Central Philippine Adventist College

SCHOOL OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND EDUCATION

INTER-SEMESTER, ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

Survey of Afro-Asian Literature

Carballo, Jonel C.

Final Requirement:
SAAL Portfolio

Name: Winson Jim M. Toledanes

I. Hindu Literature

a) Characteristics of Hindu Literature

Firstly, the majority of Hindu texts revolve around the divine realm, emphasizing the
significance of religious content. These narratives often depict the interplay between gods
and humans, elucidating the benefits bestowed upon individuals who receive divine favor
and the consequences they face for improper conduct. Thus, it highlights the intrinsic
importance of religious devotion and the moral consequences of one's actions.

Secondly, Hindu literature ascribes personality and qualities to various elements that
interact with humanity, extending beyond animate beings to include inanimate objects.
Mountains, rivers, animals, and celestial bodies are personified, lending a vibrant and
dynamic aspect to the narrative landscape. This animistic perspective reflects a deep-seated
belief in the interconnectedness of all entities within Hindu cosmology.

b) Hindu Prose

 The Upanishads are important philosophical texts in the Vedic tradition of

Hinduism. They explore deep topics like reality, the soul, and liberation. They were
written over many years and include famous Upanishads like the Brihadaranyaka,
Chandogya, Katha, Mundaka, and Isha Upanishads. They teach us about the nature of
reality and the soul's search for freedom. Although they can be complex, studying
the Upanishads gives us valuable wisdom that goes beyond any one religion and
helps us understand life better.

 The Hitopadesha, attributed to Narayana Pandit, is a renowned collection of animal

fables offering practical wisdom and moral teachings. Divided into three parts - the
Panchatantra, the Brihatkatha, and the Hitopadesha proper - it has gained
popularity as one of the most beloved works of Sanskrit literature. The
Panchatantra comprises 50 animal fables, while the Brihatkatha narrates the tale of
a king and his advisor. Through its witty and entertaining storytelling, the
Hitopadesha imparts valuable lessons on wisdom, prudence, self-control, and warns
against the perils of greed, anger, and jealousy. This timeless work has served as an
educational tool for generations and continues to captivate readers of all ages with
its blend of moral guidance and entertainment.

c) Hindu Poetry
  The Tirukkural, authored by Thiruvalluvar, is a revered Tamil literary masterpiece
consisting of 1330 couplets, known as kurals, providing practical and ethical
guidance in various facets of life, including righteousness, wealth, and love.
Regarded as a significant work in Tamil literature, it has been translated into
numerous languages and continues to be studied as a timeless guide for leading a
virtuous and ethical life. Divided into three sections—aram (righteousness), porul
(wealth), and inbam (love)—the Tirukkural explores principles that should govern
personal conduct, societal and economic matters, and relationships. This intricate
work presents diverse perspectives on righteousness, wealth, and love, making it a
valuable resource for those interested in Indian philosophy and the study of ethics.

 Gitanjali, a collection of 103 poems by Rabindranath Tagore, was first published in

1910. These heartfelt poems, originally written in Bengali, encapsulate Tagore's
deep spiritual and devotional sentiments. With themes of love, nature, and the
divine, the poems in Gitanjali employ simple and direct language, often drawing
imagery from nature to convey their message. Translated into English by Tagore
himself and published in 1912, the English version of Gitanjali achieved both critical
acclaim and commercial success, introducing Tagore to a wider audience. Its
profound sensitivity and exquisite verse earned Tagore the Nobel Prize in Literature
in 1913, making him the first non-European to receive this honor. Gitanjali's
timeless beauty continues to resonate with readers globally, offering valuable
insights into the nature of love, the beauty of nature, and the connection to the
divine.

d) Literary Pieces from Hindu Literature

 The Mahabharata, a revered epic of Hindu literature, encompasses adventure,

romance, religious symbolism, and profound philosophical discussions. It holds a
significant position within Indian culture and has deeply influenced the collective
thought of its people. Divided into eighteen books, the epic unfolds the saga of the
Pandavas and the Kauravas, the war's origins, and the ensuing battle across the
Sabha Parva to the Anushasana Parva. The final book, the Ashvamedha Parva,
chronicles the triumph of the Pandavas and their subsequent reign. This complex
yet enriching masterpiece, comprising narratives, poetry, and philosophical
treatises, continues to captivate readers worldwide, offering valuable insights into
the Hindu worldview and serving as a timeless source of inspiration.

