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Chapter Wise NCERT Physics Notes

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29 views4 pages

Chapter Wise NCERT Physics Notes

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123thegamestartsnow
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charge
- Definition: A property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic field.
- Types: Positive and Negative
- Quantization: Charge (q) is quantized, q = ne (where n is an integer and e is the elementary
charge, \(e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19}\) C).
- Conservation: Total charge in an isolated system is conserved.

Coulomb’s Law
- Formula: \( F = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \)
- Vector Form: \( \mathbf{F} = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^3} \mathbf{r} \)

Electric Field
- Definition: Force per unit charge, \( \mathbf{E} = \frac{\mathbf{F}}{q} \)
- Due to Point Charge: \( \mathbf{E} = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q}{r^2} \hat{r} \)

Electric Dipole
- Dipole Moment: \( \mathbf{p} = q \cdot 2\mathbf{a} \)
- Electric Field of Dipole:
- Axial Position: \( E = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \frac{2p}{r^3} \)
- Equatorial Position: \( E = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \frac{p}{r^3} \)

Gauss's Law
- Statement: \( \oint \mathbf{E} \cdot d\mathbf{A} = \frac{q_{\text{enc}}}{\epsilon_0} \)
- Applications: Electric field due to a charged sphere, line charge, plane sheet of charge.

Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic Potential
- Potential Due to Point Charge: \( V = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q}{r} \)
- Relation with Electric Field: \( \mathbf{E} = -\nabla V \)

Equipotential Surfaces
- Definition: Surface with the same potential.
- Properties: Electric field is perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.

Capacitance
- Definition: \( C = \frac{Q}{V} \)
- Parallel Plate Capacitor: \( C = \frac{\epsilon_0 A}{d} \)

Dielectrics
- Capacitance with Dielectric: \( C' = K C \) where \( K \) is the dielectric constant.
Chapter 3: Current Electricity

Electric Current
- Definition: Flow of electric charge, \( I = \frac{dq}{dt} \)
- Current Density: \( \mathbf{J} = \frac{I}{A} \)

Ohm's Law
- Statement: \( V = IR \)

Resistivity and Conductivity


- Resistivity: \( \rho = \frac{E}{J} \)
- Conductivity: \( \sigma = \frac{1}{\rho} \)

Combination of Resistors
- Series: \( R_s = R_1 + R_2 + \cdots \)
- Parallel: \( \frac{1}{R_p} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \cdots \)

Kirchhoff’s Laws
- Junction Rule: \( \sum I_{\text{in}} = \sum I_{\text{out}} \)
- Loop Rule: \( \sum \text{potential differences} = 0 \)

Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic Force
- On a Moving Charge: \( \mathbf{F} = q (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}) \)
- On a Current-Carrying Wire: \( \mathbf{F} = I (\mathbf{L} \times \mathbf{B}) \)

Magnetic Field Due to Current


- Biot-Savart Law: \( d\mathbf{B} = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \frac{Id\mathbf{l} \times \mathbf{r}}{r^3} \)
- Ampere’s Circuital Law: \( \oint \mathbf{B} \cdot d\mathbf{l} = \mu_0 I_{\text{enc}} \)

Magnetic Field of Solenoid and Toroid


- Solenoid: \( B = \mu_0 n I \)
- Toroid: \( B = \frac{\mu_0 N I}{2\pi r} \)

Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

Magnetization
- Definition: \( \mathbf{M} = \frac{\mathbf{m}}{V} \)

Magnetic Properties of Materials


- Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic: Classification based on their response to an
external magnetic field.
Hysteresis
- Cycle: B-H curve for ferromagnetic materials.

Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday's Laws
- First Law: EMF is induced when magnetic flux through a circuit changes.
- Second Law: Induced EMF, \( \mathcal{E} = - \frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} \)

Lenz's Law
- Statement: Direction of induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux.

Self-Inductance
- Definition: \( L = \frac{N \Phi}{I} \)
- Formula: \( \mathcal{E} = -L \frac{dI}{dt} \)

Mutual Inductance
- Definition: \( M = \frac{N_2 \Phi_2}{I_1} \)
- Formula: \( \mathcal{E}_2 = -M \frac{dI_1}{dt} \)

Chapter 7: Alternating Current

AC Voltage and Current


- Expression: \( V = V_0 \sin(\omega t) \), \( I = I_0 \sin(\omega t + \phi) \)

Impedance and Reactance


- Resistor: \( Z_R = R \)
- Inductor: \( Z_L = j \omega L \)
- Capacitor: \( Z_C = \frac{1}{j \omega C} \)

Series LCR Circuit


- Impedance: \( Z = \sqrt{R^2 + ( \omega L - \frac{1}{\omega C} )^2} \)
- Resonance: \( \omega_0 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{LC}} \)

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell's Equations
- Gauss's Law for Electricity: \( \nabla \cdot \mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\epsilon_0} \)
- Gauss's Law for Magnetism: \( \nabla \cdot \mathbf{B} = 0 \)
- Faraday's Law: \( \nabla \times \mathbf{E} = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{ \partial t} \)
- Ampere-Maxwell Law: \( \nabla \times \mathbf{B} = \mu_0 \mathbf{J} + \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\
partial \mathbf{E}}{\partial t} \)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Types: Radio, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays.
- Properties and Uses: Varying wavelength and frequencies determine their application in
communication, medicine, etc.

Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection and Refraction


- Laws of Reflection: Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection.
- Snell's Law: \( n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2 \)

Lens and Mirror Formulae


- Mirror: \( \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u} \)
- Lens: \( \frac{1}{f} = (n-1) \left( \frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2} \right) \)

Optical Instruments
- Microscope: Compound and simple microscopes, magnification formula.
- Telescope: Astronomical and terrestrial telescopes, magnification formula.

Chapter 10: Wave Optics

Huygens' Principle
- Wavefronts and Rays: Every point on a wavefront is a

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