R T G S

REAL TIME GOVERNANCE SYSTEM (RTGS)

B.Com-SEM-V
UNIT - I
Introduction to E-Governance
Government, Governance and Good Governance
2. What is E-Governance or Electronic Governance?
3. E-Government and E-Governance: A conceptual Analysis
 Objectives  Components  application domains
 four phase model  implementing E-Governance
 issues while implementing E-Governance
 Opportunities and challenges
4. Types of E-Governance
5. What is Real-Time Governance (RTG)
6. Real Time Governance Society (RTGS)
UNIT -II
E-Governance Infrastructure
1. Data Systems infrastructure
a. Executive Information Systems c. Management Information Systems
b. Knowledge Management Systems d. Transaction Processing Systems
2. Legal Infrastructural preparedness
a. IT Act 2000 b. Challenges to Indian law and cybercrime scenario in India
c. Amendments of the Indian IT Act
3. Institutional Infrastructural preparedness
a. Internet b. intranet c. extranet
4. Human Infrastructural preparedness
a. Top-level management b. Middle-level management
c. Low-level management d. Human Resource Management System
5. Technological Infrastructural preparedness
a. Information and communications technology b. Data Warehousing
c. Cloud Computing d. Data Farms
UNIT - III
E-Governance: Country Experience
a. INDIA b.US c.UK d. AUSTRALIA e. DUBAI f. NEW ZELAND
UNIT - IV
E-Governance in India
a. Andhra Pradesh b. Karnataka c. Kerala d. Uttar Pradesh
e. Madhya Pradesh f. West Bengal g. Gujarat f. Telangana
UNIT – V
Latest Applications in Real Time Governance
a. Agriculture b. Rural Development c. Health care
d. Education e. Tourism f. Commerce and Trade
1|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

UNIT-1
1. What is a Government, Governance and Good Governance
GOVERNMENT:
A government is the authority that sets rules for a society. The government definition is very
broad because of the very unique ways that countries exist and function. The function of the
government also depends on the level of participation. The term "government" can also refer to:
 A group of people who make decisions for a country, nation or state this can
include a single authority or a group of people who primarily make laws.
 A group responsible for making policy at all levels of society; this can include different
divisions of government (federal, state, local).
 The steering mechanism for a society; this refers to the direction or goals that a
country has for itself and what it is prioritizing for its citizens.
These definitions of government, or forms of political rule, can exist with or without a
constitution depending on the level of power given to the leader and the parts of the government
GOOD GOVERNANCE:
 Governance’ is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are
implemented (or not implemented).
 Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international

governance, national governance and local governance.
 In the 1992 report entitled “Governance and Development”, the World Bank set out its
definition of Good Governance. It defined Good Governance as “the manner in which
power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for
development”.
 Good governance has 8 major characteristics. ‘It is participatory, consensus-

oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable
and inclusive and follows the rule of law.
 It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account
and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making.
 It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society.
GOOD GOVERNANCE: Good governance has 8 major characteristics.

1. Participation:
 Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance
2. Rule of law:
 Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially..
3. Transparency:
 Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows
rules and regulations.
4. Responsiveness:
 Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a
reasonable timeframe.
5. Consensus oriented:
 Consensus oriented decision-making ensures that even if everyone does not achieve what they want
to the fullest, a common minimum can be achieved by everyone which will not be detrimental to
anyone.
 It mediates differing interests to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community.

6. Equity and inclusiveness:

 Good governance assures an equitable society.
 People should have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being.
7 Effectiveness and efficiency:
 Processes and institutions should be able to produce results that meet the needs of their community.
 Resources of the community should be used effectively for the maximum output.
8 Accountability:
 Good governance aims towards betterment of people, and this can not take place without the
government being accountable to the people.
 Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations should be held
accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders.
2 What is E-Governance or Electronic Governance?

E-Governance
 The National e-Governance Plan envisions to make all government services accessible to the
common man in his locality, through common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency,
transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs.
 E-Governance effectively delivers better programming and services in the era of newly
emerging information and communication technologies (ICTs), which herald new opportunities for
rapid social and economic transformation worldwide.
 E-Governance has a direct impact on its citizens who derive benefits through direct
transactions with the services offered by the government.
 Programs launched under e-Governance: Pro-Active Governance and Timely

Implementation (PRAGATI), Digital India Program, MCA21 (to improve the
speed and certainty in the delivery of the services of Ministry of Company Affairs),
Passport Seva Kendra (PSK), online Income tax return, etc.
E-Government and E-Governance:

a. OBJECTIVES:-
 The objectives of e-governance can be listed down as given below:
 To support and simplify governance for government, citizens, and businesses.
 To make government administration more transparent and accountable while addressing the
society’s needs and expectations through efficient public services and effective interaction
between the people, businesses, and government.
 To reduce corruption in the government.
 To ensure speedy administration of services and information.
 To reduce difficulties for business, provide immediate information and enable digital
communication by e-business.
b. COMPONENTS :-
An implementation framework is designed to guide and manage the execution of the
E- Government strategy. Framework can be broken down into four main components
which are Program Management, Technology, Process, and Strategy
i. Program Management:-
The Program manager of E-Government chooses an initiative to be implemented and
establish the strategy and goals that is aimed at accomplishing through this initiative. The
government agency that would lead this initiative is identified and agreed upon. Policy
amendments that are possibly required are highlighted.

ii. Technology:
E-Government is often defined as online government or Internet-based government, many
non-Internet based e-Government technologies can be named in this context, including
telephone, fax, short messaging service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS) and
Bluetooth. Other technologies can include tracking systems, radio-frequency identification
(RFID),road traffic management, biometric identification, and other messaging technologies.
Technology to be considered in the implementation of e-Government are enablement,
interoperability such as the e-Government interoperability framework (e-GIF) and semantic
web issues, legacy technology, and implications for software choices
iii. Process:
E-Government is characterized by extensive use of communication technology, the
impersonal nature of the online environment and the ease of information can be collected
(data-mining), processed and used by multiple parties A number of research papers in e-
Government were published in recent years to help practitioners to improve government
service quality, responsiveness, convenience and accessibility to both citizens in urban and
rural area.
iv. Strategy:
The process of adopting advanced ICT solutions for the transformation of e-government
faces many challenges. Due to the complex nature of these projects effective visualization
and management of such initiatives is highly critical but needs to be simple in order to
accelerate understanding off and buy in into the framework.The framework to act as the
bridge between decision makers and implementers, thus reducing the mismatch between the
expected versus realized outcomes.
c. Four phase model:-

Gartner research study (2000) titled “Gartner's Four Phases of e-Government Model” tries to
measure E-Government initiatives progress and designing a road map to constituency service
achievement.
1. Presence: A phase where simply information is provided through a website in passive nature,
it is also known as “brochure-ware,” indicating that it merely functions as a printed brochure.
2. Interaction: In this phase, basic interactions are offered between citizen/business and
government in forms of e-mail contact and interactive feedback forms that generate a type
of responses.
3. Transaction: Project at this phase will enable transactions such as tax payment, license
renewalsand even applying for contract procurement bids.
4. Transformation: This is the highest phase. Projects at this stage are mature enough to bring
changes that reinvent government’s existing process and functions. These transform systems as
whole to e-governance and add values.
d. Implementing E-Governance:-A government with no paper but information directly in the
hands of people is creating a real democracy in India.” However, e- governance cannot be
effectively functional is absolute institutional isolation. Working of e-governance necessitates
having in place a dynamic institutional and physical infrastructure for making accessible e-
governance initiatives to all the remote regions of the country, apart from continuously working
towards evolving a scenario wherein adoption of information and communication technology
becomes a normal for all. Consequently, apart from the technical and infrastructure requisites, e-
Governance initiatives necessitates capacity building and creating awareness both within
government and amongst general public

e. Issues while implementing E-Governance:

i. Infrastructure:-Lack of basic infrastructural facilities like electricity, internet,
etc. Initiatives like Bharat Net and Saubhagya are steps taken in this regard.
ii. Cost:-E-Governance measures are costly affairs and require huge public expenditure.
In developing countries like India, the cost of projects is one of the major impediments in the
implementation of e-Governance initiatives.
iii. Privacy and Security:-Recent spark in data leak cases has threatened the peoples’ faith in e-
governance. Therefore, the implementation of e-governance projects must have security standards
and protocols for safeguarding the interest of all classes of masses.
iv. Digital Divide:-Huge gap between users and non-users of e-govt. services.
The digital divide takes form in rich-poor, male-female, urban-rural etc segments of the population. The
gap needs to be narrowed down, then only the benefits of e-governance would be utilized equally.
f. Opportunities and Challenges:- The opportunities provided by e-government are
economic development in the general improvement in the quality of life, efficient and effective
monitoring systems to check corruption in government setups. E-government can narrow the
development gaps of the urban and rural areas. It also affords citizen to access online services
anytime, anywhere in the world thereby enhancing the interaction of citizens with government
and businesses
The challenges tend to show that e-governance has key roles to play in the current and
future development of any country. It can greatly improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
governance; on e-government to establish clear cut guidelines to help member countries to
develop e-governance system. In all, good governance can be developed when resources are
carefully managed to take advantage of the technologies available.
4 Types of E-Governance :-
There are 4 kinds of interactions in e-governance, namely:
o G2C (Government to Citizens)
o G2B (Government to Business): ...
o G2G (Government to Government) ...
o G2E (Government to Employees)
1. G2G (Government to Government) :-

• When the information and services are exchanged on the periphery of a
government, it is called G2G interoperability.
2. G2C (Government to Citizen) :-

• The interaction between government and the general public is the G2C interaction.
It establishes an interface between government and citizens that allows citizens to
access a wide range of government services. Citizens are free to share their views
and complaints about government policy anytime, anywhere.
3. G2B (Government to Business) :-

• In such cases, e-government helps the business to communicate with the
government effortlessly. It aims to eliminate red printing, save time and money, and
make the business environment transparent when interacting with the government.
4. G2E (Government to Employees) :-

• The government of each country is the largest employer, so it cooperates with
employees as regularly as other employers. Information and communication
technologies help the government to interact quickly and efficiently with workers
and increase their satisfaction with additional benefits and benefits.

5 What is Real-Time Governance (RTG) :-

Real Time Governance is the most powerful and intellectual initiative, under the Obama
administration in 2009- The Open Government Initiative. The Open Government Initiative (OGI)
led to many subsequent policy frameworks like Open Data, Challenge.gov, Data.gov, Change.gov
(Citizen Petitions) and other citizen engagement initiatives within the US federal government eco-
system.
This initiative was primarily aimed at engaging and including the citizens in the decision
making policy and also to make sure there are no last minute hassles in implementing these policies
examples like applying for a replacement driver’s license, filing for veterans benefits etc.,
There have some similar example of real time governance in other countries like India,
where having an Aadhar card (Nation ID card service) is mandatory for all the Indian citizens, in
Dubai- the smart Government and also in the city of San Francisco’s connected government
initiative.
 Experience Measurement and Real time Governance:
Peter Drucker - the founder of modern management and the father of management
principles like “management by objectives”, published a famous quote that the private sector
has embraced wholeheartedly. He proclaimed that - “You can only improve what you
measure”.
 Effective Real time Governance = Policy + Implementation
It is an observation that most governments are underutilizing the intellectual resources
on developing policies and strategies and this invariably leads to poor implementation of the
policies for various reasons.
A great example of smooth policy implementation is the online replacement of the
green-card project of the USCIS- The department of the United States responsible for
immigration and naturalization services. The paper-based process took roughly 6 months to
replace the green cards which were thus reduced to 10 days with proper.
6 Real Time Governance Society(RTGS):-
Andhra Pradesh is the pioneering state in launching the new service system of Real-
Time Governance Society (RTGS) which measures the effectiveness of the services
delivered. One of the major issues of governance in India is increasing inefficiency in the
delivery of public services at the pace of rising expectations from the public.
Implementing an effective system of good governance is only the way to increase
the efficiency of service delivery with regard to the opportunities in both social and
economic activities which ultimately helps to reduce the poverty.
The major factors in good governance viz, inefficient public service delivery,
corruption, delay in services, random and skewed welfare distribution due to lack of
proper information
. Andhra Pradesh government has taken a lead by creating a real-time
dashboard that measures the effectiveness of the services delivered in the state. Real-time
governance is an attempt by the government to improve the delivery of services in a
responsible manner through data analytics, beneficiary feedback, project monitoring and
process re-engineering of welfare provisions.
Hence, the present study made an attempt to know the importance of Real-Time
governance and to identify the perceptions of beneficiaries regarding RTGS. To analyze the
impact of RTGS, both primary and secondary sources were used to gather the data. Primary
data is collected through the primary sources of students, employees, farmers and women by
using the structured questionnaire and the secondary data is gathered from Government
reports on socio- economic surveys and websites concerned.

