Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researches

University of Diyala
College of Education of Humanities Sciences
Department of English

The Challenges of Translation of Homonym

Submitted to the Council of the English Department/ College of

Education for Humanities / University of Diyala
In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor in
Education (English Literature)

Prepared by
Atheer Qassim Ali
Supervised by
Asst. Inst. Emad Farhood

2022 A. D. 1443 H.
 َ ْ‫جْرهُ ْم ِبأَح‬
‫س ِن َما‬ َ َ‫ص َب ُروا أ‬
َ َ‫َجْز َي هن الهذِين‬
ِ ‫ق ۗ َولَن‬ ِ ‫( َما ِع ْندَ ُك ْم َي ْنفَدُ ۖ َو َما ِع ْندَ ه‬
ٍ ‫َّللا َبا‬
)٩٦ ،‫َكانُوا يَ ْع َملُونَ ) ( النحل‬

"In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate"

{Whatever you have will end, but what Allah has is lasting.
And We will surely give those who were patient their
reward according to the best of what they used to do.} (Al-
Nahal, 96)
Dedication

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to

my beloved parents

my brothers & sisters

II
 Acknowledgments

I would like to present my thanks fist to Almighty Allah,

SWT, for giving us power, strength, and patience .

Secondly, my supervisor, Asst. Inst. Emad Farhood, for his

guidance and for giving us the golden notes . Without his
help, this research would not be completed .

Lastly, many thanks for my friends, relatives and

classmates for helping me .

III
 Abstract

Translators face many challenges when creating accurate, quality translations for
clients. Translation is capturing the meaning of words from the source to the target
language. Some of the challenges translators face when working on a project are:
Homonyms. Homonyms are words that have multiple meanings that are spelled the
same. They can make translation difficult depending on how they are used or placed
in a sentence. For example: I left his glove on the left side of the bench.

Language Structure, translation is not transferring words for words, but it is the
transfer of the meaning of sentences to the target language. Each language has
different rules and structures that need to be followed in order to to maintain the
same meaning. Without the correct language structure, it is easy for a sentence not
to make any sense in the target language.

Idiomatic Expressions, the meaning of idiomatic expressions is different from the

literal meaning. For example: I’ve been feeling under the weather. Translating these
type of expressions are difficult for translators as there are not direct translations.
Style, is the overall attitude, or feeling in a text. Recreating the same style is one of
the most difficult tasks for translators. See last week’s blog post here for more on
style.

It is important to be aware of some of the challenges of translating. At Same Day

Translations, one takes great pride in his/her work in giving the reader the best
combination of word choice, meaning and accuracy.

IV
 List of Contents

Dedication II

Acknowledgments III

Abstract IV

Table of contents V

Section one 6

1. Introduction 6
2. Definitions of homonym 6
3. Homonym & Polysemy 8
4. Dictionaries’ distinction between Homonym & Polysemy 9
5. Translation of lexical relations 10
6. Forms of homonyms in Arabic 12

Section Two 16

1. The translation of Homonym 16

2. Analysis of Homonym errors 17
2.1 Errors due to multiple root morphemes 17
2.2 Errors due to metaphorical Homonym 18
2.3 Errors due to Homonymic particles 19
2.4 Errors due to Polysemy 20
2.5 Errors due to Homonym of different parts of speech 20

Conclusion 22

References 23

V
Section One

1. Introduction

Homonyms are thought to be the source of a variety of linguistic

phenomena, with a variety of repercussions such as misunderstanding and
a lack of communication through language. To the best of my knowledge,
there do not appear to be any other research studying this language effect
among Arab students in general and Jordanian students in particular. This
study aims to investigate one of the most important semantic phenomena,
homonym ambiguity, and its impact on the translations of Jordanian
undergraduate students studying Translation. Homonymy has been studied
in lexical semantics, language instruction, psycholinguistics, stylistics, and
computational linguistics, among other domains of linguistics..)Rabadi,
2015:27)

2. Definitions of Homonymy

Homonymy (from the Greek—homos: same, onoma: name) refers

to the relationship between words that have the same form but different
meanings, also known as homonymy. The term bank, as used in "river
bank" and "savings bank," is a good example of a stock. Those objects are
known as homonymous, and they have a common name but a different
account of being corresponding to the name... Those items are referred to
as synonymous if the name is well-known, and the account of being
synonymous with the name is the same.(Nordquist, 2021: 1)

Linguist Deborah Tannen (2005) has used the term pragmatic

homonymy or ambiguity to describe the phenomenon by which two

6
speakers "use the same linguistic devices to achieve different ends" (135).
As Tom McArthur has noted, "There is an extensive gray area between the
concepts of polysemy and homonymy" (2005, 25) .

