COURSE: Consumer Electronics

COURSE CODE: 22425

CHAPTER : 4. TV Receivers
Marks: 14 Marks.
Course Outcomes:
A. Troubleshoot different types of microphones and speakers.
B. Maintain audio systems.
C. Analyse the composite video signal used in TV signal transmission.
D. Troubleshoot colour TV receivers.
E. Maintain various consumer electronic appliances.

Contents:
4.1. Block Diagram of color TV receiver (PAL D type).
4.2. Operation of PAL-D Decoder
4.3. HDTV: Development of HDTV, NHK MUSE System and NHK
Broadcast
4.4. LCD/LED Technology: Principle and working of LCD and LED TV
systems.
4.5. Direct to Home System (DTH)
4.6. Block Diagram and Working of OLED TV
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Block Diagram of color TV receiver (PAL D type):

✓ A colour TV receiver contains all the necessary circuits of a monochrome

receiver plus additional circuits required for the reproduction of a colored
picture. Basically a colour TV receiver is a black-and-white receiver with a
decoder for the colour signals and a colour picture tube.
✓ The figure is the functional block diagram of a colour TV receiver. The block
diagram shows that the circuits like the RF tuner, VIF amplifier, the video
amplifier, the deflection sync, the sweep circuits and the EHT sections are
virtually the same as in black-and-white receiver.

Figure: PAL D RECEIVER

✓ However there are some minor differences in design and details. For example
the RF response in case of colour TV is kept more uniform than in
monochrome receiver; this is to avoid any attenuation of the colour
sub-carrier.

Notes By: Tejas Shah

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✓ The tuning of a colour TV is critical. To avoid any mistuning of the receiver, an

arrangement called AFT (Automatic Fine Tuning) is used in most cases. This
arrangement is similar to the AFC and can be switched off whenever manual
tuning is required. The colour TV uses the inter carrier sound system with one
difference.
✓ The sound take-off point is at the last VIF stage immediately before the video
detector. This is done to avoid interference between the sound IF and the
Chroma signal. A separate diode detector is used to produce the sound IF but
the rest of the audio circuits are the same as in a monochrome receiver.
✓ The two main circuits which distinguish a colour TV from a monochrome TV
are the colour picture tube and the Chroma section containing the colour
circuits.

Block diagram and operation of PAL-D decoder:

Figure: Block Diagram of PAL D decoder

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Chroma signal selection:

Its function is to select Chroma and colour burst signal from the incoming CCVS
signal. It essentially consist of band pass circuit whose center frequency is chosen to
be equal to that of Chroma sub-carrier itself i.e.4.43MHz.

1st Chroma amplifier:

The Chroma and burst signals are amplified by first Chroma amplifier which is
controlled by DC voltage developed by the Automatic Chroma Control (ACC)
amplifier.

2nd Chroma amplifier:

The second Chroma amplifier incorporates colour saturation control circuit. The
output of colour killer also feeds into it.

PAL delay line (separation of U and V colour phasors):

This network separated U and V signals with are then fed to respective demodulator.

Gated burst amplifier:

The gated burst amplifier separates the burst pulses and amplifies them a level
suitable to operate the burst phase discriminator.

Automatic Chroma Control (ACC):

The magnitude of the voltage so fed back is proportional to the magnitude of the
burst and therefore to the amplitude of Chroma signal itself. This voltage is used to
control the first stage of Chroma amplifier in such way to ensure constant Chroma
signal amplitude.

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Burst phase discriminator:

It is sensitive to burst pulses and is designed to detect any differences which might
exist between the phase of burst pulse and that of the reference oscillator. It produces
at its output a dc voltage whose magnitude and polarity are proportional to the
magnitude and direction of the detected phase difference.

Burst phase identifier:

This circuit is able to identify the phase relationship of the colour burst.

180º switch:

This switch is used to periodically invert the waveform fed to the v-signal
demodulator.

Colour killer control:

This is just a half wave rectifier which produces a steady dc potential from the
succession of burst pulses. During black and white transmission the dc potential is
absent and hence biases the 2nd Chroma amplifier to cut off state.

HDTV

✓ MUSE stands for Multiple Sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding and is an HDTV

bandwidth compression scheme developed by NHK.
✓ It uses fundamental concepts for performance exchange in the spatio –
temporal (transitory transformation) domain along with motion
compensation to reduce the transmission bandwidth down to near about 10
MHz.
✓ The processed HDTV signal can be then transmitted using a single BDS
channel. Temporal Interpolation In MUSE the luminance and colour
information are sent by time multiplexed components (TMC) The colour
information is sent sequentially with a time compression of four.