UNIT-II
E-Governance Infrastructure
2.1 Data System Infrastructure:
2.1.1 Executive Information System (or) Management Information System:
An Executive Information System (EIS) is a kind of decision support system
(DSS) used in organizations to help executives in decision making. It does so by
providing easy access to important data needed in an organization to achieve
strategic goals. An EIS usually has graphical displays on a user-friendly interface.
Executive information systems can be used for monitoring company
performance in many different types of organizations as well as for identifying
opportunities and problems.
Support systems are intended to be used directly by senior managers to
support unscheduled strategic management decisions. Often such information is
external, unstructured and even uncertain. Often, the exact scope and context of
such information are not known in advance.
This information is based on data,
• Business intelligence
• Financial intelligence
• Data with technology support to analyze
The below mentioned figure describes about key characteristics of EIS
Detailed data – EIS provides absolute data from its existing database.
Integrate external and internal data – EIS integrates integrate external and internal data.
The external data collected from various sources.
 Presenting information – EIS represents available data in graphical form which helps to analyze
it easily.
 Trend analysis – EIS helps executives of the organizations to data prediction based on trend data.
 Easy to use – It is a very simplest system to use.
Advantages of EIS
 Trend Analysis
 Improvement of corporate performance in the marketplace
 Development of managerial leadership skills
 Improves decision-making
 Simple to use by senior executives
 Better reporting method
 Improved office efficiency
Disadvantage of EIS
 Due to technical functions, not to easy to use by everyone
 Executives may encounter overload of information
 Difficult to manage database due to the large size of data
 Excessive costs for small business organization

The information system is a well-structured collection of people, computer system and its
components, communications network, various sources that collect, transforms, and disseminates data
in an organization.
Evaluation of MIS
Evaluation of MIS is a process in which the performance of an organizational MIS is determined.
According to the performance results, the organization evaluates and implements the necessary
modifications in MIS. Various terms related to the evaluation of MIS are,
1. Evaluation approaches
2. Evaluation classes
3. Product-based MIS evaluation
4. Cost/benefit-based evaluation
1) Evaluation Approaches
Various approaches are used to evaluate the organizational MIS performance. The most common
approaches are,
 Quality Assurance Review: The quality assurance review is also known as a technical review. It
determines the technical quality performance of MIS. The quality assurance review determines
the data transmission rate, main or secondary storage, and CPU capacity.
 Reliability and Accuracy: Reliability and accuracy is a key indicator of measuring the
performance of an MIS. The usefulness of the resulting information is usually determined by
the precision of the data, it uses some parameters to find reliability and accuracy.
 Timeliness of Information: The results of MIS must be recent. And when evaluating patterns,
management must make assumptions about the organization's future, based on MIS data. A
more recent on MIS, decision making always reflects on current reality and correctly predict
their impact on the business. If the data collection and processing delay its availability, the MIS
must take into account its potential age-related inaccuracies and present the resulting
information accordingly, with probable error ranges.
2) Evaluation Classes
To evaluate the performance of MIS, the following two classes are used,
 Effectiveness: The effectiveness class determines the quality of the MIS output. MIS is
effective if the quality of its output is good and the process of producing output is right.
 Efficiency: The efficiency class specifies the total amount of resources required by MIS to
obtain the output.
 Completeness of Information: Successful MIS provides all the most important and
valuable information completely. If any information is not available due to missing data, the
gaps are highlighted and potential possibilities are either shown or possible implications
arising from missing data are addressed.
3) Product-based MIS evaluation
The product-based MIS evaluation is also known as effectiveness evaluation. Determines the
effectiveness of an MIS output. For assessing the effectiveness of MIS output, a model structure may be
used.
4) Cost/benefit-based evaluation
Cost-based evaluation of the MIS system determines the benefits expected from the developed
system. The approaches of cost-benefit analysis are used to find out the feasible solution. The benefits
to be expected from the system and expected benefits are carried out in the cost/benefit calculation of
the different expected costs. The measurement of cost/benefit decides the system's cost-effectiveness
B. Transaction Processing System (TPS):

A transaction is a simple process that takes place during business operations. The
transaction processing system (TPS) manages the business transactions of the client and therefore helps
a company's operations. A TPS registers, as well as all of its consequences, a non-inquiry transaction
itself in the database and generates transaction-related documents.

TPS manages and records transactions. It is the automation of the simple, repetitive processing
used to support business operations.
Many real-time advantages for every company are offered by transaction processing systems. TPS
uses data and creates reports as shown in the diagram below. To find out the key insights for decision-
making, it offers graphical or condensed textual data.
A transaction processing system is a form of computer processing that takes place in the
presence of a computer user and allows a user request or transaction to be answered immediately. Some
examples of processing systems for transactions include,
 ATM transactions
 Credit Card system
 Electronic Commerce
 Online Payments
 Online Trading Stocks
 Self-checking stations
TPS is needed to conduct business in nearly any organization today. TPSs bring data into the
databases of the organization; these systems are also a basis on which management-oriented
information systems are based.
Transaction Processing Activities:-
The processing of individual transactions depends, of course, to some extent on their nature. The
transaction processing general elements include,
1. Capturing and validating data
2. Transaction-steps of processing
3. Maintenance of the database
1. Capturing and validating data:- Data capturing denotes to the storage of data through source data
automation. Transaction processing systems are increasingly relying on the interchange of electronic
data. Validation includes checking for missing data items, valid codes and valid values. More extensive
validation may involve transaction authorization based on the record of the customer and the inventory
available.
2. Transaction-steps of processing:- Processing of data inputted by users into automated machinery
system, it shows logical and mathematical operations and stores processed results into the system.
3.Maintenance of the database:- System files or databases need to be updated after transactions
other than inquiries. Thus, the data collected by TPSs serves as a source of detail for management-
oriented information system components.
C. What is a knowledge management system:- A knowledge management system (KMS) is a

platform that stores and retrieves information for better understanding, processing, and collaboration
between various teams within a company. That is, instead of using multiple resources, such as the
internal company’s network, emails, or saved files, you can rely on one unified resource as the go-to hub
for shared info.

If you have a decent platform for keeping all your company’s expertise, it’ll make finding and
reusing relevant information and resources across your business a snap. This, in turn, can help you to:
 Create better products and services
 Improve profitability
 Reuse existing skills
 Increase operational efficiency and staff productivity
 Recognize market trends early and stand out from the crowd
 Leapfrog your competitors
Knowledge management system benefits: . Users have all the chances to perfect customer self-service
and collaborate with each other, while staff could streamline support in a company. So, here are the
ultimate benefits:
i. More time-effective solution:- No one has fun searching for information over and over again. When
you know there’s an opportunity to find what you or your users are looking for much faster, your staff
has documents and other valuable materials always at their fingertips, and customers don’t waste
precious time waiting for an agent.
ii. Trouble-free staff training :-Let’s face it, you might have stressed over your on boarding routine at
least once? To factor out such a state of mind, a good knowledge management system is what you
need. If it’s intuitive, an employee can get training materials in one central location without fuss and
get into the swing of things quickly. Which makes a team lead as nervous as a brick wall.
iii. Retained knowledge:- The stats say employees tend to switch jobs every three years, which
means they will take everything they know with them. With a shared KMS, you can document the
info and preserve it even if employees come and go.
iv. Better customer experience:-Expert staff usually leads to a better customer experience. When
employees have quick access to a trusted hub of information, they can deal with many types of
customers without effort.
2. Legal Infrastructure preparedness:
A. IT Act 2000:- The Information Technology Act, 2000 was notified on Oct 17, 2000. It was the
law that deals with law-breaking and electronic commerce in India and during this article, In 1996, the
international organization Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the model
law on electronic commerce (e-commerce) to bring uniformity within the law in several countries. India
became the 12th country to alter cyber law once it passed the knowledge Technology Act, 2000.
Objectives of the Act: The objectives of the Act are as follows:
a. The Information Technology Act, 2000 provides legal recognition to the group action
done via electronic exchange of information and alternative electronic suggests that of
communication or electronic commerce transactions. This act amended the Indian
legal code 1860, the Indian proof Act 1872, the Bankers’ Books proof Act 1891, and
also the bank of India Act 1934. The objectives of the Act are as follows:
b. Grant legal recognition to any or all transactions are done via electronic exchange of
information or alternative electronic suggests that of communication or e-
commerce, intact of the sooner paper-based technique of communication.
c. Offer legal recognition to digital signatures for the authentication of any data
or matters requiring legal authentication
d. Facilitate the electronic filing of documents with Government agencies and
conjointly departments.
e. Facilitate the electronic storage of information.
f. Offer legal sanction and conjointly facilitate the electronic transfer of funds
between banks and money establishments.
g. Grant legal recognition to bankers underneath the proof Act, 1891, and also the
bank of India Act, 1934, for keeping the books of accounts in electronic kind.
10 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.
Features of the Information Technology Act, 2000:- The features of the Information Technology Act.
They are as follows:
i. All electronic contracts created through secure electronic channels were
legally valid.
ii. Legal recognition for digital signatures.
iii. Security measures for electronic records and conjointly digital signatures are
in place. A procedure for the appointment of adjudicating officers for holding
inquiries underneath the Act is finalized.
iv. Provision for establishing a Cyber restrictive Appellant judicature underneath the
Act. Further, this judicature can handle all appeals created against the order of
the Controller or Adjudicating Officer.
v. It charms against the order of the Cyber Appellant judicature is feasible
solely within the court.
vi. Digital Signatures uses an uneven cryptosystem and conjointly a hash operate.
vii. Provision for the appointment of the Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA)
to license and regulate the operating of Certifying Authorities. The Controller acts
as a repository of all digital signatures.
viii. The Act applies to offences or contraventions committed outside India.
ix. Senior law enforcement officials and alternative officers will enter any public
place and search and arrest while not warrant.
x. Provisions for the constitution of a Cyber laws committee to advise the Central.
B. Challenges to Indian law and cybercrime scenario in India:
Cyber crime is a crime done with the misuse of information technology for unauthorized or illegal
access, electronic fraud; like deletion, alteration, interception, concealment of data, forgery etc.. Cyber
crime is an international crime as it has been affected by the global revolution in information and
communication
21 of the Constitution of India. Cracking can also be taken as an offence under Indian Penal Code.
For this there are two types of liabilities, i.e., ‘civil’ and ‘penal’.
Lack of separation – Unlike countries or states, in cyberspace there are no boundaries, thus
making the armed forces, digital assets of ONGC, banking functions, etc. This could result in security
breaches at a national level, causing loss of money, property or lives.
The following are the issues and challenges related to cyber security in India:
• Ransomware Attacks. Ransomware attacks have become popular in the last few years and pose
one of India’s most prominent Cyber Security challenges in 2020.
 IoT Attacks.
 Cloud Attacks.
 Phishing Attacks.
 Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Attacks.
 Software Vulnerabilities.
 Machine Learning and AI Attacks.

