Rcpp

Seamless R and C++ Integration

Matt P. Dziubinski
CppCon 2015
[email protected] // @matt_dz
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University
CREATES (Center for Research in Econometric Analysis of Time Series)
Outline

Rcpp: R & C++

Setup

Data Structures

Resources

2
Intro

3
Intro

4
Intro

5
Intro

6
Intro

7
Intro

8
Intro

9
Intro

10
Intro

11
Intro

12
Intro

13
Intro

14
Intro

15
Intro

16
Intro: Speedup

17
Intro: Takeaways

• http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AlternateHardAndSoftLayers
• http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ForeignFunctionInterface

18
Intro: The Times They Are a-Changin'

19
Intro: The Times They Are a-Changin'?

20
R
R

https://www.r-project.org/

22
What is R?

https://www.r-project.org/about.html

23
CRAN: The Comprehensive R Archive Network

”Currently, the CRAN package repository features 7176

available packages.”

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/
• https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/

24
CRAN Task Views

25
CRAN: Machine Learning

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/MachineLearning.html
• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/caret/
• https://topepo.github.io/caret/modelList.html
• https://topepo.github.io/caret/bytag.html
• https://topepo.github.io/caret/training.html

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/elasticnet/
• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/glmnet/
• Authors: Jerome Friedman, Trevor Hastie, Noah Simon, Rob Tibshirani
• https://cran.r-
project.org/web/packages/glmnet/vignettes/glmnet_beta.html

26
Introduction to Statistical Learning (ISL)

http://www.statlearning.com/

27
Elements of Statistical Learning (ESL)

http://www-stat.stanford.edu/ElemStatLearn

28
ggplot2

http://docs.ggplot2.org/current/

http://docs.ggplot2.org/current/aes_group_order.html
https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-
devel/library/datasets/html/mtcars.html 29
RStudio

https://www.rstudio.com/
https://github.com/rstudio/rstudio/

30
RStudio IDE

https://www.rstudio.com/products/RStudio/

31
R & RStudio IDE: Demo

install.packages("ggplot2")

library("ggplot2")

ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = carat, y = price, col = clarity)) + geom_point()

https://ateucher.github.io/rcourse_site/03-plotting.html
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/r/faq/packages.htm

32
R & RStudio IDE: Demo - Package Not Installed

33
R & RStudio IDE: Demo - Installing Package

34
R & RStudio IDE: Demo - Loading/Attaching & Using Package

35
RStudio - Shiny

http://shiny.rstudio.com/

36
R Markdown

http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/

37
R Markdown - PDF

http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/

38
R Markdown - Slides

http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/

39
Pandoc

http://pandoc.org/

40
R - Books

https://www.r-project.org/doc/bib/R-books.html

41
Rcpp Book

http://rcpp.org/book/

42
R - loops vs. vectorized code

43
R - loops & byte code compiler vs. vectorized code

Using R for HPC: http://www.nimbios.org/tutorials/TT_RforHPC

44
C++ - loops, Rcpp, result

45
C++ - loops, x86

https://gcc.godbolt.org/ https://goo.gl/DAKTUA
https://github.com/mattgodbolt/gcc-explorer

46
C++ - loops, Rcpp, x86

47
C++ - loops, Rcpp, RStudio

48
R - loops, random Normal numbers

49
R - loops, random Normal numbers

50
C++ - loops, Rcpp, OpenMP - result

51
C++ - loops, Rcpp, OpenMP - code

52
Utilizing the other 80%...

http://applicative.acm.org/speaker-UlrichDrepper.html
53
Utilizing the other 80%... - parallelism

54
Utilizing the other 80%... - vectorization

55
Utilizing the other 80%... - vector registers

56
Rcpp: R & C++
Rcpp History

http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.html

58
Rcpp Timeline

https://twitter.com/eddelbuettel/status/
613235012939464704

59
Rcpp September 2015

http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2015/09/10/
#rcpp_0.12.1

60
C++ Timeline

https://isocpp.org/std/status

”C++11 feels like a new language: The pieces just fit together

better than they used to and I find a higher-level style of
programming more natural than before and as efficient as
ever.” — Bjarne Stroustrup. 61
Before C++11

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main()
{
std::vector<int> v(5);

int element = 0;
for (std::vector<int>::size_type i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
v[i] = element++;

int sum = 0;
for (std::vector<int>::size_type i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
sum += v[i];
std::cout << "sum = " << sum;
}

• Q.: Is it immediately clear what this code does?

62
With C++11

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main()
{
const std::vector<int> v {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
auto sum = 0;
for (auto element : v) sum += element;
std::cout << "sum = " << sum;
}

• How about now?

• (Not Your Father’s) C++ — Herb Sutter
• https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Lang-NEXT/Lang-NEXT-2012/-
Not-Your-Father-s-C-

63
Before Rcpp

#include <R.h>
#include <Rinternals.h>

// not quite right

int fibonacci_c_impl(int n)
{
if (n < 2) return n;
return fibonacci_c_impl(n - 1) + fibonacci_c_impl(n - 2);
}

SEXP fibonacci_c(SEXP n)
{
SEXP result = PROTECT(allocVector(INTSXP, 1));
INTEGER(result)[0] = fibonacci_c_impl(asInteger(n));
UNPROTECT(1);
return result;
}

fibonacci = function(n) .Call("fibonacci_c", n)

64
With Rcpp

// still not quite right

// [[Rcpp::export]]
int fibonacci(int n)
{
if (n < 2) return n;
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}

• Function fibonacci available in R automatically.