Crystal (2008) states that homonymy can be illustrated as

homographs, words that are spelt the same but have different meanings
such as row (boat) vs. row (noise), and homophones, words that are spelt
differently but have similar pronunciation as threw vs. through .

Homonyms can be classified to two major types in semantic

analysis. First, total, full, absolute or complete homonymy which are
words (lexemes) that have the same pronunciation and the same spelling,
i.e. the identity covers spoken and written forms that make their forms
identical which are grammatically equivalent. For example, bank a slope,
bank a place for money, and bank a bench or row of switches. Second,
partial homonymy or heteronomy or near homonyms. Thus, partial
homonymy are words either identical in spoken form as homophones or in
written form as homographs (Crystal, 2008). For instance, scene visual
location and seen past participle of to see.

Examples and Observations

"Homonyms are illustrated from the various meanings of the word

bear (animal, carry) or ear (of body, of corn). In these examples, the
identity covers both the spoken and written forms, but it is possible
to have partial homonymy—or heteronymy—where the identity is
within a single medium, as in homophony and homography. When
there is ambiguity between homonyms (whether non-deliberate or

7
 contrived, as in riddles and puns), a homonymic clash or conflict is
said to have occurred". (Crystal, 2008: 89)

Peer and Peep

"Examples of homonymy are peer ('person belonging to the same group in

age and status') and peer ('look searchingly'), or peep ('making a feeble
shrill sound') and peep ('look cautiously')".( Greenbaum&Nelson, 2009:
78)

3. Homonymy and Polysemy

"Homonymy and polysemy both involve one lexical form that is

associated with multiple senses and as such both are possible sources
of lexical ambiguity. But while homonyms are distinct lexemes that
happen to share the same form, in polysemy a single lexeme is
associated with multiple senses. The distinction between homonymy
and polysemy is usually made on the basis of the relatedness of the
senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the senses
associated with homonymous lexemes are not related." (Murphy and
Anu Koskela, 2010: 72)

Two Words, Same Form, Linguists have long distinguished between

polysemy and homonymy. Usually, an account like the following is given.
Homonymy obtains when two words accidentally have the same form,
such as bank 'land bordering on a river' and bank 'financial institution.'
Polysemy obtains where one word has several similar meanings, such as
may indicating 'permission' (e.g., May I go now?) and may indicating
possibility (e.g., It may never happen). Since it is not easy to say when two
meanings are totally different or unrelated (as in homonymy) or when they

8
are just a little different and related (as in polysemy), it has been
customary to adduce additional, more easily decidable criteria. (Lyons
1977:235).

4. Dictionaries' Distinction between Homonymy and Polysemy

Dictionaries recognize the distinction between polysemy and

homonymy by making a polysemous item a single dictionary entry and
making homophonous lexemes two or more separate entries. Thus head is
one entry and bank is entered twice. Producers of dictionaries often make a
decision in this regard on the basis of etymology, which is not necessarily
relevant, and in fact separate entries are necessary in some instances when
two lexemes have a common origin. The form pupil, for instance, has two
different senses, 'part of the eye' and 'school child.' Historically these have
a common origin but at present they are semantically unrelated.(Nordquist,
2021: 2)

Similarly, flower and flour were originally 'the same word,' and so
were the verbs to poach (a way of cooking in water) and to poach 'to hunt
[animals] on another person's land'), but the meanings are now far apart
and all dictionaries treat them as homonyms, with separate listing. The
distinction between homonymy and polysemy is not an easy one to make.
Two lexemes are either identical in form or not, but relatedness of
meaning is not a matter of yes or no; it is a matter of more or less."
(Kreidler, 1998: 48)

9
No Clear Cut Homonymy

The trouble is that, although helpful, these criteria are not totally
compatible and do not go all the way. There are cases where we may
think that the meanings are clearly distinct and that we therefore
have homonymy, but which cannot be distinguished by the given
linguistic formal criteria, e.g., charm may denote 'a kind of
interpersonal attraction' and may also be used in physics denoting 'a
kind of physical energy.' Not even the word bank, usually given in
most textbooks as the archetypical example of homonymy, is clear-
cut. Both the 'financial bank' and the 'river bank' meanings derive by
a process of metonymy and metaphor, respectively from Old French
banc 'bench.' Since bank in its two meanings belongs to the same
part of speech and is not associated with two inflectional paradigms,
the meanings of bank are not a case of homonymy by any of the
above criteria...Traditional linguistic criteria for distinguishing
homonymy from polysemy, although no doubt helpful, in the end
turn out to be insufficient (Allwood, 2003:28).

