielke, 1972, which was based only on the metallic green, blue or violet colour and was
synonymized with Dichaetomyia by Pont (1980). Except for D. ovata (Stein) and D. albivitta
(Stein), all the species are endemic to Madagascar.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Both subgenera are represented in Madagascar, with the following
described species represented: D. (Dichaetomyia) basialaris (Zielke, 1972); D. (Dichaetomyia)
coerulea (Bigot, 1860); D. (Dichaetomyia) femoralis (Zielke, 1972); D. (Dichaetomyia) flavo-
scutellata (Stein, 1918); D. (Dichaetomyia) frontata nom. nov. (for Dichaetomyia frontalis (Zielke,
1972), a junior secondary homonym in Dichaetomyia of Dichaetomyia frontalis (Stein, 1918)); D.
(Dichaetomyia) harlekini (Zielke, 1974); D. (Dichaetomyia) humeralis (Zielke, 1972); D.
(Dichaetomyia) rangeri (Zielke, 1973) (synonym: D. (D.) scutellaris (Zielke, 1974), syn.nov.); D.
(Dichaetomyia) scutellata (Séguy, 1935); D. (Dichaetomyia) seyrigi Séguy, 1938; D.
(Dichaetomyia) tristis (Zielke, 1972); D. (Panaga) lucida Séguy, 1938; D. (Panaga) madagas-
cariensis Séguy, 1938; D. (Panaga) ovata (Stein, 1918); and D. (Dichaetomyia) zielkei nom. nov.
(for Dichaetomyia apicalis (Zielke, 1972), a junior secondary homonym in Dichaetomyia of
Dichaetomyia apicalis (Stein, 1904). With the exception of D. femoralis, D. flavoscutellata, D.
frontata and D. humeralis, all these species have been recognised in our material. D. (Panaga)
albivitta (Stein, 1906), previously known from Togo, Angola, East Africa, Malawi, Sierra Leone,
D.R. Congo, and Kenya, is recorded for the first time from Madagascar. Four new species are
described here, two in sg. Dichaetomyia and two in sg. Panaga.
Key to the Madagascan Species of Dichaetomyia (partly modified from Zielke 1972)
1. Greater ampulla with setulae or some stiff hairs. Subgenus Panaga Curran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Greater ampulla bare. Subgenus Dichaetomyia Malloch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2. 4 pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; mesonotum yellowish with 2 fine white pollinose vittae
along the dorsocentral rows (Togo, Angola, East Africa, Malawi, Sierra Leone, D.R. Congo)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Panaga) albivitta (Stein)
3 pairs of postsutural dorsocentrals; mesonotum not as described above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Fore tibia with a posterior median seta; mesonotum orange-reddish, with a broad dark brown
vitta with some grey pollinosity, limited by the dorsocentral row of setae and reaching scutellum
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Panaga) lucida Séguy
Fore tibia without a posterior median seta; mesonotum with a different colour and pattern . . . 4
4. General body colour uniformly yellow, not shining; male flagellomere yellow (Tanzania,
Uganda, widespread west Africa to Congo Basin, Madagascar) . . . . . D. (Panaga) ovata (Stein)
General body colour dark brown, a little shining, with some yellow parts such as postpronotum and
apex of tergite 5 strongly contrasting with the ground-colour; male flagellomere brown . . . . . 5
5. Scutellum yellow (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov.
Scutellum brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Antenna with pedicel brown; mesonotum dark brown with postpronotum and lateral parts (noto-
pleuron and postalar callus) yellow; males unknown (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Panaga) madagascariensis Séguy
Antenna with pedicel yellowish; mesonotum reddish-brown, slightly shining with 3 grey polli-
nose vittae, only postpronotum yellowish; males with a preapical ventral tuft of long setae on
hind femur (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov.
7. Metallic blue, green, violet or blue-grey flies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Not metallic, general colour brown to yellowish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Blue-grey flies with three broad longitudinal vittae of grey pollinosity on mesonotum
(Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) coerulea (Bigot)
Metallic blue, green, violet species, usually with no longitudinal vittae on mesonotum . . . . . . 9
9. All legs including coxae yellow (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Legs, or at least the femora, mostly brown or dark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Basicosta and halteres yellow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) femoralis (Zielke)
Basicosta and halteres dark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) frontata, nom. nov.
11. Postpronotum distinctly yellow and in striking contrast to the colour of the rest of the thorax
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Postpronotum concolorous with thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
12. Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum (Madagascar) . D. (Dichaetomyia) humeralis (Zielke)
Scutellum yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. At least anterior half of notopleuron and anepisternum and posterior half of katepisternum yel-
low; 2 yellow vittae along the dorsocentral rows, reaching the first postsutural dorsocentral seta
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) harlekini (Zielke)
Anterior half of notopleuron and anepisternum and posterior half of katepisternum metallic
green, concolorous with the rest of the mesonotum; without yellow vittae along the dorsocentral
rows of setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Hind tibia with 2 anteroventral setae (Madagascar) . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) rangeri (Zielke)
Hind tibia with 1 anteroventral seta (Madagascar) . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) scutellata (Séguy)
15. Scutellum yellow (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) flavoscutellata (Stein)
Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

16. Wing veins brownish, even brown to dark at the base, halteres with knob brown; lower calypter
with brown margin (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) tristis (Zielke)
Base of wing veins strikingly yellow; halteres with knob yellow; both calypters whitish or yel-
lowish, without brown margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17. Apical half of tergite 5 yellow (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) zielkei nom.nov.
Apical half of tergite 5 concolorous with rest of abdomen (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) basialaris (Zielke)
19. Dorsocentrals 2+4; prosternum densely setulose; wings yellowish (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) seyrigi Séguy
Dorsocentrals 2+2; prosternum moderately setulose; wings not yellowish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
19. Mesonotum reddish-brown with a median grey pollinose vitta and a darker vitta outside of this
on each side; postpronotum and notopleuron yellow; femora mostly yellow; calypters yellow;
abdomen brownish- grey pollinose, with tergite 1+2 and usually basal half of tergite 3 yellow
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov.
Mesonotum dark brown with some grey pollinosity, with two black vittae close to the dorsocen-
tral rows of setae, well marked presuturally, and lateral vittae along the intra-alar and supra-alar
rows; femora mostly dark brown; calypters with margins brown; abdomen uniformly dark brown
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov.

D. (Dichaetomyia) basialaris: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du
Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro; 24°45′50″S 46°45′6″E, pitfall trap—
montane rainforest, elev. 900 m, 21–25 January 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5013, 1
female, CASENT 3009363. Forêt Classée d’Analavelona, 33.2 km 344° NNW Mahaboboka, elev. 1300 m,
22°38′34″S 44°10′16″E, beating low veg. in montane rainforest, 12–26 February 2003, Fisher, Griswold et al.,
collection code: BLF7917, 1 male, CASENT 3009261 (MNRJ); 22–28 November 2001, 1 female, CASENT
3009733. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m,
21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 male, CASENT 3009843; 22–28 November 2001, 1 female, CASENT 3009733.
Vohiapara, 14 km W of park headquarters, 21°22.63′S 47°37.02′E, in cloud forest, elev. 1150 m, 21 December
1999, M.E.Irwin, E.I. Schlinger and H.H. Rasolondalao, specimen without abdomen, CASENT 8018343. At
broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 14–26 June
2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-32, 1 female, CASENT 3010317; 31 March–8 April 2002, collection code:
MA-02-09A-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010569; 1 female, CASENT 3010577; 1 male, CASENT 3010580; 25
May–4 June 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-30, 1 male, CASENT 3010557. JIRAMA, water works,
21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 female, CASENT 3009956; 28 November–6 December 2001, collection code: MA-
02-09D-05, 1 male, CASENT 3010552; 1 male, CASENT 3010549; 1 male, CASENT 3010550 (MNRJ); 1
male, CASENT 3010551; 28 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09D-04, 1 male, CASENT 3010542.
Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy, Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318°
NW Manantenina, elev. 1325 m, 14°26′36″S 49°44′36″E, yellow pan trap—montane shrubland, 18 November
2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9081, 1 female, CASENT 3009039.
D. (Dichaetomyia) coerulea: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana,
Talatakely, Trail FF, elev. 915–1000 m, 4–20 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT
8019762. Toamasina Province: Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 18.0 km 21° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev. 470 m,
15°11′18″S 49°36′54″E, pitfall trap, rainforest, 12–16 March 2003, B.L. Fisher, C.E. Griswold et al., collec-
tion code: BLF8003, 1 female, CASENT 3009113.
D. (Dichaetomyia) harlekini: MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo Province: 65 km S. of Antananarivo
[Tananarive], 25 November 1959, E.S. Ross. Holotypus Annaria harlekini [now Dichaetomyia harlekini],
female, det. E. Zielke, 1972. Type no. CAS 11870. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle
Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 22–28
November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-04, 1 female, CASENT 3009732. Vohiparara, at
broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 6–15 December
2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT 3010004; 14–26 June 2002, col-
lection code: MA-02-09A-32, 1 male, CASENT 3010307.
D. (Dichaetomyia) rangeri: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: Périnet, 7 November 1959, E.S. Ross.
Holotypus Annaria scutellaris [now = D. rangeri], male, det. E. Zielke, 1972. Type no. CAS 11871.
Fianarantsoa Province: Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, second-
ary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 female, CASENT
3009845; 6–15 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09C-06, 1 female, CASENT 3010021; 26
February–4 March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09C-18, female, CASENT 3009754; 22–28 November
2001, collection code: MA-02-09C-04, 1 female, CASENT 3009750; 1 female, CASENT 3009731; 30
October–20 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, CASENT 8019868. Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev.
1100 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala,
collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT 3009393; 1 female, CASENT 3010043; 31 March–8
April 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010574; 1 female, CASENT 3010572; 1
female, CASENT 3010571 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010576; 14–26 June 2002, collection code: MA-02-
09A-32, 1 female, CASENT 3010310; 1 female, CASENT 3010311. JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S
47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690 m, 16 October–8 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09D-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010412. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S
47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 28–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-
09B-22, 1 female, CASENT 3010679. Toliara Province: Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m,
22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, deciduous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 male, CASENT 3010107; 1 female, CASENT 3010106 (MNRJ).
D. (Dichaetomyia) scutellata: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Ranomafana, Belle Vue at
Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–24 July 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-35, 1 female, CASENT 3010479. Parc National Ranomafana,
Talatakely research laboratory area, elev 940 m, 21°14′53.5″S 47°25′36.9″E, 30 October–20 November 1998,
V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019810. Talatakely trail EO-300, elev. 1040 m, 8 November 1998,
V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019793. Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13.57′S
47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 31 March–8 April 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code:
MA-02-09A-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010573.
D. (Dichaetomyia) seyrigi: MADAGASCAR: Mahajanga Province: Parc National de Namoroka, 16.9 km,
317° NW, Vilanandro, elev. 100 m, 16° 24′24″S 45°18′36″E, yellow pan trap, tropical dry forest, 12–16
November 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6586, 1 female, CASENT 3009291; 1 female,
1 female, CASENT 3009142; 1 female, CASENT 3009295; 1 female, CASENT 3009294, collection code:
BLF6587, 1 female, CASENT 3009141; 1 female, CASENT 3009139; 1 female, CASENT 3009140; 1 female,
CASENT 3009292 (MNRJ). 9.8 km, 300° WNW, Vilanandro, elev. 140 m, 16° 28′00″S 45°21′00″E, yellow
pan trap, tropical dry forest, 4–8 November 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6505, 1 female,
3009344; 1 female, CASENT 3009343; 1 male, CASENT 3009351; 1 female, CASENT 3009338 (MNRJ); 1
3009341. 17.8 km, 329° WNW, Vilanandro, elev. 100 m, 16°22′36″S 45°19′36″E, Malaise trap, tropical dry
forest, 8–12 November 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6511, 1 female, CASENT 3009244;
1 female, CASENT 3009241; 1 female, CASENT 3009242; 1 female, CASENT 3009243. Parc National de
Baie de Baly, 12.4 km, 337° NNW, Salala, elev. 10 m, 16°00′36″S 45°15′54″E, yellow pan trap, tropical dry
forest, 26–30 November 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6817, 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3009176; collection code: BLF6815, 1 male, CASENT 3009149; 1 female, CASENT 3009150; 1
3009167; 1 female, CASENT 3009148. Reserve Spéciale de Bemarivo, 23.8 km, 223° SW, Besalampy, elev.
30 m, 16°55′30″S 44°22′06″E, yellow pan trap, tropical dry forest, 19–23 November 2002, Fisher, Griswold
et al., collection code: BLF6595, 1 female, CASENT 3008952; collection code: BLF6695, 1 female,
CASENT3008951; 1 female, CASENT3008955; 1 female, CASENT3008956; 1 female, CASENT3008953; 1
female, CASENT3008957. Toliara Province: Forêt de Mahavelo, Isantoria River, elev. 110 m, 24°45′30″S
46°9′26″E, pitfall trap—in spiny forest thicket, 28 January–1 February 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collec-
tion code: BLF5239, 1 female, CASENT 3009280; 1 male, CASENT 3009279 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT
3009278; 1 female, CASENT 3009277; 1 male, CASENT 3009276; 1 female, CASENT 3009275. Forêt de
Beroboka, 5.9 km, 131° SE Ankidranoka, 22°13′59″S 43°21′59″E, elev. 80 m, pitfall trap—in tropical dry for-
est, 12–16 March 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6068, 1 male, CASENT 3009247. Forêt
de Bealoka, Mandrare River, 14.6 km, 329° NNW Amboasary, 24°57′25″S 46°16′17″E, elev. 35m, pitfall
trap—in gallery forest, 3–8 February 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5314, 1 female,
pitfall trap in tropical dry forest, elev. 80 m, 12–16 March 2002, collection code: BLF6068, 1 female,
CASENT 3009249. Forêt de Tsinjoriaky, 6.2 km, 84° E Tsifota, 22°48′8″S 43°25′14″E, elev. 70 m, general
collecting—spiny forest thicket, 6–10 March 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5314, 1 male,
CASENT 3008909; collection code: BLF5965, 1 female, CASENT 3008899. Parc National de
Tsimanampetsotsa, Forêt de Bemanateza, 20.7 km 81° E Efoetse, 23.0 km, 131° SE Beheloka, 23°59′32″S
43°52′50″E, elev. 90 m, pitfall trap—in spiny forest thicket, 22–26 March 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., col-
lection code: BLF6258, 1 male, CASENT 3009290. Mitoho Cave, 6.4 km 77° ENE Efoetse, 17.4 km, 170° SE
Beheloka, 24°2′50″S 43°45′11″E, elev. 40 m, pitfall trap—in spiny forest thicket, 18–22 March 2002, Fisher,
Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6161, 1 male, CASENT 3008950. Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km 74° ENE
Itampolo, 24°39′13″S 43°59′48″E, elev. 80 m, pitfall trap—in spiny forest thicket, 21–25 February 2002,
Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5763, 1 female, CASENT 3008960. Reserve Spéciale de Sainte
Marie, 14.9 km, 261° W. Marovato, 25°35′40″S 45°8′49″E, elev. 160 m, pitfall trap in spiny forest thicket,
13–19 February 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5650, 1 female, CASENT 3008965. River
Ranobe, elev. 30 m, 23°02′22″S 43°36′37″E, Malaise trap—in spiny forest thicket, 17–21 February 2003,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF063, 1 female, CASENT 3009265. 5–9 February 2003, col-
lection code: MGF058, 1 female, CASENT 3009202. Ifaty, near Hotel Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9m,
23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 26 May–5 June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-16-28, 1 female, CASENT 30008947. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m; 22°54.22′S
43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-
18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010088; 1 female, CASENT 3010092 (MNRJ). Elev. 37 m; 22°54.80′S
43°28.93′E, Malaise trap, spiny forest, 16–26 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18B-
06, 1 female, CASENT 3010546; 1 male, CASENT 3010547. 16 km east Sakahara, Zombitse Nature Reserve,
Malaise trap in tropical forest on sand, 825m, 20 April 1998, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, Schlinger
Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-15, 1 male, CASENT 8021702; 1 male,
CASENT 8021869; 1 male, CASENT 8021713; 1 male, CASENT 8067667; 1 male, CASENT 8067666
(MNRJ). Antsiranana Province: Forêt de Binara, elev. 375 m, 7.5 km 230° SW Daraina; 13°15′18″S
49°37′00″E, pitfall trap—tropical dry forest, 1 December 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9558, 1
female, CASENT 3008967; 1 female, CASENT 30089711 female, CASENT 3008972; 1 female, CASENT
3008970; 1 female, CASENT 3008969; 1 female, CASENT 3008968; 1 female, CASENT 3008981, collec-
tion code: BLF9559, 1 female, CASENT 3008917. Forêt d’ Antisahabe, elev. 550 m, 11.4 km 275° W Daraina;
13°12′42″S 49°33′24″E, yellow pan trap—tropical dry forest, 12 December 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code:
BLF10115, 1 female, CASENT 3010239. Toamasina Province: Parcelle E3 Tampolo, 17°17′00″S
49°16′00″E, elev. 10 m, yellow pan trap, litoral forest, 14 April 2004, Malagasy ant team, collection code:
BLF10730, 1 female, CASENT 3008927.
D. (Dichaetomyia) tristis: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana,
Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100m; 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest,
26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT 3009403; 1 female,
CASENT 3009392; 31 March–8 April 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-23, 1 male, CASENT 3010579
(MNRJ); 16 October–8 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010423;
14–26 June 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-32, 1 male, CASENT 3010316. Radio tower at forest edge,
elev. 1130 m; 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 male, CASENT 3010854; 1 male, CASENT 3010857. Belle
Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m; 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 22–28
November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-04, 1 male, CASENT 3009740; 12–19 February
2002, 1 male, CASENT 3009770 (MNRJ). Trail FF, 4–20 November 1988, elev. 915–1000 m, V.F. Lee and
K.J. Ribardo, 1 male, CASENT 8019659. Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy, elev. 2000 m,
25.4 km 30° NNE Andapa, 10.9 km 311° NW Manantenina; 14°26′42″S 49°44′06″E, yellow pan trap—mon-
tane shrubland, 23 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9323, 1 male, CASENT 3008939; 1
female, CASENT 3008941; 1 male, CASENT 3008937; 1 male, CASENT 3008938; 1 female, CASENT
3010240. Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, elev. 1325 m, 14°26′36″S
49°44′36″E, yellow pan trap—montane shrubland, 18 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9081,
1 male, CASENT 3009036. Toliara Province: Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Sedro, 3.8 km 113° ESE
Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro, 24°45′50″S 46°45′6″E, pitfall trap—montane rainforest, elev. 900
m, 21–25 January 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5013, 1 male, CASENT 3009366; 1
female, CASENT 3009365; 1 female, CASENT 3009362.
D. (Dichaetomyia) zielkei: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc National d’Andohahela, Col du Sedro,
3.8 km 113° ESE Mahamavo, 37.6 km 341° NNW Tolagnaro; 24°45′50″S 46°45′6″E, pitfall trap—montane
rainforest, elev. 900 m, 21–25 January 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5013, 1 male,
CASENT 3009361 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3009364. Toamasina Province: Montagne d’Anjaaharibe,
19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev. 110 m, 15°10′42″S 49°38′06″E, yellow pan trap in montane rainforest,
12–16 March 2003, B.L. Fisher, C.E. Griswold et al., collection code: BLF8153, 1 female, CASENT 3009196.
Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous dry forest,
17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010121.
Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiapara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m; 21°13′57″S
47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 14–26 June 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-32, 1
female, CASENT 3010318.
D. (Panaga) albivitta: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Talatakely,
trail FF, elev. 915–1000 m, 4–20 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019714.
D. (Panaga) lucida: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Forêt Classée d’Analavelona, 29.2 km 343° NNW
Mahaboboka, elev. 1100 m, 22°40′30″S 44°11′24″E, pitfall trap, in montane rainforest, 18–22 February 2003,
Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF7817, 1 female, CASENT 3009172.
D. (Panaga) madagascariensis: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy,
Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, elev. 1325 m, 14°26′36″S
49°44′36″E, yellow pan trap—montane shrubland, 18 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9081,
1 female, CASENT 3009034. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana Vohiparara, at broken
bridge, elev. 1110 m; 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap in high altitude rainforest, 14–21 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 male, CASENT 3010616; 31 March–8 April 2002, collection
code: MA-02-09A-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010588 (MNRJ); 25 May–4 June 2002, collection code: MA-02-
09A-30, 1 female, CASENT 3010562; JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river,
elev 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 female, CASENT
3009955.
D. (Panaga) ovata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Forêt Classée d’Analavelona, 29.2 km 343° NNW
Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF7817, 1 female, CASENT 3009179. Antafoky, elev. 55m,
23°28′43″S 44°3′51″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collec-
tion code: MGF003, 1 male, CASENT 3009707. Mahajanga Province: Parc National de Baie de Baly 12.4
km, 337° WNW Soalala, elev. 10 m, 16°00′36″S 45°15′54″E, pitfall trap in tropical dry forest, 26–30
November 2002, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF6815, 1 female, CASENT 3009165; 1 female,
CASENT 3009166 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3009147.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DICHAETOMYIA

Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: Parcelle E3
Tampolo, 17°17′00″S 49°16′00″E, elev. 10 m, yellow pan trap, litoral forest, 14 April 2004, Malagasy ant
team, collection code: BLF10730, CASENT 3008923.
DIAGNOSIS.— Mesonotum dark brown with some grey pollinosity, with 2 black vittae inside
the dorsocentral row of setae that reach a little further than first postsutural dorsocentral seta; later-
al black vittae on intra-alar and supra-alar row of setae reaching the level of posterior postsutural
dorsocentral; postpronotum yellowish-brown. Abdomen totally dark brown. Dorsocentrals 2+2.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour dark brown. Head with frons brown; fronto-orbital plate
brown, silver pollinose from certain angles; gena brown. Antenna with pedicel reddish-yellow and
flagellomere brown. Arista brown, yellow at base. Palpus brown. Mesonotum dark brown with
some grey pollinosity, with 2 black vittae inside the dorsocentral row of setae that reach a little fur-
ther than first postsutural dorsocentral seta; lateral black vittae on intra-alar and supra-alar row of
setae reaching the level of posterior presutural dorsocentral; postpronotum yellowish-brown.
Anterior spiracle white, strongly contrasting with the surrounding area; posterior spiracle brownish,
with black setae on margins. Pleura dark brown, with some paler areas in some specimens.
Anepimeron with black setulae. Calypters brownish with darker margins. Haltere light brown, stalk
a little darker in most specimens. Wing clear. Legs with coxae brown with grey pollinosity, femo-
ra brownish-yellow, trochanters, extreme tips of femora, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Abdomen entirely
dark brown, some specimens with some grey pollinosity.
HEAD.— Eyes with very short and sparse hairs; separated at vertex by the width of the ocellar
triangle. Vertical setae not developed. Frontal row with 2 strong pairs of setae close to lunula, the
others hair-like, with a moderately developed and reclinate orbital above them. Antenna inserted at
mid level of eye; flagellomere about 2.6 as long as pedicel. Arista with long plumes. Gena slender,
width similar to that of flagellomere. Palpi slightly clavate.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+2; 2 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars; 2
supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, the posterior one a little shorter than the
anterior. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with one long basal and one
long apical pair of setae, similar in size, and with a few fine latero-inferior setulae on basal third.
Anepisternum with a series of 4 long setae, the three upper placed close to each other and the fourth
placed lower; the row of strong setae interspersed with fine setae; a short seta at upper anterior
angle. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron with a tuft of setulae above and some scattered setulae on
posterior half. Posterior spiracle with a row of black setulae on lower and posterior margins. Lower
calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing vein R4+5 with 1–2 dorsal and ventral setae on the
node at base, and dorsally about 3–5 setulae beyond node, and a row of ventrals longer than the dor-
sals from node almost reaching cross-vein r-m. Fore femur with complete rows of posteroventral,
posterodorsal and dorsal setae; fore tibia with a strong median posterior seta, one dorsal preapical
and one posteroventral apical; mid femur with 3 preapical setae, the more dorsal one shorter; mid
tibia with 2 strong posterior setae on middle third; strong apical seta on ventral and posteroventral
surfaces; hind femur with a complete anterodorsal row of more or less strong setae; 3–4 anteroven-
tral setae on apical third, longer apicad; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, 2 anteroventrals
on median third, one anterodorsal and one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical, all short.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 4–5 each with a marginal row of setae, not much differentiated from
other setulae on Abdomen. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 49.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate a little higher than wide; surstyli short, not passing margin of cer-
cal plate (Figs. 50 and 51). Aedeagus as in Figs. 52 and 53.
FEMALE.— Length. Body. 6.4–6.6 mm, wing: 6.7–6.8 mm.
Differs from male as follows: Frons at vertex very wide, about 0.35 of head-width. Inner and
outer vertical setae developed.
OVIPOSITOR.— Moderately long; tergites and sternites broad, as in Figs. 54 and 55.
Spermathecae as in Fig. 55
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: same data as holotype: 1 female, CASENT 3008926; 1
female, CASENT 3008925 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3008924 (BMNH); 18–21 April 2004, collection
code: BLF10834, CASENT 3003934; 18–21 April 2004, 1 male, CASENT 3008920. Antsiranana Province:
Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 27.6 km 35° NE Andapa, 9.6 km 327° NNW Manantenina,
elev. 775m, 14°26′06″S 49°45′36″E, yellow pan trap—rain forest, 15–18 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al.,
collection code: BLF8873, 1 female, CASENT 3008931. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana,
Talatakely, 30 October–20 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019864.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word niger, meaning black or dark, and refers
to the dark brown mesonotum.
DISCUSSION.— The new species can be distinguished from the others recorded from
Madagascar by the colour pattern of the dorsum of mesonotum and by the presence of only two dor-
socentral postsutural setae.
Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc National
d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest,
15–28 January 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-52, CASENT 8078035.
DIAGNOSIS.— Mesonotum reddish-brown, with a presutural median grey pollinose vitta, best
seen from behind, which continues faintly behind suture, and with less pollinosity than presutural-
ly; presuturally the median vitta is bordered by lateral brown non-pollinose vittae; two grey presu-
tural pollinose areas lateral to the median one, close to the first dorsocentral seta; postpronotum and
notopleuron yellow. Legs yellow. Abdomen with tergites 1+2 and basal half of tergite 3 somewhat
yellow. Dorsocentrals 2+2.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown. Head with frons brown; fronto-orbital plate brown,
silver pollinose; gena brown with very little silver pollinosity. Antenna with pedicel reddish-yellow
and flagellomere brown. Palpus brown. Anterior and posterior spiracles yellow. Black setae on pos-
terior spiracle margin strongly contrasting with its pale colour. Pleura yellowish-brown but not uni-
formly so, with some grey pollinosity. Anepimeron with black setulae. Calypters whitish, with
whitish margins. Haltere yellow. Wing clear. Legs yellow. Abdomen brownish-grey pollinose; ter-
gite 1+2 and basal half of tergite 3 yellow; tergites 3–5 with lateral brown spots, those on tergite 5
smaller; the differentiated lateral and discal setae each with a small brown bristle-base.
HEAD.— Eyes with very short and sparse hairs, separated at vertex by width of ocellar trian-
gle, a little narrower towards middle of eyes and strongly diverging towards lunula. Fronto-orbital
plate slender. Vertical setae short. Frontal row with 5 pairs of setae, the longest one close to lunula.
Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere about 2.6 times as long as pedicel. Arista with
long plumes. Gena slender, its width similar to that of flagellomere. Palpus slightly clavate.
long apical pair of setae, similar in size, and with a few fine latero-inferior setulae on basal two-
thirds. Anepisternum with a series of 4 long setae, the three upper ones placed close one to the other,
and the fourth placed lower; some fine setae among the strong ones; a short seta at anterior upper
angle. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron with a tuft of setulae above and some scattered setulae on
posterior half. Posterior spiracle with a row of black setulae on lower and posterior margins. Lower
calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing vein R4+5 with 1–3 dorsal and ventral setae on the
node, and 1–2 ventrals slightly beyond this. Fore femur with complete rows of posteroventral, pos-
terodorsal and dorsal setae; fore tibia without median or submedian setae; one dorsal preapical and
one posteroventral apical; mid femur with about 5 fine and sparse ventral setae on basal half; pos-
terior surface with 2–3 preapical setae; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on middle third; hind femur
with a complete anterodorsal row of more or less strong setae; anteroventral setae on apical third,
longer apicad; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, 2 anteroventrals on median third, one
anterodorsal and one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical, all short.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 1+2–5 each with two pairs of lateral setae; tergites3–5 each with a dis-
cal row of setae. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 56.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate and surstyli as in Figs. 57 and 58. Aedeagus as in Figs. 59 and 60.
OVIPOSITOR.— Moderately long; tergites and sternites broad, as in Figs. 61 and 62.
Spermathecae as in Fig. 62.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: Same data as holotype: 1 female, CASENT 8078036; 1
male, CASENT 8078037; 1 female, CASENT 8078034; 29 June–10 July 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-
31, 1 female, CASENT2070582; 1 female, CASENT 2070589; 1 female, CASENT 2070603; 1 female,
CASENT 2070581; 1 female, CASENT 2070597 (BMNH); 28 January–12 February 2004, collection code:
MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT 8078189; 1 female, CASENT 8078188 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT
8078191; 1 female, CASENT 8078190; 6–18 March 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-56, 1 female, CASENT
8078013; 1 male, CASENT 8078014 (MNRJ); 10–21 September 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-39, 1
female, CASENT 3010882; 30 October–9 November 2003, 1 female, CASENT 3010986 (MNRJ).
DISCUSSION.— The new species can be distinguished from the others recorded from
Madagascar by the tricoloured pattern of the dorsum of mesonotum and by the presence of only two
postsutural dorsocentral setae.
Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

National Ranomafana, Talatakely, trail FF, elev. 915–1000 m, 4– 20 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo,
CASENT 8019658.
DIAGNOSIS.— Eyes very strongly developed, their margins touching at mid level; wings bare,
general colour dark brown, shining, with scutellum and at least apical half of tergite 5 yellow and
strongly contrasting with the ground-colour.

GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour dark brown, somewhat shining. Head with frons brown,
reddish-yellow close to lunula; fronto-orbital plate silver pollinose; gena light brown. Antenna with
pedicel brownish-yellow and flagellomere brown. Palpus brown. Anterior and posterior spiracles
yellow. Black setae on margin of posterior spiracle strongly contrasting with its pale colour.
Mesonotum dark brown, a little shining, with 3 pollinose presutural areas in some specimens; post-
pronotum brownish-yellow; some yellow lateral areas present on mesonotum in some specimens;
scutellum entirely yellow, a little shining. Pleura dark brown, not uniform in colour, with some yel-
lowish areas. Anepimeron with black setulae. Calypters slightly brownish, with darker margins.
Haltere yellow. Wing clear. Legs with femora brown and tibia and tarsi yellow. Abdomen brown to
dark brown, somewhat shining; tergite 5 yellow at least on its apical half.
HEAD.— Eyes with very short and sparse hairs, very strongly developed, separated at vertex
by the width of the ocellar triangle, and just below ocellar triangle with their margins touching and
then strongly diverging towards lunula. Fronto-orbital plate very slender. Vertical setae short.
Frontal row with about 5 pairs of setae, the longest pair close to lunula. Antenna inserted at mid
level of eye; flagellomere about 2.6 times as long as pedicel. Arista with long plumes. Gena slen-
der, its width similar to that of flagellomere. Palpi slightly clavate.
long apical pair of setae, similar in size, and with a few fine latero-inferior setulae on basal two-
thirds. Anepisternum with a series of 5 long and strong setae, with some fine setae among them, and
a shorter one at anterior upper angle. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron with a tuft of setulae above
and a very few scattered ones in posterior half. Posterior spiracle with a row of black setulae on
lower margin. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore femur with
complete rows of posteroventral, posterodorsal and dorsal setae; fore tibia without median or sub-
median setae; one strong dorsal preapical and one posteroventral apical; mid femur with about 4
preapical setae, one dorsal, one posterodorsal and 2 posterior; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on
middle third; hind femur with a complete anterodorsal row of setae and 4–5 anteroventrals on api-
cal third, longer apicad; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, 2 anteroventrals on median third,
one anterodorsal and one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical, all short.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 3–4 each with two pairs of lateral setae; tergites 3–5 each with a discal
row of setae, none very differentiated from ground-setulae. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 63.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate more or less as wide as high; surstyli short, not passing cercal
plate margin (Figs. 64 and 65). Aedeagus as in Figs. 66 and 67.
OVIPOSITOR.— Moderately long; tergites broad as in Figs. 68 and 69. Spermathecae as in Fig.
69.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy,
Antranohofa, 26.6 km 31° NNE Andapa, 10.7 km 318° NW Manantenina, elev. 1325m, 14°26′36″S
49°44′36″E, yellow pan trap—montane shrubland, 18 November 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9081
1 female, CASENT 3009040; 1 female, CASENT 3009037 (MNRJ). Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National
Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high alti-
tude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT
3009399; 16 October–8 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-01, 1 male, CASENT 3010420. Radio
tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 14–21 January
2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-12, 1 male, CASENT 3009783. Belle Vue at Talatakely,
elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 26 February–4 March 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-18, 1 male, CASENT 3010591. Belle Vue Trail, elev. 1000 m,
21°15.6′S 47°25.6′E, tropical forest, 21 December 1999, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, collection code:
MEI.99-MA-7, 1 female, CASENT 8018206 (BMNH).
DISCUSSION.— The general body colour very closely resembles D. madagascariensis, but in
that species the scutellum is black and the abdominal tergite 1+2 is yellow.
Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR. Fianarantsoa Province: Belle
Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 28 January–4
February 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-18, 1 male, CASENT 3010478.
DIAGNOSIS.— Males can be easily distinguished by the preapical ventral tuft of long setae on
hind femur. The reddish ground-colour of the mesonotum and the yellow postpronotum in almost
all the specimens also helps to identify the species.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour reddish-brown. Head with frons brown, reddish close to
lunula; fronto-orbital plate with very little grey pollinosity; gena light brown. Antenna with pedicel
yellowish and flagellomere brown. Palpus brown. Anterior and posterior spiracles yellow. Black
setae on margin of posterior spiracle strongly contrasting with its pale colour. Mesonotum reddish-
brown, a little shining, with 3 grey pollinose vittae, the median one larger and best seen from
behind; postpronotum yellowish. Pleura reddish-brown with some grey pollinosity. Anepimeron
with black setulae. Calypters whitish with whitish margins. Haltere yellow. Wing clear. Legs yel-
low. Abdomen brown with tergite 1+2 and usually basal half of tergite 3 yellow; tergite 5 yellow at
least at apex.
HEAD.— Eyes with very short and sparse hairs, well developed, separated at vertex by the
width of ocellar triangle, just below ocellar triangle with their margins touching and then strongly
diverging towards lunula. Fronto-orbital plate very slender. Vertical setae short. Frontal row with
about 4–5 pairs of setae, the longest one close to lunula. Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; fla-
gellomere about 2.6 times as long as pedicel. Arista with long plumes. Gena slender, its width sim-
ilar to that of flagellomere. Palpus slightly clavate.
long apical pair of setae, similar in size, and with fine latero-inferior setula on basal two-thirds.
Anepisternum with a series of 4–5 long and strong setae, and with some fine setae among them; a
shorter one at anterior upper angle. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron with a tuft of setulae above and
scattered setulae on posterior half. Posterior spiracle with a row of black setulae on lower margin.
Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore femur with complete rows
of posteroventral, posterodorsal and dorsal setae; fore tibia without median or submedian setae; one
strong dorsal preapical and one posteroventral apical; mid femur with about 4 preapical setae, one
dorsal, one posterodorsal and 2 posterior, the latter two longer; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on
middle third; hind femur with a complete anterodorsal row of setae and 2–3 anteroventrals on api-
cal fourth, one preapical dorsal, one anterodorsal and one posterodorsal; posteroventral surface with
a preapical tuft of long setae with curled tips; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal, 2 anteroven-
trals on median third, one anterodorsal and one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical, all short.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 3–4 each with two pairs of lateral setae; tergites 3–5 each with a discal
row of setae, none very differentiated from the ground-setulae. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 70.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate with deep median concavities; surstyli passing cercal plate mar-
gin (Figs. 71 and 72). Aedeagus as in Figs. 73 and 74.
outer vertical setae developed. Hind femur without a preapical tuft of setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Moderately long; tergites broad (Figs. 75 and 76). Spermathecae as in Fig. 76.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: Same data as holotype: 28 January–4 February 2002, col-
lection code: MA-02-09C-14, 1 female, CASENT 3010477; 22–28 November 2001, MA-02-09C-04, 1
female, CASENT 3009745; 1 female, CASENT3009730; 1 male, CASENT 3009737 (MNRJ); 3–13 June
2002, collection code: MA-02-09C-31, 1 female, CASENT 3010405; 26 February–4 March 2002, collection
code: MA-02-09C-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010592 (MNRJ). Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m,
21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collec-
tion code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT 3010020 (BMNH); 15–22 April 2002, collection code: MA-
02-09A-25, 1 female, CASENT 3010491. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E,
Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-12, 1
female, CASENT 3009779. JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690
m, 28 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-04, 1 female, CASENT 3010541; 28
November–6 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09D-05, 1 female, CASENT 3010548; 16 October–8
November, collection code: MA-02-09D-01, 1 male, CASENT 3010415 (BNMH).
DISCUSSION.— In Emden’s (1942a) key, the new species runs to couplet 47 and to D. immac-
uliventris Malloch which differs from the new species by the pale mesonotum with one median
dusted vitta and yellow palpus. This new species is actually extraordinarily similar to Dichaetomyia
fasciculifera (Stein, 1910), from the Seychelles. The male of D. fasciculifera differs from that of D.
flabellifera by having the hind tibia dark brown, the tuft of curled setae on hind femur longer and
more compact, and the scutum shining yellow and undusted.
Dimorphia Malloch, 1922

DIAGNOSIS.— Arista plumose; prosternum bare or setulose; anepimeron and meron bare; weak
anterior intra-alar seta present only in female; prealar short and strong; several wing veins with
black setulae on the greater part of their length, usually on Sc, Rs, R4+5 and M as follows: ventral
surface of vein R before the cross-vein, usually on both surfaces; on base of Sc, usually on both sur-
faces; ventral surface of R4+5 almost to the cross-vein; on both surfaces of M to beyond posterior
cross-vein; and also sometimes on lower surface of Cu; vein M distinctly curved upwards at apex;
hind tibia without calcar. [REF. Emden 1951].
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Five species are widespread from the east to south of the
Afrotropical region, including Mauritius, Madagascar and the Congo Basin. Emden (1951) men-
tioned that very few characters have been found to segregate the species of the genus and that the
colour of the thorax and abdomen are apparently variable in females. He gave a key to the 5 species
recorded from the Afrotropical region.
The larva of D. cognata breeds in cow dung.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only one species has been recorded from Madagascar, D. cognata
(Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (as D. flavicornis in Emden’s (1940) key). The species is widespread
in east to southern Africa, also occurring in Cameroun, Réunion, Madagascar and Socotra. It can be
recognized by the conspicually narrowed cell r5 at apex and sinuous cross-vein dm; lower katepis-
ternal seta as strong as anterior one; hind coxa bare on posterior surface. The species was found in
the material studied.
D. cognata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 male,
CASENT 3009226. Manderano, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise trap, edge of marsh, 5 m from
road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF035, 1 male,
CASENT 3009328. Fiherenana, elev. 50 m, 23°14′07″S 43°52′15″E, Malaise trap, in degraded gallery forest,
1–4 December 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF049, 1 male, CASENT 3009269. 16
km east Sakaraha, Zombitse Nature Reserve, 825 m, 22°88′23″S 44°70′06″E, 13 December 1999, tropical for-
est on sand, M.E. Irwin and E I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code:
MEI.99-MA.14, 1 female, CASENT 8018319. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S
43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, deciduous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-
18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010091. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m,
24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 28 March–8 April 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-20, 1 male, CASENT 2070508; 8–18 March 2003, collection code:
MA-02-20-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010946; 1 female, CASENT 3010945; 30 October–9 November 2003,
collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1 female, CASENT 3010995; 1 female, CASENT 3010992; 29 June–10 July
2003, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1 female, CASENT 2070612; 15–28 January, collection code: MA-02-
20-52, 1 female, CASENT 8078030; 28 January–12 February 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 female,
CASENT 8078199; 1 female, CASENT 8078198. Mahajanga Province: Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km
N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43 m; 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap, in deciduous forest, 28
September–5 October 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-17, 1 female, CASENT 2070634.
Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Ambatondrazaka, Station Agric. Alaotra, 800 m, 24 December 1957, 3
males, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH).
Fraserella Steyskal, 1966

DIAGNOSIS.— Eyes haired; arista plumose; two or three pairs of well developed acrostichal
setae; dorsocentrals 3+4; lower calypter large; vein M curved forward at apex; mid tibia with a
strong submedian posteroventral seta; hind tibia with a short calcar; wing veins bare; prosternum,
anepimeron and meron bare.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— The genus is recorded from the Afrotropical region only on the basis
of one unnamed species from Madagascar.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only one unnamed species is known from Madagascar, closely simi-
lar to the Oriental species Fraserella altivolans Steyskal, 1966.
MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNNAMED SPECIES

MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: dct [District of] Diego Suarez, Montagne d’Ambre, 1000 m, 23
November–4 December 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

DIAGNOSIS.— Mesonotum and abdomen with characteristic colour patterns; male holoptic;
female without interfrontal setae; arista enlarged on basal third, plumose; dorsocentrals 2+4; pre-
alar absent; postalar wall, suprasquamal ridge and prosternum bare; anepimeron, proepisternum and
prosternum bare; anterior katepisternal seta absent; lower calypter broad, of the Musca-type; pos-
terior spiracle bare on margins; hind tibia without calcar; vein M curved forwards at apex; vein R4+5
setulose at base; sternite 1 setulose. (Couri and Carvalho 2002).
The larvae live in liquid or semi-liquid substrates and are highly predaceous, feeding especial-
ly on larvae of other Diptera (Syrphidae and Ptychopteridae).
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Thirteen species of Graphomya have been recorded from the
Afrotropical region, widely distributed throughout the region.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— G. rossi Zielke, 1974 is the only Graphomya species known to occur
in Madagascar, and is endemic. The species has a well developed head in relation to the rest of the
body; antenna and palpus dark brown; mesonotal and abdominal colour patterns differing from the
characteristic markings in Graphomya, as follows: one median presutural vitta and two laterals well
marked presuturally, none of them reaching scutellum; abdominal tergites 1+2 and 3 yellow with a
thin median brownish-grey pollinose vitta, tergites 4 and 5 brown with grey pollinosity on middle
third. No Graphomya was found among the material studied, but the holotype of G. rossi is in the
CAS collection and was examined.

G. rossi: MADAGASCAR: 65 km S. of Antananarivo [Tananarive], 25 November 1959, E.S. Ross,
Holotypus Graphomya rossi, E. Zielke det 1972. Type no. CAS11874.
Hebecnema Schnabl, 1889

DIAGNOSIS.— Eyes very well developed, especially in males where they almost touch at the
middle; arista plumose; prealar seta absent; presutural acrostichal hairs in 4 more or less regular
rows, those in outer rows longer and stronger than those in inner rows; dorsocentrals 2+4; katepis-
ternals 1+2; one well developed prostigmatal seta; anepimeron bare; vein M not curved forwards;
fore tibia without median seta; hind tibia with one anteroventral and one anterodorsal setae, calcar
absent. [REF. Emden 1951]
The larvae are obligate carnivores, living mainly in dung but occasionally in decaying plant
material.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— The Afrotropical fauna contains 6 species. Emden (1951) gave a key
to 4 of them.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only H. semiflava Stein, 1913 has been recorded from Madagascar.
This is a small (body length: 3.5–5.0 mm) muscid with antenna and palpus dark brown; thorax and
scutellum dark brown; legs dark brown, tibia brownish-yellow; abdomen dark brown with a little
grey pollinosity; hind leg long, longer than the length of mesonotum. It is widespread from east to
southern Africa, also occurring in Ghana, Rwanda, D.R. Congo, Mauritius and the Comoros Is. The
species was found among our material, and the series shows considerable variation in the colour
mainly of the legs, antenna, palpus and halteres, as was also recorded by Emden (1951). A new
species was also found and is described here.
Key to the Madagascan Species of Hebecnema

1. Postpronotum concolorous with mesonotum; abdomen brown and yellow, but never entirely yel-
low; legs yellow and brown; flagellomere usually brown (widespread east to southern Africa,
also occurring in Ghana, Rwanda, D.R. Congo, Mauritius and the Comoros Is.) . . H. semiflava
Stein
Postpronotum yellow, contrasting with the brown mesonotum; abdomen entirely yellow; legs
yellow, tarsi somewhat brown; flagellomere entirely yellow (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. humeralis, sp. nov.