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✓ The TMC signal is bandwidth reduced means of 3 – dimensional offset

subsampling pattern over a four – field sequence.The stationary areas of the
picture are reconstructed by temporal interpolation of samples from four
fields.
✓ Spatial Interpolation
✓ For a moving picture area the final picture is reconstructed by spatial
interpolation using samples from a single field. Hence moving portions of the
picture are reproduced with one- quarter the spatial resolution of the
stationary areas. The spatial frequency response for both stationary and
moving areas of the picture is shown in figure below. The lack of resolution
during movements of the entire scene as in case of camera panning, zooming
or tilting is prevented by introducing spatial motion compression technique. A
vector representing the motion of the scene is calculated for each field at the
encoder. This signal is multiplexed in the vertical blanking interval and
transmitted to the receiver.
✓ In decoder, the read – out addresses of picture elements (pixels) from previous
fields are shifted according to the information provided by the motion vector
so that the data can be processed in still – picture mode.
✓ These two modes of interpolation, the inter – frame processing for stationary
pictures and infra field averaging for moving portions of the picture are
switched by detecting the moving areas at the decoder.
✓ Audio transmission is done by 4 – phase DPSK which is multiplexed with the
processed video signal in the vertical blanking interval after frequency
modulation of the transmission carrier by the video signal.

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Figure: Interpolation

LCD/LED Technology:

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) TECHNOLOGY:

✓ LCD technology is quite different to that found in other TV types such as the
original CRT (Tube television) and in Plasma TVs. A liquid crystal layer is
stimulated by an electrical current, causing individual pixels to either shut out
light, or let it pass through.
✓ In this way each pixel can be either light or dark, and the use of colour filters
gives the necessary red, green and blue light with which to create an image of
many millions of colours.
✓ The main principle behind liquid crystal molecules is that when an electric current is
applied to them, they tend to untwist. This causes a change in the light angle passing
through them. This causes a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter with respect to
it. So little light is allowed to pass through that particular area of LCD. Thus that area
becomes darker comparing to others.

Notes By: Tejas Shah

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✓ Because the light source is a bulb at the back of the screen, rather than
light-emitting phosphors at the front of the screen, this technology is referred
to as ‘transmissive’.

Figure: Construction of LCD

✓ Liquid crystals exhibit some of the qualities of both a solid and a gas. There is
uniformity to the structure, but it can be influenced by an electrical current.
✓ Let’s look at a very basic LCD structure. Two layers of polarized glass encase a
layer of liquid crystal. The rear panel of glass is vertically polarized, while the
front panel is horizontally polarized. If in light was simply shined through
from behind, none would emerge from the front.
✓ Microscopic grooves are cut into each sheet of glass – vertical grooves for the
vertically polarized glass, horizontal grooves for the horizontally polarized
glass.
✓ The liquid crystal between the layers of glass then conforms to these grooves,
creating a 90-degree twist. Activate the light source now and the liquid crystal
will turn the light through 90 degrees so that it emerges from the front.

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LCD Screen On

✓ If an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal, it will untwist, effectively

blocking out the light. Different strengths of current result in more or less of
the light being blocked, so different shades of light become possible.

LCD Screen Off

✓ If this principle is multiplied many times you get a basic LCD screen. Early
applications used a ‘passive matrix’ display, where a grid of conductors lies
alongside the LCD pixels.
✓ This allows individual pixels to be switched on and off, but also introduced
blurring to the image because some electrical current would find its way into
neighboring pixels.

✓ The development of ‘active matrix’ LCDs, using thin film transistors (TFTs) was
critical in bringing LCD displays up to the necessary specification for TV
usage.

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✓ TFTs are best viewed as very small switching transistors and capacitors. The
transistors act as switches, enabling the activation of pixels with no effect on
neighboring pixels in an LCD screen.
✓ The capacitors are able to store the charge, maintaining voltage for one frame
scan. With each pixel having its own dedicated transistor and capacitor it is
possible to target individual pixels with complete accuracy.

LCD Structure:

✓ LCD Structure Control over the strength of the current applied also brings a
workable greyscale into the equation. A weaker current cause the liquid
crystals to unbend to a lesser degree, blocking out only part of the light source
– in this way it is possible to achieve 256 shades.
✓ The addition of a colour filter layer, and the division of each LCD pixel into
three sub-pixels (red, green and blue) means that 256 x 256 x 256 combination
are possible, giving the familiar colour palette of 16.7 million colours.