 The Ramayana, an epic poem of ancient India, holds immense popularity and
reverence in the Hindu tradition due to its captivating storytelling. The Ramayana
explores profound themes such as the eternal struggle between good and evil, the
conflict of duty and desire, and the transformative power of love. With its rich
complexity, the Ramayana offers diverse perspectives on the intricacies of life,
death, and the universe, making it an invaluable resource for individuals interested
in delving into the depths of Hinduism, Indian culture, or the realm of mythology.

e) Hindu Authors

 Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan (RK Narayan; 10 October 1906 – 13 May 2001)

was an Indian author and novelist known for his work set in the fictional South
 Indian town of Malgudi. He was a leading author of early Indian literature in English
along with Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. Narayan went on to write over 30 novels,
including The Bachelor of Arts (1937), The English Teacher (1945), Waiting for the
Mahatma (1955), The Guide (1958), The Man-Eater of Malgudi (1961), and A Tiger
for Malgudi (1983). Narayan's work is known for its gentle humor, its insights into
Indian culture, and its depiction of the ordinary lives of people in Malgudi. He was
awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1964 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1994.

 Rabindranath Tagore, the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the

Brahmo Samaj, emerged as a notable literary figure in nineteenth-century Bengal.
With his deep-rooted connection to the monistic ideals of Hinduism, as espoused in
the Upanishads, Tagore's writings aimed to revive and convey India's spiritual
heritage. Initially gaining recognition in his native Bengal, his fame transcended
boundaries through translations of his poems, which propelled him to embark on
lecture tours worldwide. As a poet at heart, Tagore's extensive collection includes
works like "The Ideal One," "The Golden Boat," and the acclaimed "Song Offerings,"
although the English renditions do not strictly correspond to specific Bengali
volumes. Beyond poetry, Tagore's literary prowess extended to plays such as "The
King of the Dark Chamber" and "The Post Office," novels like "Gora" and "The Home
and the World," and a diverse range of essays, travel diaries, and autobiographies.

II. Hebrew Literature

a) Characteristics of Hebrew Literature

Hebrew literature is a collection of writings from Hebrew-speaking Jewish people that

reflects their culture and religious beliefs. It explores topics related to faith and morals,
guiding people to live good lives and think about their responsibilities. Hebrew literature
also looks at Jewish history, telling stories of challenges, successes, and how people kept
their traditions while living in different places. It uses beautiful and creative language, like
poetry and metaphors, to express emotions and share the ideas in a meaningful way.

Hebrew literature shows both tradition and new ideas, and it focuses on the question of
what it means to be Jewish, especially when living away from the homeland. In more recent
times, Hebrew literature has seen a revival, with writers bringing new life to the language
and telling stories that capture the experiences of Jewish people today. Thus, Hebrew
literature is a valuable source of knowledge about Jewish history, beliefs, and the human
experience from a special cultural perspective.

b) Hebrew Prose

 A Tale of Love and Darkness is Amos Oz's poignant memoir, first published in
Hebrew in 2002, recounting his childhood in Jerusalem from 1939 to 1954,
including the tragic suicide of his mother. Divided into two parts, the book delves
into the complexities of family relationships and the challenges of growing up in a
divided society, all while exploring Oz's search for identity as a Jew, an Israeli, and a
writer. Through the lens of love and loss, the memoir offers profound insights into
the human condition, examining themes of family dynamics, cultural identity, and
the profound impact of personal and societal turmoil. A Tale of Love and Darkness
has garnered critical acclaim for its honesty, literary merit, and its ability to
 resonate with readers from diverse backgrounds, providing a heartfelt exploration
of personal and historical experiences.

 To the End of the Land by David Grossman is a compelling novel published in

Hebrew in 2008, following Ora, an Israeli mother anxiously awaiting news of her
son, Ofer, serving in the military. Divided into two parts, the book sensitively
explores the emotional toll war inflicts on families, touching on themes of love, loss,
and the complexities of justifying armed conflict. Grossman's work has received
critical acclaim for its sincerity, profound insights, and literary excellence. Offering a
glimpse into the human condition, To the End of the Land stands as a thought-
provoking read, resonating with readers of diverse backgrounds and shedding light
on the deep impact of war on personal lives and society as a whole.

c) Hebrew Poetry

 The Bell of Atri, a poem by Leah Goldberg published in Hebrew in 1946, tenderly
explores the profound impact of human connection and the deep yearning for
freedom. Translated into multiple languages, the poem has received praise for its
exquisite beauty, simplicity, and emotional resonance. A classic of Hebrew
literature, The Bell of Atri narrates the story of a bell erected in memory of a young
man unjustly imprisoned and executed, symbolizing both his innocence and the
hope for eventual vindication. Through its poignant verses, the poem reminds us of
the enduring power of human bonds and the unyielding desire for liberty, even in
the darkest of times. A testament to Goldberg's mastery, The Bell of Atri captivates
readers with its heartfelt exploration of the human spirit, making it an essential read
for poetry enthusiasts and those seeking a profound reflection on the human
condition.

