Assignment 1 and 2 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

Location of DAM and POWERHOUSE for Hydropower at Chhedi Khola

Catchment area for discharge at Dam Side Location 1

Assignment 1 and 2 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

Location on World Topographic Map

Location on TOPO Map of Sandhikharka

RL of DAM Location 1 = 965m

RL of Powerhouse Location 1 = 900m

Actual Head Available = 65m

Assignment 1 and 2 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Arghakhachi District

From this DEM file, it is clear that the maximum and minimum elevation of Arghakhachi district is 2259m
and 187m. The catchment area for location 1 of dam almost lie inside Arghakhachi District. So,

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 3000𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 5000𝑚 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) = 3.17 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐴3000 = 𝐴5000 = 𝐴 = 3.17 𝑆𝑞. 𝐾𝑚.

Discharge Calculation by DHM/WECS Method

RL of Higher Location = 1755m 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐

RL of Lower Location = 940m

1755+940
Average RL of Catchment = 2
= 1347.5𝑚
Assignment 1 and 2 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)
Assignment 1 and 2 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)
 Assignment 3 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022)
(NEC)

Solution:
1) Monthly Average Discharge of Proposed head-works location (Chhedi khola)
Month Discharge (m3/sec)
January 0.09
February 0.08
March 0.30
April 0.13
May 0.06
June 0.22
July 0.65
August 0.97
September 0.72
October 0.35
November 0.16
December 0.11
Annual 0.32
Assignment 3 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022)
(NEC)

2) Calculation of total volume of water available in the river annually. (Hint: The area
under hydrograph gives flow volume)
Month Discharge (m3/sec) Volume (Mm3) (Area under curve)
January 0.09
February 0.08 0.224
March 0.30 0.501
April 0.13 0.567
May 0.06 0.250
June 0.22 0.369
July 0.65 1.146
August 0.97 2.135
September 0.72 2.227
October 0.35 1.410
November 0.16 0.672
December 0.11 0.356
Annual 0.32 9.856

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 = 9.856𝑀𝑚3

Hydrograph
1.20

1.00
Discharge in m3/sec

0.80

0.60

y = 0.0259x + 0.1518
0.40

0.20

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Month (Jan to Dec)
Assignment 3 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022)
(NEC)

3) Calculation of average annual discharge of the river

Discharge
Month Number of Days Q*N
(m3/sec)
January 0.09 31 2.79
February 0.08 28 2.24
March 0.30 31 9.3
April 0.13 30 3.9
May 0.06 31 1.86
June 0.22 30 6.6
July 0.65 31 20.15
August 0.97 31 30.07
September 0.72 30 21.6
October 0.35 31 10.85
November 0.16 30 4.8
December 0.11 31 3.41
Annual 0.32 117.57
𝑄𝑗𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝑁𝑗𝑎𝑛 + 𝑄𝑓𝑒𝑏 + 𝑁𝑓𝑒𝑏 + ⋯ + 𝑄𝑑𝑒𝑐 ∗ 𝑁𝑑𝑒𝑐 117.57
𝑸𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
365 365

4) Consider a constant demand equal to average discharge calculated above, calculate

the required storage capacity using mass curve. Assume each month to have 30.5
days.
Discharge Number of Outflow Acc. Acc.
Month Inflow Volume
(m3/sec) Days Volume Inflow vol Outflow Vol
January 0.09 30.5 2.745 9.824 2.745 9.824
February 0.08 30.5 2.44 9.824 5.185 19.649
March 0.30 30.5 9.15 9.824 14.335 29.473
April 0.13 30.5 3.965 9.824 18.3 39.297
May 0.06 30.5 1.83 9.824 20.13 49.122
June 0.22 30.5 6.71 9.824 26.84 58.946
July 0.65 30.5 19.825 9.824 46.665 68.770
August 0.97 30.5 29.585 9.824 76.25 78.595
September 0.72 30.5 21.96 9.824 98.21 88.419
October 0.35 30.5 10.675 9.824 108.885 98.243
November 0.16 30.5 4.88 9.824 113.765 108.068
December 0.11 30.5 3.355 9.824 117.12 117.892
(Inflow and outflow volume are in cumecs-day)
Assignment 3 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022)
(NEC)

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 = 40 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦

= 40 ∗ 86400 ∗ 10−6 = 3.45 𝑀𝑚3
5) Taking actual number of days in each month, calculate the required storage capacity
for the same demand using surplus deficit method.
Assuming actual days in each month
Outflow
Discharge Number Inflow Volume
Month Volume Surplus Deficit
(m3/sec) of Days (Cumecs-day)
(Cumecs-day)
January 0.09 31 2.79 9.985 7.195
February 0.08 28 2.24 9.019 6.779
March 0.30 31 9.3 9.985 0.685
April 0.13 30 3.9 9.663 5.763
May 0.06 31 1.86 9.985 8.125
June 0.22 30 6.6 9.663 3.063
July 0.65 31 20.15 9.985 10.165
August 0.97 31 30.07 9.985 20.085
September 0.72 30 21.6 9.663 11.937
October 0.35 31 10.85 9.985 0.865
November 0.16 30 4.8 9.663 4.863
December 0.11 31 3.41 9.985 6.575

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡

= 31.612 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑠 − 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 2.731 𝑀𝑚3
6) No, the results in 4) And 5) are not coincides due to following reasons.
 We assume each month have 30.5 days in 4).
 Tangent is drawn approximately & value is taken from graph roughly.
Assignment 4 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)
Assignment 4 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

Solution:
1) Monthly Average Discharge of Proposed head-works location (Chhedi khola)
Month Discharge (m3/sec)
January 0.09
February 0.08
March 0.30
April 0.13
May 0.06
June 0.22
July 0.65
August 0.97
September 0.72
October 0.35
November 0.16
December 0.11
Annual 0.32