5. Translation of Lexical Relations

Because translation is one of the most visible representations of

interethnic and interliterary existence, it serves as a medium of
communication. The term "translation" is well-known and widely
understood, but it requires clarification and terminological definition as a
designation of a specific type of human activity and its outcome. It means:
1) a mental act in which a speech work (text or oral utterance) made in one
language (FL) is recreated in another language (TL); 2) the result of this

10
process, i.e. a new speech product (text or oral utterance) in the translating
language.(Madedova, 2021: 135)

There are numerous theories of translation, which to one degree or

another affect the problem of its adequacy. Thus, Jackson Matthews writes
about high-quality literary translation: “The translation as a whole must
follow the content exactly and in form it must follow the original;
moreover, something of his own should appear in him, namely, the voice
of the translator” (Abramova, 2014: 88)

There are four basic requirements for a translation that must:

1) convey meaning;
2) convey the spirit and style of the original;
3) have ease and naturalness of presentation;
4) create an equivalent impression

The phenomenon of lexical homonymy is extremely harmful for a

high-quality translation, primarily because the translator does not always
understand the text's dual meaning. The dictionary is the most important
tool in the translation process. When a translator encounters difficulty in
revealing the meaning of a word or phrase, the translator first consults a
dictionary. It should be mentioned that a translator's ability to use a
dictionary is critical to their work. The goal of translation is to create a
relationship of equivalence between the original and the translated text (so
that both texts carry the same meaning).(Madedova, 2021: 135)

At the same time, there are distinctions between written translation,

which entails the transfer of meaning from one language to another in
writing, and oral translation, which entails the transmission of meaning

11
from one language to another audibly or by gestures (in the case of sign
language). Translation is a difficult task in and of itself. Furthermore, in
actuality, the translator must overcome impediments that make the
translation process much more difficult. Homonymy is one such stumbling
block. Lexical homophones are the most often used in the English
language, and dictionaries only list homonyms that differ in spelling but
sound the same, i.e. phonetic homonyms.(Madedova, 2021: 135)

Homonymy is a contentious linguistic subject among Arab linguists

despite the fact thatit could not be denied by them. Arab linguists have
disagreed on its existence in Arabic such as Ibn Dorstoya in his book
“Sharhu al Tafsil” denied it by interpreting the examples of homonyms in
a way that excludes them from being categorized under homonymy. They
might consider one of the homonym meanings is real, and the other
meanings are metaphorical. For example, the word ''wajd'' has several
meanings like „to find‟, „anger‟, or „to love‟. Such Arab linguists would
state that this word might seem to have several meanings but actually all
these meanings are related to one thing. In contrary, other Arab linguists
such as Al Aṣma‟y and Abu ObaidahMu‟ammar bin Al Muthana headed
for its frequent existence as they provided a range of undoubted evidence
were among this party (Shahin, 1980: 48)

6. Forms of homonyms in Arabic

1. Homonyms for a variety of root morphemes

This is the first sort of homonymy, and it means that the meanings of two
words are interchangeable. The base morphemes of homonymous words
are distinct. "arrajuluqailun," for example. uhran" (lit. "the man talked at
noon"), where the term "qailun" is homonymous with "uhran." It could be

12
used to denote the meaning of saying (i.e. the speech uttered by the
tongue). derived from the Arabic root "qawl"), or napping (i.e. a short
sleep throughout the day). However, the word "uhran" appears in the
afternoon, which is derived from the Arabic root "qail." The first meaning
is explained by the context. This feature was dubbed "Co-occurrence" by
Firth (1957). (Rabadi, 2015: 29)

2. Homonyms that are metaphorical

When two similar words have different meanings by migrating from their
original place into the extension of the meaning, this form of homonymy
happens. "La yash" is a phrase. shamsanwa la
bardanraunafiljanaturaunafiljanaturaunafiljanaturaunafiljanaturauna (Lit.
translation: They won't be bothered by the sun or the cold. paradise).
"Shamsan" is the same word, which means "very hot" and "a" in Arabic.
Ibn Manour (1994) defines a planet as "a heavenly body." The term "la
yashrauna" is, however, a misnomer. used in conjunction with a negative
particle and the words "janatu" and "bardan" to convey the language
context, which is most likely the first meaning. When Lyons (1995)
discussed deixis, he pointed out that the language context and the context
of the text are both important. (Rabadi, 2015: 29)

3. Particles that are homogeneous

This kind denotes the employment of linguistic particles for various

purposes, such as negation particles, question words, relative pronouns,
and prepositions, among others. As a result, at times A particle could
replace another, or it could be a noun in a position or an article.