LED TV TECHNOLOGY:

✓ LED, which stands for “light emitting diodes,” differs from general LCD TVs in
that LCDs use fluorescent lights while LEDs use those light emitting diodes.
✓ An LED TV illuminates its LCD panel with light-emitting diodes. LEDs consist
of small semiconductors, which glow during exposure to electric current.
Specifically, this current flow between LED anodes, which are positively
charged electrodes, and LED cathodes, which are negatively charged
electrodes.
✓ In contrast, a traditional LCD TV utilizes fluorescent lamps for backlighting.
These lamps function by using mercury vapor to create ultraviolet rays, which
in turn cause the phosphor coating of the lamps to glow.

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✓ LEDs have several advantages over fluorescent lamps, including requiring less
energy and being able to produce brighter on-screen colors.

Figure: LED Construction

Full-Array vs Edge-Lit
✓ There are two primary forms of LED lighting technology that LED TVs can
utilize: full-array LED backlighting and edge-lit LED backlighting. Also known
as local-dimming technology, full-array technology employs arrays or banks of
LEDs that cover the entire back surfaces of LED TV screens.
✓ In contrast, edge-lit technology employs LEDs only around the edges of LED
TV screens. Unlike an edge-lit LED TV, an LED TV with full-array technology
can selectively dim specific groups of LEDs, allowing for superior contrast
ratio and superior overall picture quality.
Energy Consumption:
✓ As with any TV, an LED TV needs energy in order for its components to
function. Specifically, an LED TV needs electric current for stimulating the
liquid crystals in its LCD panel and for activating its LED backlighting.

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✓ In comparison to standard LCD TVs, LED TVs consume less energy, qualifying
many of them for the EPA's Energy Star energy-efficiency standard. As the
online TV resource LED TV notes, an LED TV will typically consume between
20 and 30 percent less energy than an LCD TV with the same screen size.

What’s the difference between LCD and LED?

✓ LCD stands for “liquid crystal display” and technically, both LED and LCD TVs
are liquid crystal displays. The basic technology is the same in that both
television types have two layers of polarized glass through which the liquid
crystals both block and pass light. So really, LED TVs are a subset of LCD TVs.
✓ LED, which stands for “light emitting diodes,” differs from general LCD TVs in
that LCDs use fluorescent lights while LEDs use those light emitting diodes.
Also, the placement of the lights on an LED TV can differ.
✓ The fluorescent lights in an LCD TV are always behind the screen. On an LED
TV, the light emitting diodes can be placed either behind the screen or around
its edges.
✓ The difference in lights and in lighting placement has generally meant that
LED TVs can be thinner than LCDs, although this is starting to change. It has
also meant that LED TVs run with greater energy efficiency and can provide a
clearer, better picture than the general LCD TVs.
✓ LED TVs provide a better picture for two basic reasons. First, LED TVs work
with a color wheel or distinct RGB-colored lights (red, green, blue) to produce
more realistic and sharper colors. Second, light emitting diodes can be
dimmed. The dimming capability on the back lighting in an LED TV allows the
picture to display with a truer black by darkening the lights and blocking more
light from passing through the panel. This capability is not present on edge-lit
LED TVs; however, edge-lit LED TVs can display a truer white than the
fluorescent LED TVs.

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✓ Because all these LCD TVs are thin-screen, each has particular angle-viewing
and anti-glare issues. The backlit TVs provide better, cleaner angle viewing
than the edge-lit LED TV. However, the backlit LED TV will usually have better
angle viewing than the standard LCD TV.
✓ Both LED and LCD TVs have good reputations for their playback and gaming
quality.

DTH Technology:

Overview:

✓ Direct to home technology refers to the satellite television broadcasting

process which is actually intended for home reception. This technology is
originally referred to as direct broadcast satellite (DBS) technology.
✓ The technology was developed for competing with the local cable TV
distribution services by providing higher quality satellite signals with more
number of channels.
✓ In short, DTH refers to the reception of satellite signals on a TV with a
personal dish in an individual home. The satellites that are used for this
purpose is geostationary satellites. The satellites compress the signals digitally,
encrypt them and then are beamed from high powered geostationary
satellites. They are received by dishes that are given to the DTH consumers by
DTH providers.
✓ Though DBS and DTH present the same services to the consumers, there are
some differences in the technical specifications.
✓ While DBS is used for transmitting signals from satellites at a particular
frequency band [the band differs in each country], DTH is used for
transmitting signals over a wide range of frequencies [normal frequencies
including the KU and KA band].

