Al-Farahidi University

College of dentistry

Report by:Shams Jasim Mohammed

Freshman
Group:A1
Medical chemistry

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 ACID AND BASE TITRATION

-What is titration?
This method, which is available in sedimentation, oxidation-reduction, etc., is an
easy and practical method to determine the concentration of an unknown solution,
and it is called the slow addition of a solution with a known concentration to a
speci c volume of another solution with an unknown concentration.This process
continues until the reaction is neutralized at the equivalence point and the end of
the reaction is announced by the color change. Obtaining this end point can be
identi ed by changing color and with the help of an identi er.

This process is used to determine the concentration of the unknown species and
also to determine the purity percentage.In this report , we will discuss the full
explanation of acid and base titration, drawing the curve and their interpretation,
the differences between direct, indirect, reverse or reverse types of its
applications and the errors of this method.

Before starting to discuss this method and its graphs, for a better understanding
of acid-base titration, consider the review of strong/weak acid and strong/weak
base:

-Check acid and base:

A strong acid decomposes in the form of hydronium ions in solution:

HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl–

But the weak acid, like its strong type, cannot be completely decomposed in the
form of hydronium ion:

CH3COOH + H2O <—> CH3COO– + H3O+

This process also happens for bases in the form of hydroxyl ions:

NaOH → Na+ + OH-

But the weak base does not completely convert into the OH- form in the solution:

NH4OH <—> NH4+ + OH–

You can see an example of weak and strong types of these materials below:

-strong acid:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl),sulphuric acid(H2SO4),nitric acid (HNO3).

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 -Weak acid:
hydro uoric acid (HF), Oxalic acid 2(COOH),Acetic acid (CH₃COOH),Formic acid
(CH₂O₂).

-Strong base :
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), lithium hydroxide (LiOH).

-Weak base:
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH),Ammonium (NH3).

-A weak acid and a weak base always appear as conjugates in solution:

HA + H2O <—> H3O+ + A–

At Above : HA is the acid and A-base conjugate of HA.

A– + H2O <—> OH– + HA

In the above reaction, A-A is considered as a base and HA is considered as a

conjugate acid.

-Basic rule: Weak acids have strong conjugate bases while weak bases have
strong conjugate acids.

As seen in the above two reactions, if HA is a weak acid, then A- is considered a

strong base in this process.

-De nition of titration

Titration is a technique to determine the concentration of an unknown solution or
determine its concentration.

Titration

a solution with a known concentration (titrant) is used to determine a solution

with an unknown concentration (sample or analyte). Usually, the titrant (solution
with a certain concentration) is added drop by drop to a certain volume of analyte
through a burette until the reaction is complete.

Knowing the volume of the titrant read from the burette can help us calculate the
concentration of the desired analyte.Often an identi er is also used to determine
the end of the reaction.Titrant and sample should be selected as acid-base pairs.
In fact, the titration of acid and base is based on the change in the pH of the
reaction.

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 - Equivalence point: when the molar ratios of the sample and titrant are the
same and have completely reacted together, the titration is said to have reached
the equivalence point. At this point, the equivalents of analyte and titrant are
equal.

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Identi er: To get to know the identi er, it is better to know that this substance is
a weak acid or base.

which is added to the analyte solution and causes the color of the solution to
change when the equivalence point is reached.

In fact, the equivalence point shows that the consumption of this volume of titrant
was suf cient to neutralize the analyte.

The point where the indicator changes the color of the solution is called the end
point. So adding an indicator helps us visually see the equivalence point in acid
and base titrations.

End point: It is a point of titration of acid and base where we see the color
change of the solution by the indicator.

-What is the difference between equivalence point and end point?

Equivalence point has more of a mathematical concept.At this point, the

concentration of hydroxide ions and hydrogen ions in the solution are equal to
each other and the solution becomes neutral.

how can we know during the test that we have reached this point?
You can nd out that you have reached the equivalence point by observing the
rst color change in the solution.It should be noted that the end point has a small
distance from the equivalence point.The end of the reaction and reaching the end
point is declared when the color change in the solution is xed.