 On the Threshold of Paradise, a poem by Zelda Schneurson Mishkovsky published

in Hebrew in 1972, delicately explores the intricate connection between spirituality
and everyday existence. Written in the first person, the poem narrates the speaker's
personal journey towards spiritual enlightenment, grappling with the constant
struggle between worldly demands and the aspiration for a profound spiritual
union. Renowned as one of Mishkovsky's most celebrated works, the poem has been
widely translated, praised for its captivating beauty, simplicity, and emotional
resonance. With a straightforward and direct style, the poem employs accessible
language to convey profound spiritual concepts, enhanced by vivid imagery that
paints a vivid and evocative portrait of the speaker's transformative path. On the
Threshold of Paradise serves as a powerful testament to the challenges faced when
pursuing a spiritual life amidst the complexities of the modern world, emphasizing
the importance of faith and finding solace in the beauty of nature.

d) Literary Pieces from Hebrew Literature

 The Book of Psalms, part of the Hebrew Bible, is a collection of poetic prayers and
songs attributed to King David and other authors. Divided into five books, each with
its own themes, the Psalms encompass expressions of faith, praise, lamentation, and
the profound relationship between humanity and the divine. Translated into
numerous languages, these Psalms have been cherished for centuries as a source of
inspiration and solace, resonating with people of various beliefs. Through heartfelt
 expressions of trust, gratitude, and petition, the Psalms offer a profound exploration
of the human condition and serve as a treasured literary and spiritual resource for
readers seeking to connect with the divine and find solace in their own faith
journeys.

 The Song of Songs, part of the Hebrew Bible, is a lyrical and sensual love poem that
explores the themes of love, the relationship between God and Israel, and the soul's
longing for union with the divine. Celebrating the beauty and power of love, the
poem is filled with vivid imagery of the natural world, evoking a sense of sensuality
and enchantment. It has been interpreted as an allegory for the love between God
and Israel, as well as the soul's yearning for spiritual connection. Translated into
various languages, the Song of Songs has captivated readers of diverse backgrounds
for centuries, offering inspiration, comfort, and a profound exploration of love and
spirituality. It stands as a cherished piece of literature for those interested in the
Bible, poetry, or the intricacies of the human experience.

e) Hebrew Authors

 Amos Oz is a prominent Israeli writer and intellectual who was known for his
exploration of Israeli society, politics, and the complexities of human relationships
in his over 30 books, including novels, essays, and memoirs. Raised in a kibbutz with
a strong sense of social justice, Oz's notable works include his memoir A Tale of
Love and Darkness, which reflects on his childhood in Jerusalem, and novels like My
Michael, A Perfect Peace, and Where the Jackals Howl. As a strong advocate for
peace, Oz was a founding member of Peace Now and a vocal critic of Israeli
government policies towards Palestinians. His writings garnered critical acclaim,
with awards such as the National Jewish Book Award for In the Land of Israel, and
he was recognized with the Prince of Asturias Award for Literature.

 Leah Goldberg is a prominent poet, author, and playwright, who made significant
contributions to modern Hebrew literature. Known for her lyrical and emotionally
rich poetry, she delved into themes of love, longing, loss, and the complexities of the
human experience. Through her brilliance, courage, and determination, Goldberg
left an indelible mark on the literary landscape. Her notable works include poems
like "The Bell of Atri" and "On the Threshold of Paradise," as well as novels like "The
Child of the Sea" and "The Chosen," and a collection of children's stories titled "The
Miracle of the Birds."

III. Persian Literature

a) Characteristics of Persian Literature

Persian literature is a captivating and diverse tradition characterized by its rich poetry,
mystical influences, and engaging storytelling. Renowned poets like Rumi and Hafez have
contributed to its legacy, employing metaphor and symbolism to explore themes of love and
spirituality. Their works resonate with readers through their emotional depth and profound
insights into the human experience. Persian epics, such as the Shahnameh, provide
captivating narratives of heroic tales and historical events, showcasing the valor and
resilience of Persian culture. These epic stories are often imbued with allegorical language,
offering multiple layers of interpretation that captivate the imagination of readers.
 Furthermore, Persian literature draws inspiration from Persian miniature art, utilizing vivid
imagery to transport readers to colorful landscapes and intricate settings. The literature's
enduring focus on love and romance adds an enchanting element, with poets and authors
skillfully weaving intricate tales of passion and longing. Persian literature encompasses a
wide range of genres, from classical works and philosophical treatises to modern
movements that explore contemporary issues and social dynamics. With its diverse literary
heritage, Persian literature continues to captivate readers worldwide, inviting them to delve
into the complexities of human emotions, the pursuit of spiritual understanding, and the
enduring power of storytelling.

b) Persian Prose

 The Blind Owl by Sadegh Hedayat is a dark and surrealistic Persian novel that
delves into the psychological turmoil and existential despair of its nameless
narrator. Through vivid symbolism and allegory, the novel explores the narrator's
obsession with a blind owl, representing his own inner darkness and isolation.
Divided into three parts, the novel traces the narrator's journey from childhood to
adulthood, culminating in his descent into madness and eventual suicide. Despite its
challenging nature, "The Blind Owl" is revered as a beautifully written and haunting
work of art, considered a classic of Persian literature that delves into profound
existential themes and the complexities of the human psyche.