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Figure: Block diagram of DTH system

Outdoor unit:

✓ It consists of a receiving antenna, low noise amplifier & converter the

receiving antenna is parabolic reflector with a horn as the active element. The
horn can be directly in front of reflector, or it may use an offset feed as shown
in fig. The reflector diameter may be 0.6m for 11GHz & still smaller for K & Ka
bands.
✓ The low noise block consists of a low noise wide band amplifier followed by a
convertor. The output of convertor consists of a signal of UHF frequency
ranging from 950-1450MHz.
✓ The advantage of using UHF frequency is that a low cost coaxial cable can be
used as feeder from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit.
✓ LNB cannot be kept indoor because long cable between horn & the first
amplifier will cause substantial degradation of the overall noise figure of the
set.

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Indoor unit:

✓ The wideband signal from the LNB is fed to an RF amplifier. The amplified
signal is fed to a channel selector circuit which selects the wanted band.
✓ The selected channel is down converted to a fixed IF of 70MHz by local
oscillator & mixer. IF amplifier amplifies the signal which then goes to FM
detector.
✓ The detector recovers original baseband signal, consisting of CVS & audio
signal. These modulated signals are fed to the normal domestic TV receiver,
which after due processing reproduces picture & sound.

Advantages of DTH Technology

✓ The main advantage is that this technology is equally beneficial to everyone. As

the process is wireless, this system can be used in all remote or urban areas.
✓ High quality audio and video which are cost effective due to absence of
mediators.
✓ Almost 4000 channels can be viewed along with 2000 radio channels. Thus the
world’s entire information including news and entertainment is available to
you at home.
✓ As there are no mediators, a complaint can be directly expressed to the
provider.
✓ With a single DTH service you will be able to use digital quality audio, video
and also high speed broadband.

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Signal Processing in cable TV:

The signal processing unit, also called ‘Head-End Equipment’ consists of power
dividers, satellite receivers, channel modulators, signal processors/amplifiers, VCRs,
C.D. players and a combining network. Fig. shows necessary details of processing
different types of input signals which are briefly described.

LNBC Output: The 500 MHz wide IF signal (950 MHz to 1450 MHz) is actually a
multiplexed output of 12 separate transponder channels each having an effective
bandwidth of 36 MHz (actual 40 MHz). In communication satellites, most of these
channels carry television signals of different TV stations.

Power Divider: The IF signal from the LNBC is delivered to a signal splitter which is
actually a multicoupler that divides the signal into independent paths. The signal
splitter is commonly called a ‘Power Divider’ because it enables equal division of
signal power at its output ports.

Compare NTSC, PAL, SECAM System

Sr.
Parameter PAL NTSC SECAM
No.

Full form of Phase Alternation National Television Sequential Colour

1.
system of Line System Committee A Memory

Inventing
2. Germany in 1967 USA in 1957 France in 1970
country.

Countries Germany, India, USA, Canada, France, East

3
where used. UK Japan, Mexico. Europe, Africa.

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By colour
Transmission By colour By colour
4 difference
of colour. difference signals. difference signals.
signals.

Video
5 5 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz
bandwidth.

6 Noise High High Very high.

Identification
7 Needed Not needed Needed
signal

Less than PAL but

8 Cost Costliest higher than Cheapest
SECAM

What is an OLED?
OLED’s are simple solid-state devices (more of an LED) comprised of very thin films of
organic compounds in the electroluminescent layer. These organic compounds have a special
property of creating light when electricity is applied to it. The organic compounds are
designed to be in between two electrodes. Out of these one of the electrodes should be
transparent. The result is a very bright and crispy display with power consumption lesser than
the usual LCD and LED.

OLED – Comparison with LCD and LED

Like a LCD, the OLED does not require a backlight for its normal working. This makes them
more advantageous in saving space and also weight. It also helps them in displaying deeper
black levels than LCD’s. OLED is also capable of making a high contrast ratio when it is
displayed in a dark room than LCD as well as LED.