H. semiflava: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River,
28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, elev. 450 m, 14°26′12″S 49°46′30″E, Malaise
trap—rain forest, 12–25 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al., collection code: BLF8723, 1 female, CASENT
3008907; 1 male, CASENT 3000908; 1 female, CASENT 3008909; 1 female, CASENT 3008912; 1 female,
CASENT 3008905; 1 female, CASENT 3008910; 1 female, CASENT 3008906 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT
3010156; 1 female, CASENT 3010138; 1 male, CASENT 3010139; 1 male, CASENT 3010147 (MNRJ); 1
female, CASENT 3010137; 1 male, CASENT 3010155; 1 male, CASENT 3010153; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3010133; 1 female, CASENT 3010154. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana,
Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest,
6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT 3009998; 1
female, CASENT 3010001; 15–22 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-03, 1 female,
CASENT 3010047; 31 March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female, CASENT 3009375; 1 male,
CASENT 3009376; 19–26 February 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-17, 1 female, CASENT 3010454.
Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21
December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010856. JIRAMA,
water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev. 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala,
collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 female, CASENT 3009940; 1 female, CASENT 3009988; 1 male,
CASENT 3009933; 1 female, CASENT 3009941; 16 October–8 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-
09D-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010413; 8–15 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-09D-02, 1 female,
CASENT 3010725. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, decid-
uous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT
3010119; 1 female, CASENT 3010098. Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise
trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 female,
CASENT 3009817; 1 female, CASENT 3009814 (MNRJ); 22–28 November 2001, collection code: MA-02-
09C-04, 1 female, CASENT 3009749; 12–19 February 2002, collection code: MA-02-09C-16, 1 female,
CASENT 3009771. Vakoana, 1520 m, Andringitra Ambalavao, 21–24 January 1958, 1 male, 2 females, B.R.
Stuckenberg (NMSA). Toliara Province: Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery
forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 female, CASENT
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 female, CASENT 3009598. Mikea Forest, NW of
Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010097; 21–31 August 2003, collection
code: MA-02-18A-66, 1 female, CASENT 3010293. Mahajanga Province: Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160
km N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43 m, 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap, in deciduous forest, 19–26
October 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-20, 1 female, CASENT 30103509. Toamasina
Province: Moramanga, Route d’Anosibe, 840 m, 18-24 December 1957, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
Ivontaka, 15 m, dct [District of] Mananara, 10–14 March 1958, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (BMNH).
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HEBECNEMA

Hebecnema humeralis, Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: JIRAMA, water works,
21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09D-11, CASENT 3009932.
DIAGNOSIS.— Antenna with scape, pedicel and arista brownish-yellow. Palpus brown on basal
half and yellow on apical half. Anterior spiracle yellow. Mesonotum dark brown, little shining with
some grey pollinosity; postpronotum and abdomen entirely yellow and strongly contrasting with
mesonotum. Haltere yellow. Legs yellow, tarsi brown.
GENERAL COLOR.— Head with frons and fronto-orbital plates brown, with some grey pollinos-
ity; and parafacial and gena brown, with intense grey pollinosity. Antenna with scape, pedicel and
arista brownish-yellow. Palpus brown on basal half and yellow on apical half. Anterior spiracle yel-
low, posterior spiracle brown. Mesonotum dark brown, a little shining, with no traces of vittae and
with some grey pollinosity; postpronotum yellow and strongly contrasting with mesonotum.
Calypters whitish-yellow. Haltere yellow. Wing clear. Legs yellow, tarsi brown. Abdomen entirely
yellow, with no trace of spots.
FEMALE.— Length. Body: 3.8–5.0 mm, wing: 4.0–5.3 mm.
HEAD.— Frons at vertex about one-third of head-width. Fronto-orbital plate slender. Vertical
setae developed. Ocellar triangle short. Frontal row with 5–6 pairs of setae. Antenna inserted at mid
level of eye; flagellomere long, about 3.5 times as long as pedicel. Arista with long plumes. Gena
slender, less than width of flagellomere. Palpus filiform.
supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal
ridge bare. Scutellum with one long basal and one long apical pair of setae, similar in size.
Anepisternum with a series of 4 long and strong setae with 2–3 fine setae among them.
Katepisternals 1+2, the anterior and the lower ones moderately developed, the posterior one very
long. Anepimeron bare. Posterior spiracle with margins bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as
upper one. Wing with 1–2 ventral hairs on basal node of vein R4+5. Fore femur with a complete row
of posterodorsal, dorsal and posteroventral setae, the latter longer and more spaced; fore tibia with-
out median or submedian setae, one dorsal preapical; mid femur with 2 preapical dorsal setae; mid
tibia with 2 posterior setae on middle third and a very strong ventral apical; hind femur with a com-
plete anterodorsal row of setae and 3–4 anteroventrals on apical third; hind tibia with one median
anterodorsal and one submedian anteroventral setae, both short; one dorsal preapical and one ven-
tral apical.
ABDOMEN.— Tergite 4 with a marginal row of setae; tergite 5 with a marginal and a discal row
of setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Mydaea-type, as in Fig. 77. Spermathecae as in Fig. 77.
MALE.— Unknown.
LARVAE.— General aspect, cephalopharyngeal skeleton and posterior spiracles as in Figs.
78–80.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: same
data as holotype: 1 female, CASENT 3009966; 1 female, CASENT 3009957 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT
3009958; 1 female, CASENT 3009959; 1 female, CASENT 3009982 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT 3009934;
1 female, CASENT 3009963 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009952; 1 female, CASENT 3009948. Parc
tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 female, CASENT
3009849 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT 3009822; 14–24 July 2002, collection code: MA-02-09C-35, 1 female,
CASENT 3010481. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed
tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3009895; 26–31 March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09B-22, 1 female, CASENT 3010682.
Vohiparara at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest,
25 May–4 June 2001, Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-30, 1 female, CASENT 3010559; female,
CASENT 3010560; 1 female, CASENT 3010561; 15–22 April 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-25, 1
female, CASENT 3010488; 1 female, CASENT 3010489.
DISCUSSION.— As stated in Emden (1951), the Afrotropical species of this genus are extreme-
ly homogeneous in structural characters and can mainly be separated by colour patterns, although
there is also a considerable infra-specific variation. The new species differs from the other one
recorded from Madagascar and also from its other congeners by the yellow flagellomere, post-
pronotum, legs and abdomen which contrast with the dark brown thorax and face. This pattern is
homogeneous throughout the type-series and does not conform to any of the four colour patterns
mentioned by Emden (1940) for H. semiflava. The new species is viviparous, as the larva was found
inside the abdomen, and this is the second record of a viviparous species of Hebecnema. Skidmore
(1985) stated that: “Whilst most species deposit eggs in the pabulum, at least one species (infusca-
ta) appears to be viviparous.” H. infuscata (Bigot) is known only from New Caledonia and Papua
New Guinea, where it is widespread up to 900 m.
Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

DIAGNOSIS.— Male head holoptic or dichoptic; eyes with few hairs; arista plumose; mesono-
tum with 4 dark vittae; dorsocentrals 2+3; fore tibia without median seta; veins R4+5 and M con-
spicuously divergent at apex; prosternum and anepimeron bare; wing veins bare; prealar present in
male; hind tibia with the calcar absent.
The larvae are obligate carnivores, and live mainly in moss, humus soil, the diseased and
decaying parts of trees or herbaceous plants, and decaying fruits.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Helina is one of the largest muscid genera in the Afrotropical region,
with 96 species distributed throughout the region.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Two Helina species have been described and are endemic to
Madagascar: H. cyanea (Stein, 1906) and H. insignis (Séguy, 1935), the latter also found in our
material. H. lucida (Stein, 1913) is recorded for the first time from Madagascar, where it was main-
ly collected in Mahajanga Province and is represented by a long series (with more material in alco-
hol). This species has an “Anthomyia-pattern” on the mesonotum, i.e a transverse brown band just
behind suture. It can be easily identified with the key by Emden (1951). Most of the specimens have
the transverse band semi-interrupted by a narrow dorsocentral line of pale dust, as in the Eritrean
specimens mentioned in Emden’s (1951) key. Three new species are described here, H. flavomac-
ulata, sp. nov., H. carpiae, sp. nov., and H. grisella, sp. nov.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Helina

1. Mesonotum with an “Anthomyia-pattern”, with a transverse brown band just behind suture, par-
tially or entirely interrupted by grey dust along the dorsocentral rows of setae; 2 narrow presu-
tural vittae between acrostichal and dosocentral rows of setae, not reaching suture (Ethiopia,
Kenya, Rwanda, southern Africa, D.R. Congo, Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. lucida (Stein)
Mesonotum with a different colour pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Mesonotum and/or abdomen shining blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mesonotum brown, not shining blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Postpronotum, scutellum and apical half of tergite 5 yellow (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. flavomaculata, sp. nov.
Postpronotum, scutellum and apical half of tergite 5 concolorous with rest of body . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Body covered with a white and velvety pruinosity; head dark brown with silver pollinosity on
lunula, fronto-orbital plate, gena and ocellar triangle, the latter reaching lunula (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. insignis (Séguy)
Body not covered with white pruinosity; general colour of head different from that described
above. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. cyanea (Stein)
5. Dorsum of mesonotum with a strongly golden dusted median vitta beginning after suture and
expanding towards scutellum (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. carpiae, sp. nov.

Dorsum of mesonotum grey pollinose with no golden dusted median vitta (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. grisella, sp. nov.

H. insignis: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken
bridge, elev. 1110 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 31 March–8 April 2002,
R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010570; 1 male, CASENT 3010578; 18
October–8 November, collection code: MA-02-09A-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010419.
H. lucida: MADAGASCAR: Mahajanga Province: Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km N of Maevatanana
on RN 04, elev. 43 m, 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap, in deciduous forest, 12–19 October 2003, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-19, 1 male, CASENT 3010512; 1 male, CASENT 3010511; 1 female,
CASENT 3010514; 1 female, CASENT 3010537; 1 male, CASENT 3010515; 1 female, CASENT 3010516;
1 male, CASENT 3010519; 1 female, CASENT 3010520 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010521; 1 male,
CASENT 3010522; 1 male, CASENT 3010523; 1 female, CASENT 3010524; 1 female, CASENT 3010525;
1 male, CASENT 3010526; 1 female, CASENT 3010527; 1 male, CASENT 3010528; 1 male, CASENT
3010529; 1 female, CASENT 3010530; 1 female, CASENT 3010531; 1 male, CASENT 3010532; 1 female,
1 female, CASENT 3010537; 1 female, CASENT 3010538; 1 female, CASENT 3010539; 1 male, CASENT
3010517; 1 male, CASENT 3010540; 19–26 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-20, 1 male, CASENT
3010376; 1 female, CASENT 3010608; 1 female, CASENT 3010609; 1 male, CASENT 3010604; 1 male,
CASENT 3010605; 1 male, CASENT 3010606; 1 male, CASENT 3010607 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT
3010610; 1 male, CASENT 3010611; 1 female, CASENT 3010844; 1 male, CASENT 3010848; 1 male,
CASENT 3010399; 1 female, CASENT 3010398; 1 male, CASENT 3010371; 1 male, CASENT 3010376; 1
1 male, CASENT 3010381; 1 male, CASENT 3010394; 1 male, CASENT 3010402; 1 female, CASENT
1 female, CASENT 3010391; 1 female, CASENT 3010400; 26 October–2 November 2003, collection code:
MA-25-21, 1 male, CASENT 3010817; 24–31 August 2003, collection code: MA-25-12, 1 female, CASENT
3010692; 1 female, CASENT 3010693 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010694; 1 female, CASENT 3010697;
CASENT 3010712; 1 female, CASENT 3010715; 1 female, CASENT 3010716; 1 female, CASENT 3010717
CASENT 3010698 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010703 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010713; 1 male,
CASENT 3010700; 1 male, CASENT 3010695; 1 male, CASENT 3010703; 5–12 October 2003, collection
code: MA-25-16, 1 female, CASENT 3010319; 1 female, CASENT 30103335; 1 female, CASENT 3010334;
3010324; 1 female, CASENT 3010338; 9–20 November 2003, collection code: MA-25-23, 1 male, CASENT
3010792; 1 male, CASENT 3010619; 1 male, CASENT 3010621; 1 female, CASENT 3010620; 7–14
September 2003, collection code: MA-25-14, 1 female, CASENT 3010451; 1 female, CASENT 3010448; 1
male, CASENT 3010452; 1 male, CASENT 3010450; 14–22 November 2003, collection code: MA-25-15, 1
CASENT 3010738; 28 September–5 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-17, 1 male, CASENT 3010472;
1 female, CASENT 3010473; 1 male, CASENT 3010624; 1 male, CASENT 3010625; 1 male, CASENT
1 male, CASENT 3010674; 1 male, CASENT 3010676; 1 female, CASENT 3010626; 1 female, CASENT
3010636; 1 female, CASENT 3010639; 1 female, CASENT 3010631; 1 male, CASENT 3010638. Toliara
Province: Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise
trap in transitional forest, 29 June–10 July 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-
20-31, 1 male, CASENT 2070583; 1 female, CASENT 2070613. Fiherenana, elev. 65 m, 23°13.351′S
43°52.853′E, Malaise trap, in degraded riparian forest close to water, 5–10 August 2003, Frontier Wilderness
Project, collection code: MGF076, 1 female, CASENT 3009189.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HELINA

Helina flavomaculata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Radio
tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 31 March–9
April 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-23, CASENT 3010409.
DIAGNOSIS.— H. flavomaculata, sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other metallic
Madagascan Muscidae by the yellow postpronotum, scutellum and apical half of tergite 5, which
strongly contrast with other parts of the thorax and abdomen.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour metallic blue, with postpronotum, scutellum and apical
half of tergite 5 yellow. Head with frons dark brown; ocellar triangle grey pollinose; fronto-orbital
plate dark brown, grey pollinose from certain angles, between third and fourth frontal pair of setae;
and slightly shining around the insertions of the three first and the two last frontals; with a dark
brown mark at level of apex of pedicel. Face yellowish, strongly yellow below. Gena brown, grey
pollinose. Antenna with pedicel yellow and flagellomere and arista dark brown. Palpus dark brown.
Anterior spiracle yellow and posterior one metallic blue. Calypters yellowish, hyaline. Haltere yel-
low with whitish knob. Wing clear. Legs dark brown, apex of trochanter and extreme base of mid
and hind femora yellow. Abdomen metallic green/blue; tergite 5 metallic blue, yellow on apical
half.
FEMALE.— Length. Body: 6.2 mm, wing: 6.0 mm.
HEAD.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. Vertical
setae moderately developed; ocellar seta long. Frontal row with 5 pairs of setae, the longest one
close to lunula. Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere about 2.5 times as long as pedi-
cel. Arista with long hairs. Gena about as wide as flagellomere. Palpus filiform.
supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal
ridge bare. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae. Anepisternum with a series of 4 long and strong
setae and a shorter one between third and fourth. Katepisternals 1+1. Anepimeron bare. Posterior
spiracle with margins bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore
femur with complete and sparse rows of long posterodorsal and posteroventral setae; fore tibia with
a short median anterodorsal seta; with preapical anterodorsal, posterodorsal and posteroventral
setae; mid femur with a row of anterior setae on basal half; one anterodorsal seta on apical third;
three posterior preapical setae; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on middle third; one long and strong
ventral, anteroventral and posteroventral apical setae; hind femur with a complete row of anterodor-
sal setae; 4–5 well spaced anteroventral setae, the last two on apical third; hind tibia with 1
anteroventral submedian seta and a very short one above this, and 2 anterodorsals on middle third;
one dorsal and posterodorsal preapical and one long and strong ventral apical.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 4–5 with strong row of discal setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor and spermathecae as in Figs. 81 and 82.
MALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National
Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in high altitude
rainforest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-12, CASENT 3010615.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin words flavus, meaning yellow, and macula,
meaning spot, and refers to the contrasting colouration of the postpronotum, scutellum, and apical
half of tergite 5.
DISCUSSION.— In Emden’s (1951) key, the new species runs to H. juxtamedialis Emden, as
both species have 2 strong presutural dorsocentral setae, but that species is not metallic and the tho-
rax is densely dusted with two pairs of vittae.
Helina carpiae Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in
high altitude rainforest, 12–19 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-20, CASENT
3010042.
DIAGNOSIS.— H. carpiae, sp. nov. has a very peculiar colour pattern on the dorsum of the
mesonotum: there is a strongly golden dusted median vitta beginning after suture and expanding
towards scutellum (the extent of this area varies in the series before us).
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour dark brown. Head with frons, fronto-orbital plate, parafa-
cial and gena dark brown, with some grey pollinosity, a little more intense on fronto-orbital plate
near lunula from certain angles. Antenna and arista dark brown, apex of pedicel grey pollinose.
Palpus dark brown. Anterior and posterior spiracles dark brown. Mesonotum dark brown with three
grey pollinose vittae, one median and two along dorsocentral rows of setae, more visible presutu-
rally, but extending as far as second pair of postsutural dorsocentral setae; postsuturally with an
intense golden pollinose area beginning as a very thin vitta medially just after suture and expand-
ing towards scutellum (the extent of this area varies within the series); scutellum with the same
golden pollinosity. Calypters yellowish, with yellow margins. Haltere dark brown. Wing clear. Legs
uniformly brown, pulvilli light brown. Abdomen dark brown, with no differentiated markings.
HEAD.— Holoptic, distance between eyes about 0.16 of head-width at level of anterior ocellus.
Vertical setae very short; ocellar setae long. Frontal row with 5 pairs of setae, the longest pair close
to lunula. Antenna inserted below mid level of eye; flagellomere about twice as long as pedicel.
Arista with long hairs. Gena about twice as wide as flagellomere. Palpus filiform.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+3, all long, only the first presutural pair short-
er; 2 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars; 2 supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two
setae, similar in size. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with two pairs of
long setae. Anepisternum with a series of 4–5 long and strong setae and with some fine setae among
them. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron bare. Posterior spiracle with margins bare. Lower calypter
about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore femur with complete rows of spaced pos-
terodorsal and posteroventral setae, the last ones longer; fore tibia without median or submedian
setae; one dorsal preapical; mid femur with a row of spaced anteroventral and anterodorsal setae on
basal half; 2 preapical dorsal setae; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on middle third; one long and
strong ventral apical; hind femur with a complete anterodorsal row of spaced setae; 2–3 anteroven-
trals on apical half; hind tibia with 1 anteroventral submedian seta; 2 anterodorsals on middle third;
one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical long and strong.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 2–5 each with a marginal row of setae; tergites 4 and 5 with a discal row
of setae. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 83.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs. 84–86.
Differs from male as follows.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of
anterior ocellus.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor and spermatheca as in Figs. 87 and 88.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: Same data as holotype: 15–22 November 2001, collec-
tion code: MA-02-09A-03, 1 female, CASENT 3010048; 6–15 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09A-
06, 1 female, CASENT 3010012. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise
trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female,
CASENT 3010852; 31 March–9 April 2002, collection code: MA-02-09B-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010411;
14–21 January 2002, collection code: MA-02-09B-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009784. Belle Vue Trail, elev.
1000 m, 21°15.6′S 47°25.6′E, tropical forest, 21 December 1999, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, collection
code: MEI.99-MA-7, 1 female, CASENT 8018255; 1 female, CASENT 8018257 (BMNH); 1 female,
CASENT 8018258 (MNRJ).
ETYMOLOGY.— The name refers to Celina Carpi, a friend and supporter of the senior author.
DISCUSSION.— In Emden’s (1951) key, H. carpiae, sp. nov. runs to couplet 7, but the colour
pattern of the mesonotum, with its dense golden pollinosity does not fit the species in that couplet
which, in any case, has subsequently been transferred to the genus Hebecnema.
Helina grisella Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Manderano,
elev. 70 m, 23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest at edge of marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, CASENT 3009025.
DIAGNOSIS.— Mesonotum brown, grey pollinose, with two faint and less pollinose vittae that
are better seen presuturally; presutural acrostichal setulae in 3–4 rows. Abdomen brownish-grey
pollinose; tergite 3 with two round brown spots; tergites 4 and 5 with small brown bristle-dots at
the bases of the discal and marginal setae.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour dark brown with grey pollinosity. Head with frons brown;
ocellar triangle grey pollinose; fronto-orbital plate dull grey, parafacial and gena more silvery,
parafacial with a large matt spot opposite antennal insertion. Antenna and arista dark brown, pedi-
cel somewhat reddish in some specimens. Palpus dark brown, reddish at base. Anterior and poste-
rior spiracles grey pollinose. Mesonotum dark, yellowish-grey pollinose, with two less pollinose
and faint vittae that are better seen presuturally. Scutellum, postpronotum and pleura concolorous
with dorsum of mesonotum. Calypters whitish. Haltere yellowish-white. Wing clear. Femora and
tibiae yellow, all tarsi brown. Abdomen yellowish-grey pollinose; tergite 3 with two round brown
spots; tergites 4 and 5 with small brown bristle-dots at the bases of the discal and marginal setae.