The program “Cyber Law- The Indian Perspective” addresses the rising concerns of the
cyberspace and aims to provide a skilled workforce to the industry. The program offers an in-depth
knowledge of the cyber law and its application in India as per: The Information Technology Act, 2000.
Provisions applicable: Sections 43, 66, 66B of IT Act and Section 426 of Indian Penal Code. 12) Source
code theft: A source code generally is the most coveted and important “crown jewel” asset of a
company
Cyber Hacking (or rather Cyber Cracking in verity), is one of the Cyber Crimes and Cyber Crime
is a universal term that allude to all criminal activities done using the medium of computers, internet,
cyber space and the world wide web (www). In India, the law regulating such crimes is the Information
Technology Act.
C. Amendments Brought in the I.T Act:
The I.T. Act has brought amendment in four statutes vide section 91-94. These changes have
been provided in schedule 1-4.
1. The first schedule contains the amendments in the Penal Code. It has widened the scope of
the term "document" to bring within its ambit electronic documents.
2. The second schedule deals with amendments to the India Evidence Act. It pertains to the
inclusion of electronic document in the definition of evidence.
3. The third schedule amends the Banker's Books Evidence Act. This amendment brings about
change in the definition of "Banker's-book". It includes printouts of data stored in a floppy,
disc, tape or any other form of electromagnetic data storage device. Similar change has been
brought about in the expression "Certified-copy" to include such printouts within its purview.
4. The fourth schedule amends the Reserve Bank of India Act. It pertains to the regulation of
fund transfer through electronic means between the banks or between the banks and other
financial institution.
The newly amended act came with following highlights −
 It stresses on privacy issues and highlights information security.
 It elaborates Digital Signature.
 It clarifies rational security practices for corporate.
 It focuses on the role of Intermediaries.
 New faces of Cyber Crime were added.
3. Human Infrastructure preparedness: The term human infrastructure is used to refer to the
aspects of the facilities and systems of a place that affect and involve its people. The human
infrastructure of a place (such as a country or city) is often understood to involve things like healthcare,
childcare, education, and job training.
A. Top level management:- Top-level management is the highest position in a company. The president
director, finance director, and marketing director are examples. They are responsible for the company as
a whole. They set the company’s overall direction, articulate a vision, establish plans and strategies, and
allocate resources to achieve company goals. Sometimes, we refer to them as top management or
company executives.
Company executives have extensive experience and networks. They master functional disciplines
and are often industry experts. As a result, their leadership greatly influences the success of the
company. And they benefit from being charismatic, strong communicators with a sense of
accountability, trust, integrity, and comfort. In addition, they need to be effective decision-makers
because the ultimate authority is in their hands.
Top-level management includes several positions. And their committee is often referred to as the
board of directors or C-suite. Their titles can take several names. For example, directorship titles may

include:
 President director
 Operations director
 Marketing Director
 Human resources director
 Finance
director And for C-suite, there
are:
 Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
 Chief Operations Officer (COO)
 Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)
 Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
 Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
 Chief Human Resources Officer
(CHRO) The roles and responsibilities of top-level
management:
1. Setting goals. Top-level managers define what the company should achieve
and where it should go. They determine the company’s vision and mission.
2. Developing a corporate plan. Top-level managers design strategic plans
to achieve goals. It provides direction and focuses for the entire
organization, eventually implemented at lower levels.
3. Establishing company policies. Top-level managers establish, review and
maintain systems and policies to ensure the organization can achieve its goals
effectively and efficiently. So, organizational policies must be built on goals
and aligned with company values.
4. Organizing activities. Top-level managers organize departments and activities
throughout the organization. They regulate how these activities or parts
synergize and support each other to achieve goals.
5. Allocating resources. Top-level managers collect and allocate resources within
the company in the most efficient way. These resources include tangible assets
such as hardware and intangible assets such as human capital
B. MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT:

Middle-level
management is a position within the organization between upper-level management and lower-level
management. In the organizational chart, they are in the middle of the chain of command. Middle-level
managers report and are accountable to top-level managers and, at the same time, are responsible for
leading lower-level managers. Their job is to implement the plans and strategies developed by top
management and translate them into their work area. They then develop tactical plans in specific
company areas for lower-level managers to carry out. Examples of mid-level manager positions may
vary between companies. They may include titles such as:
 Factory manager
 Regional manager
 Division manager
 Head of a department
 Branch manager
Hiring many middle managers comes with higher costs. Thus, companies must compensate them more
than they spend on staff. For this reason, we may not find this position in a small business. But, their size
is relatively small with simple operation. And their income is also relatively small.

C. LOW LEVEL MANAGEMENT: Lower-level management is a management position at the

bottom of the hierarchy in the chain of command. Lower-level managers deal with operating and
supervising day-to-day activities. They may work as foremen, section heads, or supervisors.
Lower-level managers are directly involved in the production process. They supervise workers
in carrying out their daily work. They report and are accountable to middle-level managers. They are
also known as first-line managers.
The following are the roles and responsibilities of lower-level management:
Lower-level managers focus on controlling and directing daily routines. Their main task is to lead
and review operational employees’ performance.
1. Liaison between employees and middle managers. Lower-level managers translate what
middle managers want employees to do. Instead, they communicate suggestions or feedback from
employees to middle managers for aspects in which they cannot make a decision.
2. Supervise work. Lower-level managers act as supervisors of the day-to-day activities
of employees. They encourage workers to do a good job and achieve the targets.
3. Assign tasks to employees. Lower-level managers translate the tactics or plans made by
middle- level managers into specific tasks and jobs. Then, they distribute the tasks according to
each employee’s competencies and job descriptions.
4. Direct and guide employees. Lower-level managers direct employees to perform work
according to company standards. They provide guidance and equip employees with the tools to
work effectively. And they provide assistance if some technical issues arise.
5. Ensure the quality and quantity of output. Lower-level managers check whether employees
produce output according to company standards or specifications. If it is not appropriate, they
can take the necessary steps.
6. Make recommendations and suggestions. Lower-level managers help address and resolve
employee complaints. And they provide advice and feedback on functional and technical
aspects.
7. Planning technical resources and work plans. Lower-level managers identify job and
resource gaps. For example, they recruit and train employees as members of their team. They
also identify the tools employees need to work effectively. In addition, they develop work plans
for daily, weekly, and monthly routines but no long-term plans.
8. Performance feedback. Lower-level managers prepare regular reports on
employees’ performance and provide the required feedback.
d. Human Resource Management System: The human resource function of every defines their
success as an organization. An organization’s HR function plays a major role in the growth of its bottom
line and the success of its business strategy. The very nature of a company is in its people, and giving
direction to people is what human resource management (HRM) is all about. HRM provides an
organization with the best services and systems drive both profit and team synergy.
It concentrates on making the most of the human resources that are at the disposal of the
organization and enhances the performance of employees to achieve the organization’s objectives. HRM
ensures the seamless and effective application of policies and processes in the business. HRM is there to
keep the balance between employee needs and satisfaction and an organization’s profitability and
capability to reach its objectives. An efficiently functional HRM aids the workforce of an organization to
contribute efficiently and effectively towards the overall achievement of an organization’s goals.
To understand HRM, the functions of HRM must be taken into consideration. The functions of HRM are
managerial, operative and advisory.

1. Managerial functions: The following are the some of Managerial functions

 Planning: The planning function of HRM ensures the best fit between employees and jobs while
avoiding manpower shortages or surpluses for the organization.
 Organizing: Organizing is the function of HRM that involves developing an organizational
structure to ensure the accomplishment of the organizational goals.
 Directing: This includes activating employees at different levels and making them contribute
maximum towards organizational goal.
 Controlling: Post planning, organizing and directing, performance of an employee is to be
evaluated, verified and compared with organizational goals.
2. Operative functions: The following are the some of Operative functions
 Recruitment and Selection: Recruitment and selection creates a pool of prospective candidates
and selects the right candidates from that pool. According to a study by the Allegis Group, 83% of
organizations believe attracting and retaining talent is a growing challenge.
 Job Analysis & Design: This HRM function includes describing nature of the job, including the
requisite qualifications, skills, and work experience for a specific position within an organization.
 Performance management: Checking and analyzing employee performance is another important
function that HRM performs.
 Learning & Development (L&D): This HRM function allows employees to acquire new skills
and knowledge to perform their job effectively. L&D also prepares employees for taking up
higher level of responsibilities.
 Policies: HRM functions by drafting, revising, publishing and implementing the organizational
policies, which are essential for the fair treatment for all the employees.
 HRMS: This function involves recording, maintaining and retrieving employee related
information including employment history, work hours, earning history etc.
3. Advisory function: The following are the Advisory functions
 Top Management Advice: One of the critical HRM functions is to advise the top management in
formulating policies and procedures. The advisory function of HRM also advise the top
management on appraisal of manpower. This function also involves advice regarding maintaining
high-quality human relations and improving employee morale.
 Departmental Head advice: Under this HRM function, HRM advises the heads of various
departments on policies related to job design, job description, recruitment, selection, appraisals.
4. Institutional infrastructure preparedness: The preparedness of an organization to respond

to changes and adapt to new ways of doing things determines to a great extent how effectively
organizations can deliver better services supported by a mix of robust processes, right people and
infrastructure.
A. Internet:- The internet is a globally connected network system facilitating worldwide
communication and access to data resources through a vast collection of private, public, business,
academic and government networks. It is governed by agencies like the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (or IANA) that establish universal protocols.
The internet originated with the U.S. government, which began building a computer network in
the 1960s known as ARPANET. In 1985, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) commissioned
the development of a university network backbone called NSFNET. The system was replaced by new
networks operated by commercial internet service providers in 1995. The internet was brought to the
public on a larger scale at around this time. The Internet has grown and evolved over time to facilitate
services like:

1. Email.
2. Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services.
3. Online movies and gaming.
4. Data transfer/file-sharing, often through File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
5. Instant messaging.
6. Internet forums.
7. Social networking.
8. Online shopping.
9. Financial services.
B. Intranet:- An intranet can be defined as a private network used by an organization. Its primary
purpose is to help employees securely communicate with each other, to store information, and to help
collaborate. Modern intranets use social intranet features that allow employees to create profiles and
to submit, like, comment, and share posts.
Intranets emerged in tandem with the internet in the 1990s. The difference between the
internet and the intranet is simple: the internet is a public network that is not owned by any entity,
while an intranet is privately owned and not accessible to just anyone who can get online.
Advantages of an intranet:-
1. Every organization has hundreds, if not thousands, of differently formatted files floating
among email threads, Google Drive, or hard drives on laptops or desktops.
2. Intranets usually feature user profiles similar to your LinkedIn profile. They contain a photo,
job title and description, and contact information.
3. Intranets started off in the 1990s as a simple welcome page with sparse information about an
enterprise. Since then, they have evolved to include discussion forums, blogs, and social
features.
Disadvantages of an intranet:-
1. Intranets have traditionally been structured in an outdated format that forces employees to
search through thousands of pages or folders to find the information that they need.
2. Intranets are limited in their ability to reach all employees as they are sometimes only
accessible on the desktop.
3. Many intranets do not support mobile or need to be updated with the next mobile release.
4. Updates to intranets can take a long time.
5. Intranet portal solutions are not user-friendly.
C. Extranet:- An extranet is an organization’s private network and its available only for selected users.
It’s a way to connect to third parties like vendors, customers, and partners in a secure and controlled
way. The users typically have a login mechanism such as username and password to access the network.
Advantages:
1. Security: Extranet is formed as a Virtual private network (VPN) as it assures a protected
and secure communication across the network.
2. Data: Sometimes there could be a large amount of data to be transferred between
organizations. An extranet allows a large amount of data transfer across the network in a
secure fashion.
3. Network Sharing: One or multiple organizations could connect via the extranet.
4. Communication: It is a medium for internal and external members to connect or organizations
to connect to third parties.
Disadvantage:
1. Complex Security: Extranet needs an additional firewall if hosted on its own server
which expands workload and complex security mechanism.
2. Hosting: Hosting could be an issue as it requires a high bandwidth internet connection. A High
bandwidth internet connection may not be possible for everyone, which would lead to
inefficiency in work.
3. Expensive: It is costly compared to intranet due to the extra layer of security and hosting charges.
4. limited: It can only be accessed through the internet. So, the work would came to halt or
slow down if the internet goes down.