Introduction of OLED
The discovery of the electroluminescence property in organic materials in 1950s is
considered to be the stepping stone of OLED.
Later in 1960, a scientist called Martin Pope discovered an ohmic, dark injecting electrode
contact to organic nature of crystals. With this he was also able to explain the work functions
for both the holes and electrons while injecting electrode contacts. These dark injecting holes

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and electrons formed to be the base for an OLED device. The technique was further
experimented with DC electroluminescence under different conditions. Later it was found
that electroluminescent materials can also act as doped insulators. Thus came the discovery of
a double injection induced OLED device.
OLED’s, as can be seen here are simple solid-state devices (more of an LED) comprised of
very thin films of organic compounds in the electroluminescent layer.The first proper OLED
was manufactured in 1980 by Dr. Ching W Tang and Steven Van Slyke. The OLED had a
double layer structure. When the holes and electrons were transported separately and when
combined together produced a light in the organic layer centre. This light was produced at a
very low operating voltage with high efficiency. Now more research is being done with the
application of OLED on polymer so as to obtain a higher efficiency OLED.
Components in an OLED
The components in an OLED differ according to the number of layers of the organic material.
There is a basic single layer OLED, two layer and also three layer OLED. As the number of
layers increase the efficiency of the device also increases. The increase in layers also helps in
injecting charges at the electrodes and thus helps in blocking a charge from being dumped
after reaching the opposite electrode. Any type of OLED consists of the following
components.
1. An emissive layer
2. A conducting layer
3. A substrate
4. Anode and cathode terminals.
As the emissive layer and the conducting layer is made up of organic molecules (both
being different), OLED is considered to be an organic semiconductor, and hence its
name. The organic molecules have the property of conducting electricity and their
conducting levels can be varied form that of an insulator to a conductor.
The emissive layer used in an OLED is made up of organic plastic molecules, out of which
the most commonly used is polyfluorene.
The conducting layer is also an organic molecule, and the commonly used component is
polyaniline.
The substrate most commonly used may be a plastic, foil or even glass.
The anode component should be transparent. Usually indium tin oxide is used. This material
is transparent to visible light. It also has a great work function which helps in injecting holes
into the different layers.
The cathode component depends on the type of OLED required. Even a transparent cathode
can be used. Usually metals like calcium and aluminium used because they have lesser work
functions than anodes which helps in injecting electrons into the different layers.

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Working of an OLED
Before going on to the detailed explanation of its working, it is important to know how the
emissive layers and conducting layers are added to the substrate. There are mainly three basic
methods for this operation. They are:-
1. Inkjet Printing Technique –
● This is the cheapest and most commonly used technique. The method is same as the
paper printing mechanism where the organic layers are sprayed onto the substrates.
This method is also highly efficient and they can be used for printing very large
displays like billboards and also big TV screens.
2. Organic Vapour Phase Deposition (OVPD) –
● This is also an efficient technique which can be carried out at a low cost. A cooled
substrate is being hit by the organic molecules, which was evaporated in a low
pressure, high temperature chamber. The gas is carried onto the substrate with the
help of a carrier gas.
3. Vacuum Thermal Evaporation (VTE) –
● This method is also commonly known as vacuum deposition method. This operation
is carried out by gently heating the organic molecules so that they evaporate and
subside on the substrates. As the heating method is complicated and the strictness of
parameters should be highly accurate, this method is economical as well.
● After the organic material has been applied to the substrate the real working of the
OLED begins.
● The substrate is used to support the OLED. The anode is used to inject more holes
when there is a path of current. The conducting layer is used to carry the holes from
the anode. The cathode is used to produce electrons when current flows through its
path. The emissive layer is the section where the light is produced. This layer is used
to carry the electrons form the cathode.
● First, the anode is kept positive w.r.t the cathode. Thus there occurs an electron flow
from the cathode to the anode. This electron flow is captured by the emissive layer
causing the anode to withdraw electrons from the conductive layer. Thus, there occurs
a flow of holes in the conductive layer. As the process continues, the conductive layer
becomes positively charged and the emissive layer becomes negatively charged.
● A combination of the holes and electrons occur due to electrostatic forces. As the
electrons are less mobile than the holes, the combination normally occurs very close
to the emissive layer. This process produces light in the emissive region after there
has been a drop in the energy levels of the electrons. The emissive layer got its name
as the light produced in the emissive region has a frequency in the visible region. The
colour of the light produced can be varied according to the type of organic molecule
used for its process. To obtain colour displays, a number of organic layers are used.

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Another factor of the light produced is its intensity. If more current is applied to the
OLED, the brighter the light appears. Take a look at the diagram given below.