HEAD.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. Inner and
outer vertical setae long; ocellar seta long. Frontal row with 4–5 pairs of setae, the longest one close
to lunula. Antenna inserted below mid level of eye; flagellomere about twice as long as pedicel.
Arista with very long hairs. Gena almost twice as wide as width of flagellomere. Palpus a little com-
pressed.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; presutural acrostichal setulae in 3–4 rows; dorsocentrals 2+3; 2
postpronotals; 1 presutural; prealar short or even absent; 2 intra-alars, anterior one sometimes
absent; 2 supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, similar in size. Postalar decliv-
ity and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae. Anepisternum with a series
of 5–6 long setae, and a strong setula in upper anterior corner. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron
bare. Meron with 1 or a few short setulae below spiracle. Posterior spiracle with margins bare.
Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wings clear, veins bare. Costal spine as long as
cross-vein r-m. Fore femur with complete posterodorsal and posteroventral rows of setae; fore tibia
with two short anterodorsal setae on middle third; one posterodorsal and one posteroventral preapi-
cal setae; mid femur with a row of anterior setae on basal two-thirds; 1–2 posteroventral setae on
basal fourth; 1 anterior and 2–3 posterodorsal preapical setae; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on
middle third; long and strong apical setae on anterior, ventral and posteroventral surfaces; hind
femur with complete spaced anterodorsal and anteroventral rows of setae, without posteroventrals;
1 dorsal and 1 posterodorsal preapicals; hind tibia with 1 anteroventral submedian seta; 2 anterodor-
sals on middle third; one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical.
ABDOMEN.— Tergites 4 and 5 with a subbasal and an apical row of setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor and spermathecae as in Figs. 89 and 90.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Manderano, elev. 70
m, 23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest at edge of marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002, Frontier
Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, 1 female, CASENT 3008982; 1 female, CASENT 3009028; 1
female, CASENT 3008986 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT 3008984 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3008996
(BMNH); 1 female, CASENT 3009032; 1 female, CASENT 3009009; 1 female, CASENT 3009008; 1 female,
CASENT 3009023 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT 3009030; 1 female, CASENT 3009010; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3008983 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009012; 1 female, CASENT 3009000; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3009026; 23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise trap, edge of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23
June–28 July 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF035, 1 female, CASENT 3009331; 1
female, CASENT 3009325. Sept Lacs, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°9′16″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26
August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 male, CASENT 3009232; 1 female,
CASENT 3009238; 1 female, CASENT 30092391; 1 female, CASENT 3009021; 1 female, CASENT
3009231; 1 female, CASENT 3009228. Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise trap, gallery for-
est, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 female, CASENT 3009410.
Aldabra Atoll, South Island: Cinq Cases, 23–29 January 1968, B.H.Cogan & A.M.Hutson, 2 females (one at
light), BMNH; Point Hadoul, tidal saline pool, 27 January 1968, B.H.Cogan & A.M.Hutson, 1 female, BMNH;
Anse Cèdre, 17–19 January 1968, B.H.Cogan & A.M.Hutson, 1 female, BMNH; Frigate Pool, 20 January
1968, B.H.Cogan & A.M.Hutson, 2 females, BMNH; Takamaka, 23–27 February 1968, B.H.Cogan &
A.M.Hutson, 4 females, BMNH; Takamaka Pool, some at light, 1–17 February 1968, B.H.Cogan &
A.M.Hutson, 11 females, BMNH (8), NMSA (2), CAS (1). Astove Atoll: around coconut plantation, 5 March
1968, B.H.Cogan & A.M.Hutson, 1 female, BMNH.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the diminutive form of the modern Latin word griseus,
meaning grey, and refers to the grey pollinosity on the dorsum of the mesonotum that distinguish-
es this species from H. corpiae.
DISCUSSION.— In Emden’s (1951) key H. grisella runs to H. juxtamedialis Emden, known to

occur in South Africa, Mozambique and doubtfully in Malawi; but H. juxtamedialis has black femo-
ra and tibiae, presutural acrostichal setulae arranged in two rows, and abdominal tergite 4 with a
pair of black spots.
Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
DIAGNOSIS.— Male holoptic; eyes bare; general colour usually black or bluish-black, rarely
metallic; arista very short pubescent; gena, in some species, with a strong upcurved seta; female
with cruciate interfrontal seta; dorsocentrals 2+4; notopleuron covered with setulae, the two setae
similar in size; anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+1; some males with fore femur on ventral surface
with a preapical excavation with 2 toothed processes and fore tibia flattened along basal half or two
thirds of ventral surface; M straight; distiphallus with apical part of juxta spinulose; ovipositor long,
with narrow tergites.
The larvae are facultative to obligate carnivores, and live in a wide range of decaying organic
substances where there is a high rate of bacterial fermentation. They prey on other insect larvae in
the substrate, mainly Diptera larvae. Adult females are commonly sweat-flies.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— 21 species are known from the Afrotropical region, but only H.
chalcogaster (Wiedemann, 1824) has been recorded from Madagascar.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— H. chalcogaster has not been recognised among the CAS material,
but is represented among the NMSA and BMNH material. H. bella, sp. nov., a metallic green
Hydrotaea, is here described.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Hydrotaea

1. Ground-colour black; palpus dark brown or black; male with fore tarsomeres yellow on ventral
surface; male mid femur on basal half of ventral surface with 2–6 stout setae (sparsely through-
out Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles, Oriental Region to
Australia, Bermuda, perhaps Chile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. chalcogaster (Wiedemann)
Ground-colour metallic green/blue; palpus yellow; legs uniformly brown; mid femur on ventral
surface with a row of short and strong setae on basal third (Madagascar) . . . . H. bella, sp. nov.

H. chalcogaster: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Ambatondrazaka, Station Agric.
Alaotra, 24 December 1957, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Antsiranana Province: Nossi-Bé,
Sambirano, Lokobe, 6 m, 9–23 November 1957, 2 males, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH).
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HYDROTAEA

Hydrotaea bella, Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province: Parc
Nacional Andasibe (Périnet), 19 km E Moramanga, 1000 m, in forest, E.I. Schlinger, M.E. Irwin and H.H.
Rasolondalao, 24 December 1999, collection code: MEI.99-MA-3, CASENT 8018323.
DIAGNOSIS.— General body colour green/blue metallic; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial
shining reddish; ocellar triangle in female long and dark metallic; fore femur of male on pos-
teroventral surface with 5 setae on basal fourth, and anteroventral surface with a series of short and
strong setae on basal third and another just before the two spined ventral preapical processes; hind
tibia in both sexes with 3–4 anteroventral setae on basal half, one short median anterodorsal, and
one inconspicuous posterodorsal, much shorter than the diameter of the tibia.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour green/blue metallic. Head with frons reddish-brown; ocel-
lar triangle shining black; fronto-orbital plate and parafacial shining reddish; gena reddish-brown.
Antenna with pedicel yellowish-brown and flagellomere reddish-brown from certain angles, with
intense grey pollinosity; arista dark brown, yellow at base. Palpus yellow. Anterior spiracle dark
brown and posterior spiracle brown. Mesonotum metallic green/blue with no trace of vittae.
Calypters yellowish, with brown margins in male. Haltere yellow with dark brown knob. Wing
clear. Legs uniformly brown, pulvilli white. Abdomen metallic green/blue, concolorous with tho-
rax, with no trace of vittae or spots.
HEAD.— Eyes very well developed and very close together, separated at vertex only by the
diameter of the slender ocellar triangle, inner margins touching almost to lunula. Fronto-orbital
plate slender. Vertical setae very short. Ocellar triangle short, with a pair of long ocellar seta. Frontal
row with 4–5 fine pairs of setae close to lunula. Antenna inserted below mid level of eye; flagel-
lomere about twice as long as pedicel. Arista very short pubescent. Gena slender, similar to width
of flagellomere. Palpus slightly flattened.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4, the first two postsutural setae short and the
last two long; 2–3 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars; 1 supra-alar; pre-alar absent; 2 post-
supra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, similar in size, the disc without setulae. Postalar declivity
and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with two pairs of setae, the basal pair a little longer and
stronger than the apical pair. Anepisternum with a series of 4–5 long and strong setae and with some
fine setae among them. Katepisternals 1+1, the posterior one longer; disc of katepisternum with
some setulae, those close to posterior seta longer. Anepimeron and meron bare. Posterior spiracle
with margins bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore femur
with a complete row of posterodorsal and dorsal setae; posteroventral surface with 5 setae on basal
fourth; anteroventral surface with a series of short and strong setae on basal third and another series
just before the two spined ventral preapical processes; fore tibia with several series of short pos-
teroventral setae in apical half; one dorsal preapical; mid femur with about 4 long anterior to
anterodorsal setae on basal fourth; posteroventral surface with a row of short and strong setae on
basal third; anteroventral surface with a row of fine and short setae, more visible on basal third; 2
preapical dorsal setae; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on middle third; anterior to anterodorsal sur-
faces with rows of fine erect ground-setulae; apical setae on anterodorsal, posteroventral and dor-
sal surfaces; hind femur with a complete anterodorsal row of setae, longer on basal third; about 6
anteroventrals on apical half, and a row of short fine posteroventrals in basal two-thirds, culminat-
ing in a longer seta one-third from apex of femur; hind tibia with 3–4 anteroventral setae on basal
half; one short median anterodorsal and one inconspicuous posterodorsal, much shorter than the
diameter of the tibia; one dorsal and one anterodorsal preapical and one ventral apical.
ABDOMEN.— Covering setae moderately long and dense. especially at sides, with some longer
ones on margin of tergites 4 and 5 and on disc of tergite 5.
TERMINALIA.— Sternite 5 longer than wide (Fig. 91 ); cercal plate and long surstyli as in Figs.
92 and 93. Aedeagus as in Fig. 94.
Differs from male as follows: Interocular space about 0.4 of head-width of anterior ocellus.
Ocellar triangle long, extending beyond middle of frons; cruciate interfrontal setae present and
inserted closer to the distal end of the ocellar triangle. Frontal row with seven long setae; vertical
setae developed; fore femur with no preapical ventral process and only with posteroventral, dorsal
and posterodorsal rows of fine setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor long, tergites long and thin, apical part of tergite 8 with 3 strong
setae (Figs. 95–97). Spermathecae as in Fig. 97.
tude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 male, CASENT
3009406 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009390; 6–15 December 2001, 1 female, CASENT 3010014
(BMNH). Toamasina Province: Monamizana, 150 km E of Antananarivo, 26–31 December 1993, S.
Shinonaga, 1 male (BMNH).
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word bellus, meaning beautiful, and refers to
the metallic green/blue colour of this species.
DISCUSSION.— H. bella differs from all the known species of Hydrotaea by its metallic
green/blue colour. From other Afrotropical species it differs by the long and metallic ocellar trian-
gle and by the chaetotaxy of the hind tibia; males can also be distinguished by the chaetotaxy of the
fore femur.
Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
DIAGNOSIS.— Eyes usually bare; prestomal teeth developed; prealar seta absent; lower
proepimeral seta upcurved; prosternum with lateral setulae; postsutural dorsocentral setae 3 or 4;
vein M slightly curved forwards just before apex; wing with setulae at the base of vein R4+5 on dor-
sal and ventral surfaces; sternite 1 bare; female ovipositor with segment 8 directed upwards and
with small spicules; hypoproct elongated and with spinules. (Couri and Carvalho 2002). [REF.
Emden 1951].
The larvae are obligate carnivores. Many are aquatic and live in running water where they prey
on oligochaetes and small insect larvae. Others are terrestrial and breed in dung or decaying organ-
ic matter. Adults are also carnivorous, taking other small soft-bodied insects as prey.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— There are 74 species of Limnophora, known from all parts of the
Afrotropical Region, including the Cape Verde Is., Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Socotra and
South Yemen.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— The following species have been recorded from Madagascar: L. con-
versa Stein, 1918; L. exigua (Wiedemann, 1830); L. obsignata Rondani, 1866; L. quaterna (Loew,
1852); L. rossi Zielke, 1974; L. setalis Emden, 1951; L. stragula (Séguy, 1950). All but the first one
have been recognised in our material. Two new species are described: L. triangularis, sp. nov. and
L. mesovittata, sp. nov.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Limnophora

1. Postsutural dorsocentrals 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Postsutural dorsocentrals 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Postsutural transverse brown band extending medially as a brown vitta that reaches scutellum,
the width of this vitta slightly wider than the pale spot around the posterior dorsocentral seta
(Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. mesovittata, sp. nov.
Postsutural transverse brown band, when present, not extending medially as a brown vitta that
reaches scutellum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Mesonotum black, silver only on notopleural and postpronotal areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Mesonotum not entirely black, usually with grey pollinosity and with or without a transverse
brown band behind the suture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Fore tibia without a posterior seta; katepisternal seta 1+1; male hind femur without posteroven-
tral setae (Cameroon, Niger, Tanzania, Uganda, Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . L. stragula (Séguy)
Fore tibia with a median posterior seta; katepisternal seta 1+2; male hind femur before apex with
4–5 posteroventral setae in a close set group and perpendicular to the femoral shaft, preceeded
(as far as middle of femur) by rather dense fine posteroventral hairs (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. conversa Stein
5. Mesonotal pattern in female: a pair of presutural spots running along the dorsocentral row of
setae and reaching the second pair of presutural dorsocentrals; postsutural transverse band from
suture to approximately the level of the second pair of dorsocentrals; scutellum with a dark band
on basal two-fifths; abdomen with one pair of more or less round dark lateral spots on tergites 3
and 4, and a median vitta on tergite 4; male unknown (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. triangularis, sp. nov.
Mesonotal pattern different in male and female. Male: a pair of presutural spots running along
the dorsocentral row of setae and reaching suture; postsutural transverse band reaching beyond
the level of the second pair of dorsocentrals; scutellum with a large dark band, only apex with
grey pollinosity; Female: mesonotum with grey pollinosity and with 2 brown postsutural vittae
reaching the level of the second dorsocentrals; abdomen with a pair of more or less round dark
lateral spots on tergites 1+2–3 and no median vitta on tergite 4 (widespread in the Afrotropical
Region, including Cape Verde Is.., Madagascar, Réunion, Socotra, South Yemen; Canary Is.,
Egypt, Israel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. quaterna (Loew)
6. Mid tibia with only one posterior seta (Madagascar, Tanzania, Uganda), arista almost bare
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. setalis Emden
Mid tibia with 2–3 posterior setae; arista plumose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Postsutural transverse brown band extending medially as a thin brown vitta and reaching scutel-
lum (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. rossi Zielke
Postsutural transverse brown band not extending medially as a brown vitta that reaches scutel-
lum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. Arista with hairs longer than width of flagellomere; scutellum pale dusted at apex; male holop-
tic (Afrotropical region including Madagascar, Socotra; Mediterranean, from Canary Is. and
Malta to Iran) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. obsignata Rondani
Arista with hairs shorter than described above; scutellum entirely black with brown dust; male
dichoptic (Ghana, Liberia, Tanzania, Uganda, D.R. Congo, Cape Verde Is.., Aldabra, Astove,
Mauritius, Madagascar; Egypt, Oriental Region, New Guinea) . . L. exigua (Wiedemann, 1830)

L. exigua: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Sambirano, Lokobe, Nossi-Bé, 6 m, 9–23 November
1957, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Fianarantsoa Province: Ranohira, 860 m, 26 January–4
February 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (BMNH). Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Maroantsetra,
Sahasoa Fampanambo, 8 m, 26–29 March 1958, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). dct [District of]
Maroantsetra, Navana-Antongil, 6 m, 20–25 March 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
L. obsignata: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest
edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21 December 2001, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT 3009931 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT
3009929; 1 female, CASENT 3009927; 1 female, CASENT 3010054. Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m,
21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009819; 1 male, CASENT 3009831; 1 female, CASENT
3009847. JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev. 690 m, 10–14 January
2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 male, CASENT 3009935; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3009951; 1 female, CASENT 3009961; 1 male, CASENT 3009964; 1 female, CASENT 3009980;
3009716; 15–21 December 2001, 1 female, CASENT 3010500. Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1100 m,
21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collec-
tion code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT 3010007; 19–26 February 2002, 1 female, CASENT 3010457
(MNRJ). Rivière Zomandoa, Andringitra Ambalavao, Antanifotsy village, 1650 m, 10 January 1958, 1 male 5
females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Vakoana, Andringitra Ambalavao, 1520 m, 21–24 January 1958,
2 females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Ranohira, 860 m, 26 January–4 February 1958, 1 female, B.R.
Stuckenberg (NMSA). Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Moramanga, Route d’Anosibe, 840 m, 18–24
December 1957, 2 females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Sandrangato, 2 males (NMSA). Ranomafana,
Ifanadiana, 1 male 1 female (NMSA). Antananarivo Province: Tsimbazaza, lake shore, 28 October 1948, 1
female J.R. (NMSA). Antsiranana Province: dct [District of] Diégo Suarez, Montagne d’Ambre, 1000 m, 23
November–4 December 1957, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
L. quaterna: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Manderano, elev. 70 m, 23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest at edge of marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code:
MGF031, 1 female, CASENT 3009031; 1 female, CASENT 3009020; 1 male, CASENT 3008985; 23°31′39″S
44°5′18″E, Malaise trap, edge of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002, Frontier
Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF035, 1 male, CASENT 3009329. Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S
44°3′56″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code:
MGF002, 1 male, CASENT 3009671; 1 male, CASENT 3009428; 1 male, CASENT 3009579; 1 male,
3009608; 1 male, CASENT 3009654. Sept Lacs, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°9′16″E, Malaise trap, gallery for-
est, 9–12 March 2002, collection code: MGF025, 1 male, CASENT 3008896; 1 male, CASENT 3008895; elev.
120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project,
collection code: MGF038, 1 male, CASENT 3009234. Fiherenana, elev. 100 m, 23°10′37″S 43°57′39″E,
Malaise trap, in gallery forest, 22–28 October 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF041, 1
male, CASENT 3009214; 1 male, CASENT 3009224. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m; 22°54.22′S
43°28.53′E, Malaise trap—in deciduous forest, 21–31 August 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-
18A-66, 1 female, CASENT 3010295. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m,
24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 10–21 September 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R.
Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-39, 1 female, CASENT 3010863; 1 female, CASENT 3010884; 1
3010871; June–10 July 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1 female, CASENT 2070608; 1 female,
CASENT 2070609; 1 female, CASENT 2070605; 1 female, CASENT 2070604; 28 January–28 February
2204, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT 8078185; 1 female, CASENT 8078183 (MNRJ); 1
female, CASENT 8078184; 1 male, CASENT 8078043; 1 male, CASENT 8078047; 1 male, CASENT
8078049 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 8078052; 1 female, CASENT 8078051;1 female, CASENT 8078055; 1
female, CASENT 8078054; 6–18 March 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-56, 1 female, CASENT 8078010;
15–28 January 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-52, 1 male, CASENT 8078031 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT
8078033; 1 female, CASENT 8078032; 9–16 December 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-08, 1 male,
CASENT 3010430; 30 October–9 November 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3010952; 1 female, CASENT 3010958; 1 female, CASENT 3010979; 1 female, CASENT 3010988
(MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010990; 1 female, CASENT 3010954; 28 March–8 April 2003, collection code:
MA-02-20-20, 1 male, CASENT 2070535; 1 male CASENT 2070571; 17–24 August 2003, collection code:
MA-02-20-36, 1 male, CASENT 3010565; 11–19 October 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-42, 1 male,
CASENT 3010833. Fort Dauphin, 1 female, R. Paulian (NMSA). Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National
tude rainforest, 6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT
3010053. Radio tower, elev. 1130 m; 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 26–31
March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09B-22, 1 male, CASENT 3010677.
L. rossi: MADAGASCAR: Ankasoka (Périnet to Lakato), 1300 m, 8 November 1959, E.S. Ross, Holotypus
Limnophora rossi, E. Zielke det 1972, Limnophora sp. female, AC Pont det 1976. Type no. CAS 11883.
L. setalis: Fianarantsoa Province: JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near
river, elev 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 female, CASENT
3009943 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009943. Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev.
1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala,
collection code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009850; MA-02-09C-04, 1 female, CASENT 3009752;
1 male, CASENT 3009824. Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1110 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap,
in high altitude rainforest, 26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-22, 1 female,
CASENT 3009397. Talatakely, trail P-350, elev. 990 m, 11 November 1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female,
CASENT 8019837; 1 female, CASENT 8019838. Trail FF, elev. 915–1000 m; 4–20 November 1998, V.F. Lee,
K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019615. Namorona River foot bridge, 850 m, Malaise, 11 April 1998, M.E.
Irwin and E I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-2, 1 female,
CASENT 8021138. Toliara Province: Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E,
Malaise trap, deciduous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1
3010096 (MNRJ).
L. stragula: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Talatakely, trail P-350, elev. 990 m, 11 November
1998, V.F. Lee, K.J. Ribardo, 1 female, CASENT 8019836. Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue Trail, elev.
1000 m; 21°15.6′S 47°25.6′E, tropical forest, 21 December 1999, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, collection
code: MEI.99-MA-7, 1 female, CASENT 8018265. Rivière Zomandoa, Andringitra Ambalavao, 1650 m, 10
January 1956, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Vakoana, Andringitra Ambalavao, 21–24 January 1958, 2
females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Ranohira, 860 m, 26 January–4 February 1958, 1 female, B.R.
Stuckenberg (BMNH). Toamasina Province: Moramanga, Route d’Anosibe, 840 m, 18–24 December 1957,
2 females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Ranomafana, Ifanadiana, 1 female (NMSA). Antananarivo
Province: La Mandraka, December 1953, 2 males, N.H.L.Krauss (BMNH). Ankaratra massif, Manjakatompo
forest station, i.1956, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). dct [District of] Ambatolampy, Lac Froid, 1620
m, 11–15 December 1957, 1 male 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Antsiranana Province:
Nossi-Bé, Sambirano, Lokobe, 6 m, 9–23 November 1957, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). dct [District
of] Diégo-Suarez, Montagne d’Ambra, 1000 m, 23 November–4 December 1958, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg
(NMSA).
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LIMNOPHORA

Limnophora mesovittata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc
tropical forest, 22–28 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-04, CASENT 3009729.
DIAGNOSIS.— Mesonotum with postsutural transverse brown band extending medially as a
brown vitta and reaching scutellum, the width of this vitta slightly wider than the pale spot around
the posterior dorsocentral seta; mid femur with 2 posterior to posterodorsal preapical setae;
abdomen with pale dusting between and outside the black brown spots, and the spots therefore
indistinct.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown with grey pollinosity. Head with frons brown;
parafacial and gena silver pollinose. Antenna, arista and palpus brown. Anterior spiracle light
brown. Mesonotum with postsutural transverse brown band extending medially as a brown vitta and
reaching scutellum, the width of this vitta slightly wider than the pale spot around the posterior dor-
socentral seta. Scutellum with a transverse brown band on basal two-thirds. Calypters whitish.
Haltere whitish-yellow. Wing clear. Legs brown with grey pollinosity. Abdomen with pale dusting
between and outside the blackish-brown spots, and the spots therefore indistinct.