 The Conference of the Birds by Farid ud-Din Attar is a mystical and allegorical
Persian prose work that takes readers on a spiritual journey with a group of birds
seeking their king, the Simurgh. Each bird represents a different aspect of the
human soul, and their quest symbolizes the journey to self-realization and union
with God. Divided into seven sections, the birds encounter various obstacles and
valleys, ultimately realizing their own divine nature. Praised for its beauty,
symbolism, and profound insights into the human condition, "The Conference of the
Birds" is a complex yet inspiring work that holds a significant place in Persian
literature and has been translated into numerous languages.

c) Persian Poetry

 "Masnavi" by Rumi is a spiritual epic poem written in Persian in the 13th century.
Divided into six books and consisting of over 25,000 verses, it explores profound
mystical themes related to God, the soul, and the universe. Through stories,
parables, and spiritual insights, Rumi uses beautiful language, metaphors, and
symbolism to convey his teachings. Considered a classic of Persian literature and a
significant work of Sufi literature, "Masnavi" has been praised for its beauty,
symbolism, and deep insights into the human condition. It examines the nature of
God, the soul's journey to reunite with the divine, the interconnectedness of the
universe, the power of divine love, and the ultimate union between the human soul
and God.

 "Divan-e Hafez" is a collection of mystical and lyrical poems written by Hafez in

14th-century Persian literature. With over 500 ghazals, Hafez showcases his
mastery of the form, utilizing imagery, symbolism, and allusion to explore themes of
love, spirituality, and the interconnectedness of existence. As a classic work of
 Persian literature, "Divan-e Hafez" has been widely translated and studied,
captivating readers worldwide. The poems are organized alphabetically, based on
the first letter of each poem's opening word, allowing for easy access to specific
verses.

d) Literary Pieces from Persian Literature

 The Rubaiyat of Attar of Nishapur is a collection of mystical poems written in the

12th century. Unlike the more famous Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Attar's Rubaiyat
delves into the nature of God, the soul, and the spiritual journey. The poem explores
themes of divine knowledge and the search for truth, emphasizing that the soul's
quest leads to a deeper understanding of God and the underlying truth of existence.
It highlights the challenges and obstacles faced along this journey, urging readers to
seek genuine knowledge while cautioning against false beliefs. Attar's Rubaiyat is a
complex yet captivating work, offering profound insights through its allegorical and
symbolic language.

 The Shahnameh is an extraordinary epic poem and a significant masterpiece in

Persian literature. It recounts the mythical origins of Iran and its historical events
until the Arab conquests. This vast work enchants readers with its captivating
storytelling, heroic characters, and poetic elegance, making it highly regarded. The
Shahnameh offers a complex yet rewarding journey, appealing to those interested in
history, mythology, or the beauty of verse. Resources like the translations by Dick
Davis, Judith Lerner, and Wheeler Thackston provide further avenues for exploring
this remarkable epic.

e) Persian Authors

 Known by his pen name Hafez, Khwaja Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafez is one of
the most beloved Persian poets. His collection, the "Divan-e-Hafez," consists of
ghazals (lyric poems) that explore themes of love, spirituality, and the fleeting
nature of life. Hafez's profound and mystical verses continue to resonate with
readers worldwide.

 Omar Khayyam was a polymath, renowned not only as a poet but also as a
mathematician and astronomer. His collection of quatrains, known as the
"Rubaiyat," contemplates themes of love, mortality, and the pursuit of pleasure.
Khayyam's poetry is celebrated for its philosophical depth and vivid imagery.


IV. Japanese Literature

a) Characteristics of Japanese Literature

Japanese literature is renowned for its captivating qualities, including its focus on nature,
melancholy undertones, concern with beauty, exploration of the individual's inner life, and
use of ambiguity. These characteristics can be found in classic works like "The Tale of Genji"
and "The Pillow Book." "The Tale of Genji" is a poetic tale that delves into courtly romance
and human relationships, while "The Pillow Book" offers insightful essays and poems that
 provide observations on nature and life in the Heian court. These works exemplify the deep
connection between humans and the natural world, exploring emotions and connections
through vivid imagery.