13
Alternatively, some particles may be employed to convey a distinct
meaning, such as to perform another purpose .(Rabadi, 2015: 30)

4. Words with multiple meanings that are homonomic (polysemy)

This idea refers to a word having many denotative interpretations that are
not metaphorical. This can be explained by the fact that there is a
homonymous term. rather than the metaphoric one that is characterized by
the development, to a specific motive. There is no relationship between the
two words in its use, which is wholly different. One of them could be
derived from another ancient language, or each word could have a distinct
meaning. However, they are only superficially similar in appearance.
(Rabadi, 2015: 30)

5. Using derivations in unexpected places

Using a derivation to relate to two separate meanings is referred to as this

type. In one location, a word may be an active participle (ism fa'il) and an
adverb in another. For example, "ihtiramumaqamialustathiwajibun" (lit.
"respecting the standing place of")

A teacher is required. ), where the word "maqami" (standing place) is

homonymous with the word "maqami" (standing place). the definitions of
dignity, magnificence, and position, as well as the definition of rank.
(Rabadi, 2015: 30)

6. Homonymy resulting from the use of different parts of speech

This form of homonymy refers to nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and

other components of speech. This sort of homonymy should be
distinguished from the first type. The first kind depicts the source of two

14
words, whereas the sixth type depicts the difference between two words as
a result of each word's connection to a portion of speech that is
incompatible with the correspondence of the other. The sentence
"shajarabainahumkhilafun" (lit. translation: "A shajarabainahumkhilafun")
is an example of the sixth category. There has been a dispute between
them), which includes the eponymous word "shajara" as well as a plant
having a stem, or the notion of dispute in opinions(Rabadi, 2015: 30- 31)

15
Section Two

1. The Translation of Homonym

The phenomenon of lexical homonymy is extremely harmful for a

high-quality translation, primarily because the translator does not always
understand the text's dual meaning. The dictionary is the most important
tool in the translation process. When a translator encounters difficulty in
revealing the meaning of a word or phrase, the translator first consults a
dictionary. It should be mentioned that a translator's ability to use a
dictionary is critical to their work. The goal of translation is to create a
relationship of equivalence between the original and the translated text (so
that both texts carry the same meaning). )Madedova, 2021: 137)

Homonymy is one of the most common causes of ambiguity, because

homonyms contribute to both meaning expansion and pronunciation
consistency, and their absence or neglect can lead to considerable
misunderstandings of spoken communications. This is the risk, since when
students of Translation perceive the speech, they may convert it into one of
its many interpretations without giving it much thought or thoroughness.
As a result, they may follow it, resulting in tainted outcomes.(Madedova,
2021: 138)

Prather and Swinney believe that "ambiguity is ubiquitous in

language ; it exists at every level of processing (from acoustic/phonetic to
semantic to structural " ( 1987 , 291) . Newmark mentioned seven types of
ambiguity :grammatical,lexical, pragmatic , idiolectal, cultural referential,
metaphorical i.e phonology , graphology , and lexicology ( 1988 , 218 ).
This research focuses on the lexical ambiguity which occurs when "a word

16
has two senses which are both equally effective (pragmatically and
referentially ) in the relevant stretch of language"

(Newmark , 1988,219 ) ." Lexical ambiguity is not a homogenous

phenomenon, but rather that it is subdivided into two distinct types ,
namely homonymy and polysemy"(Newmark , 1988,219 ) . Thus , it is
not an easy task to find the exact equivalent for homonymous word
."Equivalent is considered as the closest possible approximation to ST
meaning " (Newmark , 1988,219 ) .

2. Analysis of homonymy errors

This section deals with the analysis of errors committed by fourth year
students studying Translation in translating Arabic homonymous words to
English. This study tackled these errors depending on three stages: error
detection, error description and error interpretation. the errors are
attributed to the types of Arabic homonymy discussed earlier in the
study).Rabadi, 2015: 35-36(

2.1 Errors due to multiple root morphemes

Students did not pay attention to the differences in the derivation of the
target words. If they have checked the etymology of each word, the
differences between them would have been clarified. Thus, the students
might – more carefully – consider such words, and this would have led
them to the fact that it is necessary to check these words before translating
the sentence. For example, the root of the word “qa‟il” (Lit. translation:
said) in the sentence “arrajuluqa‟ Ilunẓuhran” (Lit. translation: The man
had a nap at noon) might be (qaila) or (qawla), where the meaning of

17
speech (alkalamu) is derived from the root (qawla), and the meaning of a
nap is derived from the root (qaila).