HEAD.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. Inner ver-
tical setae longer than outer. Ocellar triangle short. Frontal row with 6 pairs of setae, and 1 pair of
reclinate orbitals. Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere about 2.5 times as long as pedi-
cel. Arista short haired. Gena a little wider than the width of flagellomere. Palpus filiform.
supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, similar in size. Scutellum with two pairs
of long setae, one basal and one apical, similar in size. Anepisternum with a series of 5 long setae.
Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Base of
R4+5 with 1–2 short setulae on both wing surfaces. Cell r5 at wing tip more than twice as wide as
length of cross-vein r-m. Fore femur with complete rows of posterodorsal, dorsal and posteroven-
tral setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta; mid femur with 1 median anterior seta and 2 pos-
terior preapicals; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on middle third; 1 preapical dorsal, and apical
setae on anteroventral and ventral surfaces, the latter longer; hind femur with a complete anterodor-
sal row of setae; 2 anteroventrals on apical third; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal seta and
one submedian anteroventral; one preapical dorsal and one apical ventral.
ABDOMEN.— Tergite 5 with a subbasal and an apical row of setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor and spermathecae as in Fig. 98.
MALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: Same data as holotype; 1 female, CASENT 3009741.
Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21
December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010858.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Greek prefix meso, meaning middle, and the Latin
word vitta, meaning ribbon or band, and refers to the transverse brown band of the mesonotum.
DISCUSSION.— L. mesovittata, sp. nov. is morphologically close to L. perfidodes Emden, 1951,
which is recorded from Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and D.R. Congo. The follow-
ing key couplet will separate them:
1. Arista with short hairs, shorter than the width of antennal flagellomere; calypter yellow; cell r5 at wing tip
more than twice as wide as length of cross-vein r-m; pale dust on abdomen between and outside the black
brown spots, the spots therefore indistinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. mesovittata, sp. nov.
Arista with the longest hairs equal to the width of antennal flagellomere; calypter creamy; cell r5 at wing
tip about twice as wide as length of cross-vein r-m; pale dust on abdomen grey, the black spots very dis-
tinct and well-defined. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. perfidodes Emden
Limnophora triangularis Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc
tropical forest, 26 February–4 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-18, CASENT
3010601.
DIAGNOSIS.— Ocellar triangle cut off abruptly, not extending far down frons; fronto-orbital
plate brown on over upper half; mesonotum with a pair of presutural spots running along the dor-
socentral row of setae and reaching the second pair of presutural dorsocentrals; postsutural trans-
verse band extends from suture about to level of second pair of dorsocentrals; scutellum black along
sides as well as along base; mid femur with 2 posterior preapical setae; black abdominal spots large,
those on tergites 3 and 4 reaching fore margin of the tergites.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown with grey pollinosity. Head with frons brown; ocel-
lar triangle grey pollinose; fronto-orbital plate brown on over upper half; gena silver pollinose from
certain angles. Antenna, arista and palpus brown. Anterior spiracle pale yellow, posterior spiracle
grey pollinose. Mesonotum with a pair of presutural spots running along dorsocentral row of setae
and reaching second pair of presutural dorsocentrals; postsutural transverse band extending from
suture about to level of second pair of dorsocentrals; scutellum black along sides as well as along
base. Calypters whitish. Haltere whitish-yellow. Wing clear. Legs brown with grey pollinosity.
Abdomen with brown spots on tergites 3 and 4, reaching fore margin of the tergites.
HEAD.— Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. Inner ver-
tical setae longer than outer. Ocellar triangle short, cut off abruptly and with a pair of long ocellar
setae. Frontal row with 6 pairs of setae, and 1 pair of reclinate orbitals. Antenna inserted at mid level
of eye; flagellomere about 2.3 times as long as pedicel. Arista short haired. Gena a little wider than
width of flagellomere. Palpus filiform.
supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, similar in size. Scutellum with two pairs
of long setae, one basal and one apical, similar in size. Anepisternum with a series of 5 long setae.
Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Base of
R4+5 with 1–2 short setulae on both wing surfaces. Fore femur with complete rows of posterodor-
sal, dorsal and posteroventral setae; fore tibia with one dorsal preapical seta; mid femur with 2–4
anterior setae on middle third; 2 posterior preapical setae; mid tibia with 2 posterior setae on mid-
dle third; 1 preapical dorsal and apical setae on anteroventral and posteroventral surfaces; hind
femur with a complete anterodorsal row of setae; 2 anteroventrals on apical third; hind tibia with
one anteroventral and one median anterodorsal seta; one preapical dorsal and one apical ventral.
ABDOMEN.— Tergite 5 with a subbasal and an apical row of setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor and spermathecae as in Fig. 99.
MALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m,
tion code: MGF002, 1 female, CASENT 3009675; 1 female, CASENT 3009489 (BMNH); 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3009464; 1 female, CASENT 3009434; 1 female, CASENT 3009503 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT
30096451; 1 female, CASENT 3009655; Manderano, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise trap, edge
of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code:
MGF035, 1 female, CASENT 3009333 (BMNH); 23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap at edge of marsh near
road, 22–29 May 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, 1 female, CASENT 3009002;
1 female, CASENT 3009007. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S
46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 10–21 September 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin’Hala, col-
lection code: MA-02-20-39, 1 female, CASENT 3010869; 28 January–12 February 2004, collection code:
MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT 8078050; 1 female, CASENT 8078046; 1 female, CASENT 8078045; 1
female, CASENT 8078048 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 8078044; 6–18 March 2004, collection code: MA-
02-20-56, 1 female, CASENT 8078011. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E,
Malaise trap—in deciduous forest, 21–31 August 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-66, 1
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word triangulus, meaning triangle, and refers
to the distinctive shape of the ocellar triangle.
DISCUSSION.— L. triangularis, sp. nov. is morphologically close to L. excisa Emden, 1951,
which is recorded from South Africa. The following key couplet will separate them:
1. Ocellar triangle cut off abruptly, not extending far down frons; fronto-orbital plate brown on over upper half;
mid femur with 2 posterior preapical setae; scutellum black along sides as well as along base; black abdom-
inal spots larger, those on tergites 3 and 4 reaching fore margin of the tergites. . . . L. triangularis, sp. nov.
Ocellar triangle normal, reaching at least halfway from front ocellus to lunula; fronto-orbital plate silvery,
brownish only around middle; mid femur with one preapical posterior seta; scutellum black only along
base, grey on sides; black abdominal spots smaller, those on tergites 3 and 4 not reaching fore margins of
the tergites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. excisa Emden
Lispacoenosia Snyder, 1949

DIAGNOSIS.— Frons about one third of head-width in both sexes; parafacialia with fine hairs
along their entire length; palpi moderately dilated at apex; postpronotals 1; dorsocentrals 0+1;
katepisternals 1:1:1, arranged in an equilateral triangle; anepimeron bare.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Only one species is known and is confined to the Afrotropical region
(Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, D.R. Congo, Madagascar).
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only one specimen of L. fulvitarsus Snyder, 1949 was found in the
material studied. The species can be recognized by the shining black mesonotum, with a median
anterior silver spot presuturally and two silver small areas on notopleuron; ocellar triangle shining
black, long, reaching lunula; antenna brownish-black; calypters white, halteres fulvous; legs main-
ly black with some parts of tibiae and tarsi yellowish; head shape as in Fig. 100; hind tibia with one
each anterodorsal, posterodorsal and anteroventral submedian setae.

L. fulvitarsus: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 female,
CASENT 3009609. Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Ambatondrazaka, Station Agric. Alaotra, 800 m,
24 December 1957, 2 males, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH).
Lispe Latreille, 1796

DIAGNOSIS.— Male dichoptic; palpus enlarged apically, spatulate; prestomal teeth strongly
developed; without interfrontal or proclinate orbital setae; parafacial setulose; dorsocentral setae
0–2+2–4; prealar seta absent; anepimeron setulose in centre; lower proepimeral seta upcurved;
katepisternals 1+2; sternite 1 setulose; male: gonopod absent; female: ovipositor with segment 8
directed upwards and with spinules; hypoproct elongated and with spines (Couri and Carvalho,
2002, modified).
The larvae are obligate carnivores, and live in wet sand or mud with a high organic content.
Adults are voracious and aggressive predators, mainly of the immature stages of Culicidae and
Chironomidae.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Forty nine species of Lispe are present in the Afrotropical region.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Thirteen Lispe species have been recorded from Madagascar, 8 of
which are endemic: L. bengalensis (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), L. desjardinsii Macquart, 1851, L.
dichaeta Stein, 1913, L. frontalis Zielke, 1972, L. keiseri Zielke, 1972, L. leucosticta Stein, 1918,
L. madagascariensis Zielke, 1972, L. nuba Wiedemann, 1830, L. paraneo Zielke, 1972, L. paraspi-
la Zielke, 1972, L. pennitarsis Stein, 1918, L. sexnotata Macquart, 1843, and L. stuckenbergi
Zielke, 1970. Large series of specimens of L. paraspila and L. pennitarsis have been found in our
material. L. niveimaculata Stein, 1906, previously recorded as widespread throughout mainland
Africa, is recorded for the first time from Madagascar. One new species was also found among our
material and is here described.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Lispe

1. Presutural dorsocentral setae absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Presutural dorsocentral setae present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Only a single distinct dorsocentral seta, which is in front of scutellum; only the posterior katepis-
ternal present; fore femur with 3–4 strong ventral setae on apical third (widespread on mainland
Africa, Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. niveimaculata Stein
Dorsocentrals 0+2, the first shorter than the second (but lengths different in the series); all 3
katepisternals present; fore femur without 3–4 strong ventral setae on apical third (Madagascar,
Réunion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. sexnotata Macquart
3. Fore femur with numerous short spinulose setae on ventral surface in addition to the normal setae
and hairs; hind tibia without a posterodorsal seta (most of Africa, Madagascar, Aldabra, South
Yemen, Egypt, Oriental Region, Australia, Pacific Is.). . . . L. bengalensis (Robineau-Desvoidy)
Fore femur without numerous short spinulose setae on ventral surface; hind tibia with or with-
out a posterodorsal seta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. 1 presutural dorsocentral seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 presutural dorsocentral setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae; hind tibia without posterodorsal seta; male hind tibia with long
posteroventral hairs on apical half (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. paraspila Zielke
2 postsutural dorsocentral setae; hind tibia with or without posterodorsal seta; male hind tibia
without long posteroventral hairs on apical half . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Fore tibia brown, mid and hind tibia with some reddish areas (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. leucosticta Stein
All tibiae yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Fronto-orbital plate without 1–3 strong setae at lower end; male mid coxa with 3–4 posterior
short and strong spines; mesothorax brown, grey pollinose, with one median vitta (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. stuckenbergi Zielke
Fronto-orbital plate with 1–3 strong setae at lower end; male mid coxa without posterior short
and strong spines; mesothorax yellowish with grey pollinosity, with fine vittae (widespread east
to southern Africa, Nigeria, D.R. Congo, Madagascar, Mauritius) . . . . . . . . . . L. dichaeta Stein
8. 2 postsutural dorsocentral setae (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. madagascariensis Zielke
3 or 4 postsutural dorsocentral setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. 3 postsutural dorsocentral setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 postsutural dorsocentral setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. Palpi strongly silver pollinose at apex; fore tibia with a long dorsal seta at apical fourth; male
first hind tarsomere larger than the others and with a tuft of strong setae (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. argentata, sp. nov.
With a different combination of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Hind tibia without an anteroventral seta (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. keiseri Zielke
Hind tibia with one anteroventral seta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Fore tarsus of male with an apical flattened and dilated seta (Fig. 101); mid and fore tibiae yel-
low; hind tibia with one posterodorsal, one anterodorsal and one anteroventral setae on middle
third (Annobon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Mauritius, Madagascar) . . . . L. desjardinsii Macquart
Fore tarsus of male without flattened setae; mid and hind tibiae only partially yellow; hind tibia
with only two setae on middle third (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. pennitarsis Stein
13. Head with the face strongly silvery-white pollinose; antennal flagellomere shorter than usual
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. frontalis Zielke
Head with the face not strongly silvery-white pollinose; antennal flagellomere not shortened
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Mid tibia with only one posterodorsal or one posteroventral seta; vein M strongly curved for-
wards at apex (widespread east to southern Africa, Nigeria, Madagascar, Socotra, Tunisia, Egypt)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. nuba Wiedemann
Mid tibia with one posterodorsal and one poteroventral seta; vein M straight (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. paraneo Zielke

L. dichaeta: MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo Province: Imerintsiatosika, January 1953, 1 female,
R.Paulian (NMSA).
L. keiseri: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiapara at broken
bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 25 May–4 June 2001,
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-30, 1 female, CASENT 3010558. JIRAMA, water works,
21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690 m, 16 October–8 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala,
collection code: MA-02-09D-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010414; 1 female, CASENT 3010421; 1 female,
CASENT 3010426 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010418.
L. niveimaculata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E,
Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1
female, CASENT 3009478; 1 male, CASENT 3009522; elev. 55 m, 23°28′43″S 44°3′51″E, Malaise trap,
gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF003, 1 male, CASENT
3009706. Mahajanga Province: Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43
m, 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap, in deciduous forest, 24–31 August 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-25-12, 1 male, CASENT 3010714; 5–12 October 2003, 1 male, CASENT 3010342; 1 male,
CASENT 3010339; 1 male, CASENT 3010330 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010345; 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3010337; 1 female, CASENT 3010344; 14–22 September 2003, collection code: MA-25-15, 1 male,
CASENT 3010726; 28 September–5 October 2003, collection code: MA-25–17, 1 male, CASENT 3010462;
1 female, CASENT 3010466; 1 female, CASENT 3010464 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010463; 5–12
October 2003, collection code: MA-25-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010342. Fianarantsoa Province: Vohiparara,
at broken bridge, elev. 1110 m; 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 31 March–8
April 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-23, 1 female, CASENT 3010589.
L. paraspila: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 male,
male, CASENT 3009452; 1 male, CASENT 3009605; 1 female, CASENT 3009446; 1 female, CASENT
3009487; 1 male, CASENT 3009447; 1 male, CASENT 3009686; 1 female, CASENT 3009638; 1 female,
3009444; 1 female, CASENT 3009660; 1 male, CASENT 3009672; 1 male, CASENT 3009685; 1 male,
male, CASENT 3009673; 1 female, CASENT 3009677; 1 female, CASENT 3009684; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3009453; 1 female, CASENT 3009496; 1 female, CASENT 3009415. Manderano, elev. 70 m,
23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest at edge of marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002, Frontier
Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, 1 male, CASENT 3009006; 1 female, CASENT 3009017. Parc
National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transition-
al forest, 28 January–12 February 2004, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1
female, CASENT 8078149 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 8078069 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 8078071; 1
CASENT 8078157; 1 female, CASENT 8078158; 1 female, CASENT 8078159; 1 male, CASENT 8078154;
8078085 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 8078086; 1 male, CASENT 8078096; 1 male, CASENT 8078095; 1
1 male, CASENT 8078102; 1 male, CASENT 8078100; 1 female, CASENT 8078171; 1 female, CASENT
8078172; 1 female, CASENT 8078174; 1 male, CASENT 8078173; 1 male, CASENT 8078179; 1 female,
8078166; 15–28 January 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-52, 1 male, CASENT 8078039; 1 female,
CASENT 8078040; 1 female, CASENT 8078041; 6–18 March 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-56, 1 female,
1 male, CASENT 8078004; 10–21 September 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-39, 1 male, CASENT
1 female, CASENT 3010877; 1 female, CASENT 3010878; 28 March–8 April 2003, collection code: MA-02-
20-20, 1 female, CASENT 2070513; 1 female, CASENT 2070529; 1 female, CASENT 2070559; 1 female,
CASENT 2070562; 29 June–10 July 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1 female, CASENT 2070601; 1
2070593; 1 male, CASENT 2070591; 1 male, CASENT 2070590; 8–18 March 2003, collection code: MA-02-
20-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010916; 1 female, CASENT 3010903; 16–17 December 2002, collection code:
MA-02-20-09, 1 female, CASENT 3010886; 1 female, CASENT 3010887; 1 female, CASENT 3010890; 1
female, CASENT 3010891; 9–16 December 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-08; 1 female, CASENT
30 October–9 November 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-44; 1 female, CASENT 3010978; 1 female,
1 female, CASENT 3010956; 1 female, CASENT 3010966. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National
Ranomafana, radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical
forest, 16 October–8 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-01, 1 female, CASENT
3009722. JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690 m, 10–14 January
2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 female, CASENT 3009972, 1 male. CASENT
3009967.
L. pennitarsis: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise
male, CASENT 3009692; 1 male, CASENT 3009628; 1 female, CASENT 3009618; 1 male, CASENT
male, CASENT 3009504; 1 male, CASENT 3009474; 1 male, CASENT 3009441; 1 female, CASENT
3009463; 1 female, CASENT 3009467; 1 female, CASENT 3009436; 1 female, CASENT 3009432; 1 male,
male, CASENT 3009588; 1 female, CASENT 3009541; 1 male, CASENT 3009593; 1 female, CASENT
1 male, CASENT 3009699; 1 male, CASENT 3009705; 1 male, CASENT 3009693; 1 female, CASENT
1 female, CASENT 3009524; 1 male, CASENT 3009526; 1 male, CASENT 3009529; 1 female, CASENT
3009521; 1 female, CASENT 3009530; 1 male, CASENT 3009531; 1 female, CASENT 3009542 (MNRJ); 1
1 male, CASENT 3009536; 1 female, CASENT 3009537; 1 female, CASENT 3009534; 1 female, CASENT
3009549 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009695; 1 female, CASENT 3009548; 1 female, CASENT 3009630;
1 female, CASENT 3009556; 1 male, CASENT 3009557; 1 female, CASENT 3009558; 1 male, CASENT
male, CASENT 3009569; 1 male, CASENT 3009571; 1 female, CASENT 3009568; 1 female, CASENT
3009570; 1 female, CASENT 3009515; 1 female, CASENT 3009562; 1 female, CASENT 3009560 (MNRJ);
male, CASENT 3009621; 1 male, CASENT 3009625 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3009528; 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3009578; 1 female, CASENT 3009631; 1 female, CASENT 3009629. Manderano, elev. 70 m,
23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest at edge of marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002, Frontier
Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, 1 male, CASENT 3008987; 23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise
trap, edge of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collec-
tion code: MGF035, 1 female, CASENT 3009310; 1 male, CASENT 3009309; 1 female, CASENT 3009307.
Sept Lacs, elev. 65 m, 23°31′36″S 44°9′19″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 9–12 March 2002, Frontier
Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF026, 1 female, CASENT 3009272; elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S
44°9′16″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 9–12 March 2002, collection code: MGF025, 1 female, CASENT
3008898. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, deciduous dry
forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010104; 1
male, CASENT 3010108.
L. sexnotata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S 44°3′56″E, Malaise
CASENT 3009500. Fiherenana, 23°10.619′S 43°57.685′E, Malaise trap, in small undisturbed riparian forest
valley, 18–22 August 2003, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF078, 1 female, CASENT
3009254; 1 female, CASENT 3009253. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m,
24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 28 March–8 April 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R.
Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-20, 1 female, CASENT 2070516; 1 female, CASENT 2070504.
Antsiranana Province: Forêt d’Ampondrabe, elev. 175 m, 26.3 km 10° NNE Daraina; 12°58′12″S
49°42′00″E, Malaise trap—tropical dry forest, 10 December 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code: BLF9976, 1
male, CASENT 3010258. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge,
elev. 1100 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 12–19 March 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-20, 1 female, CASENT 30010568; 16 October–8 November 2001,
collection code: MA-02-09A-01, 1 male, CASENT 3010416; 1 male, CASENT 3010422; 19–26 February
2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-17, 1 female, CASENT 3010459 (MNRJ). JIRAMA, water works,
21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev. 690 m, 15–21 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09D-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010496 (MNRJ).
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF LISPE

Lispe argentata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: male, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Ifaty, near
Hotel Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9 m, 23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 13
October–12 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-01, 1 male, CASENT 3009995.
DIAGNOSIS.— The intense silver pollinosity on the head and at the tip of the palpus makes it
easy to recognise this species. Males can also be distinguished by the enlarged first hind tarsomere
with differentiated ventral setae that form a dense tuft.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown with grey pollinosity. Head with frons, fronto-
orbital plate, face, parafacial, gena and antenna with an intense silver pollinosity. Arista brown.
Palpus yellow, strongly silver pollinose at apex. Anterior spiracle pale yellow. Mesonotum dark
brown with some grey pollinosity presuturally. Sides of mesonotum and pleura grey pollinose.
Calypters white; haltere yellow. Wing clear. Legs brown with grey pollinosity, femoro-tibial joints
yellow. Abdominal tergites 3 and 4 with triangular brown lateral paired marks on apical half, touch-
ing posterior margins.
HEAD.— Dichoptic; interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of anterior ocel-
lus. Frontal row with 5 pairs of long setae. Ocellar triangle long, reaching lunula; ocellar setae long.
Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere short, about 1.5 times as long as length of pedi-
cel. Arista with short hairs. Gena high and wide. Palpus strongly spatulate at apex.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+3; 2 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 1 prealar; 2
intra-alars; 2 supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae. Postalar declivity and
suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with two pairs of long setae. Anepisternum with a series of 5
long setae. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron setulose. Posterior spiracle with margins bare. Lower
calypter enlarged, about 2.4 times as long as upper. Wing veins bare. Fore femur with a complete
row of posterodorsal setae and a row of fine anteroventral setae; posteroventral, ventral and
anteroventral surfaces with 4–5 irregular series of short setae; fore tibia with a long dorsal seta at
apical fourth; anterodorsal and posterodorsal surfaces with a preapical seta; mid femur with one
supramedian anterior seta; a row of fine and spaced anteroventral setae on basal half; anteroventral
and posteroventral surfaces with a row of short and stiff setae; posterodorsal surface with two
preapical setae on apical fourth; mid tibia with 2 strong anterodorsals on apical third; one long pos-
terodorsal median; one dorsal preapical and strong apical setae on anteroventral and posteroventral
surfaces; hind femur with a complete anterodorsal row of setae; 3 anteroventrals on apical half; hind
tibia with 1 submedian anteroventral and one dorsal preapical; first hind tarsomere enlarged, with
a median ventral tuft of strong setae.
ABDOMEN.— Tergite 5 with one basal and one apical row of strong setae, close to their respec-
tive margins. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 102.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs. 103 and 104.
Differs from male as follows.— Fore femur broken; first hind tarsomere not enlarged and with-
out differentiated setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Ovipositor as in Fig. 105.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word argentum, meaning silver, and refers to
the silvery pollinosity of the outer apical surface of the palpus.
DISCUSSION.— L. argentata, sp. nov. runs in the key to L. frontalis, as both species have a very
short antenna and a silvery pollinose head, but the new species has the outer apical surface of the
palpus strongly silvery pollinose; fore tibia with a long dorsal seta at apical fourth (and not at mid-
dle as in L. frontalis); the male has a tuft of differentiated setae on first hind tarsomere and abdom-
inal tergites 3 and 4 with triangular brown lateral paired marks on apical half, touching their poste-
rior margins.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— Paratype, labelled: same data as holotype: 1 female, CASENT
3009996.
Lispocephala Pokorny, 1893

DIAGNOSIS.— Two pairs of reclinate orbital setae; arista with more or less short hairs, bare on
ventral surface in some males; prestomal teeth developed; dorsocentrals 2+3, the anterior presutur-
al sometimes reduced; prealar seta absent; katepisternals 1:1:1; scutellum with basal and apical pair
of setae developed; fore tibia without a median posterior seta; hind tibia with at least one seta on
posterodorsal surface.
The few known larvae are aquatic. Adults are predaceous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Six species of Lispocephala have been recorded from the
Afrotropical region. Emden (1940, under Lispocephala and Pectiniseta Stein) gave a key for their
separation. The species are: L. africana Malloch, 1935, L. equiseta (Snyder, 1953), L. mikii (Strobl,
1893), L. obscura (Emden, 1940), L. pectinata (Stein, 1900) and L. squamifera Stein, 1913.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only L. mikii (Strobl) has been recorded from Madagascar. The
species is widespread from east to southern Africa and has also been recorded from Nigeria, D.R.
Congo, and the Palaearctic region. It has not been found in the CAS material, but is represented in
NMSA collection. L. pectinata (Stein) is a new record from Madagascar, and was represented only
by one specimen.
Key to the Madagascar species of Lispocephala