5. Technological infrastructure preparedness:

A. Information and communications technology: Information and communications technology (ICT)
is an extensional term for information technology (IT) which refers to the role of unified communications
and the integration of telecommunications, such as telephone lines, wireless signals, and computers as
well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual that enable users to access,
store transmit and manipulate information in a digital form.
Components of ICT: There are the following components of information and communication
technology.
1. Hardware: This is the physical technology that works with information. Hardware can be
as small as a Smartphone that fits in a pocket or as large as a supercomputer that fills a
building. Hardware also includes the peripheral devices that work with computers, such as
keyboards, external disk drives, and routers.
2. Software: The hardware needs to know what to do, and that is the role of software. The
software can be divided into two types: system software and application software.
a) The primary piece of system software is the operating system, such as Windowsor
iOS, which manages the hardware's operation.
b) Application software is designed for specific tasks, such as handling a
spreadsheet, creating a document, or designing a Web
3. Database and data warehouse: A database is a place where data is collected and from which
it can be retrieved by querying it using one or more specific criteria.
4. Human resources: The final, and possibly most important, component of information systems
is the human element: the people that are needed to run the system and the procedures they follow.
B. Data Warehousing: A Data Warehouse consists of data from multiple heterogeneous data sources
and is used for analytical reporting and decision making. Data Warehouse is a central place where data is
stored from different data sources and applications.
The term Data Warehouse was first invented by Bill Inmom in 1990. A Data Warehouse is always
kept separate from an Operational Database.
The data in a DW system is loaded from operational transaction systems like −
 Sales
 Marketing
 HR
 SCM, etc.
It may pass through operational data store or other transformations before it is loaded to the DW system
for information processing.
A Data Warehouse is used for reporting and analyzing of information and stores both historical
and current data. The data in DW system is used for Analytical reporting, which is later used by
Business Analysts, Sales Managers or Knowledge workers for decision-making.

Characteristics of a Data Warehouse: The following are the key characteristics of a Data Warehouse
1. Subject Oriented: In a DW system, the data is categorized and stored by a business subject
rather than by application like equity plans, shares, loans, etc.
2. Integrated: Data from multiple data sources are integrated in a Data Warehouse.
3. Non Volatile: Data in data warehouse is non-volatile. It means when data is loaded in
DW system, it is not altered.
4. Time Variant: A DW system contains historical data as compared to Transactional system which
contains only current data. In a Data warehouse you can see data for 3 months, 6 months, 1 year,
5 years, etc.
C. Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to
create, configure, and customize applications via an internet connection. The cloud technology
includes a development platform, hard disk, software application, and database.
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on the
internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be anything such as files,
images, documents, audio, video, and more. There are the following operations that we can do using cloud
computing:
 Developing new applications and services
 Storage, back up, and recovery of data
 Hosting blogs and websites
 Delivery of software on demand
 Analysis of data
 Streaming videos and audios
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:- The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:
1) High availability and reliability: The availability of servers is high and more reliable
because the chances of infrastructure failure are minimum.
2) High Scalability: Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale,
without having engineers for peak loads.
3) Multi-Sharing: With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work
more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.
4) Maintenance: Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need
to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.
5) Low Cost: By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services
of cloud computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage
of resources.
D. DATA FARMS: Data farming is the process of using designed computational experiments to “grow”
data, which can then be analyzed using statistical and visualization techniques to obtain insight into
complex systems. These methods can be applied to any computational model.
Data farms or data centers as they are commonly called are a physical building that houses a
collection of processors or server infrastructure in one central location. They are gigantic buildings that
have consistent power with minimal outages, efficient cooling standards, and constant internet
connectivity. Plenty of companies create their own data farms so they can house their server
infrastructure to ensure constant connectivity, and compute large amounts of data at one time with no
issue.
A data farm is essential for large companies who need to gather information, process that
information, and distribute the largest amount of solutions in an efficient manner. Data farms are
essential for extracting raw data, decoding that raw data, and computing various outputs based on the
inputs. Data farms are managed and operated by information technology (IT) professionals who have
expertise in maintaining technology and fixing problems quickly so that technology uptime remains
reasonable. Largecompanies use data farms so that they can scale their business efficiently, while
reducing risks associated with expensive technology, and efficient data computations.
Difference between Mining Farms and Data Farms: There are several key differences between mining
farms and data farms. First, is that mining farms are largely operated by the crypto currency mining
operation itself. These facilities are owned, operated, and maintained by the company doing the crypto
currency mining.
Due to the nature of the industry, the best way to increase revenues and profits as a crypto
currency miner is to just buy a large facility and begin scaling the mining operation inside. The problem
with this thinking is that there isn’t much consideration into the power consumption, facility cleanliness,
and access to reliable power uptimes, and constant connectivity to the internet.
Another way in which mining farms and data farms differ is in how they deal with heat. Mining
farms are built on packing as much crypto currency mining tools into a facility, without regard for
efficiency standards like regulating heat. If mining equipment is frequently overheating, they will
burnout quicker than the average lifetime of a product.
Data farms don’t have the same issues as mining farms due to the fact that they are used for
different reasons. One critical aspect of data farms is that they are developed and constructed with one
thing in mind – efficiency at all costs.
This means that data centers are built with the focus on providing as much up-time as possible,
and getting as much out of the equipment as possible. Data farms are owned and operated by IT
professionals whose sole purpose is to ensure that the equipment is kept in top condition for as long as
possible.
Due to the fact that data farms are built with efficiency standards in mine, heating issues aren’t a
concern. Data farms are well-cooled environments focused on making sure that the equipment doesn’t
overheat, and that all computation or server equipment is constantly performing at its best at all times.
This means that data farms will have equipment that lasts longer over time, and requires less maintenance
and upkeep – something mining farms constantly struggle with.
Why Are Data Centers Important for Crypto currency Mining Farms?
Data centers are increasingly becoming more important for crypto currency mining farms due to
the fact that additional expertise is needed to run a successful mining operation. Running your own
mining farm can have its large set of complications and problems. Whether it is maintaining the
equipment, maintaining the facility, or dealing with overhead costs like power and labor costs – it all
adds up in the long run.
As crypto currency mining companies continually seek ways to raise revenues and increase
profits, they are turning to large data center companies that are focused on doing what they do best –
maintaining and scaling technologies for companies with minimal hassle.
It is much cheaper for mining operations to lease or enter into an agreement with a data center to
manage all of the equipment, and lower expenses for their mining operation than to do it all themselves.
At the bare minimum, crypto currency mining operations can increase their revenues and decrease
expenses simply by working with a data center that handles heat issues more efficiently than their own
mining operation.
Due to the fact that mining machines typically only last a few months, a data center that manages
the equipment from dedicated professionals can lengthen the amount of time that the equipment actually
functions.
Data centers will become the go-to method as crypto currency mining operations only have to
focus on a few things:
1.) the technology used in the data centers,
and 2.) the contract to use the data center.
All other things like labor costs, power consumption, and maintenance are all supervised by dedicated
professionals and are covered by the data center themselves. Data centers will be the shining beacon of
large scale crypto currency mining operations moving forward.

UNIT-III
E-Governance: Country Experience
1. INDIA: Democratic governance mechanisms are becoming more receptive to the potentials of
Information Communication Technologies (ICT) to achieve good governance in its implementation.
India, being the one of the largest countries democratically, demographically and geographically faces a
huge challenge in the application of e-governance to empower its citizens and for overall economic
development, more specifically in the rural areas.
What are the Advantages of E-Governance in India?
1. Data Driven Governance:- Technology facilitates communication. The Internet and smart phones
have enabled instant transmission of high volumes of data that acts as a fodder for effective governance.
2. Costs Saving:- A lot of Government expenditure goes towards the cost of buying stationery for
official purposes.
Letters and written records consume a lot of stationery. However, replacing them with smart
phones and the internet can save corers of money in expenses every year.
3. Transparency:- The use of e-governance helps make all functions of the business transparent. All
official information can be uploaded onto the internet. The citizens specifically access whichever
information they want, whenever they want it, at their convenience.
4. Accountability-: Transparency directly links to accountability. Once the functions and information of
the governance is available to the citizens, the government is more accountable to its actions.
5. Land Record Monitoring:- A vast developing country like India, with its diverse land tenure system
requires effective land monitoring. In order to ensure that transactions related to properties are not
fraudulent, along with physical transactions, online record maintenance is a key feature of e-governance
in India.
What are the Challenges Associated with E-Governance in India?
1. Challenges in Interoperability: It is one of the critical challenges of e-governance. Interoperation

among ministries and departments is difficult, and it becomes a hurdle for processing and sharing data.
Most of the e-governance services being offered by state or central governments are not integrated.
2. Linguistic Barriers: A challenge due to the diversity of the country. In India the most of the
languages spoken by people are their native languages. The majority of the rural population cannot use
the project led by the government because they use English or Hindi as their primary language. This
enforces the need to do governance in the local language.
3. Digital Illiteracy: Literacy rate in rural areas is approximately 67% with rural male literacy rate 77%
and rural female literacy rate 60%.
In India, many of the schemes launched by the government like NREGA include rural people as
end users. Due to lack of technical awareness and related knowledge most of them are incapable of using
the facilities provided by the government.
4. Lack of Digital Infrastructure: Lack of connectivity in rural areas through the internet and
maintaining the continuous supply of electricity is a great challenge for effective e-governance.

5.Authentication: It is very important to know the right user of the services or it may be misused by
private competitors. Meanwhile, the digital signature plays a major role in providing authenticity.
However, it is expensive and requires frequent maintenance.
6.Privacy Issues: Online transactions and privacy issues are becoming increasingly prominent.
Insurance, banking, utility bill payments, all these services are provided by e-Government.
Citizens are still dissatisfied with the level of security offered by the government.
What are the Recent Government Initiatives to Promote E-Governance in India?
1. MyGov Initiative:-
Atal Innovation Mission and MyGov have collaborated together with NITI Aayog to launch the
‘InnovateIndia Platform’. The platform will be a citizen-centric platform of the Government of India.
Key Highlights:
 The portal will serve as the common point for all the innovation happening across the nation.
 It creates the much-needed innovations platform for registering both grassroots and deep-tech
innovators at a national level.
 Those searching for a critical innovation can leverage the portal advantageously for the benefit
of the economy as well as national social needs.
Some of the features of this platform are:

 It is open to all Indian citizens.
 The users can view, comment, share and rate the innovations crowd sourced on the platform.
 View the leader board which is calculated based on the votes on each innovation.
 Citizens can share their/organizations/someone else’s innovation on the platform.
 Innovations can also be shared on various social media platforms such as WhatsApp,
Facebook, and Twitter
2. National Scholarships Portal (NSP):-
It is a “one-stop” solution through which various services, starting from student application,
application receipt, verification, processing, and disbursal of various scholarships to students are
facilitated.
It is taken as Mission Mode Project (MMP) under Digital India and aims at providing a
simplified, accountable, responsive and transparent system for faster and effective disbursal of
scholarship to eligible applicants directly into their account through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
without any leakages.
Key Points
 It is a centrally funded scholarship scheme for students in all states, which opens every
year and has to be applied between August and November.
 To help students of minority communities viz. Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, Jains
and Buddhists from families with annual income below Rs. 1 lakh.
 Eligible students need to register at the National Scholarship Portal (NSP) and submit
educational documents, bank account details and Aadhaar numbers among other
 The scheme is online and one can apply for a fresh or renewal scholarship on the NSP or
through a mobile application of NSP.
 The government is planning to bring a single national scholarship scheme by merging
all the current scholarship schemes.