Additionally, Japanese literature embraces melancholy undertones, reflecting a

contemplative and philosophical approach. In "The Tale of the Heike," a historical epic,
readers are immersed in a vivid and dramatic account of a specific period, where themes of
loss and impermanence are explored. The traditional Noh plays, characterized by the use of
masks and poetic language, further examine these themes, inviting contemplation on the
ephemeral nature of life. The concise yet powerful haiku form, with its seventeen syllables,
captures transient moments of insight and fleeting emotions tied to the beauty of the
natural world. Through these distinctive features, Japanese literature continues to captivate
readers, offering profound reflections on the human condition and the intricate tapestry of
existence.

b) Japanese Prose

 Snow Country is a celebrated novel by Yasunari Kawabata, published in 1948, and

widely regarded as a masterpiece in Japanese literature. It tells the story of
Shimamura, a wealthy Tokyo man who becomes captivated by Komako, a passionate
geisha, during his visit to the snow-covered region of Niigata. Kawabata's poetic and
nuanced writing skillfully captures the melancholic beauty of the setting while
exploring universal themes of desire, transience, and isolation. The novel's well-
developed and complex characters, notably Shimamura and Komako, struggle with
their inner conflicts, adding depth to the narrative. Snow Country's slow-paced yet
engrossing plot serves as a contemplative meditation on the complexities of love
and the fleeting nature of happiness.

 Rashōmon, a collection of short stories by Ryū nosuke Akutagawa, was published in

1915 and features six thought-provoking tales that delve into themes of moral
ambiguity, truth, and the complexity of human nature. Set in the Heian period, these
stories, including the titular piece, revolve around characters wrestling with their
inner demons. In the renowned story "Rashō mon," a servant encounters an old
woman at the eponymous gate, engaging in a discussion about truth and the
potential for redemption. With its enduring influence on Japanese literature and
adaptations in various media, Rashō mon remains widely read and studied,
appealing to readers from diverse cultures due to its timeless relevance.

c) Japanese Poetry

 The Narrow Road to the Deep North, a travelogue-poem by Matsuo Bashō , is a

timeless classic in Japanese literature. Written in 1689 and 1690, it documents
Bashō 's journey through northern Japan, blending prose and haiku to eloquently
capture the breathtaking beauty of the natural landscapes while providing glimpses
into the poet's inner thoughts. Divided into 16 chapters, each dedicated to a
different stage of the journey, the work masterfully combines prose and haiku,
utilizing vivid nature imagery to evoke the splendor of the surroundings. The
Narrow Road to the Deep North serves as a profound meditation on beauty,
impermanence, and the journey of life, receiving widespread acclaim and continued
 admiration from both critics and readers, ensuring its enduring place in literary
appreciation.

 "A Red Dragonfly" is a renowned haiku by Yosa Buson, composed in the 18th
century, which succinctly captures the delicate beauty of a red dragonfly while
emphasizing the fleeting nature of the moment and the inherent impermanence of
life. With its three lines, the poem's simplicity carries a profound message. The first
line introduces the image of the red dragonfly, while the second line portrays its
graceful hovering over a pond, evoking its ethereal presence. Finally, the third line
sharply reminds readers of the dragonfly's swift departure, emphasizing the
transitory nature of its existence. This timeless poem serves as a poignant reminder
of life's ephemeral essence and encourages us to appreciate the fleeting beauty
found within the ordinary.

d) Literary Pieces from Japanese Literature

 Written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, The Tale of Genji (Genji
monogatari) is an esteemed classic in Japanese literature and often hailed as the
world's first novel. It vividly chronicles the life and romantic endeavors of Hikaru
Genji, offering a captivating portrayal of courtly life during the Heian period. With
its beautifully crafted language, intricate plot twists, and complex characters, the
novel has been revered as a masterpiece for centuries.

 Kokoro, a novel by Natsume Soseki, is widely regarded as a masterpiece and a

significant contribution to modern Japanese literature. Published in 1914, it follows
the story of a young man grappling with the loss of his father and his own quest for
identity. Through his friendship with the enigmatic "Sensei," who also struggles
with inner demons, the two form a profound bond, sharing their innermost thoughts
and emotions. Kokoro delves deep into introspection, exploring the complexities of
human relationships, the profound impact of loneliness, and the clash between
tradition and modernity in early 20th century Japan.

e) Japanese Authors

 Junichiro Tanizaki, a highly regarded Japanese author, holds a significant place in

modern Japanese literature. His works are renowned for their meticulous attention
to detail and exploration of human desires, as well as their profound insights into
Japanese society and cultural shifts. Notable novels like "The Makioka Sisters,"
"Some Prefer Nettles," and "The Key" delve into the complexities of human
relationships and the challenges faced by individuals navigating changing times.
Tanizaki's writing style captivates readers with its vivid portrayal of characters'
lives and the dark undercurrents of human nature.