1. Legs uniformly yellow; tergite 1+2 and sometimes also tergite 3 translucent yellowish laterally
and ventrally; tergites 3 and 4 each with a pair of small and oval spots; arista short-plumose; male
terminalia not shining black (Madagascar, east to southern Africa, Nigeria, Zaire, and Palaearctic
region) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. mikii (Strobl)
Coxae and femora mostly dark brown; abdomen with a median brown vitta and round lateral
brown spots on tergites 1+2 to 4, more distinct in posterior view; arista pectinate in male, long
plumose in female; some parts of the male terminalia shining black. (Tanzania, Socotra,
Madagascar, Oriental and Australasian regions eastwards to Samoa) . . . . . . L. pectinata (Stein)

L. mikii: MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo Province: Antananarivo [Tananarive], Tsimbazaza, on rice,
February 1949, 1 female, R.Paulian (NMSA). Sabotsy, 10 km north of Antananarivo [Tananarive], 8 January
1948, R.Paulian, 1 female, R.Paulian (NMSA). Fianarantsoa Province: Vakoana, Andringitra Ambalavao,
1520 m, 21–24 January 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Plateau Soaindrana, Andringitra
Ambalavao, 2060 m, 14–17 January 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA).
L. pectinata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc National d´Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev.
180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 28 January–12 February 2004, M. Irwin, F.
Parker, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 male, CASENT 8078053.
Morellia Robineau Desvoidy, 1830

DIAGNOSIS.— Vein M strongly curved forwards towards vein R4+5 before apex; suprasquamal
ridge bare; anepimeron setulose; katepisternals 1+2; mid tibia without a posteroventral seta.
Afrotropical species with mesonotum bluish-black to black, rarely metallic (in some other regions,
green metallic Morellia are commonly found). [REF. Zielke 1971).
The larvae breed in the dung of ungulates, especially cattle, and are strictly coprophagous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Fifteen species have been recorded from the Afrotropical Region.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Two species have been recorded from Madagascar: M. calyptrata
Stein, 1913, which is widespread in east to southern Africa and is also known from Fernando Poó
and Principe islands, and M. nilotica (Loew, 1856), which is widespread in the Afrotropical region
and the Middle East. Only two females of M. calyptrata were found in our material. Both species
lack presutural dorsocentral setae
Key to the Madagascar Species of Morellia

1. Cell dm completely covered with microtrichia; thorax, legs and abdomen dark brown; scutum
with greyish pollinosity along a median vitta and laterally on postpronotum and notopleuron; 4
postsutural dorsocentrals (widespread in east to southern Africa, Fernando Poó and Principe
islands, Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. calyptrata Stein
Cell dm devoid of microtrichia in at least basal part; general colour glossy dark blue, with white
dusted dorsal vittae; 2–3 postsutural dorsocentrals, the third very weak (widespread throughout
the Afrotropical region including Fernando Poó, São Tomé and Madagascar, North Africa and
Middle East) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. nilotica (Loew)

M. calyptrata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II,
elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 28 January–12 February 2004, M.
Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT 8078068; 1 female,
CASENT 8078066.
Musca Linnaeus, 1758

DIAGNOSIS.— Males holoptic; eyes bare; arista enlarged on basal fourth, long-plumose; presu-
tural acrostichals not developed; dorsocentrals 2+4; katepisternals 1+2; anepimeron setulose;
prosternum setulose; lower calypter broad, truncate posteriorly, extending under base of scutellum;
mid tibia without ventral seta; vein M with an angular forward bend towards vein R4+5 in apical
part. (Carvalho and Couri 2002). [REF. Emden 1939, Zielke 1971].
Most larvae live in dung and are coprophagous, but a few live in a much wider range of sub-
strates. M. domestica is omnivorous and breeds in any substrate where there is a high rate of fer-
mentation.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— The genus Musca is represented in the Afrotropical region by 39
species which are assigned to 6 subgenera as follows (Pont 1980): Byomya Robineau-Desvoidy (21
species), Eumusca Townsend (10 species), Lissosterna Bezzi (1 species), Musca Linnaeus (1
species), Philaematomyia Austen (1 species) and Viviparomusca Townsend (5 species).
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Three subgenera and 4 species have been recorded from Madagascar:
M. (Byomya) confiscata Speiser, 1924, M. (Byomya) sorbens Wiedemann, 1830, M. (Eumusca) xan-
thomelaena Wiedemann, 1824 and M. (Musca) domestica Linnaeus, 1758. All of them are present
in our material. The subspecies of M. domestica (M. d. domestica s.str., M. d. calleva Walker, M. d.
curviforceps Saccà & Rivosecchi) have not been distinguished in our material, nor have the indi-
vidual species within the M. sorbens complex (M. sorbens, M. biseta Hough, M. vetustissima
Walker).
Key to the Madagascar Species of Musca
1. Proepisternal depression setulose (cosmopolitan; widespread in the Afrotropical region, includ-
ing Aldabra, Astove, Madagascar, Seychelles, Socotra,) . . . . . . . . M. domestica Linnaeus, s.lat.
Proepisternal depression bare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Anterior spiracle dark brown (widespread east to southern Africa, Ghana, Cape Verde Is.,
Comoro Is., Madagascar, Aldabra, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles, Socotra, South
Yemen, Egypt, Oriental region to Philippines and Ryukyu Is.) . . . . . . . . . M. confiscata Speiser
Anterior spiracle yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Mesonotum with four postsutural brown vittae; meron without hairs; sternite 1 setulose; abdom-
inal ground-colour orange and brown in both sexes (widespread east to southern Africa, Zaire,
Cape Verde Is., Comoro Is., Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Oriental region to
China and Java). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. xanthomelaena Wiedemann
Mesonotum with two postsutural brown vittae; meron haired below spiracle; sternite 1 bare;
abdominal ground-colour brown with greyish pollinosity in female and brown and yellow in
male (widespread Afrotropical region, Aldabra, Astove, Coetivy, Cosmoledo, Madagascar,
Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Socotra; southern Palaearctic and Oriental regions)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. sorbens Wiedemann s.lat.

M. confiscata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 female,
CASENT 3009198; elev. 130 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest trees and mixed scrub on
hilltop, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF039, 1 female, CASENT
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 female, CASENT 3009505. Ifaty, near Hotel
Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9 m, 23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 13
October–12 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-01, 1 female, CASENT 3009997.
Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, deciduous dry forest, 17–28
January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT 3010070; 1 female,
CASENT 3010071 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010073; 1 male, CASENT 3010074; 1 female, CASENT
3010077; 1 female, CASENT 3010084; 1 male, CASENT 3010078; 1 female, CASENT 3010079, 1 female,
CASENT 3010069; 21 September–2 October 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-69, 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3010800; 1 female, CASENT 301079794; 1 female, CASENT 3010801; 1 female, CASENT
1 female, CASENT 3010796; 6–16 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-18A-05, 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3010823; 1 male, CASENT 3010825, 21–31 August 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-66, 1
female, CASENT 3010294; 27 December–6 January 2002, collection code: MA-02-18A-08, 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3010279; 1 female, CASENT 3010283; 1 female, CASENT 3010282; 27 April–5 May 2003, col-
lection code: MA-02-18A-53, 1 male, CASENT 3010289; 1 female, CASENT 3010286; 1 female, CASENT
3010290; 1 female, CASENT 3010291; 1 female, CASENT 3010292; 29 May–8 June 2002, collection code:
MA-02-18A-24, 1 male, CASENT 3010755; 1 female, CASENT 3010754; 1 female, CASENT 3010756; 1
3010760; 4–14 December 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-76, 1 female, CASENT 3010504; 1 female,
CASENT 3010507; 1 female, CASENT 3010508, 1 male, CASENT 3010510; 9–10 May 2003, collection
code: MA-02-18A-55; 1 male, CASENT 3010763; 1 female, CASENT 3010764; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3010769; 28 January–8 February 2002, collection code: MA-02-18A-12, 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3010774; 1 female, CASENT 3010775. 22 km north of Toliara, 30 m, 23°11′S 43°37′E, 18 April
1998, Malaise trap on beach dunes, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar
Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-16, 1 female, CASENT 8021288. Parc National d’Andohahela,
Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 30 October–9
November 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1 male, CASENT
3010962 (MNRJ); 19–26 November 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-05, 1 male, CASENT 3010741; 16–17
December 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-09, 1 female, CASENT 3010888; 6–18 March 2004, collection
code: MA-02-20-56, 1 female, CASENT 8078016; 28 January–12 February 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-
53, 1 female, CASENT 8078067; 15–28 January 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-52, 1 female, CASENT
8078042. Mahajanga Province: Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43
m, 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap, in deciduous forest, 19–26 October 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-25-20, 1 female, CASENT 3010366; 1 female, CASENT 3010365; 1 female, CASENT 3010364; 1
3010355. 14–22 September 2003, collection code: MA-25-15, 1 female, CASENT 3010728; 1 female,
5–12 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-16, 1 female, CASENT 3010322; 9–20 November 2003, collec-
tion code: MA-25-23, 1 male, CASENT 2070622; 1 female, CASENT 2070623; 1 female, CASENT 2070624;
9–20 November 2003, collection code: MA-25-23, 1 male, CASENT 3010788; 1 male, CASENT 3010789; 1
3010785; 1 female, CASENT 3010784; 1 female, CASENT 3010783; 1 female, CASENT 3010786; 28
September–5 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-17, 1 male, CASENT 2070640; 1 male, CASENT
2070641.
M. domestica s. lat.: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at
Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 28 April–5 May
2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-27, 1 male, CASENT 3008948. Antsiranana Province:
Parc National Montagne d’Ambre, elev. 960 m, 12°30′52″S 49°10′53″E, Malaise trap, 11–12 February 2001,
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-01-01A-06, 1 female, CASENT 3008949. Forêt de Binara, elev. 375 m, 7.5
km 230° SW Daraina, 13°15′18″S 49°37′00″E, pitfall trap—tropical dry forest, 1 December 2003, B.L. Fisher,
collection code: BLF9558, 1 female, CASENT 3008916. Toliara Province: Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km, 74°
ENE Itampolo, 24° 39′13″S 43°59′48″E, elev. 80 m, pitfall trap—in spiny forest thicket, 21–25 February 2002,
Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF5763, 1 female, CASENT 3008961. Mahajanga Province: Parc
National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43 m, 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap,
in deciduous forest, 9–20 November 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-23, 1 female, CASENT
3010790.
M. sorbens s. lat.: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Forêt Classée d’Analavelona, 29.2 km 343° NNW
Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF7817, 1 female, CASENT 3009178. Manderano, elev. 70 m,
23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise trap, edge of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF035, 1 female CASENT 3009332; 1 male. CASENT
3009326. 22 km north of Toliara, 30 m, 23°11′S 43°37′E, 18 April 1998, Malaise trap on beach dunes, M.E.
Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-16, 1 male,
CASENT 3010370; 1 female, CASENT 8021267; 1 male, CASENT 8021280; 1 female, CASENT 3010271.
16 km east Sakaraha, Zombitse Nature Reserve, 825 m, 20 April 1998, Malaise trap in tropical forest on sand,
M.E. Irwin and E I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-15, 1
male, CASENT 3010272. Ifaty, 18 km N of Toliara, in spiny forest, elev. 20 m, 23.1885°S 43.6239°E, 13
December 1999, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, collection code: MEI.99-MA-15, 1 female, CASENT
8018399; 1 female, CASENT 8018405. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m,
24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 11–19 October 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin
Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-42, 1 female, CASENT 3010832 (MNRJ); 8–18 March 2003, collection
code: MA-02-20-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010938; 19–26 November 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-05, 1
female, CASENT 3010744; 1 female, CASENT 3010745. 8–18 March 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-18,
1 female, CASENT 3010917; 28 March–8 April 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-20, 1 female, CASENT
2070520; 1 female, CASENT 3010999; 9–16 December 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-08, 1 female,
CASENT 3010441; 1 female, CASENT 3010893; 29 June–10 July 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1
female, CASENT 2070595. Antsiranana Province: Forêt de Bekaraoka, elev. 150 m, 6.8 km 60° NE Daraina;
13°10′00″S 49°42′36″E, Malaise trap—tropical dry forest, 10 December 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code:
BLF9976, 1 female, CASENT 3009055; 1 female, CASENT 3009054; 1 female, CASENT 3009057; 1 male,
CASENT 3009056; 1 female, CASENT 3009053; 7 December 2003, collection code: BLF9874, 1 female,
3010257; 1 male, CASENT 3010251. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National d’Isalo, Ambovo Springs, 29.3
km, 4° N Ranohira, elev. 990 m, 22°17′54″S 45°21′06″E, pitfall trap in Uapaca woodland, 9–14 February
2003, Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF7649, 1 female, CASENT 3009116. Mahajanga Province:
Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43 m, 16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise
trap, in deciduous forest, 9–20 November 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-23, 1 female,
CASENT 2070625; 1 female, CASENT 2070626; 1 female, CASENT 2070633; 5–12 October 2003, collec-
tion code: MA-25-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010332; 1 female, CASENT 3010323; 5–12 October 2003, collec-
tion code: MA-25-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010333; 24–31 August 2003, collection code: MA-25-12, 1
M. xanthomelaena: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m,
22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, deciduous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 male, CASENT 3010093; 1 female, CASENT 3010090; 1 female, CASENT
3010087; 1 female, CASENT 3010094; 21 September–2 October 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-69, 1
female, CASENT 3010814; 1 female, CASENT 3010815; 27 April–5 May 2003, collection code: MA-02-
18A-53, 1 female, CASENT 3010288; 6–16 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-18A-05, 1 female,
CASENT 3010826; 21–31 August 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-66, 1 female, CASENT 3010298; 4–14
December, collection code: MA-02-18A-76, 1 female, CASENT 3010503. 22 km north of Toliara, 30 m,
23°11′S 43°37′E, 18 April 1998, Malaise trap on beach dunes, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger, Schlinger
Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-16, 1 female, CASENT 8021268. Parc
al forest, 6–16 December 2002, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-08, 1 male,
male, CASENT 3010440; 1 female, CASENT 3010445; 1 female, CASENT 3010447; 30 October–9
November 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1 female, CASENT 3010971; 28 March–8 April 2003, col-
lection code: MA-02-20-20, 1 male, CASENT 2070506; 1 male, CASENT 2070551; 1 male, CASENT
2070552; 1 male, CASENT 2070502; 1 male, CASENT 2070503; 1 male, CASENT 2070518; 1 female,
1 male, CASENT 2070515; 1 male, CASENT 3010740; 1 female, CASENT 2070527; 1 male, CASENT
2070510, 8–18 March 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-18; 1 male, CASENT 3010899; 1 male, CASENT
1 female, CASENT 3010941; 1 female, CASENT 3010940 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010943; 1 female,
2070560; 16–17 December 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-09, 1 female, CASENT 3010897, 1 male,
29 June–10 July 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1 female, CASENT 2070577; 1 female, CASENT
2070616 (MNRJ); 11–19 October 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-42, 1 female, CASENT 3010838; 1
3010840; 1 female, CASENT 3010839; 17–24 August 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-36, 1 female,
CASENT 3010564; 19–26 November 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-05, 1 female, CASENT 3010742; 28
January–12 February 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT 8078186; 1 female, CASENT
8078187; 6–18 March 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-56, 1 female, CASENT 8078009. Lake Ranobe,
23°02.468′S 43°36.607′E, Malaise trap, spiny forest / tamarind forest near lake edge, 25–21 April 2003,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF066, 1 female, CASENT 3009283; 1 female, CASENT
3009281. Sept Lacs, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°9′16″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 7–9 March 2002, Frontier
Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF024, 1 male, CASENT 3008902; 1 female, CASENT 3008903; 1
female, CASENT 3008901. Antafoky, elev. 55 m, 23°28′43″S 44°3′51″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28
January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF003, 1 female, CASENT 3009712.
Mahajanga Province: Parc National d’Ampijoroa, 160 km N of Maevatanana on RN 04, elev. 43 m,
16°19.16′S 46°48.80′E, Malaise trap, in deciduous forest, 9–20 November 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-25-23, 1 female, CASENT 2070632; 1 female, CASENT 3010777; 1 female, CASENT 3010789;
19–26 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010388; 1 male, CASENT 3010842
(MNRJ); 28 September–5 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-17, 1 female, CASENT 2070635 (MNRJ).
Myospila Rondani, 1856

DIAGNOSIS.— Male holoptic; female with a pair of interfrontal setae; arista thickened in basal
third, plumose; intra-alars 2; dorsocentrals 2+4; prealar present but weak; postalar wall; suprasqua-
mal ridge, prosternum, anepimeron and meron bare; katepisternals 1+2 or 2+2; posterior spiracle
bare on margins; vein M curved forward towards vein R4+5 before apex; vein R4+5 with a few setu-
lae at base on both surfaces; hind tibia without calcar; sternite 1 bare.
The larvae are obligate carnivores and live in mammal dung, rotting fruit and the diseased parts
of plants.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Eight species are recorded from the Afrotropical Region.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Three Myospila species have been recorded from Madagascar: M.
bekilyana (Séguy, 1938), M. paradoxalis (Stein in Becker, 1903) and M. lenticeps (Thomson,
1869), the first two of which were found in the CAS material and the last one is represented in
NMSA and BMNH collections.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Myospila

1. Face long; antennal flagellomere very long, more than four times as long as pedicel and reach-
ing epistoma; facial ridges setulose (Fig. 106) (Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Nigeria, South
Africa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. paradoxalis (Stein in Becker)
Face not long; antennal flagellomere not more than 3 times as long as pedicel and not reaching
epistoma; facial ridges not setulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Postpronotum reddish, contrasting with the rest of the mesonotum; abdomen with weak lateral
spots; femora yellow (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. bekilyana (Séguy)
Postpronotum concolorous with the mesonotum; abdomen with conspicuous dark spots on tergi-
ites 3–5; femora dark except at tips (widespread west to east Africa, Principe I., Madagascar,
Oriental region) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. lenticeps (Thomson)

M. bekilyana: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°29′17″S 44°4′37″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest, 8–10 February 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF005, 1 female,
CASENT 3009188. Manderano, elev. 70 m, 23°31′38″S 44°5′15″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest at edge of
marsh near road, 22–29 May 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF031, 1 female, CASENT
3009018 (MNRJ). Toamasina Province: Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev.
1100 m, 15°10′42″S 49°38′06″E, yellow pan trap in montane rainforest, 12–16 March 2003, B.L. Fisher, C.E.
Griswold et al., collection code: BLF8153, 1 female, CASENT 3009193; 1 female, CASENT 3009194.
Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S
47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 28 January–4 February 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09C-14, 1 male, CASENT 3010476 (MNRJ). Ranohira, 860 m. 26 January–4 February 1958, 5
males 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy,
Manantenina River, 28.0 km 38° NE Andapa, 8.2 km 333° NNW Manantenina, elev. 450 m, 14°26′12″S
49°46′30″E, Malaise trap—rain forest, 12–15 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al., collection code: BLF8723,
1 male, CASENT 3010129. dct [District of] Ambilobe, Anaboromo, reared from larva in ripe fruit of Dimaka,
emerged 28 July 1951, 1 male, 1 female, R. Paulian (NMSA). Sambirano, Lokobe, Nossi-bé, 6 m, 9–23
November 1957, 1 male 7 females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). Nossi Bé, Héllville, January 1952, 2
males, N.L.H.Krauss (BMNH). Antananarivo Province: Antananarivo [Tananarive], December 1955, 1
male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Antananarivo [Tananarive], larvae in ripe fruits of Dimaka anaborans,
emerged 20 June 1951, 1 male 4 females, R. Paulian (NMSA). Tsimbazaza, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 19
April 1950, 1 female (NMSA). Toamasina Province: dct [District of] Mananara, Ivontaka, 15 m, 10–14
March 1958, 2 males 4 females, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). dct [District of] Maroantsetra, Sahasoa
Fampanambo, 80 m, 26–29 March 1958, 2 males, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). dct [District of]
Maroantsetra, Navana-Antongil, 6 m, 20–25 March 1958, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Montagne
d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev. 1100 m, 15°10′42″S 49°38′06″E, yellow pan trap in
montane rainforest, 12–16 March 2003, B.L. Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF8153, 1 female,
CASENT 3009193; 1 female, CASENT 3009194.
M. lenticeps: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: 10 km E of Ambilobe, January 1952, 1 male,
N.H.L.Krauss (BMNH). Mahajanga Province: Ankarafantsika Forest, Tsaramandrosa, January 1956, 1 male,
B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Toamasina Province: Antanamba, 8 m, 1 April 1958, 1 male, B.R. Stuckenberg
(NMSA).
M. paradoxalis: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E,
Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1
male, CASENT 3009233. Lake Ranobe, elev. 30 m, 23°02.468′S 43°36.607′E, Malaise trap, spiny forest /
tamarind forest near lake edge, 25–31 April 2003, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF066, 1
female, CASENT 3009282. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap,
deciduous dry forest, 4–14 December, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-76, 1 female, CASENT
3010506; 29 May–8 June 2002, collection code: MA-02-18A-24, 1 female, CASENT 3010761. Ifaty, near
Hotel Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9 m, 23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 26
May–5 June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-28, 1 female, CASENT 3009798 (MNRJ).
Neomyia Walker, 1859

DIAGNOSIS.— Metallic green to blue or violet flies; suprasquamal ridge setulose (Fig. 2);
postalar wall with a fine pile of setulae on posterior half; prosternum setulose; greater ampulla with
setulae; lower calypter truncate, of the Musca-type; anepimeron setulose, katepisternals usually
1+3; vein M strongly curved forward towards vein R4+5 before apex; subcostal sclerite with short
setulae; aedeagus with strong spinules. [REF. Emden 1939, Zielke, 1971]
The larvae live almost exclusively in bovine dung, and are strictly coprophagous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Forty three species are known from the Afrotropical region.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Three species have been recorded from Madagascar: N. albigena
(Stein, 1913), N. setulosa (Zielke, 1972) and N. viridifrons (Macquart, 1843). N. setulosa is endem-
ic to Madagascar. The first two were found in our material.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Neomyia

1. Wing membrane uniformly covered with microtrichiae; last abdominal segment undusted, shin-
ing green, concolorous with the other abdominal tergites; body length about 8 mm (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. setulosa (Zielke)
Wing membrane with at least the basal part of discal cell without microtrichiae; last abdominal
segment dusted or not; body length about 6–8 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Two pairs of strong presutural dorsocentral setae; tergite 5 not dusted; body length about 6–8
mm. (widespread in the Afrotropical region, Bioko [Fernando Poó], Madagascar, Socotra,
Comoro Is., Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. albigena (Stein)
Anterior pair of presutural dorsocentral setae hair-like; tergite 5 dusted; body length about 6–7
mm (widespread through Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion). . . N. viridifrons (Macquart)