OLED Diagram
● Now consider the process when the anode is negative w.r.t the cathode. This will not
make the device work as there will not be any combination of the holes and electrons.
The holes will move towards the anode and the electrons to the cathode.

Different types of OLED’s

According to the type of manufacture and the nature of their use, OLED’s are mainly
classified into 8 types. They are
1. Active Matrix OLED (AMOLED)
This type of OLED is suitable for high resolution and large size display. Though the
manufacturing process is the same, the anode layers have a Thin-film transistor (TFT) plane
in parallel to it so as to form a matrix. This helps in switching each pixel to it’s on or off state
as desired, thus forming an image. This is the least power consuming type among others and
also has quicker refresh rates which makes them suitable for video as well.
2. Passive Matrix OLED (PMOLED)
The design of this type of OLED makes them more suitable for small screen devices like cell
phones, MP3 players and so on. Though this type is less power consuming than an LCD and
LED (even if connected to other external circuitry’s), it is the most power consuming
comparative to other OLED’s. This type is very easy to make as strips of anode and cathode
are kept perpendicular to each other. When they are both intersected light is produced. As

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there are strips of anode and cathode, current is applied to the selected strips and is applied to
them. This helps in determining the on or off pixels.
3. Inverted OLED
This type uses a bottom cathode, which is connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT
backplane. This method is usually used for producing low cost OLED with little applications.
4. Foldable OLED
This type is mainly used in devices which have more chance of breaking. As this material is
strong it reduces breakage and therefore is used in cell phones, computer chips, GPS devices
and PDA’s. They are also flexible, durable and lightweight. As its name explains, these
OLED’s are foldable and can also be connected to clothes. They use different types of
substrates like flexible metallic foils, plastics and so on.
5. Top Emitting OLED
This type of OLED is integrated with a transistor backplane that is not transparent. Such
devices are suitable for matrix applications like smart cards. The substrate used for this
device is of the opaque/reflective type. As a transparent substrate is used the electrode used is
either semi-transparent or fully transparent. Otherwise the light will not pass through the
transparent substrate.
6. Transparent OLED
This device has a good contrast even in bright sunlight so it is applicable in head-up displays,
mobile phones, smart windows and so on. In this device, the entire anode, cathode and the
substrate are transparent. When they are in the off position, they become almost completely
transparent as their substrate. This type of OLED can be included in both the active and
passive matrix categories. As they have transparent parameters on both the sides, they can
create displays that are top as well as bottom emitting.
7. White OLED
This device creates the brightest light of all. They are manufactured in large sheets. Thus they
can easily replace fluorescent lamps. They are also cost-effective and also consumes less
power.
8. Stacked OLED
This device uses the composite colours as sub pixels and also on top of each other. This
causes the reduction in pixel gap and also an increase in colour depth. Thus they are being
introduced as television displays.

Advantages of OLED’s
● The manufacture of OLEDD is highly economical and is more efficient than LCD and
flat panel screens.
● It will be a great surprise to see displays on our clothing and fabrics. This technology
will help in carrying huge displays in our hands.
● There is much difference in watching a high-definition TV to a OLED display. As the
contrast ratio of OLED is very high (even in dark conditions), it can be watched from
an angle of about 90 degrees without any difficulty.

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● No backlight is produced by this device and the power consumption is also very less.
● OLED has a refresh rate of 100,000 Hz which is almost 9900 HZ greater than an LCD
display.
● The response time is less than 0.01 ms. LCD needs a response time of 1 ms.
Disadvantages of OLED
● The power consumption of this device depends upon the colour that is displayed on
the screen. Less than 50% power is only consumed when a black image is displayed,
compared to an LCD. But the percentage increases to almost three times when a
bright image such as a white colour is displayed. Thus, this device is disadvantageous
for mobile applications.
● The OLED technology is only rising and due to this, the commercial availability of
OLED products are very less. Though they can be easily made the fabrication process
is considered expensive and thus the initial amount is expensive.
● As there is no reflective light technology used in such a device it has a very poor
reading effect in bright light surroundings. Even if this is to be overcome additional
power should be used.
● With time, the brightness of the OLED pixels will fade.
● The images displayed in this device are created by an artificial light source. So, the
whole electricity has to be used to perform such an operation. LCD’s, on the other
hand use some percentage of light from sunlight and also e-ink.
● The device is not at all water resistant.
● The lifetime of this device is much lesser when compared with an LCD or LED.
Applications of OLED
● OLED’s are used as mobile phone screens, MP3 players, digital cameras, car radios,
PDA’s and so on.

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