2) Installed Capacity and Head Loss Calculation

Q(m3/s) Rank % Time Power (Mw)
0.97 1 8.33 0.45
0.72 2 16.67 0.33
0.65 3 25.00 0.30
0.35 4 33.33 0.16
0.3 5 41.67 0.14
0.22 6 50.00 0.10
0.16 7 58.33 0.07
0.13 8 66.67 0.06
0.11 9 75.00 0.05
0.09 10 83.33 0.04
0.08 11 91.67 0.04
0.06 12 100.00 0.03

n*Gamma*H = 459719.3293
Assume Generator Efficiency = 0.95
Turbine Efficiency = 0.9
For Conveyance Efficiency
For Canal
Length of Canal = 615 m
Width of Canal = 1.50 m
Assume Rectangular shaped canal
velocity of water in canal (m/s) = 1 m/s
Friction Coefficient (f) = 0.1600
Hydralic Radius (R) = 0.4286 m
Assignment 4 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

Conveyance Loss in canal = 2.9256 m

For Tunnel
Assume diameter of tunnel (D) = 1 m
Length of Tunnel (L) = 191.05 m
velocity of water in tunnel (m/s) = 1.5 m/s
Assume Ks for concrete lined tunnels = 0.15 mm
Relative Roughness (E) = 0.00015
Friction Coefficient (f) = 0.1138
Conveyance Loss in Tunnel = 2.494 m
For Penstock pipe
Assume diameter of penstock pipe (D) = 0.6 m
Length of Penstock pipe (L) = 63.54 m
velocity of water in Penstock (m/s) = 3 m/s
Ks for steel pipe = 0.08 mm
Relative Roughness (E) = 0.000133333
Friction Coefficient (f) = 0.1125
Conveyance Loss in penstock pipe = 5.466 m

Overall Conveyance Loss = 10.8850 m

Gross Head = 75.0000 m
Design Head = 64.1150 m
Conveyance Efficiency = 85.487 %
Overall efficiency = 73.091 %

Installed Capacity = 0.142 MW

Design Discharge = 0.308884119 cumecs

PDC and FDC

1.2
Powe (MW) and Discharge (cumecs)

0.8

0.6
FDC

0.4 PDC

0.2

0
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
Percentage exceedance of time
Assignment 4 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

3) Annual Energy Generation (Units Consumed)

Energy Generated = 842.34 MWhr
= 842336.5237 KWhr
Annual Energy Generation = 842336.5237 Units
(1 KWhr = 1 Unit)
Q(m3/s) Rank % Time Power (Mw) Usable Power Total Energy
0.97 1 8.33 0.45 0.14 103.66
0.72 2 16.67 0.33 0.14 103.66
0.65 3 25.00 0.30 0.14 103.66
0.35 4 33.33 0.16 0.14 103.66
0.3 5 41.67 0.14 0.14 102.17
0.22 6 50.00 0.10 0.10 87.25
0.16 7 58.33 0.07 0.07 63.76
0.13 8 66.67 0.06 0.06 48.66
0.11 9 75.00 0.05 0.05 40.27
0.09 10 83.33 0.04 0.04 33.56
0.08 11 91.67 0.04 0.04 28.53
0.06 12 100.00 0.03 0.03 23.49
842.34 MWhr
4) Annual Revenue Calculation
Given,
Per Unit Tariff Rate = NRS 9.50
Total Annual Revenue = 842336.5237*9.5 = NRS. 80,02,196.975
5) Layout of Hydropower Project

6) Project Cost Calculation

Cost Calculations
Cost of Sediment Exclusion Work = 4633261.784 NRS
For Headwork Sediments Exclusion Work = 926652.3568 NRS
(Taking 20% of above)
Assignment 4 of Hydropower Engineering Sumit Paudel (017-022) (NEC)

Assume Cost of Canal construction per m = 20000 NRS

Canal Construction Cost = 12300000 NRS

Cost of Tunnel per meter length = 200000 NRS

Total Cost of Tunnel = 38210000 NRS

Thickness of Penstock pipe = 15 mm

Weight of Penstock Pipe = 14103.366 kg
Cost of Penstock Pipe = 3525841.621 NRS

Cost of Electromechanical Equipment = 350 US$

for each KW of installation
Total Cost of Electro-mechanical Eqp. = 49700 US$
= 6018670 NRS
Overall Cost of Project = 65614425.76 NRS

7) Specific cost of the project (cost/kw)

Overall cost of Project = 65614425.76 NRS
Specific Cost of Project (Cost/KW) = 462073.4209 NRS

8) Calculate BC ratio assuming the useful life of the project to be 45 years and interest
rate 7%. Is the project economically feasible?
BC Ratio Calculation
Useful life of project = 45 years
Interest Rate = 7 %
Investment (I) = 65614425.76 NRS
Annual Revenue (A1) = 8002196.975 NRS
Assume, Annual Cost (A2) = 400109.8487 NRS
(5% of Annual Revenue)
Using Conventional B/C Ratio formula
PW (I) = 65614425.76 NRS
PW (B) = 108874063.7 NRS
Taking 5% of Investment as Salvage
= 3280721.288 NRS
Value
PW (S) = 156206.5861 NRS
PW (O & M) = 5443703.185 NRS
Then,
B/C Ratio = 1.8047 >1

𝑃𝑊 (𝐵)
𝐵𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑃𝑊 (𝐼) − 𝑃𝑊(𝑂 & 𝑀) + 𝑃𝑊 (𝑆)
Since, B/C Ratio >> 1, So, project is economically feasible.