N. albigena: Madagascar: Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, radio tower at forest
edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 16 October–8 November
2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-01, 1 female, CASENT 3009720; 25 July–3 August 2002,
collection code: MA-02-09B-36, 1 male, CASENT 3010486. Toliara Province: Parc National d’Andohahela,
Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 28 January–12
February 2004, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 male, CASENT 8078192;
15–28 January 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-52, 1 male, CASENT 8078020; 1 male, CASENT 8078021
(MNRJ); 10–21 September 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-39, 1 male, CASENT 3010885; 30 October–9
November 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1 male, CASENT 3010993. Antsiranana Province:
Ambohimitombo, 1894, 1 female, Forsyth-Major (BMNH).
N. setulosa: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0
rain forest, 12–15 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al., collection code: BLF8723, 1 female, CASENT 3009073;
1 female, CASENT 3009067; 1 female, CASENT 3009076; 1 male, CASENT 3010136; 1 male, CASENT
CASENT 3009077; 1 male, CASENT 3009078; 1 female, CASENT 3009080; 1 female, CASENT 3009081
(MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3009082; 1 female, CASENT 3009083; 1 female, CASENT 3009084; 1 female,
1 female, CASENT 3009068; 1 female, CASENT 3009066; 1 male, CASENT 3009069; 1 male, CASENT
3009085; 1 male, CASENT 3009074 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3009075; 1 male, CASENT 3010205; 1
CASENT 3010174; 1 male, CASENT 3010176; 1 male, CASENT 3010178; 1 male, CASENT 3010179
1 female, CASENT 3010164; 1 female, CASENT 3010163; 1 female, CASENT 3010193 (MNRJ); 1 male,
1 female, CASENT 3010197; 1 female, CASENT 3010198; 1 male, CASENT 3010183; 1 female, CASENT
3010182; 1 male, CASENT 3010192; 1 female, CASENT 3010190; 1 male, CASENT 3010202; 1 male,
1 male, CASENT 3009839; 1 female, CASENT 3009846; 1 male, CASENT 3009839; 1 male, CASENT
3009842. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m,
21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 22–28 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collec-
tion code: MA-02-09C-04, 1 male, CASENT 3009747; 1 female, CASENT 3009746; 1 female, CASENT
3009739. Talatakely, trail FO-300, elev. 1040 m, 8 November 1998, V. F. Lee, K. J. Ribardo, 1 male, CASENT
8019640. Namorona River foot bridge, 850 m, Malaise, 14 April 1998, M.E. Irwin and E.I. Schlinger,
Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: 98-MAD-9, 1 female, CASENT 8021521.
JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev 690 m, 10–14 January 2002, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 female, CASENT 3009954; 15–21 December 2001, collection
code: MA-02-09D-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010495; 1 male, CASENT 3010492. Radio tower at forest edge,
elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 16 October–8 November 2001, R.
Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-01, 1 female, CASENT 3009718; 1 male, CASENT 3009714; 26–31
March 2002, collection code: MA-02-09B-22, 1 female, CASENT 3010691; 1 female, CASENT 3010690.
Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1110 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest,
16 October–8 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-01, 1 female, CASENT 3010428;
15–25 July 2002, collection code: MA-02-09A-35, 1 female, CASENT 3010749; 1 female, CASENT
3010750. Toliara Province: 16 km east Sakaraha, Zombitse Nature Reserve, 825 m, 20 April 1998, Malaise
trap in tropical forest on sand, M.E. Irwin and E I. Schlinger, Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition,
collection code: 98-MAD-15, 1 male, CASENT 3010273; 1 male, CASENT 8021696; 1 male, CASENT
3010274; collection code: MEI.99-MA.14, 1 male, CASENT 8018316. Antafoky, elev. 60 m, 23°28′44″S
44°3′56″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 25–28 January 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code:
MGF002, 1 male, CASENT 3009482.
Orchisia Rondani, 1877

DIAGNOSIS.— Head with two pairs of reclinate frontal setae; arista with hairs along its entire
length; prestomal teeth developed; frontal triangle reaching lunula; dorsocentrals 1+3; prealar
absent; katepisternals 1:1:1; scutellum with only the apical pair of setae strong; fore tibia without a
median posterior seta; hind tibia with a very small submedian posterodorsal seta.
Biology unknown. Adults are assumed to be predaceous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— O. costata (Meigen, 1826) had been recorded from the Afrotropical
region, where it has a widespread distribution, including Madagascar and Mauritius.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— O. costata can be recognized by the yellow lower third of the frons;
the wings brown along costal margin and transparent on the posterior half; tergites 2–4 with a very
faint median brown vitta, and a pair of dark brown round spots.

O. costata: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev.
180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 29 June–10 July 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker,
R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1 male, CASENT 2070575. Tolanaro [Fort Dauphin], sea level,
19 April 1968, 1 male, K.M. Guichard (BMNH). Toamasina Province: Sandrangato, 2 females (NMSA,
BMNH). dct [District of] Maroantsetra, Navana-Antongil, 6 m, 20–25 March 1958, 3 males 1 female, B.R.
Stuckenberg (NMSA, BMNH). dct [District of] Mananara, Ivontaka, 15 m, 10–14 March 1958, 1 female, B.R.
Stuckenberg (NMSA). Antananarivo Province: Antananarivo [Tananarive], Tsimbazaza, 12 July 1948, 1
male, P.C. (NMSA).
Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

DIAGNOSIS.— Arista plumose; female frons without proclinate orbital setae; prosternum bare;
dorsocentrals 1–2+3–4; posterior notopleural seta weaker than anterior seta; anepimeron bare;
lower calypter glossiform; base of R4+5 with ventral setulae or bare (setulose in the two Madagascan
species); hind tibia with a strong posterodorsal seta (calcar) inserted at apical fourth.
The larvae are obligate carnivores, and live mainly in mosses, humus soil, and the rotten or
sickly parts of trees and herbaceous plants.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Twenty four species have been recorded from the Afrotropical
region, most of them keyed by Emden (1943).
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— The two new species described here are the first species of this genus
to be recorded from Madagascar: P. plurivittata, sp. nov. and P. univittata, sp. nov.

No described species of Phaonia was found among the material examined.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Phaonia

1. Ground-colour yellow; mesonotum with a median grey pollinose vitta; hind femur with 4–5
anteroventrals on apical half (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. univittata, sp. nov.
Ground-colour brown; mesonotum with five grey pollinose vittae along acrostichal, dorsocentral
and intra-alar rows of setae; hind femur with 3 anteroventrals on apical half; (Madagascar)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. plurivttata, sp. nov.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PHAONIA

Phaonia plurivittata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
National Ranomafana, Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15′99″S 47°25′21″E, Malaise trap, second-
ary tropical forest, 12–19 February 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-16, CASENT 3009762.
DIAGNOSIS.— Ground-colour brown; mesonotum with five grey pollinose vittae along acros-
tichal, dorsocentral and intra-alar rows of setae. Abdominal tergite 1+2 yellowish; tergite 5 yellow,
except for two basal lateral areas. Hind femur with 3 anteroventrals on apical half.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown; mesonotum with five grey pollinose vittae along
acrostichal, dorsocentral and intra-alar rows of setae. Head with frons reddish-brown, ocellar trian-
gle black; fronto-orbital plate silvery pollinose; face silvery-whitish pollinose, parafacial and gena
reddish-brown with a little grey pollinosity. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellowish and flagel-
lomere brownish; arista yellowish-brown on basal third and brown on apical two-thirds. Palpus yel-
low. Both spiracles yellowish. Calypters faintly brownish, with margins darker. Haltere yellow.
Wing clear. Legs yellow. Abdomen brown, with tergite 1+2 yellowish and tergite 5 almost entirely
yellow, except for two small basal lateral areas.
HEAD.— Holoptic. Inner and outer vertical setae short. Ocellar seta short. Frontal row with 10
pairs of setae, the pair closest to lunula stronger. Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere
about 2.8 times as long as pedicel. Arista plumose. Gena slender, similar in width to width of fla-
gellomere. Palpus slightly flattened.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4; 2 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 1 long prealar;
2 intra-alars; 2 supra-alars; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, the posterior one a little
finer and shorter. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with one basal and one
apical pair of setae, both long and similar in size, and a short preapical pair. Anepisternum with a
series of about 5 long and strong setae. Katepisternals 1+2, upper posterior one very long, about
twice as long as the other two. Anepimeron bare. Posterior spiracle with margins bare. Lower
calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing vein R4+5 with ventral setulae on the node at base.
Fore femur with complete posterodorsal and posteroventral rows of setae; fore tibia with no medi-
an seta; one dorsal and one posterior preapical seta; mid femur with 4 fine ventral setae on basal
third; 2 preapical anterodorsal and dorsal setae, 3 preapicals on posterior surface; mid tibia with two
posterior setae on basal half, long and strong apical setae on anteroventral, ventral and posteroven-
tral surfaces; hind femur with a complete row of anterodorsal setae; anteroventral surface with fine
and spaced setae, except for 3 strong ones on apical third; one dorsal, one posterodorsal and two
posterior preapical setae; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal seta; 4 anteroventral setae on
basal half; a long posterodorsal seta on apical third; long apicals on anterodorsal, dorsal and
anteroventral surfaces.
ABDOMEN.— Tergite 4 with a marginal row of setae and tergite 5 with a discal and a marginal
row of setae. Sternite 5 as in Fig. 107.
TERMINALIA.— Cercal plate, surstyli and aedeagus as in Figs. 107–111.
FEMALE.– Length. Body: 6.0 mm, wing: 6.2 mm.
Differs from male as follows: Interocular space about one-third of head-width at level of ante-
rior ocellus; inner and outer vertical setae moderately developed; ocellar setae and first leg broken;
hind tibia with 2–3 anteroventral setae on middle third.
OVIPOSITOR.– Ovipositor and spermathecae as in Figs. 112 and 113.
tude rainforest, 6–15 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT
3010019.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin words pluri, meaning many, and vitta, mean-
ing ribbon or band, and refers to the five grey vittae of the mesonotum of this species.
DISCUSSION.— The leg chaetotaxy is very similar in the two Madagascan species, although the
mid femur of P. plurivittata, sp. nov. has 3 anteroventrals on apical third and P. univittata has 4–5.
The 5 greyish pollinose vittae on the thorax easily separate this species from the other Madagascan
Phaonia.
Phaonia univittata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Parc
al forest, 15–28 January 2004, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-52, CASENT
8078028.
DIAGNOSIS.— General body colour yellow, mesonotum with a median grey pollinose vitta;
abdomen entirely yellow; hind femur with 4–5 anteroventral setae on apical third.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour yellow; mesonotum with a median grey pollinose vitta.
Head with frons brown; fronto-orbital plate silvery pollinose; parafacial and gena with silver polli-
nosity, from certain angles with a brown mark close to base of flagellomere. Antenna with scape
and pedicel yellow; flagellomere and arista somewhat brownish-yellow. Palpus yellow to brown-
ish-yellow. Both spiracles yellow. Mesonotum, in addition to the median grey pollinose vitta, with
a fine light grey pollinosity on sides and scutellum. Calypters whitish, hyaline. Haltere yellow with
knob whitish. Wing clear. Legs yellow. Abdomen yellow, some specimens with a little light grey
pollinosity especially on tergites 4 and 5; a very faint and thin brown median vitta on tergites 4 and
5 and very small brown bristle-dots at the base of the marginal setae on tergites 3 and 4 and of the
discal setae on tergites 4 and 5.
setae moderately developed. Ocellar setae moderately developed, similar in size to the longer
frontals. Frontal row with 8 pairs of setae. Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere about
three times as long as length. Arista plumose. Gena slender, similar in width to width of flagellom-
ere. Palpus slightly flattened.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4; 2 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 1 long prealar;
2 intra-alars; 2 supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, the posterior one a little
finer and shorter. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with one basal and one
apical pair of setae, both long and similar in size, and a short preapical pair. Anepisternum with a
series of about 4–5 long and strong setae, with some finer setae among them; behind this row, and
close to suture, about 3 setae situated on median third. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron bare.
Posterior spiracle with margins bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing vein
R4+5 with ventral setulae on the node at base. Fore femur with complete rows of posterodorsal, dor-
sal and posteroventral setae; fore tibia with no median seta; one dorsal preapical; mid femur with 2
anterodorsal, 1 dorsal and 2 posterodorsal preapical setae; mid tibia with two posterior setae on
middle third; long apical setae on ventral, posteroventral and anterodorsal surfaces; hind femur with
a complete anterodorsal row of setae and 4–5 anteroventrals on apical half; one dorsal and 2 pos-
terodorsal preapical setae; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal; 2–3 anteroventrals on middle
third; a long posterodorsal at apical third; long apicals on anterodorsal, dorsal and posterodorsal
surfaces.
ABDOMEN.— Series of longer setae on margins of tergites 4 and 5 and on disc of tergite 5.
OVIPOSITOR.— Very long, tergites 6, 7 and 8 with scattered setulae on almost their full extent
(Figs. 114 and 115); spermathecae oblong (Fig. 115).
MALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— PARATYPES: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Ifaty, near Hotel
Paradisia, in coastal dunes, elev. 9 m, 23°10.78′S 43°37.01′E, Malaise trap, vegetation in sand area, 26 May–5
June 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-16-28, 1 female, CASENT 3009796 (MNRJ); 1 female,
CASENT 3009797. Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, decid-
uous dry forest, 17–28 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-11, 1 female, CASENT
3010060; 27 December 2001–6 January 2002, collection code: MA-02-18A-08, 1 female, CASENT 3010280;
9–10 May 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-55, 1 female, CASENT 3010770 (BMNH); elev. 37 m,
22°54.80′S 43°28.93′E, Malaise trap, spiny forest, 6–16 December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-
02-18B-05, 1 female, CASENT 3010829. Fiherenana, elev. 50 m, 23°14′07″S 43°52′15″E, Malaise trap, in
degraded gallery forest, 1–4 December 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF049, 1 female,
CASENT 3009270.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin prefix uni, meaning one, and the Latin word
vitta, meaning ribbon or band, and refers to the single grey vitta on the mesonotum of this species.
DISCUSSION.— In Emden’s (1943) key, this species runs to P. rhodesi Malloch, which is dark-
er in general colour, with flagellomere black and pale only at base, mesonotum with four brownish
postsutural vittae, and hind femur with fine posteroventral hairs at base.
Pygophora Schiner, 1868

DIAGNOSIS.— Frons high, much wider at anterior margin than at vertex, two pairs of reclinate
orbital setae; each fronto-orbit usually with 4 setae; frontal triangle short; arista with long hairs on
basal half (Fig. 6); prestomal teeth developed; dorsocentrals 1+3, the presutural seta sometimes pre-
ceded by a short one; prealar seta absent; anepimeron bare; fore tibia with one median seta on pos-
terior surface; hind tibia with one anteroventral, 2 anterodorsal and 2 posterodorsal setae. [REF.
Crosskey 1962].
Biology unknown; adults predaceous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Six species have been recorded from the Afrotropical region. Emden
(1940) gave a key to separate five of them (P. africana Crosskey, 1962 not included) and Crosskey
(1962) gave a key to the Pygophora species of the world.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— The only species recorded from Madagascar, and also from the
Seychelles and Mauritius, P. pallipalpis (Stein, 1910), was found in our material. It can be recog-
nized by the yellow frons and the presence of some setulae on lower fronto-orbital plate, between
the frontal setae and the eye margin.

P. pallipalpis: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Fiherenana, elev. 100 m, 23°10′37″S 43°57′39″E,
Malaise trap, in gallery forest, 22–28 October 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF041, 1
female, CASENT 3009225; 1 female, CASENT 3009217; 1 female, CASENT 3009216 (MNRJ); 1 male,
CASENT 3009215 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3009213; 1 male, CASENT 3009220; 1 female, CASENT
3009223; 1 female, CASENT 3009221; 1 female, CASENT 3009217; 1 male, CASENT 3009211; 1 female,
CASENT 3009210; 1 male, CASENT 3009219; 1 female, CASENT 3009218; 1 male, CASENT 3009335; 1
female, CASENT 3009212; 1 female, CASENT 30092222. 16 km east Sakaraha, Zombitse Nature Reserve,
825 m, 22°88′23″S 44°70′06″E, 13 December 1999, tropical forest on sand, M.E. Irwin and E I. Schlinger,
Schlinger Foundation Madagascar Expedition, collection code: MEI.99-MA.14, 1 female, CASENT 8018317
(MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 8018314. Parc National d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m,
24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest, 30 October–9 November 2003, M. Irwin, F. Parker,
R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1 female, CASENT 3010950; 1 female, CASENT 3010959; 1
female, CASENT 3010969 (MNRJ); 1 female, CASENT 3010964; 28 March–8 April 2003, collection code:
MA-02-20-20, 1 male, CASENT 2070557; 1 male, CASENT 3010373; 10–21 September 2003, collection
code: MA-02-20-39, 1 female, CASENT 3010864; 8–18 March 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-18, 1 male,
CASENT 3010934; 15–28 January 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-52, 1 female, CASENT 8078194; 28
January–12 February 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 female, CASENT 8078197; 1 female, CASENT
8078195; 1 female, CASENT 8078196. Fianarantsoa Province: Parc National Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at
broken bridge, elev. 1100 m, 21°13′57″S 47°22′19″E, Malaise trap, in high altitude rainforest, 6–15 December
2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-06, 1 female, CASENT 3010004; 14–26 June 2002, col-
lection code: MA-02-09A-32, 1 female, CASENT 3010305. Radio tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m,
21°15.05′S 47°24.43′E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 26–31 March 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection
code: MA-02-09B-22, 1 female, CASENT 3010686. Belle Vue at Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S
47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-
02-09C-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009833. JIRAMA water works, elev. 690 m, 21°14.91′S 47°27′13′E, Malaise
trap near river, 8–15 November 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-02, 1 female, CASENT
3010724; 15–21 December 2001, collection code: MA-02-09D-07, 1 female, CASENT 3010498. Ranohira,
860 m, 26 January–4 February 1958, 1 female, B.R. Stuckenberg (NMSA). Mahajanga Province: Parc
in deciduous forest, 8–17 December 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-26, 1 female, CASENT
3010300; 28 September–5 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-17, 1 male, 3010670. Toamasina Province:
Maroantretra, at light, 1 male 2 females, J. Vadon (MNHNP, BMNH).
Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

DIAGNOSIS.— Metallic green, blue or violet flies; suprasquamal ridge and postalar wall bare;
anepimeron setulose; dorsocentrals 2+4; katepisternals 1+3; lower calypter of the Musca-type, trun-
cated; vein M strongly curved forward towards vein R4+5 before apex. [REF. Zielke 1971].
The larvae live in the dung of ungulates, and are strictly coprophagous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Eleven species are recorded from the Afrotropical region. Zielke
(1971) gave a key to separate 10 of them.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Only P. keiseri Zielke, 1972 is recorded from Madagascar, where it is
endemic, and it was found in our material. A new species of Pyrellia was also found, represented
only by the holotype female.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Pyrellia

1. Greater ampulla with stiff hairs; 7.5 mm (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. ampullacea, sp. nov.
Greater ampulla bare; 6.5 mm (Madagascar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. keiseri Zielke

P. keiseri: MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: Parc National de Marojejy, Manantenina River, 28.0
rain forest, 12–15 November 2003, B.L. Fisher et al., collection code: BLF8723, 1 male, CASENT 3009089;
1 female, CASENT 3009088; 1 female, CASENT 3009086; 1 female CASENT 3009087; 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 3010206; 1 female, CASENT 3010186; 1 male, CASENT 3010130; 1 female, CASENT 3010132.
Toliara Province: Fiherenana, elev. 65 m, 23°13.351′S 43°52.853′E, Malaise trap, in degraded riparian forest
close to water, 5–10 August 2003, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF076, 1 male, CASENT
3009191. Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002,
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 female, CASENT 3009229. Antafoky, elev. 60 m,
tion code: MGF002, 1 female, CASENT 3009454.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PYRELLIA

Pyrellia ampullacea Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Toamasina Province:
Montagne d’Anjanaharibe, 19.5 km 27° NNE Ambinanitelo, elev. 1100 m, 15°10′42″S 49°38′06″E, pitfall in
montane rainforest, 12–16 March 2003, B.L. Fisher, Griswold et al., collection code: BLF8154, 1 female,
CASENT 3009146.
DIAGNOSIS.— A large fly, 7.5 mm in length; greater ampulla with numerous hairs.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour metallic violet. Head with frons dark brown; fronto-orbital
plate dark brown, a little shining, grey pollinose close to lunula. Face and parafacial brown, grey
pollinose from certain angles; gena reddish-brown. Antenna, arista and palpus dark brown. Anterior
and posterior spiracles dark brown. Calypters slightly brownish. Haltere yellow at base and on
knob; stalk brown. Wing clear. Legs uniformly dark brown. Abdomen violet metallic, concolorous
with mesonotum.
setae long; ocellar setae short and divergent. Frontal row with about 10 pairs of setae, and a long
proclinate orbital. Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere about 3.0 times as long as
pedicel. Arista with long hairs. Gena about 1.5 times as wide as flagellomere. Palpus filiform.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4, the first two postsutural setae very short; 2
postpronotals; 1 presutural; 2 intra-alars; 1 supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two
setae, similar in size. Postalar declivity and suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with one pair of
long basal setae, one preapical and one apical a little shorter and similar in size. Anepisternum with
a series of about 10 setae, longer and stronger in upper half. Katepisternals 1+3. Anepimeron setu-
lose posteriorly. Posterior spiracle with margins bare. Greater ampulla with numerous stiff hairs.
Vein R4+5 setulose on both wing surfaces from base to cross-vein r-m, the basal node with two ven-
tral setulae. Fore femur with complete posterodorsal and posteroventral rows of long and strong
setae; posterior surface with relatively well developed setae along its entire length; fore tibia with
no median setae; one preapical dorsal and one apical ventral; mid femur with two ventral setae on
middle third; anterior surface with a row of short setae on basal two-thirds; two posterior preapical
setae; mid tibia with 4 strong posterior setae along basal two-thirds; one strong ventral submedian;
two strong apical ventral setae; hind femur with a complete row of anterodorsal setae; a sparse row
on anteroventral surface, longer on apical third; hind tibia with 1 median anteroventral seta and one
anterodorsal submedian, both short; one dorsal preapical and one ventral apical.
ABDOMEN.– Tergites without differentiated setae.
OVIPOSITOR.— Long, tergites and sternites very fine and long; basal segment ornamented with
folded membrane on both sides (Figs. 116 and 117). Spermathecae as in (Fig. 117).
MALE.— Unknown.
OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED.— No paratypes.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin word ampulla, meaning flask or bottle, and
refers to the stiff hairs on the greater ampulla of this species.
DISCUSSION.— P. ampullacea, sp. nov. differs from all other known species of Pyrellia by the
presence of stiff hairs on the greater ampulla. P difficilis (one specimen in the CAS collection iden-
tified by Zielke) also has hairs on the greater ampulla but they are very fine. Additional characters
for recognizing the new species are its large size, the absence of an anterodorsal seta on mid tibia,
and the dark brown anterior spiracle.
Spilogona Schnabl, 1911