-Titration training

Acid and base titration steps (strong base with strong acid):

For this purpose, I rst pour the titrant into the burette and note its initial volume.
In the next step, we measure a speci c volume of the sample with a pipette and
pour it into the Erlenmeyer.Now we use an identi er such as phenolphthalein or
methyl orange.The less identi er we pour, the more accurate the work, so we
add one drop. Now, hold the Erlenmeyer ask under the burette and open the
burette valve slowly, so that the titrant is added to the sample drop by drop, and at
the same time, we shake the Erlenmeyer ask to mix the titrant and the sample.
We continue this work until we reach the equivalence point. As soon as we see
the color change, we close the buret valve and write down the nal volume, and

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the difference between the nal volume of the acid in the buret and its initial
volume is obtained and we use it in the calculations.

-Titration graphs :

Titration graphs consist of points including the pH of the analyte solution

according to the titrant volume added during the titration process.

Titration chart
In the following, we will examine some examples of these common diagrams in
acid and base titration:

- Titration of strong acid and strong base:

Suppose our analyte is hydrochloric acid with the chemical formula HCl and the
titrant used is sodium hydroxide with the chemical formula NaOH.

If we start drawing the pH points of the obtained analyte according to the volume
of NaOH consumed from the burette

Its titration diagram is shown as follows:

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-Titration of strong acid with strong base:

The graphs of this group in titration of acid and base are also the same as the
previous one, with the difference that in the rst one, because the analyte used is
soda, we see a high pH, and with the addition of acid, we will see a decrease in
pH:

- Suppose our analyte is sodium hydroxide with the chemical formula NaOH and
the titrant used is HCl.

If we start drawing the pH points of the analyte obtained according to the volume
of HCl consumed from the buret, its titration diagram will be shown as follows:

-At point 1, due to not adding HCl to the solution, the pH of the analyte is high,
which is mainly due to the presence of -OH resulting from the dissociation of
NaOH.

NaOH + H2O → Na+ + OH–

Since the sodium hydroxide solution in the burette is added drop by drop to the
analyte, We see a change in pH and its increase.

By adding sodium hydroxide, hydronium ion reacts with basic hydroxyl ion

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 But due to the predominant amount of hydroxyl ion, the analyte will still be basic.

-This pH is recorded when complete neutralization has not taken place.

-This point is called the equivalence point. At this point, the number of moles of
HCl added is equal to the number of moles of sodium hydroxide.

And in that hydroxyl ion is neutralized by hydronium ion.

The solution at this pH only contains salt and water, so its pH will be neutral and
equal to 7.

HCl + NaOH <—> NaCl + H2O

-As HCl continues to be added to the solution, the pH decreases and the solution
becomes acidic.

Because sodium hydroxide is completely neutralized and we see an increase in

hydronium ion due to the separation of HCl in the solution.

After the equivalence point:

–HCl → H3O++Cl

- Other titrations:
The titration of acid and base does not end here, and there are different types,
among other types of these titrations, the following can be mentioned:

- A weak acid with a strong base

- A strong acid with a weak base

- Weak base with weak acid

In the gure below, the diagrams of acid and base titrations are drawn:

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-Types of titration:
Complexometry

iodometry

Oxidation and reduction

Sedimentary

- applications
As mentioned before, titration is a method used in chemistry to measure the ratio
of chemicals in a solution.This method is widely used in the industry due to its
simplicity and many properties.

-Foodstuffs:
The compounds that make up food products have a special role in its nutritional
value.The above method is a technique that helps in these studies.For example,
the acidity of orange juice is easily determined using a standard titration process.
In this process, an electrode is added to a solution consisting of orange juice and
deionized water.Then, with the help of titrant, the acidity of orange juice is
determined. Producers can use this technique to improve quality and satisfy
customers or those who have special dietary needs.

-Pharmacology:
The manufacture of medicine and its supply to the market requires great
precision and relies on the speci c measurements of the chemicals in the
medicine.Therefore, it can be said that the above method forms an important part
of the pharmaceutical industry, which can be used to control the quality of
manufactured drugs.

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