To overcome this problem in this aspect, students have to be trained on

how to check the etymology of Arabic words by looking at the triple
(three-letter) or quartet (four-letter) root, and how to know whether the
origin of the letter (alif( ‫ ا‬:is (wau( ‫ و‬:or (ya(. ‫ ي‬:‟They also have to check
the letters which are added to the root of the verb to derive different words
with different meanings. They also have to be familiar with the use of
Arabic dictionaries.

2.2 Errors due to metaphorical homonyms

Students did not take into account metaphor, which is when a word has a
meaning in theoriginal position and then it is moved through extension
into another meaning. Here, the students had to rely on the context. For
example, in the sentence “la yash̛ ýraunafiljanatushamsanwa la bardan”
(lit. translation: they will not feel in paradise nor sun or cold), the verb
“yashaur” (lit. translation: feel) is compatible with “heat, coldness,
warmness, happiness, joy and sadness” forthese are moral matters which
are not material like (sun or day). This indicates that in thissentence the
sun was not meant to be, however, the homonymous word „sun‟
usedmetaphorically, because its presence indicates heat.

To resolve this aspect, students have to consider the linguistic context

because thesentence contains indicative clues which make it possible to
know whether the use is denotative or metaphoric. Moreover, they have to
check Arabic dictionaries such as “al Wasit Dictionary” in order to be
familiar with the original meaning.

18
2.3 Errors due to homonymic particles

Some Arabic particles have multiple functions and are used to provide
different meanings. The participants were not aware of such a linguistic
issue. For example, the preposition “ba“ ‫ بـــ‬:‟might have the meaning of
“fi“ )‫ ًف‬:lit. translation: in) in a sentence like “naṣrukumbilm„araka” (lit.
translation: your victory in the battle). It might also mean “ma ”) ‫ مــ‬:„lit.
translation: with) in a sentence like “atba„ahumu al ustadhu bi ṭulabih” (lit.
translation: the teacher was followed with students). It might also mean
“min“ )‫ مـــن‬:lit. translation: from) in a sentence like “„ainunyashrabbiha”
(lit. translation: a spring where they drink from). It might also mean “ila :
”) ‫إلـ‬Lit. translation: to) in a sentence like “qadaḥsan bi” (lit. translation: he
made goodness to me). Another example is the particle “ma“which can be
used as a question word, exclamatory word, negation word or a relative
pronoun.

The context is likely to determine the suitable meaning. For instance, the
sentence “ṣalabahu fi jidha al nakhlati” (Lit. translation: he was crucified
in a trunk of a pamlm tree), the meaning shows that the preposition “fi”
(Lit. translation: in) refers to the preposition “„ala” (Lit. translation: on)
because it is impossible to think that someone might be crucified inside a
truck .

General knowledge would serve to infer the crucifying on a trunk of a tree

not inside it.Students have to be introduced to an important phenomenon
in Arabic language which is

19
particle function shifting. The focus should be placed upon different types
of particles, and this should be supported with an empirical study of
practical examples taken from real-life situations.

2.4 Errors due to polysemy

Students did not consider – though it is hard to note – polysemy where

some words havedifferent meanings denotatively not metaphorically. One
reason behind this is that such homonymous words might have a foreign
origin. This means that the two words are notconnected to each other. For
example, the word “thaqib” is derived from the root “thaqaba” (lit .
translate: breach), but in Kananah language, it means “moši‟“(Lit .
translation: shining). Another example is the word “bardan” (lit. translate :
cold) which has another meaning in Huthail language which is sleeping. It
is recommended to prepare an extended list which includes the most
popular Arabic polysemous words used in all fields such as fields of arts,
humanities or sciences, then to collect them in a simplified dictionary.

2.5 Errors due to homonymy of different parts of speech

Students did not pay attention to the fact that a derived word might
indicate two differentmeanings. For example, an active participle might
replace a passive participle and vice versa, or an active participle might
replace a masdar-type abstraction such as the word “nadhirun” (lit.
translation: presage) which might mean (the person who warns) in a
sentence like “ja‟aalrasulunadhiranliqaumihi” (lit. translation: the prophet
came as a presage to his people). This might stand as a masdar-type
abstraction in a sentence like “innahadhaali„lananadhirunlirasibina” (lit.

20
translate: this announcement is an alert for failed students) which is similar
to the previously mentioned word “maqam. (Rabadi, 2015: 35-36)

21
Conclusion

Homonymy as a main cause of lexical ambiguity in languages, it is frequently

acquainted With the obstruction of communication and generating difficulty to the
native language speaker. As a result of this lexical ambiguity. In conclusion it's
found that the ambiguity of Arabic homonyms affected negatively the results of
translation Students, while the prepared annex positively affected their results.

22
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