 Natsume Soseki, a highly esteemed Japanese novelist, poet, and short-story writer,
holds a revered position in Japanese literature. His works delve deep into the human
psyche and offer profound insights into the societal changes of his time. Renowned
novels like "Kokoro," "I Am a Cat," and "Sanshirō " showcase Soseki's exceptional
storytelling abilities and psychological depth. Born in Tokyo in 1867, Soseki's
literary career was marked by a unique style characterized by profound
 psychological exploration and a nuanced understanding of the complexities of
human nature.

V. Korean Literature

a) Characteristics of Korean Literature

 Korean literature boasts a rich and diverse tradition that has captivated readers for
centuries. One of its defining characteristics is its profound connection with nature.
Korean literary works often incorporate vivid natural imagery, immerse stories
within natural landscapes, and explore the intricate relationship between humans
and the natural world. Alongside this, a prevalent sense of melancholy permeates
Korean literature, weaving themes of loss, regret, and the transient nature of
existence. This melancholic undertone invites introspection and reflection, leaving
readers with a bittersweet sense of contemplation.

Moreover, a strong concern for beauty shapes Korean literature. Poetic language,
attention to detail, and a meticulous exploration of aesthetics imbue the works with
an ethereal quality. Beauty becomes a lens through which deeper truths are
explored, allowing readers to appreciate the subtle nuances and sensory
experiences found within the narrative. Additionally, Korean literature delves into
the individual's inner life, employing first-person narration to delve into personal
journeys and intimate relationships. The focus on individual experiences allows for
profound character development and a deep exploration of the complexities of
human emotions.

b) Korean Prose

 Please Look After Mom is a heartfelt novel by Kyung-Sook Shin, published in 2008.
Through the lens of a family's search for their missing mother, the story delves into
the themes of family, sacrifice, and the underappreciated role of mothers. The novel
serves as a poignant exploration of the complexities of the mother-child bond and
the often unnoticed contributions of mothers.

 The Vegetarian is a compelling novel by Han Kang, first published in 2007. The
Vegetarian delves into the complexities of identity and the intricate connection
between humans and animals. With its captivating narrative and thought-provoking
themes, this beautifully written novel lingers in the minds of its readers.

c) Korean Poetry

 "Azaleas" by Kim Sowol is a celebrated Korean poem that uses vivid imagery to
depict the fleeting beauty of azalea flowers as a metaphor for the transient nature of
life. Written in a simple yet evocative style, the poem conveys the speaker's
awareness of life's impermanence while emphasizing the importance of
appreciating the beauty in the present moment. Through descriptive language, the
poem paints a vivid picture of the azalea flowers, comparing them to crimson clouds
and scarlet flames. The speaker's poignant declaration to never forget the azaleas
even in death highlights the lasting impact of their beauty.
  "Spring Days" by Kim Chun-su is a lyrical Korean poem that celebrates the arrival
of spring with its vivid imagery and joyful tone. Written in a simple and
straightforward style, the poem captures the beauty of nature's renewal and the
sense of delight it brings to the human spirit. Through descriptive language, the
speaker observes the signs of spring such as budding trees, blooming flowers,
singing birds, warm sunlight, and gentle breezes. The poem culminates with the
speaker expressing their happiness and the desire to sing, conveying the joy and
sense of rejuvenation that springtime inspires.

d) Literary Pieces from Korean Literature

 "The Nine Cloud Dreams" is a classic Korean tale by Kim Man-Jung that takes
readers on a profound journey of spiritual awakening and self-discovery. Set in the
Tang Dynasty, the novel follows Hsing-chen, a young Buddhist monk, as he
questions the teachings of Buddhism and embarks on a transformative quest for
enlightenment. This allegorical novel delves into themes of desire, the pursuit of
truth, and the nature of reality, leaving a lasting impact on readers with its beautiful
prose and thought-provoking exploration of the human journey.

 "The Field" by Hwang Sun-won is a poignant short story that delves into the lives of
farmers in a small Korean village during the tumultuous Korean War. Against the
backdrop of destruction and hardship, the story portrays the unwavering resilience
and sense of community among the villagers. With its evocative writing and
universal themes of sacrifice and human connection, "The Field" leaves a lasting
impression, reminding us of the profound impact of war on everyday lives.

e) Korean Authors

 Shin Kyung-sook is a highly regarded Korean author and winner of the Man Asian
Literary Prize. Her novel "Please Look After Mom" achieved critical acclaim and
commercial success by exploring the theme of motherhood and family dynamics. In
her works, Shin Kyung-sook delves into the complexities of human relationships
with great sensitivity.

 Hwang Sok-yong is a prominent Korean novelist known for his exploration of social
and political themes. His works, including "The Guest" and "The Old Garden," offer
profound insights into the turbulent history of modern Korea and the experiences of
ordinary individuals amidst political turmoil. Born in North Korea during the
Korean War, Hwang Sok-yong fled to South Korea and began writing in the 1960s.
His early works delved into existentialist themes of alienation and despair.