3. Digi Locker:-
 Digi Locker is a flagship initiative of MeitY under ‘Digital India’ programme.
 This is government’s effort to create an electronic version of documents, which can be
easily verified and stored in printable format.
 The users can store their documents such as insurance, medical reports, PAN card,
passport, marriage certificate, school certificate and other documents in the digital format.
 The locker can be accessed by individuals, using their mobile number.
 Technology companies such as Google and Dropbox offer storage space for users to store
documents.
 Apart from e-documents, Digi Locker can store a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) link of
e- documents issued by various issuer departments.
4. e-Hospital-Online Registration Framework (ORF):-
It is an initiative to facilitate the patients to take online OPD appointments
with government hospitals. This framework also covers patient care, laboratory
services and medical record management.
5. DARPAN:-
It is an online tool that can be used to monitor and analyze the implementation of critical
and high priority projects of the State.
It facilitates presentation of real time data on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of
selected schemes/projects to the senior functionaries of the State Government as well as district
administration.
2. AMERICA:
The Electronic Government Act of 2002 was signed into law on December 17, 2002.
"Electronic Government"(E-GOV) is defined as the Government use of "web-based Internet
applications or other information technology to enhance the access to and delivery of government
information and services to the public, other agencies, and other Government entities. The E-
Government Act of 2002 established a new agency within the Office of Management and Budget,
the Office of Electronic Government, which is responsible for electronic information management
and for promoting interagency cooperation to improve public services.
The E-GOV initiatives serve citizens, businesses, and Federal and state government
employees by delivering high quality services more efficiently at a lower price. Instead of
expensive “stove piped” operations, agencies work together to develop common solutions which
achieve mission requirements at reduced cost, thereby making resources available for higher
priority needs.
Advantages of E Governance:
E-governance allows the public to participate in the government policies and get a clear idea of
different facilities available to them.
a. High Speed System: The high-speed internet facilities and various cloud computing
services make it possible for the information to be stored and transferred quickly to the
endpoint. This saves a lot of time, and actions can be taken promptly once the government
has the required information from the public.
b. Cost Effective: The paperless mode of communication can help save a lot of money spend
on files and documents used to store information.
c. Transparent Communication: People can get to know the status of their applications or
registrations; they even can challenge the authorities to audit the development process. One of
the commendable advantages of e governance is you can access your saved details on the
government's websites from mobile, laptops, or desktops.
d. Accountability: Once the government policies are transparent, it increases its responsibility
towards the people as the public is more aware of its strategies and motives. The public can
show

their acceptability and dissatisfaction towards any government initiative and increase
the democratic nature of governance to a broader extent.
Disadvantages of e-governance: Digitization is the solution to most problems economies face
these days. However, e governance cannot be successful if the public cannot access this online
information available to them
a. Lack of Confidentiality: The possibility of leaking private and confidential information
increases with its availability over the internet or computer.
b. Cybercrimes: Cybercrimes are on the rise, leading to possible hacking and even misuse of
government identity to fulfill selfish needs. Numerous fake news websites are currently active
on the internet, and anyone can spread misleading information
c. Technical Failures: All the machines are subjected to the risk of technical failure and
maintenance issues. A system can crash anytime, and if the files are not backed up correctly, it
can lead to the loss of all critical information available on the machine.
d. Illiteracy: The public cannot understand the technology, they will not be able to get information
and will have to rely on other traditional methods. So implementing governance can never
become helpful if the end-user cannot acquire that info from the new techniques available to
them.
3. UK:
The UK has already made good progress and the UN has recognized the UK as the world leader in
digital government.
'GOV.UK' is the website for the UK government. It provides the people and businesses in
England and Wales with easy and effective digital access to all public services and related
information. The site it maintained by Government Digital Services.
The site became available in 2012, and provides a single point of access to HM
Government services, replacing Direct gov and Business Link, as well as the individual websites
of hundreds of government departments and public bodies. All 24 ministerial departments and 28
other organizations had moved toGOV.UK by 1 May 2013.
Government Digital Strategy or Advantages: UK implements some of the strategies are as follows:
1. Improve departmental digital leadership: All departments will undertake end-to-end service
redesign of all transactional services with over 100,000 transactions each year. All new or
redesigned transactional services going live after April 2014 will meet a new Digital by Default
Service Standard.
2. Develop digital capability throughout the civil service: All departments will ensure that
they have the right levels of digital capability in-house, including specialist skills. Cabinet
Office will support improved digital capability across departments.
3. Complete the transition to GOV.UK: Corporate publishing activities of all 24 ministerial
departments will move onto GOV.UK by March 2013, with agency and arm’s length bodies’
online publishing to follow by July 2014.
4. Increase the number of people who use digital services: Departments will raise awareness of
their digital services so more people know about and use them, and look at ways to use
incentives to encourage digital adoption.
5. Remove unnecessary legislative barriers: Cabinet Office will work with departments to
amend legislation that unnecessarily prevents us from developing straightforward, convenient
digital services.
Disadvantages:
1. Loss of Interpersonal Communication: The main disadvantage of e-governance is the loss
of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication is an aspect of communication
that many people consider vital.

2. High Setup Cost and Technical Difficulties: Technology has its disadvantages as well.
Specifically, the setup cost is very high and the machines have to be regularly maintained.
Often, computers and internet can also break down and put a dent in governmental work and
services.
3. Illiteracy: A large number of people are tech-illiterate and do not know how to operate
computers and smart phones. E-governance is very difficult for them to access and understand.
4. Cybercrime/Leakage of Personal Information: There is always the risk of private data of
citizens stored in government serves being stolen. Cybercrime is a serious issue, a breach of data
can make the public lose confidence in the Government’s ability to govern the people
4. Australia: Australian governments at all levels have been planning and implementing broad policies
for the application use of inforn1ation and communication technologies (ICTs) by the general public and
the business community. Australia's three-tier (federal, state, and local) system of government creates a
major challenge as, at each level, there are separate but complementary functions and responsibilities,
and inevitably there are crossovers.
Stages of e-government: The following are the stages of e-governance in Australia

Stage 1: Emerging – An official government online presence is established through a few
Independent official sites. Information is limited, basic and static.
Stage 2: Enhanced – Government sites increase; information becomes more dynamic.
Content and information is updated with greater regularity.
Stage 3: Interactive – Users can download forms, e-mail officials, interact through the
Web and make appointments and requests.
Stage 4: Transactional – Users can actually pay for services or conduct financial
transactions online.
Stage 5: Seamless – Full integration of e-services across administrative boundaries
allowing users to be task focused rather than department focused. Information is
shared securely between departments to allow effective integration of e-functions and
Services
The following recommendations for the further development of e-government in Australia.
 Avoid large e-government projects. Agile development can minimize risks, enable faster
results and avoid implementation challenges.
 Establish a properly functioning secure eID and digital signature for each citizen. The eID should
be simple and user-friendly, issued by government (similarly to passports) and guaranteed by
law. It should be used for both e-government services and business e-services.
 The integration platform should be as simple as possible and not require changes to existing
back- office processes and systems. Process redesign can be done step by step.
 A citizen-centric model is important to win public support for integrated e-government. It
should allow people to control their private data and provide legal guarantees, supported by
organizational and technical frameworks.
5. DUBAI: E-government initiatives in Dubai, was changed to the “Dubai Smart Government
Department” in June 30, 2013. Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Vice President and
Prime Minister of the UAE and the Ruler of Dubai presented the new name. It is consistent with the
smart-government initiative of the sheikh: “A government which does not sleep, works 24 hours a
day, 365 days a year, as hospitable as hotels, quick in processing its interactions and easy in its
procedures”

Stages of E-government:
Stage Descriptions
The first stage of the model is simply about having an online
Stage One: presence: a website which offers very basic information and
Catalogue has some reports of publications or any presentation or forms
which can be downloaded. Users cannot interact with the
website, and communication is limited, being one-sided.
Stage Two: The second stage highlights the user’s increasing interaction
Transaction rather than simply posting information to the system, a user can
also submit information, register complaints/licenses, etc.
This third stage is about enhancing the level of services and
Stage Three: integrating multiple subsystems and multiple similar functions.
Vertical Integration At this stage, the E-government system’s capabilities are able
to offer complete information specific to a single department.
The fourth stage reflects the highest stage of E-government
Stage Four: model maturity, complexity and even functionality. The system
Horizontal has expanded in all directions and serves as a one-stop
Integration destination for all services being offered by multiple
departments.
6. New Zealand E-governance: The E-governance Interoperability Framework (e-GIF) was first
issued in February 2002. In the six years since the initial launch, we have seen tremendous change in
New Zealand, both in the public sector and in wider society. Technology continues to
Advance and government agencies’ business needs keep evolving in response to the changes in
technology and society. The challenges and opportunities these Changes present demand innovative and
collaborative solutions from government Agencies.
Since 2002, the e-GIF has proved to be a significant tool for enabling agencies to
work together and for all-of-government initiatives. The e-GIF has formed the foundation of a number of
important e-government initiatives. The framework has helped collaboration between government
agencies, resulting in more integrated services for New Zealanders.
For example: Customers can now register for a company IRD number online when they
incorporate a company. This service eliminates the need for new companies to deal with the Companies
Office and Inland Revenue separately. It makes the registration process faster by eliminating
duplication of information between agencies and the need to provide paper-based IRD number
applications.
The e-GIF documents: The E-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF) \ consists of
three documents:
1: Standards
2: Policy
3: Resources
1: Standards: Standards that make up the e-GIF. The intended audience for this section includes:
• State Sector information technology (IT) strategists
• technical analysts
• programme and project managers
• anyone planning services requiring interoperability.

2: Policy: The policy behind the e-GIF and its development. The intended audience for this section
includes:
• policy analysts
• advisors
• business analysts
• anyone involved with interoperability strategy and projects.
3: Resources: Resources related to the e-GIF. The intended audience for this section is all readers of the
e-GIF. Includes the following sections:
History of the e-GIF: Review of stages in the e-GIF’s development, including a Change Log.
References and background information: Descriptions and links
to further information related to the e-GIF.
URLs referred to in the e-GIF: Full URLs for all hyperlinks in the e-GIF
documents.
Abbreviations: Definitions of abbreviations and acronyms used in the eGIF

UNIT-IV
E-Governance in India
1. Andhra Pradesh
E-Governance: E-Governance is the application of information & communication
technologies to transform the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of
informational & transactional exchanges with in Government, between Govt. & Govt.
Agencies of National, State, Municipal & Local levels, citizen & businesses, and to empower
citizens through access & use of information.
overnance Model: The interactions in e-Governance, Government to Citizen (G2C),
Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Government (G2G), which are presented
schematically
E-governance services in AP:
1. AP's Initiation in e-Governance: The Government of Andhra Pradesh has always been at the
forefront of leveraging information technology to provide services Citizens and businesses
in an efficient and optimal manner through its various e-Governance initiatives and programs.
2. Transformation of Andhra Pradesh to Digital: The digital program aims to transform India
into digitally empowered society and knowledge economy which sets the long term
direction. Similarly, states have their respective e-governance initiatives, collectively, there
is no dearth of programmes and projects to implement this vision.
3. C.M. Core Dash Board: The Andhra Pradesh government is using big data and analytics
to improve governance at all levels and in all departments. Every department data has been
linked to CM Core Dashboard, where the data is real time and it can be monitored. Most of the
data is updated automatically, instead of manual intervention and this assures the authenticity
of the data presented on the CM Core Dashboard.
4. E-Cabinet: Taking a step further in e-Governance, the Andhra Pradesh state Cabinet has
now gone paperless. Wielding iPads in their hands, Chief Minister of AP and his Council
conducts meeting of what is being called “eCabinet”.
5. Mee-Kosam: Meekosam, a portal for people to report grievances, problems and
give suggestions, was launched by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister.
6. Mee-Bhomi :The Government of Andhra Pradesh has launched a new revenue website for
the public use. The public portal www.meebhoomi.ap.gov.in is launched to get the land
information in all the districts, mandals and villages of the state of AP. The people can get the
details of their lands such as Adangal, Village Adangal, 1 B etc. The agriculture land
details can be obtained through survey number, pattadar passbook number, Aadhaar number
and also by searching through the name of the pattadar.
7. e-POS: Andhra Pradesh is the first State in the country to implement ePoS in 100% Fair
price shops with the integration of FCI & MLS points (Supply Chain Management System) for
lifting of Stock and ration portability. The system enables monitoring the Sales & Stock
availability at every FPS.
Critical Issues For Rural AP in Development of e-Governance: e-Governance is a big challenge
and is big opportunity to bring services to all citizens. The most significant characteristics of any
successful e -Government application is quality and reliability and accessibility. At the same time,
many other issues need to be resolved which include authentication and confidentiality.
1. Technical Issues: IT infrastructure is the backbone of e-Governance. Interoperability with