DIAGNOSIS.— Prosternum bare; hind tibia without calcar; prealar absent; prestomal teeth
developed; dorsocentrals 2+3–4; katepisternals 1+1–3; mid femur without anterior preapical seta;
wing veins bare; ovipositor of the Mydaea-type.
The larvae are obligate carnivores, and may be terrestrial (in damp soil and moss cushions) or
fully aquatic. Adults are predaceous.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— Seventeen species of Spilogona were recorded from the Afrotropical
region. Most of them were keyed by Emden (1951), but since then a number have been transferred
to the genus Limnophora (Pont 1980).
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— The new species described here is the first record of this genus from
Madagascar.
No described species of Spilogona was found among the material examined.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SPILOGONA

Spilogona fulvipollinosa Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.
TYPE.— HOLOTYPE: female, deposited in CAS, labelled: MADAGASCAR: Fianarantsoa Province: Radio
tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 31 March–9
April 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-23, CASENT 3010410.
DIAGNOSIS.— Arista plumose; 3 postsutural dorsocentrals; legs reddish-brown; abdomen red-
dish-brown with a little grey pollinosity, tergite 5 yellowish.
GENERAL COLOR.— Ground-colour brown with grey pollinosity; mesonotum with postprono-
tum yellow, with a very intensely yellow pollinose median vitta that is slender presuturally and
expands after suture towards scutellum, which also has this intense pollinosity. Head with frons red-
dish; ocellar triangle and fronto-orbital plate brownish with a little grey pollinosity from certain
angles; parafacial and gena reddish-brown, silvery pollinose from certain angles. Antenna light
brown with grey pollinosity, scape and base of flagellomere somewhat yellow; arista brown. Palpus
yellow. Both spiracles yellow. Pleura brown with grey pollinosity. Calypters whitish, hyaline.
Haltere yellow with whitish knob. Wing clear. Legs reddish-brown with a little grey pollinosity, fore
tibia yellowish. Abdomen reddish-brown with a little grey pollinosity, tergite 5 yellowish.
HEAD.— Interocular space about 2.6 times of head-width at level of anterior ocellus. Vertical
setae long. Ocellar seta long, similar in size to the longest frontal. Frontal row with 5 pairs of setae.
Antenna inserted at mid level of eye; flagellomere about three times as long as pedicel. Arista
plumose. Gena slender, similar in width to that of flagellomere. Palpi filiform.
THORAX.— Acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+3; 2 postpronotals; 1 presutural; 1 intra-alar; 1
supra-alar; 2 postsupra-alars. Notopleuron with two setae, similar in size. Postalar declivity and
suprasquamal ridge bare. Scutellum with one long basal and one apical pair of setae. Anepisternum
with a series of 5 long setae. Katepisternals 1+2. Anepimeron bare. Posterior spiracle with margins
bare. Lower calypter about twice as long as upper one. Wing veins bare. Fore femur with a com-
plete row of posterodorsal and posteroventral setae, the latter longer and more sparse; fore tibia with
a long median posterior seta; one dorsal preapical, one posterodorsal apical and one posteroventral
apical, similar in size; mid femur with 2 posterior preapical setae; mid tibia with two posterior setae
on middle third; long apical setae on ventral, posteroventral and anterodorsal surfaces; hind femur
with a complete anterodorsal row of setae and 4–5 anteroventrals on apical half; hind tibia with one
median and one supramedian anterodorsal; 2–3 anteroventrals on middle third; a long posterodor-
sal on apical third; a long apical on ventral surface.
ABDOMEN.— Marginal row of setae on tergites 4 and 5 and a discal row on tergite 5.
OVIPOSITOR.— Of the Mydaea-type, and spermathecae as in Fig. 118.
MALE.— Unknown.
Ranomafana, Vohiparara, at broken bridge, elev. 1110 m, 21°13.57′S 47°22.19′E, Malaise trap in high altitude
rainforest, 14–21 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09A-12, 1 female, CASENT 3010623;
6–15 December 2001, 1 female, CASENT 3010017.
ETYMOLOGY.— The name comes from the Latin words fulvus, meaning tawny or reddish-yel-
low, and pollen, meaning fine flour or dust, and refers to the intense yellow median vitta pollinos-
ity of the postpronotum and mesonotum of this species.
DISCUSSION.— In Emden’s (1951) key, the new species runs to couplet 14 but goes no further
as it has a different combination of characters.
Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762

DIAGNOSIS.— General colour brownish-grey to yellowish-brown; head slightly wider than
high; vertex about one-fourth of head-width in male and well over one-third in female; arista
plumose; palpus slender and short, subcylindrical, and less than half as long as the elongated and
non-retractile piercing proboscis; antennal flagellomere about 2.5 times as long as pedicel; proster-
num and proepisternum setulose; prealar seta absent; anterior katepisternal absent. [REF. Emden
1939, Zumpt 1973].
The larvae are usually found in mammalian excrement, but S. calcitrans breeds more widely,
for example in grass clippings or vegetable compost where there is a high degree of bacterial fer-
mentation. Adults are obligate blood suckers and have a proboscis adapted for piercing skin.
AFROTROPICAL FAUNA.— There are 14 Afrotropical species of the genus Stomoxys.
MADAGASCAN FAUNA.— Two species of Stomoxys have been recorded from Madagascar, and
both have been found in our material: S. calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and S. niger Macquart, 1851.
Zumpt (1973) has given a key to the world species.
Key to the Madagascar Species of Stomoxys

1. Fons slightly widening from the vertex towards the lunula; abdomen with dark spots as in Fig.
119; width of male frons at its narrowest part about 1/3 or more of eye-ength; width of female
frons at vertex about one-half of eye-length (cosmopolitan, widespread in the Afrotropical region
including Cape Verde Is., Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, St Helena)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. calcitrans (Linnaeus)
Frons sub-parallel in posterior half; abdomen with dark transverse bands as in Fig. 120; width of
male frons at narrowest point about 1/4 or less of eye-length; width of female frons less than one-
half of eye-length (widespread in the Afrotropical region, including Cape Verde Is.., Madagascar,
Mauritius, Réunion, Rodriguez, Seychelles, South Yemen,). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. niger Macquart

S. calcitrans: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Sept Lacs: elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise
trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 female
CASENT 3009236. Antsiranana Province: Forêt d’Ampondrabe, elev. 175 m, 26.3 km 10° NNE Daraina,
12°58′12″S 49°42′00″E, Malaise trap—tropical dry forest, 10 December 2003, B.L. Fisher, collection code:
BLF9976, 1 female, CASENT 3009059; 1 female, CASENT 3009063. Antananarivo Province:

Antananarivo [Tananarive], 26 November 1933, 3 females, W.A.Lamborn (BMNH). Antananarivo
[Tananarive], March 1965, 5 females, G.Uilenberg (BMNH).
S. niger: MADAGASCAR: Toliara Province: Manderano, elev. 70 m, 23°31′39″S 44°5′18″E, Malaise trap,
edge of marsh, 5 m from road, gallery forest, 23 June–28 July 2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection
code: MGF035, 1 male, CASENT 3009315; 1 male, CASENT 3009317; 1 female, CASENT 3009316; 1
female, CASENT 3009314; 1 female, CASENT 3009313; 1 female, CASENT 3009312; 1 female. CASENT
Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF002, 1 female, CASENT 3009480. Parc National
d’Andohahela, Tsimelahy, Parcelle II, elev. 180 m, 24°56.21′S 46°37.60′E, Malaise trap in transitional forest,
29 June–10 July, M. Irwin, F. Parker, R. Harin Hala, collection code: MA-02-20-31, 1 female, CASENT
CASENT 2070580; 1 female, 2070611; 30 October–9 November 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-44, 1
female, CASENT 3010991; 1 female, CASENT 3010994; 1 female, CASENT 3010980; 1 male, CASENT
3010984; 1 male, CASENT 3010985; 1 male, CASENT 3010983 (MNRJ); 1 male, CASENT 3010953; 1
male, CASENT 3010987 (MNRJ); 10–21 September 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-39, 1 male, CASENT
3010883; 1 female, CASENT 3010862; 11–19 October 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-42, 1 female,
CASENT 3010831; 8–18 March 2003, collection code: MA-02-20-18, 1 female, CASENT 3010927; 1 female,
CASENT 3010925; 9–16 December 2002, collection code: MA-02-20-08, 1 female, CASENT 3010446; 28
January–12 February 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-53, 1 male, CASENT 8078064; 1 male, CASENT
1 female, CASENT 8078059; 15–28 January 2004, collection code: MA-02-20-52, 1 male, CASENT
8078022; 1 male, CASENT 8078023; 1 female, CASENT 8078024; 1 female, CASENT 8078025 (MNRJ).
Mikea Forest, NW of Manombo, elev. 30 m, 22°54.22′S 43°28.53′E, Malaise trap, deciduous dry forest, 27
December–6 January 2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-18A-08, 1 female, CASENT 3010284; 21
September–2 October 2003, collection code: MA-02-18A-69, 1 female, CASENT 3010816. Fianarantsoa
Province: JIRAMA, water works, 21°14.91′S 47°27.13′E, Malaise trap near river, elev. 690 m, 10–14 January
2002, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09D-11, 1 male, CASENT 3009990; 1 male, CASENT
3009981; 1 female, CASENT 3009991; 1 female, CASENT 3009977. Parc National d’Isalo, 9.1 km, 354° N
Ranohira, elev. 725 m, 22°28′54″S 45°27′42″E, collected at light gallery forest, 27–31 January 2003, Fisher,
Griswold et al., collection code: BLF7304, 1 female, CASENT 3009303. Parc National Ranomafana, radio
tower at forest edge, elev. 1130 m, 21°15′05″S 47°24′43″E, Malaise trap, mixed tropical forest, 15–21
December 2001, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09B-07, 1 female, CASENT 3009930; 1 female,
CASENT 3010057. Sept Lacs, elev. 120 m, 23°31′65″S 44°9′35″E, Malaise trap, gallery forest, 21–26 August
2002, Frontier Wilderness Project, collection code: MGF038, 1 female, CASENT 3009235. Belle Vue at
Talatakely, elev. 1020 m, 21°15.99′S 47°25.21′E, Malaise trap, secondary tropical forest, 14–21 January 2002,
R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-02-09C-12, 1 female, CASENT 3009836. Mahajanga Province: Parc
in deciduous forest, 5–12 October 2003, R. Harin’Hala, collection code: MA-25-18, 1 male, CASENT
3010325; 1 female; CASENT 3010348; 1 female, CASENT 3010327; 1 female, CASENT 3010326; 28
September–5 October 2003, collection code: MA-25-17, 1 male, CASENT 3010474; 1 male, CASENT
3010469; 1 male, CASENT 3010468; 1 female, CASENT 3010475; 7–14 September 2003, collection code:
MA-25-14, 1 male, CASENT 3010449. Antananarivo Province: Tananarive, March 1965, 4 females,
G.Uilenberg (BMNH).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The bulk of this work was carried out by MSC at the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, and she is very grateful to all the staff colleagues for their support. She also gratefully
acknowledges Ester Chang for help with the preparation of the specimens; April Nobile and Nick
Olgeirson for assistance with the auto-montage equipment; Darrell Ubick and Diana Silva Dávila
for facilities in the “Wet Lab”; Larry Currie for assistance in the library; and Christine Arata for the
everyday help. She also thanks Luis Antonio Alves da Costa (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil) for the final preparation of the drawings. MSC thanks the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento
de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, process 3123-04-9), an agency of the Brazilian Government
fostering scientific and technological development, for her post-doctoral grant. ACP thanks David
Notton and Nigel Wyatt (The Natural History Museum, London, UK) and Joachim Ziegler
(Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany) for access to the collections
in their charge. Finally, we wish to thank NSF grant DEB-0072713 to Brian Fisher (PI) and Charles
Griswold (Co-PI), as well as the team collecting and processing specimens in Madagascar: Daniela
Andriamalala, Lantonianina Andriamaampianina, Dylan Berge, Lisa Joy Boutin, Alison Cameron,
Randriambololona Tantely Nirina, Harin’Hala Hasinjaka, Jen Jacobs, Joel Ledford, Gary Ouellette,
Pascal Rabeson, Jean-Jacques Rafanomezantsoa, Maminiaina Rajaonarivo, Balsama Rajemison,
Jean Claude Rakotonirina, Chrislain Ranaivo, Nicle Rasoamanana, Hanitriniana Rasoazanamavo,
Helian Ratsirarson, Domonia Razafindratandra, Corrie Saux, Diana Silva, and Brinda Vavy.
LITERATURE CITED
CARVALHO, C.J.B. DE, AND M.S. COURI. 2002. Part I. Basal groups. Pages 17–132 in C.J.B. de Carvalho, ed.,
Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region: Taxonomy. Editora Universidade Federal do Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil.
CARVALHO, C.J.B. DE; M.S. COURI; A.C. PONT; D. PAMPLONA, AND S.M. LOPES. 2005. A Catalogue of the
Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 860:1–282.
COURI, M.S., AND C.J.B. DE CARVALHO. 2002. Part II. Apical Groups. Pages 133–262 in C.J.B. de Carvalho,
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Curitiba, Brazil.
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ZUMPT, F. 1969. Notes on the genus Aethiopomyia Malloch (Diptera: Muscidae) with a new species from
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Illustrations
Figures 1–120
FIGURE 1. Atherigona sp. Head, lateral view (modified from Pont and Magpayo,
1995)
FIGURE 2. Neomyia setulosa (Zielke, 1972). Suprasquamal ridge
FIGURE 3. Deltotus viola Zielke, 1972. Cercal plate of male, frontal view (modified
from Zielke, 1972, FIGURE 4:152)
FIGURE 4. Musca xanthomelaena Wiedemann, 1830. Wing
FIGURE 5. Morellia calyptrata Stein, 1913. Wing
FIGURE 6. Pygophora pallipalpis Stein, 1910. Head, lateral view
FIGURE 7. Coenosia nitidiventris Stein, 1906. Head, lateral view
FIGURE 8. Anaphalantus longicornis (Macquart, 1843). Head, lateral view (modified
from Couri and Pont, 2000)
FIGURE 9. Atherigona (Atherigona) contrastiloba Deeming, 1987. Male, hypopygial

prominence, dorsal view view
FIGURE 10. Atherigona (Atherigona) contrastiloba Deeming, 1987. Male, hypopy-
gial prominence, lateral view
FIGURE 11. Atherigona (Atherigona) contrastiloba Deeming, 1987. Male. Trifoliate
process
process, apex, dorsal view
process, apex, lateral view
FIGURE 14. Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis, sp. nov. Male, hypopygial promi-
nence, dorsal view
FIGURE 15. Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis, sp. nov. Male, hypopygial promi-
nence, lateral view
FIGURE 16. Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process
FIGURE 17. Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process,
apex, dorsal view
FIGURE 18. Atherigona (Atherigona) nigridorsalis, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process,
apex, lateral view
FIGURE 19. Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta, sp. nov. Male, hypopygial promi-
nence, dorsal view
FIGURE 20. Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta, sp. nov. Male, hypopygial promi-
nence, lateral view
FIGURE 21. Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process
FIGURE 22. Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process,
apex, dorsal view
FIGURE 23. Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process,
apex, lateral view
FIGURE 24. Atherigona (Atherigona) variata, sp. nov. Male, hypopygial prominence,
dorsal view
FIGURE 25. Atherigona (Atherigona) variata, sp. nov. Male, hypopygial prominence,
lateral view
FIGURE 26. Atherigona (Atherigona) variata, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process
FIGURE 27. Atherigona (Atherigona) variata, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process, apex,
dorsal view
FIGURE 28. Atherigona (Atherigona) variata, sp. nov. Male. Trifoliate process, apex,
lateral view
FIGURE 29. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 30. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, dorsal view
FIGURE 31. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view
FIGURE 32. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, dorsal view
FIGURE 33. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral view
FIGURE 34. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 35. Brontaea differa, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and spermath-
ecae
FIGURE 36. Cephalispa azurea, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 37. Cephalispa azurea, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, lateral view
FIGURE 38. Cephalispa azurea, sp. nov. Female. Spermathecae
FIGURE 39. Cephalispa azurea, sp. nov. Egg, dorsal view
FIGURE 40. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 41. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Male. Epandrium, sternite 6; cercal plate and
surstyli, dorsal view
FIGURE 42. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Male. Epandrium, sternite 6; cercal plate and
surstyli, laterla view
FIGURE 43. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate, surstyli, aedeagus, lateral
view
FIGURE 44. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 45. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view
FIGURE 46. Cephalispa curta, sp. nov. Female. Spermathecae
FIGURE 47. Coenosia aberrans, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 48. Coenosia aberrans, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and sper-
mathecae
FIGURE 49. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal
view
FIGURE 50. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and
FIGURE 51. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and
surstyli, lateral view
FIGURE 52. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, dorsal
view
FIGURE 53. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral
view
FIGURE 54. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal
view
FIGURE 55. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) nigra, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral
view and spermathecae
FIGURE 56. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dor-
sal view
FIGURE 57. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate
and surstyli, dorsal view
FIGURE 58. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate
and surstyli, lateral view
FIGURE 59. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, dor-
sal view
FIGURE 60. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lat-
eral view
FIGURE 61. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor,
dorsal view
FIGURE 62. Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor,
ventral view and spermathecae
FIGURE 63. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 64. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and
FIGURE 65. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and
FIGURE 66. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, dorsal view
FIGURE 67. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral view
FIGURE 68. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal
view
FIGURE 69. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral
FIGURE 70. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal
view
FIGURE 71. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and
FIGURE 72. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and
FIGURE 73. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, dorsal
view
FIGURE 74. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral
view
FIGURE 75. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal
view
FIGURE 76. Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral
FIGURE 77. Hebecnema humeralis, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, lateral view and
spermathecae
FIGURE 78. Hebecnema humeralis, sp. nov. Larva, lateral view

FIGURE 79. Hebecnema humeralis, sp. nov. Larva, cephalopharingeal skeleton
FIGURE 80. Hebecnema humeralis, sp. nov. Larva, posterior spiracles
FIGURE 81. Helina flavomaculata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 82. Helina flavomaculata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and
spermathecae
FIGURE 83. Helina carpiae, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 84. Helina carpiae, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, dorsal view
FIGURE 85. Helina carpiae, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view
FIGURE 86. Helina carpiae, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral view
FIGURE 87. Helina carpiae, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 88. Helina carpiae, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and spermath-
ecae
FIGURE 89. Helina grisella, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 90. Helina grisella, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and spermath-
ecae
FIGURE 91. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 92. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, dorsal view
FIGURE 93. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, lateral view
FIGURE 94. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral view
FIGURE 95. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 96. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view, detail of api-
cal segment
FIGURE 97. Hydrotaea bella, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and spermath-
ecae
FIGURE 98. Limnophora mesovittata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, laterial view and
spermathecae
FIGURE 99. Limnophora triangularis, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, lateral view and
FIGURE 89. spermathecae
FIGURE 100. Lispacoenosia fulvitarsus Snyder, 1949. Male, head, lateral view (mod-
ified from Snyder, 1949a, FIGURE 3:2)
FIGURE 101. Lispe desjardinsii Macquart, 1851. Male, fore tibia and tarsi (modified
from Snyder 1949a, FIGURE 1:2)
FIGURE 102. Lispe argentata, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 103. Lispe argentata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate, dorsal view
FIGURE 104. Lispe argentata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and aedeagus, lateral view
FIGURE 105. Lispe argentata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, lateral view
FIGURE 106. Myospila paradoxalis (Stein in Becker, 1903). Male, head, frontal view
(modified from Snyder 1949b, FIGURE 14:21).
FIGURE 107. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Male. Sternite 5, dorsal view
FIGURE 108. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, dorsal
view
FIGURE 109. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Male. Cercal plate and surstyli, lateral
view
FIGURE 110. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, dorsal view
FIGURE 111. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Male. Aedeagus, lateral view
FIGURE 112. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 113. Phaonia plurivittata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and sper-
mathecae
FIGURE 114. Phaonia univittata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 115. Phaonia univittata, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and sper-
mathecae
FIGURE 116. Pyrellia ampullacea, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, dorsal view
FIGURE 117. Pyrellia ampullacea, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, ventral view and sper-
mathecae
FIGURE 118. Spilogona fulvipollinosa, sp. nov. Female. Ovipositor, lateral view and
spermathecae
Figure 119. Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758). Abdominal pattern (modified
from Zumpt, 1973, fig. 74, I:195)
Figure 120. Stomoxys niger Macquart, 1851. Abdominal pattern (modified from
Zumpt, 1973, 74, II: 195)
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Muscidae (Diptera) from Madagascar: Identification Keys,

Márcia S. Couri1, Adrian C. Pont2, Norman D. Penny3

The Madagascan Muscidae fauna is known only from scattered publications by a

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Key to the Madagascan Genera of Muscidae

Suprasquamal ridge and infra-alar bulla bare; 2 species . . . . . . . . . Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy

New records: Genera

Alluaudinella Giglio-Tos, 1895

Key to the Madagascan Species of Alluaudinella

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

Anaphalantus Loew, 1857

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

Atherigona Rondani, 1856

Key to the Madacascan Species of Atherigona — Males

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF ATHERIGONA

Atherigona (Atherigona) quadriseta Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

Atherigona (Atherigona) variata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

Azelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Brontaea Kowarz, 1873

Key to the Madacascan Species of Brontaea (modified from Emden 1951)

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF BRONTAEA

Cephalispa Malloch, 1935

Key to the Madagascan Species of Cephalispa

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF CEPHALISPA

Cephalispa curta Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

Coenosia Meigen, 1826

Key to the Madagascar Species of Coenosia

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF COENOSIA

Deltotus Séguy, 1935

Key to the Madagascar Species of Deltotus (modified from Zielke 1972)

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

Dichaetomyia Malloch, 1921

Scutellum concolorous with mesonotum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DICHAETOMYIA

Dichaetomyia (Dichaetomyia) tricolorata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

Dichaetomyia (Panaga) colorata Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

strongly contrasting with the ground-colour.

Dichaetomyia (Panaga) flabellifera Couri, Pont, and Penny, sp. nov.

Dimorphia Malloch, 1922

Fraserella Steyskal, 1966

MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNNAMED SPECIES

Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

Hebecnema Schnabl, 1889

Key to the Madagascan Species of Hebecnema

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF HEBECNEMA

Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830

Key to the Madagascar Species of Helina

expanding towards scutellum (Madagascar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. carpiae, sp. nov.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: KNOWN SPECIES