VI. Vietnam Literature

a) Characteristics of Vietnamese Literature

 Vietnamese literature is characterized by several distinct features that contribute to

its rich and evocative nature. Firstly, nature serves as a prominent theme, with vivid
descriptions of natural landscapes and a deep exploration of the relationship
between humans and the natural world. The use of natural imagery and settings in
 stories further emphasizes this connection, providing a backdrop that often reflects
the characters' emotions and experiences.

Furthermore, beauty holds great importance in Vietnamese literature, with a keen

focus on aesthetic qualities and attention to detail. Poetic language is often
employed, enhancing the lyrical and expressive nature of the works. Whether
through descriptive passages or profound metaphors, Vietnamese literature aims to
create a sense of beauty that resonates with readers.

b) Vietnamese Prose

 "The Sorrow of War" by Bả o Ninh is a deeply poignant and semi-autobiographical

novel that delves into the devastating impacts of the Vietnam War. Through the eyes
of the protagonist, Kien, a young soldier who has witnessed the horrors of war, the
novel explores themes of trauma, loss, and the enduring sorrow that war leaves in
its wake. Bả o Ninh's beautiful and evocative writing captures the reader's emotions,
while the complex characters and universal themes make "The Sorrow of War" a
truly remarkable and thought-provoking novel that lingers in the hearts and minds
of its readers.

 "The Tale of Kieu" (Truyện Kiều) by Nguyễn Du is a magnificent epic poem in prose
that unfolds the tragic journey of Kieu, a young woman navigating love, loss, and
societal constraints. Throughout the poem, Kieu endures countless trials, losing her
innocence and hope along the way. Nguyễn Du's eloquent and evocative writing
creates a rich and immersive world, while the complex characters and universal
themes of love, loss, and the human condition make "The Tale of Kieu" a
masterpiece of Vietnamese literature, cherished and celebrated across generations.

c) Vietnamese Poetry

 "The Song of the South" by Bù i Giá ng is a captivating poem that celebrates the
cultural heritage and enchanting landscapes of Southern Vietnam. Divided into three
parts, the poem exalts the natural beauty of the region, highlighting its lush forests,
pristine beaches, and majestic mountains. It then delves into the rich cultural
tapestry, embracing ancient temples, lively festivals, and delectable cuisine that
embody the region's heritage. Lastly, it pays homage to the resilient and vibrant
people of Southern Vietnam, united by their strong sense of community and
unwavering zest for life.

 "Spring Essence" by Hà n Mặ c Tử is a captivating poem that reveres the arrival of

spring with delicate imagery and evocative language. Through vivid descriptions,
the poem portrays the rejuvenation and vibrancy that spring brings, symbolizing
renewal and hope. The poet uses natural imagery as a conduit to convey the
spiritual and emotional qualities of the season.

d) Literary Pieces from Vietnam Literature

 Paradise of the Blind by Dương Thu Hương is a powerful novel that delves into the
struggles and resilience of Vietnamese women during the Communist era. Dương
Thu Hương's beautiful and evocative writing creates a vivid and realistic world,
 while her well-developed characters, particularly the multi-dimensional protagonist
Hang, captivate readers. Paradise of the Blind is a thought-provoking exploration of
the human experience under challenging circumstances, making it a compelling and
lasting read.

 Fragrance of Grass by Trầ n Dầ n is a remarkable collection of short stories that

offer glimpses into the lives of ordinary people throughout Vietnam's history.
Spanning various periods and featuring diverse characters, from peasants to
intellectuals, these stories weave together the universal themes of love, loss, and the
indomitable spirit of humanity. Through this literary piece, Trầ n Dầ n's writing is
delivered as beautiful and evocative, immersing readers in vivid and realistic
worlds.

e) Vietnamese Authors

 Dương Thu Hương is a prominent Vietnamese novelist whose works often explore
social and political issues in Vietnam. Her novel "Paradise of the Blind" is a powerful
and moving novel that sheds light on the struggles and resilience of Vietnamese
women during the Communist era. It portrays the complexities of family
relationships and societal changes, and it is a must-read for anyone who wants to
understand the experiences of Vietnamese women during this time.

 Born in Nam Định, Vietnam in 1926, Trầ n Dầ n emerged as a talented writer in the
1950s. His early works were acclaimed for their lyrical style and exploration of the
human condition. However, as his career progressed, his writings took on a more
political tone, leading to his expulsion from the Communist Party of Vietnam in
1956. Nevertheless, Trầ n Dầ n's short stories gained international recognition,
earning him numerous awards and establishing him as one of the most significant
Vietnamese writers of the 20th century.