existing software and hardware platforms is a key success factor. It is unlikely that available
resources can support a full replacement of existing application.
2. Literacy: In India where literacy rate is low, e-Governance is a real challenge. Lack of
IT Literacy and awareness regarding benefits of e-Governance has to emphasize.
3. Economical Issues: Economical issues are mainly concerned with return of investment and
safeguard of the previous ones. Cost of implementation, operational and evolutionary
maintenance must be low enough to guarantee a good cost/benefit ratio.
4. Political will Power: e-Governance means less interaction with government servants, it will
be helpful in reducing bribery issues. The strong objections of the government officers also need
a careful and wise approach. This task may require an honest and strong will power of the
politicians and leaders. e-Voting concept is not acceptable to politicians.
5. Privacy: Citizens’ concern on privacy of their life and confidentiality of the personal data
need to be technically supported. Privacy and confidentiality has to be highly valued in
establishing and maintaining websites. An ideal Cyber policy and strict appliance of it is the
backbone for citizen's support.
2. Karnataka: The Government of Karnataka (GoK) was a pioneer in leveraging information

and communication technology (ICT) for better governance and has been at the forefront of
implementation of electronic-Governance (e-Governance) initiatives in the country. GoK
conceived and implemented a number of e-Governance projects like computerization of land
records (Bhoomi) and treasury operations (Khajane) much before announcement of the National
e-Governance Plan (NeGP) by the Government of India (GoI) in May 2016.
Challenges in Designing and implementing e-Governance
The Department has, in its existence of 8 years, to its credit a number of pioneering initiatives.
Unlike projects in other sectors, e-Governance is an area where there are no precedence
or experiences to rely on. Some of the key challenges in designing initiatives include -
 Computerization of programs given that the technology keeps growing at Moore’s law’s
 pace.
 Designing appropriate business models
 Change Management challenges
o Internal stakeholders
o External stakeholders
o Political machinery
 Innovative response of GOK to the challenges – “6-I Model of e-Governance”
 The Department has developed and implemented a 6 – ‘I’ strategy for e-Governance in
Karnataka. The elements of these are
 Creating appropriate Institutional framework
 Creating necessary core e-infrastructure to enable agencies/ departments to plan
and implement initiatives
 Enabling Internal Business Process Reengineering
 Designing appropriate Investment (Business) Model
 Internal Capacity Building
 Innovations in use of technology for delivering better outcomes for the citizens
GOALS OF E-GOVERNANCE:
1. To enhance the decision-making abilities of administrators by providing correct, consistent
and comprehensive information in a time bound manner.
2. To improve the quality of education by assisting teachers and students in using IT mode.
3. To bring about a holistic development by reaching distant areas through more efficient modes
of communication.
4. To streamline the administration of the department through capacity building and enhancement

of efficiency of the personnel.
3. E governance in Kerala
E-Governance is gaining wide currency in India with the Government of India giving it formal
acceptance through policy documents, primarily the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), 2006. The
NeGP mainly comprises of the Central Mission Mode Projects (MMPs), State MMPs and the Integrated
MMPs. The State MMPs are primarily those sectors which have greater public service delivery and
interface and include Agriculture, Commercial Taxes, e-District, Employment Exchange and Land
Records, to name some.
Even before the NeGP, the Government of Kerala was a front-runner in implementing many a
citizen-friendly e-Governance projects that served to improve performance, efficiency, quality of service
and reduce costs, thereby enabling better utilization of limited resources. The government is committed
to fulfilling the aspirations of the state by sustaining the position of leadership in economic and social
development. To achieve this end, it recognizes the significance of use of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICTs). In its IT Policy 2007, the government has declared its intention to
bring about a user-friendly e-Governance system and envisages optimum utilization of resources in the
e- Governance spectrum.
E-Governance Infrastructure:
All e-Governance applications run on core ICT infrastructure. Though they do not create value by
itself, they are essential for the delivery of other ICT applications. The Government of Kerala has taken a
lead in setting up three major e-Governance ICT infrastructure projects: the State Data Center (SDC), the
Kerala State Wide Area Network (KSWAN), and a network of common service centers in the form of
Akshaya centers all over the state. Encouraged by the response generated to the 5000 sq.ft State Data
Centre that hosts over 100 government applications, the Government of Kerala has commissioned
another Data Centre that will be operational by 2010.
The KSWAN has created a common communication infrastructure, linking some 1660
government offices in the state. Akshaya, launched as a pioneering initiative to promote e-Literacy in
2002, has now grown into a network of 2200 canters all over Kerala that provides e-Literacy along
with other citizen services including payment of utility bills, educational programmes besides cash
transfer
facilities. In fact the timely provision of ICT infrastructure has enabled 90 percent of Kerala villages
to have broadband access.
CORE FRAMEWORK:
Delivering high volume transaction services and seamless information flow To foster seamless
exchange of data across the spectrum, the government has conceived the State Service Delivery Gateway
(SSDG) to act as a hub for all interactions between citizens, businesses, and government departments.
The upshot of having such a hub is the streamlining of all public-state interactions with the e-District
facility.
Through this e-District facility, the government brings together all districts under a common
platform, delivering high volume citizen services relating to Revenue Department, online RTI, Public
Grievance Redressal, revenue court cases, and various payments. In fact, the e-District facility has
enabled the issuance of more than 2.40 crore certificates, the highest number of transactions by any
state. APPLICATIONS: Integrated personnel services (SPARK), e-Health, e-Office, and e-
Procurement for fast, transparent and efficient services
 To ensure a high level of transparency among government staff, the Service and Payroll
Administrative Repository for Kerala (SPARK) hosts an integrated personnel, payroll and
accounts information system that helps the administration to ensure a consistent application
of rules and to forge better employee relations. Every staff has a unique Permanent Employee
Number (PEN) as a stamp of identity across departments and services.
 e-Health provides an integrated framework to ensure efficient delivery of healthcare services.
It includes a centralized database of healthcare information and support solution for nearly
50,000 healthcare service personnel consisting of doctors, paramedical and nonclinical staff at
the primary, secondary and tertiary care centres.
 e-Office brings in efficiency, speed and transparency in the way files are managed at
various government departments, collectorates, sub-collectorates, directorates and line
departments.
 e-Procurement helps in enhancing transparency and efficiency in public procurement
activities and monitoring the same on a real-time basis.
4. E-Governance in UTTAR PRADESH

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the India. Uttar Pradesh is the fourth largest Indian
state by economy, with a GDP of 7080 billion (US$120 billion)[7].In Uttar Pradesh government has
decided to enlarge the domain of its e-governance services, from the current tally of 26 running in
eight departments in the next five years. The services are being delivered through Internet-enabled
common service centers set up at the village level in all the districts of the state. UP has established
leadership in many e- Governance initiatives.
E-Governance projects in UP cover the entire field of interfaces – G2G, G2C, G2B, G2E, and
G2S. Under the e-governance plan, the Government department covered applications like: land record,
medical-health, secondary education, foods-civil supplies, labour, social welfare, road transport,
property registration, agriculture, treasuries, municipalities, gram panchayat, commercial taxes, police
and employment exchanges. Following are some of the important projects are in Uttar Pradesh.
Objectives of e-governance in Uttar Pradesh:
1. CeG shall work with Government Departments, Private and Public Organizations and other
to analyse key issues in e-Governance, identify solutions, help develop action plans.
2. CeG shall act as autonomous and independent body constituted by the Department of
Information Technology and Electronics, Government of Uttar Pradesh to help and support
Government and act as Secretariat and full time internal advisory body in undertaking e-
Governance projects.
3. CeG shall do the groundwork for providing overall direction, standardization and consistency
through program management of the e-Governance initiatives in the State both Central and
State funded.
4. CeG shall provide support to the Government departments in all interdependencies, overlaps,
conflicts, standards, overreaching architecture, security, legal aspects et-cetera, across projects
as well as core and support infrastructure shared across several projects.
5. CeG shall also work as storehouse of knowledge and best practices in e-Governance both
nationally and internationally. CeG may take up implementations of pilot or other
projects, including technology demonstrators.
6. CeG aims to be a world class institution to guide governance reforms through use of
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Uttar Pradesh, other states of India and
developing world at large by harnessing powers of ICTs, knowledge and people for good
governance.
7. CeG shall act as a think tank and help translate the Government goals, objectives and
policy priorities into tangile reform action through use of ICTs.
8. CeG shall create a bank of best practices, methodologies and tools in successful e-
Governance applications.

SPECIFIC SCOPE
1. To support e-Governance initiatives of the Government by providing core concepts and policies
strategic planning, program management, coordination, monitoring and evaluation support.
CeG shall also take up pilot and technology demonstrator projects.
2. To function at program level support and avoids getting down to project level support
unless necessary for pilot or technology demonstrator.
3. To explore the nature of interaction between the citizen and various agencies of the
Government and to suggest deployment of technology driver solutions.
4. To function as a secretariat and a permanent advisory body to the Government/SeGP, State
Apex Committee in undertaking e-Governance projects.
5. To solve all interdependencies, overlaps and conflicts et-cetera across e-Governance projects
as well as core and support infrastructure shared across several projects.
6. To assist individual departments of the Government in putting a dedicated team (PeMT) for
conceptualizing and undertaking e-Governance projects in their departments through
constitution of individual project groups.
7. To show case best practices in the area of e-Governance
8. To conduct programs for creating awareness in e-Governance among decision makers in
the Government Departments.
9. To demonstrate the feasibility of concepts in e-Governance to the decision makers and the
other staff of departments to inculcate a sense of ownership through workshops,
demonstrations, video/tele conferencing et-cetera.
10. To assist the Government in defining and implementing the process and policy changes in
e- Governance.
11. To enrich the repository of best practices through continuous interaction with subject experts
in India and abroad.
12. To draw upon leading companies, technical institutions and abroad and help initiate projects
to address specific needs.
13. To strive to establish strong links with similar institutions worldwide to enrich the repository
and knowledge base through continuous interaction and participation.

5. E-Governance in Madhya Pradesh:

Madhya Pradesh, India’s second largest state, lies across the very heart of the country,
occupying an area of 3,08,144 sq. km. Surrounded by five states – Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Chattisgarh and Rajasthan. Its central location in India has remained a crucible of historical currents
from North, South, East and West. Its central location makes the state a strategic hub with many
logistical advantages. Easy reach, convenient travel and good connectivity make Madhya Pradesh a
choice destination.
IT Policy:
Foreseeing the opportunity of growth in the Information Technology sector, Madhya Pradesh
government had announced its IT policy way back in 1999. The policy ushered the state into the 21st
century. The objectives of IT policy are as follows:
1. Improve the life of the common man leveraging the strengths of e-Governance
2. Attracting investment in the sector so that the educated youth is able to contribute to
the development of the State
3. Create a pool of highly skilled professionals who are at par with the best in the country.
4. Transforming Resource Based Economy to Knowledge Based Economy.
E-Governance initiatives of Government of Madhya Pradesh:

Government of Madhya Pradesh in the last two to three years has implemented several e-
governance projects. State’s IT policy emphasizes induction of IT in all walks of government
functioning with focus on masses and aims to leverage IT for transparency and better governance. The
following are major projects that have been undertaken
a) Commercial Tax Department: The department is the largest revenue-earning department of
the government of Madhya Pradesh. A comprehensive computerization project which offers
instant information access of the dealers and also offers major processes of the department ‘on-
line’ has been implemented. Department’s internal functions such as payroll, pension related
activities, personal information processing has also been made on line.
b) Treasury and Accounts: Integrated Treasuries Computerization Project (ITCP) is a major e-
Governance initiative by Government of Madhya Pradesh. While its coverage extends to entire
state (229 locations), through 53 district treasuries, 159 sub-treasuries, serving almost 8000
drawing and disbursing officers belonging to all departments of the State Government the
facility provided in this project. The project won Golden Icon Award for the exemplary
Horizontal Transfer of ICT based Best Practice for the year 2007.
c) Land Records: State of Madhya Pradesh has prepared a database of Land records in the
country. In the State of M.P. the Land Records of all revenue villages have been computerized,
i.e. the textual data of land records are 100% converted into electronic form. Computerized land
records are updated on regular basis with the facility of automatic weekly backup. Thirty Five
million Khasra (Plot/Survey) numbers comprising of 11 million Landowners have been
computerized.
d) Directorate of Technical Education: Directorate of Technical Education, Madhya Pradesh act
as coordinating agency between Government, Industry and Institutions and to advice and assist
the Government in the all round development of technical education. Letter entry system, Pay bill
System, Admission Systems, Gradation System, Court System, MIS System and Budget System
works towards the e-Governance initiative.
e) Transport Department: This project aims to computerize transport department’s activities by
issuing Smart Cards for Driving Licenses and Vehicle Registration. The project was
implemented on BOO (Build Own Operate) basis by a service provider. MP is pioneer state in
usage of IT for better service delivery on PPP model. Presently all activities of RTO offices are
computerised. Information of vehicles registered in MP available via SMS & Internet. Citizen

friendly site: www.mptransport.org.

f) Urban Administration and Development Department: In Madhya Pradesh following
cities have taken initiatives in e-Governance and has resulted in improved public service
delivery Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Khandwa, , Ujjain Raisen, Dabra, Balaghat..
g) Department of Registration & Stamps: This Department is responsible for the stamps
and registration of various types of documents, mostly related to property transfer in the
State.
h) State’s ICT Initiatives in Education: The state strongly believes that information and
communication technology can yield significant outcomes in improving the quality of
education.
6. E-Governance in West-Bengal:
West Bengal gearing-up for e-Governance. West Bengal State Data Center
(WBSDC) has been developed by the State of West Bengal, which is envisioned as the ‘Shared,
reliable and secure infrastructure services centre for hosting and managing the e-Governance
Applications of State and its constituent departments’ and the same has been developed as a part of
Mission Mode Project under National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) (presently known as Digital India)
and to ensure adherence to common principles and policies towards realization of the vision.
OVERNANCE INITIATIVES:
a. Telemedicine: Telemedicine is a client friendly high tech system used for critical patients.
Purulia district hospital is linked with the medical colleges like NRS, Medical College and
Burdwan Medical College. Patient's history is sent to the higher centers through the internet
facility and the prescriptions are sent to the sending hospital through. If required, patients and medical
officers of the sending hospital may consult with the specialists of the medical colleges through video
conferencing facility and Internet.
b. Smart Card: Webel enabled West Bengal is all set to become the first state among all to
implement the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Govt of India has given direction for
standardization of transport applications in the entire country by way of 'Smart Card' based
Driving License & Registering Certificate using 'Sarathi' and 'Vahan' thus bringing uniformity
in the system throughout the country.
c. Computerisation of Government Departments: Webel is in the process of implementing the
Government of West Bengal's computerization programme for three common applications viz.
Directing the movement of files, setting up of departmental personnel information systems and
the monitoring of funds deployment in several Government Departments and Directorates.
d. Higher Education Department: Database is now developed for the department which can be
accessed through their website and kiosk with Touch Screen and IVR which is of immense help
to students seeking admission in various streams in colleges.
e. Tourism Department: A website and Touch Screen Information kiosks for the Tourism
Department have been developed which provides detailed information of tourist interest that is
of great help to both the domestic as well as international visitors. Webel has also implemented a
web-based application for WBTDC for easy reservation of Tourist Lodges and various tourist
services.
f. Geographical Information System: The job of implementing Geographical Information
System (GIS) in 20 Municipalities in the State is now on. The spatial data survey and
implementation of GIS for Pujali, Kurseong, Kalimpong and Bidhan Nagar Municipalities have
already been completed.

7. E-GOVERNANCE IN GUJARATH: Gujarat has been one of the frontline State in the
implementation of e-governance policies & projects in India. Independent agencies have rated Gujarat
as one of the most e-prepared State in the country. State Govt. has adopted innovative / progressive
policies for promotion of e-governance in the State.
Gujarat is an aspiring leader with e-readiness Initiatives with the IT Policy. Gujarat has been
position at L2 Stage in Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) which is categorized based on
Environment, Readiness and Usage Applications. Awarded for Best e-Governance, Gujarat is a frontline
State in the implementation of e-governance policies & projects and setting up of key infrastructure for
E Governance.
OVERNANCE INITIATIVES:
a) SWAGAT Online: SWAGAT Online stands for State Wide Attention on Grievances through
Application of Technology. Swagat project is been hosted on every 4th Thursday of the month
in the presence of Chief Minister in the Jansampark Department of his Chief Minister Office. In
his presence with all the department heads and the district representatives, the grievance of the
common man are addressed through Video conferencing and solutions are provided online to
the common man immediately.
b) E-DHARA: E-Dhara enhances complete Computerization of Land Records across the state.
Elimination of Manual Records, computer controlled mutation process and self sustainability
are the leading objectives of e-Dhara system.
c) E-CITY: The Project undertaken by Revenue Department of GoG, Ahmadabad Municipal
Corporation is the first Municipal Corporation in India to facilitate better performance of the
delivery of municipal services like birth and death registration, building plan, primary health
and
education, city cleanliness, water supply, sewage, road, street-lights, parks and garden through
e- governance to citizens of the city.
d) VAT (VALUE ADDED TAX): The Project implemented by Commissionerate of Commercial
TAX, GoG, was initiated to ensure prompt capturing of data at its origination in digitized form
so that the VAT administration could be more informed and controlled with a view to simplify
Administrative procedures. It provides Efficient, Effective, Economical and Transparent Tax
Administration.
e) E-PROCUREMENT: e-Procurement system has been introduced for all purchases and
procurements in all the Government departments, Boards/Corporations and Societies under the
administrative control of the State Government and which are funded by Government. Roll out
of e-Procurement was carried out in a phased manner starting from few works / items for limited
Departments and later made compulsory to multiple items for many departments.
f) E-GRAM – VISHVAGRAM: On the Birthday of Subhash Chandra Bose on 23rd January, CM
launched the e-Gram Vishwagram Project from Haripura, the place where Subhash Chandra
Bose had given call for freedom. This Project Initiates e-Gram Project connecting 13695 Gram
Panchayats and 6000 Citizen Common Service Center as a part of the eGram connectivity
Project

8. Telangana e-governance:
Introduction: E-Governance is use of ICT with the aim to empower citizens through citizen
participation in decision making and make Government more accountable, transparent and responsive. It
is a move towards SMART governance. Owing to e-governance there is improvement in the internal
organizational processes of Government, increased openness in government’s functioning; and
enhanced political credibility & accountability in governance. Democratic practices through public
participation & consultation are also facilitated through e-governance.
SMART Governance: Technology intervention improves the efficiency of functioning of the different
departments.
1. Simple: Simplification of rules regulations and processes of government through the use of ICTs
and thereby providing for a user- friendly government.
2. Moral: Connoting emergence of an entirely new system of ethical values in the political
and administrative machinery. Technology intervention improves the efficiency of different
departments.
3. Accountable: Facilitating design development and implementation of effective Management
Information System and performance measurement mechanisms and thereby it ensures the
accountability of public service functionaries. Responsive Stream lining the processes to speed
up service delivery and make system more responsive.
4. Transparent: Bringing information hitherto confined in the government documents to the
public domain and making processes and functions transparent, which in turn would bring
equity and rule of law in responses of the administrative agencies.
E Governance Initiatives of Telangana State –
Mee Seva: Mee-Seva has been conceptualized and planned with the objective to provide universal and
nondiscriminatory delivery of all Government services using Information & Communications Technology
entailing transparent government-citizen interface at all levels of governance. It's an integrated one Stop
Solution for 90 Million Citizens to approach Government for all their pressing needs.
The objective of Mee-Seva is to provide smart, citizen centric, ethical, efficient and effective
governance facilitated by technology. This initiative involves universal and non-discriminatory delivery of
all government services to citizens & businessmen of all strata and improved efficiency, transparency and
accountability for the government. The initiative features transformed government-citizen interface at all
levels of administration along with a shared governance model.
Unique features of Mee Seva
i. Single sign-on: Mee Seva provides single sign-on facility to enable departmental users to move
seamlessly between departmental and Mee Seva applications.
ii. Mass digitisation, mass porting and bulk-signing: While adding new departmental services, the
relevant databases/records existing in digital form are cleaned and ported to the central database
server co-located at the SDC; where databases/records are still in manual form, they are digitized.
Authorized officials provided with Class 3 digital signature certificates do bulk signing of records
ported to the central database. The bulk-signing mechanism helps increase the pace of digitization;
it is tamper-proof and has audit trail for all transactions.
iii. SMS alerts at each stage of application processing: Mee Seva has integrated SMS alert support
for tracking the progress of service requests by citizens.
iv. Secured stationery: Mee Seva certificates are issued in secured stationery that employs 11 security
features, which make duplication difficult, create public confidence and minimize fraudulent and
malafide practices. All certificates issued by Mee Seva are stored in the State Electronic Certificate
repository to enable their online verifications by any authority.
v. Automatic Payment Gateway: The payment collected from the applicant at the kiosk is
distributed online to the various stakeholders in real-time. This solves the problem of
reconciliations, late-payments and embezzlements.
UNIT-V
Latest applications in RTG
1. Agriculture: Indian Agriculture is a core sector for food security and sustainable development along
with poverty alleviation. Indian farming sector is dominated by small and marginal farmers and
increasing their productivity and incomes can make a major contribution to economic advancement while
reducing hunger and poverty.
However, the technological changes in Indian agriculture started in the 1960s when access to
modern inputs, especially a high-yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, mechanization, credit, and
marketing facilities improved. The central government also introduced an intensive area development
program in 1960.
Advantages of E-technology in aid of farmers: Some of the benefits derived by the farmers through
ICT are given below:
1. Improved decision making: By having the necessary information, farmers make improved
decisions concerning their agricultural activities. The exchange of knowledge from various
countries and organizations also helps farmers be more aware of factors to consider before
making their decisions.
2. Planning: IT has paved the way to come up with farming software that determines the best aids
to use on the farm. Gaining information from their farm is essential in sustaining growth.
3. Agricultural innovations: When scientists develop new and improved techniques that help grow
crops in adversities, a connected agricultural world will promote better reach.
4. Better outreach: Not only small and medium farmers, but even backyard farmers also play a role
in promoting agriculture. Use of e-technology will help in spreading ideas and innovations to all
levels of farming sects.
Initiatives by the Central Government for promoting E-technology in aid of farmers: There are
many initiatives of the Central Government integrating electronic technology and farming.
1. National Agriculture Market: The National Agriculture Market (NAM) is a pan-India
electronic trading portal that seeks to network the existing APMC and other market yards to
create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
2. AGMARKNET: Agricultural Marketing Information Network (AGMARKNET) was launched
in 2000 by the Union Ministry of Agriculture. This e-governance portal AGMARKNET,
implemented by National Informatics Centre (NIC), facilitates the generation and transmission of
prices, commodity arrival information from agricultural produce markets, and web-based
dissemination to producers,
3. Village Resource Centers: Village Resource Centers provide space-based services in rural areas.
They are one of the unique initiatives that use the Satellite Communication (SATCOM) network
and Earth Observation (EO) satellite data to reach out to the villages to address the needs of the
local people in the villages themselves.
4. Digital Agriculture Mission The Digital Agriculture Mission (2021–2025) aims to support and
accelerate projects based on new technologies, like AI, block chain, remote sensing, and GIS
technology, and the use of drones and robots
State-level initiatives connected with Electronic Technology and Farmers There are many programs
in different states which integrate e-technology with agricultural practices. Some of them are:
1. eSagu: eSagu provides personalized expert advice promptly from the sowing stage to
harvest for small and marginal farmers at their doorstep. The farm situation is brought to
the expert in the form of digital photographs and text information.
2. AGRISNET: The AGRISNET project was conceptualized with the vision of creating an
interconnected technology-enabled network to deliver informational services effectively to
the farming community.
3. Jio Agri(JioKrishi) Platform: A pilot project was initiated at Jalna and Nashik,
Maharashtra in 2020. It digitizes the agricultural ecosystem along the entire value chain to
empower farmers. The core function of the platform uses stand-alone application data to
provide advisory, the advanced functions use data from various sources, feed the data into
AI/ML algorithms, and provide accurate personalized advice.
2. Rural Development:
A large number of studies have shown that even today approximately 70% of Indian
Population lives in Rural Areas. Today, Rural Development is essential for the development of the
Indian Economy. Rural economy can be developed by improving rural markets. It may be done by
modern information technology.
Objectives:
1. To develop farm, home, public service and village community.
2. To bring improvement in producing of crops and animals living condition.
3. To improve health and education condition etc. improvement of the rural people.
4. To improve villagers with their own efforts.
5. To improve village communication.
Rural Development Strategies in India:
1. Provide MSP (Minimum Support Price) for various crops to the farmers, apart from
providing Crop Insurance.
2. Irrigation facilities to all the agricultural fields should be provided.
3. Instead of giving direct cash in to the hands of farmers, Government has to provide free of cost
all required inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides etc.For purchasing Tractors, Electric
Motor Water Pumps etc on subsidy, Government should provide loan facility to the farmers.
4. As there are no other activities except agriculture in rural areas, Government must provide
loan facility to the interested educated youth for starting Startups to reduce unemployment.
5. Establish new agricultural godowns in addition to the existing godowns.
Schemes that are launched in India for Rural Development:
1. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): This is a scheme launched and fully
sponsored by the Central Government of India. The main objective of the scheme is to connect
all the habitations with more than 500 individuals residing there, in the rural areas by the means
of weatherproof paved roads.
2. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY): This was implemented as a total package
with all the characteristics of self employment such as proper training, development of
infrastructure, planning of activities, financial aid, credit from banks, organizing self help groups,
and subsidies.
3. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY): This scheme aims at increasing the food
protection by the means of wage employment in the rural areas which are affected by the
calamities after the appraisal of the state government and the appraisal is accepted by the
Ministry of Agriculture.
4. Indira Awaas Yojana (Rural Housing): This scheme puts emphasis on providing
housing benefits all over the rural areas in the country.