VII. Indonesian Literature

a) Characteristics of Indonesian Literature

 Indonesian literature holds a profound connection with nature, as evident through

its use of natural imagery and stories set in natural environments. The intricate
relationship between humans and nature is a prominent theme, showcasing the
country's rich ecological heritage. Moreover, Indonesian literature often evokes a
sense of melancholy, a bittersweet longing or wistfulness that permeates its pages.
Through the exploration of themes such as loss, regret, and impermanence, readers
are compelled to reflect upon the transient nature of life.

In addition to its focus on nature and melancholy, Indonesian literature also exhibits
a deep concern with beauty. It employs poetic language to create vivid descriptions,
paying meticulous attention to detail and capturing the aesthetic qualities of the
written word. The result is a captivating literary experience that transcends mere
storytelling.

b) Indonesian Prose
  "Pulang" by Leila S. Chudori is a compelling Indonesian novel that delves into the
themes of loss, trauma, and the quest for a sense of belonging. Against the backdrop
of Indonesia's political turmoil in 1965, the story revolves around Lintang Utara, a
young woman searching for her father and striving to reunite her fractured family.
"Pulang" offers a poignant exploration of the personal toll exacted by political
violence, making it an essential read for those seeking insight into Indonesia's
history and culture.

 "Laskar Pelangi" by Andrea Hirata is a bestselling Indonesian novel that portrays

the remarkable journey of a determined group of schoolchildren on Belitung Island,
showcasing the transformative power of education and the indomitable spirit of the
human soul. Set in the 1970s, the story revolves around impoverished children
attending a struggling Muhammadiyah school, facing adversities like poverty,
discrimination, and natural disasters. "Laskar Pelangi" is a moving and uplifting
novel that beautifully illustrates the importance of hope, friendship, and the
transformative power of education, leaving a lasting impact on readers' hearts and
minds.

c) Indonesian Poetry

 "Tanah Air" by Chairil Anwar is a heartwarming and patriotic Indonesian poem that
conveys the poet's profound love and devotion to his homeland, evoking a strong
sense of national pride and unity. Despite its simple and accessible language, the
poem resonates powerfully with readers. Anwar eloquently portrays the natural
beauty of Indonesia, describing its mountains, rivers, and forests while celebrating
the resilience and strength of its people.

 "Doa" by Taufiq Ismail is a profound and impactful Indonesian poem that reflects on
the significance of faith and spirituality when confronted with adversity,
encouraging readers to seek comfort and inner strength through prayer. Despite its
simplicity and use of everyday language, the poem carries immense emotional
weight, capturing the poet's unwavering belief in the power of prayer to overcome
challenges. "Doa" serves as a timeless piece of Indonesian literature, exuding a
profound sense of spirituality and reminding readers of the empowering role prayer
can play in navigating life's difficulties.

d) Literary Pieces from Indonesian Literature

 "Cantik Itu Luka" (Beauty is a Wound) by Eka Kurniawan is a captivating and

thought-provoking Indonesian novel that skillfully combines elements of magical
realism with the backdrop of Indonesian history. Set in the fictional town of
Halimunda, the story revolves around Dewi Ayu, a complex and resilient character
who navigates the realms of beauty and darkness. Through a blend of reality and
fantasy, Kurniawan explores profound themes of love, violence, and the indomitable
spirit of women in Indonesian society. While the novel has garnered both praise for
its originality and criticism for its graphic content, there is no denying its power and
significance as a literary work that delves into the depths of the human condition.
  "Lelaki Harimau" (Man Tiger) by Eka Kurniawan is an intriguing Indonesian novel
that follows Margio's journey as he grapples with his identity and existence. Eka
Kurniawan's masterful use of magical realism blurs the line between reality and
fantasy, enabling an exploration of profound themes such as power, desire, and the
quest for self-discovery. While the novel has garnered acclaim for its originality and
insightful portrayal of the human condition, it has also faced criticism for its explicit
content. Nevertheless, "Lelaki Harimau" remains an important literary work that
prompts contemplation and captivates readers with its unique narrative.

e) Indonesian Authors

 Ayu Utami is a prominent and influential figure in contemporary Indonesian

literature. Born in Jakarta in 1968, she gained recognition for her thought-provoking
novels that challenge societal norms and explore themes of sexuality, religion, and
personal liberation. Her notable work, "Saman," follows a group of young
individuals navigating their identities in a rapidly evolving Indonesia.

 Dee Lestari is a highly regarded contemporary Indonesian author known for her
captivating storytelling and exploration of diverse themes. Born in Bandung in 1976,
she initially pursued a career in architecture before venturing into writing. Her
debut novel, "Perahu Kertas" (Paper Boats), published in 2004, gained widespread
acclaim for its blend of romance, fantasy, and spirituality.

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