3. Health care:
E-healthcare can be defined as the use of ICT to support the delivery of
healthcare support and services directly to people outside the conventional care centers such as
Hospitals. The applications of e- governance in health care is as follows:
A. National Health Portal (NHP):
NHP was set up with the objectives to improve health literacy, improve access
to Health services, decrease burden of diseases through awareness and to provide as a single
point of access for consolidated healthcare related information to the citizens of India.
B. Hospital Information System (HIS):
HIS is being implemented for computerized registration and capturing HER/ EMR
of patients in Public Health facilities up to PHC level. This will also facilitate workflow management
leading to better delivery of services to patients and improvement in efficiency of processes in these
facilities. So far, financial assistance provided to States/UTs for implementation of HIS application.
C. Telemedicine:
Telemedicine is the use of electronic information and communication technologies to
provide and support healthcare when the patient is away from doctor.
Telemedicine enables video or phone appointments between a patient and their healthcare practitioner.
ADVANTAGES:
▶ Comfort and convenience
▶ Control of infectious illness
▶ Better assessment
▶ Primary care and chronic condition management
D. Online Registration System (ORS):
ORS is a framework to link various hospitals for online registration, payment of
fees and appointment, online diagnostic reports, enquiring availability of blood online.
E. Global Digital Health Partnership:
The GDHP is a collaboration of Governments, Territories, Government
agencies and the World Health Organization. It has been created to provide an international forum
to facilitate global collaboration and co-Operation and to share policy insights and evidence of
best
practice in the Implementation of digital health services. Currently, 24 countries and World Health
Organization (WHO) are the members of GDHP.
F. Video Conference facility:
To increase the efficiency of the officers and speeding up office procedure
and also to make work more Collaborative and for any time availability of officials to discuss
important matters irrespective of geographical locations.
4. Tourism:
Tourism involves the activities of people travelling and staying in a place
away from their home environment for leisure, business or other purposes.
The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their usual places of work and
residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to
cater to their needs." Tourism was mainly been traditional in its early form. With the evolution of
cultures, economies, and knowledge, tourism took a different form called sustainable tourism with
the aspect of well-planned tour, well-studied destination, and conservation of destination.
Factors that Motivate People to Travel. The most common reasons for the people to travel away from
home are:
 To spend holidays leisurely
 To visit friends and relatives
 To attend business and professional engagements
 To get health treatment

The following are the latest application in tourism:

A. IRCTC: Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation mobile application is available on
windows phone store and can be used by any smart phone user very sharply. Just fill up the required
field and following a few simple steps book your ticket online.
B. Make My Trip: Can't be an easier way to know Indian culture and heritage destinations then
downloading Tourist India app. The app provides information about India's best and remarkable
heritage spots from distant corners of the country. For easy identification of the locations, the app
provides clear photographs of the destinations.
C. Weather Pro: This is one of the must have apps in your phone especially if you are travelling in
India. Its diverse region is situated at different heights and air pressure, humidity vary a lot from
one region to the other. You never know if you are travelling in northern part where people are fed
up of summer, the same time the eastern part might be flowing with heavy rain fall.
C. Cleartrip: Minimize the cost of travel, accommodation, or bus fare simply downloading Cleartrip
mobile application. User friendly app goes perfectly with your iPhone, iPod or android phone and
lessens the worries you face while booking your pick online
D. Goibibo: The app keeps you updated with the latest flight offers and discounts. Safe Secure
Payment System helps you to make the payment from your mobile.
E. Hello Travel Packages: This is a unique app brought to the travelers' need and satisfaction with
hundreds of reasonably tailored packages and offers. The app provides you a wide range of varieties
of travelling starting from pilgrimage to daring adventure activities. Make your life digital more and
enjoy a tension free vacationing with your buddies or better half picking a package suitable for you.
5. Education: The essence of Human Resource Development is education, which plays a significant
and remedial role in balancing the socio-economic framework of the country. This section is very
helpful in getting information related to the elementary, secondary, higher secondary, higher and adult
education etc Educational institutions (schools, colleges, and universities) in India are currently based only on
traditional methods of learning, that is, they follow the traditional set up of face-to-face lectures in a classroom.
The sudden outbreak of a deadly disease called Covid-19 caused by a Corona Virus shook the entire world. The
World Health Organization declared it as a pandemic. This situation challenged the education system across the
world and forced educators to shift to an online mode of teaching overnight.
Applications in Education System:
The following are some of the important applications in education system
1. Khan Academy: Khan Academy’s YouTube videos cover most subjects at a range of levels:
math, science and engineering, arts, humanities (which includes history and social studies),
economics, AP courses, and test prep. Khan Academy is popular among students, parents, and
educators because its videos are engaging and targeted at visual learners, using photos, maps,
and other illustrations, and because it allows students to work at their own pace.
2. PBS KIDS Games: PBS KIDS Games is a free app and a great supplement to PBS’s legendary,
kids TV programming and original series. Parents can feel secure that their preschoolers are
getting fun, educational content with no ads. The educational components include letter and
word recognition, naming objects, math shapes, and solving puzzles.
3. BrainPOP: It has hundreds of animated educational videos, accompanied by interactive quizzes,
activities, and games. The topics covered by the app are science, social studies, math, English,
arts and music, health and social-emotional learning, and engineering and tech. The main
difference between BrainPOP and Khan Academy is that the latter is better for high schoolers,
while BrainPOP focuses on upper-elementary and middle schoolers.
4. Quizlet: Self-directed study is an important skill for high schoolers, and Quizlet is one of the
most effective educational apps for material that a student will be tested on. Quizlet has over 500
million study sets already created by existing users and archived, so new users can search to see if
materials had already been created that match up with their needs.

5. Evernote: Evernote is a free note-taking and organizational app that’s used widely in the
business world. It’s particularly helpful for managing projects and improving executive
functioning skills, which is why it has filtered down to the student population.
6. edX: edX is one of the top Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) platforms. It allows anyone
free access to university courses from the country’s top universities and professors and, unlike
its competitors (like Coursera), edX is a non-profit organization
6. Commerce and Trade:

Commerce: Commerce is the conduct of trade among economic. Generally, commerce refers to the
exchange of goods, services or something of value, between businesses or entities.
Trade: Trade is a basic economic concept involving the buying and selling of goods and services,
with compensation paid by a buyer to a seller, or the exchange of goods or services between parties.
Trade can take place within an economy between producers and consumers.
Applications of trade and commerce:- 1. International Trade Policy 2. Export Industry Branches
3. Economic Branches 4. Divisions for Foreign Trade Territories 5. Exports Product Branches 6.
Logistics Branches 7. Administration and General Service Branches 8. Export Services Branches
9. Finance Branches 10. Supply Division
Applications in Trade and Commerce:
1. AP PURSE: AP Purse, a mobile app. It has 13 mobile banking and 10 mobile wallets
were available in the purse and could be used to pay bills. Cashless transactions were the need of the hour
to tide over the currency crunch.
2. FINTECH VALLEY: The Fintech Valley in Vizag is a self-sustainable global Fintech Ecosystem
that focuses on converging finance and technology to create large avenues of growth through industry-
enablers, world-class infrastructure, entrepreneurship and innovation.
3. AP CTD Portal: Andhra Pradesh Commercial Tax Department (APCTD) is the nodal agency for
the administration and collection of various taxes in the State of Andhra Pradesh. This regulatory body
is engaged day in and day out, in managing revenue regulation combined with best practices to run a
progressive tax administrative system.
4. AADHAAR PAY: Aadhaar Pay is the easiest method of accepting payments from your customers
through Aadhar linked bank account. AEPS payment method allows retailers to accept cashless
payments without debit or credit cards, The Aadhaar seeded account of the customer gets debited and
merchant account gets credited.
5. e-TREASURY: This is a 24X7 facility and citizen can make the payment any time of the day.
On- Line filling of single challan form facilitates minimum fields of the challan to be filled. Instant
online receipts for payment made and instant online banks transaction number becomes available.

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REAL TIME GOVERNANCE SYSTEM (RTGS)

REAL TIME GOVERNANCE SYSTEM (RTGS)

1|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

 Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international

 Good governance has 8 major characteristics. ‘It is participatory, consensus-

GOOD GOVERNANCE: Good governance has 8 major characteristics.

2|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

6. Equity and inclusiveness:

2 What is E-Governance or Electronic Governance?

 Programs launched under e-Governance: Pro-Active Governance and Timely

E-Government and E-Governance:

3|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

c. Four phase model:-

4|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

e. Issues while implementing E-Governance:

1. G2G (Government to Government) :-

2. G2C (Government to Citizen) :-

3. G2B (Government to Business) :-

4. G2E (Government to Employees) :-

5|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

5 What is Real-Time Governance (RTG) :-

6|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

7|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

B. Transaction Processing System (TPS):

8|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

C. What is a knowledge management system:- A knowledge management system (KMS) is a

9|Page NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

11 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

12 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

B. MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT:

13 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

C. LOW LEVEL MANAGEMENT: Lower-level management is a management position at the

14 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

1. Managerial functions: The following are the some of Managerial functions

4. Institutional infrastructure preparedness: The preparedness of an organization to respond

15 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

16 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

5. Technological infrastructure preparedness:

17 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

19 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

What are the Challenges Associated with E-Governance in India?

1. Challenges in Interoperability: It is one of the critical challenges of e-governance. Interoperation

20 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

What are the Recent Government Initiatives to Promote E-Governance in India?

Some of the features of this platform are:

21 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

23 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

24 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

Stages of e-government: The following are the stages of e-governance in Australia

25 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

26 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

27 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

E-governance services in AP:

1. Technical Issues: IT infrastructure is the backbone of e-Governance. Interoperability with

2. Karnataka: The Government of Karnataka (GoK) was a pioneer in leveraging information

29 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

of efficiency of the personnel.

4. E-Governance in UTTAR PRADESH

31 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.

32 | P a g e NETAJI DEGREE COLLEGE- VJM.