• 400 CRAN packages may be onto something ;-)

65
Setup
Simple Example #0

67
Simple Example #0

68
Simple Example #0

69
Simple Example #1

70
Simple Example #2

71
Simple Example #3

72
Simple Example #4

73
Linux Setup Example #0

74
Linux Setup Example #1

75
Linux Setup Example #2

76
Linux Setup Example #3

77
Linux Setup Example #4

78
Setup - OSes and Compilers

• R language — C API
• Writing R Extensions:
https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html
• Rcpp — C++ API — ABI implications
• https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/compiler-dependencies#binary-
compat
• Most platforms: GNU Compiler Collection
• Windows: Rtools, https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/Rtools/
• R-SIG-windows, https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-sig-windows
• Frequently Asked Questions about Rcpp - What compiler can I use?
http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp/Rcpp-FAQ.pdf
• https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-admin.html#Platform-
notes

79
R language — C API — SEXP

• ”It is necessary to know something about how R objects

are handled in C code.
• All the R objects you will deal with will be handled with the
type SEXP, which is a pointer to a structure with typedef
SEXPREC.
• SEXP is an acronym for Simple EXPression, common in
LISP-like language syntaxes.
• Think of this structure as a variant type that can handle all
the usual types of R objects, that is vectors of various
modes, functions, environments, language objects and so
on.”

https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-
exts.html#Calling-_002eCall
80
R language — C API — SEXPREC

”The R object types are represented by a C structure defined

by a typedef SEXPREC in Rinternals.h. It contains several
things among which are pointers to data blocks and to other
SEXPRECs. A SEXP is simply a pointer to a SEXPREC.”

• PROTECT a UNPROTECT macros — R’s GC

https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-
exts.html#Garbage-Collection
http://adv-r.had.co.nz/C-interface.html

81
Compilation, inline — example — Rcpp::as & Rcpp::wrap

fibonacci_impl = '
int fibonacci(int n)
{
if (n < 2) return n;
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}
'

fibonacci_body = '
int n = Rcpp::as<int>(in_n);
return Rcpp::wrap(fibonacci(n));
'

# install.packages("inline")
fibonacci_function = inline::cxxfunction(signature(in_n = "integer"),
body = fibonacci_body,
inc = fibonacci_impl,
plugin = "Rcpp")

fibonacci_function(10) # returns 55
82
Compilation, inline — verbose output I

fibonacci_function = inline::cxxfunction(..., verbose = TRUE)

>> Program source :

1 :
2 : // includes from the plugin
3 :
4 : #include <Rcpp.h>
5 :
6 :
7 : #ifndef BEGIN_RCPP
8 : #define BEGIN_RCPP
9 : #endif
10 :
11 : #ifndef END_RCPP
12 : #define END_RCPP
13 : #endif
14 :

83
Compilation, inline — verbose output II

15 : using namespace Rcpp;

16 :
17 :
18 : // user includes
19 :
20 : int fibonacci(int n)
21 : {
22 : if (n < 2) return n;
23 : return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
24 : }
25 :
26 :
27 : // declarations
28 : extern "C" {
29 : SEXP filece83d074c9d( SEXP in_n) ;
30 : }
31 :
32 : // definition
33 :

84
Compilation, inline — verbose output III

34 : SEXP filece83d074c9d( SEXP in_n ){

35 : BEGIN_RCPP
36 :
37 : int n = Rcpp::as<int>(in_n);
38 : return Rcpp::wrap(fibonacci(n));
39 :
40 : END_RCPP
41 : }
42 :
43 :

85
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — example

fibonacci_source = '
int fibonacci(int n)
{
if (n < 2) return n;
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}'

fibonacci_cpp = Rcpp::cppFunction(code = fibonacci_source)

fibonacci_cpp(10) # returns 55

86
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — verbose output I

fibonacci_cpp = Rcpp::cppFunction(code = fibonacci_source, verbose = TRUE)

Generated code for function definition:

--------------------------------------------------------

#include <Rcpp.h>

using namespace Rcpp;

// [[Rcpp::export]]

int fibonacci(int n)
{
if (n < 2) return n;
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}

Generated extern "C" functions

87
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — verbose output II

--------------------------------------------------------

#include <Rcpp.h>
// fibonacci
int fibonacci(int n);
RcppExport SEXP sourceCpp_2_fibonacci(SEXP nSEXP) {
BEGIN_RCPP
Rcpp::RObject __result;
Rcpp::RNGScope __rngScope;
Rcpp::traits::input_parameter< int >::type n(nSEXP);
__result = Rcpp::wrap(fibonacci(n));
return __result;
END_RCPP
}

Generated R functions
-------------------------------------------------------

88
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — verbose output III

`.sourceCpp_2_DLLInfo` <- dyn.load('C:/Users/Matt/AppData/Local/Temp/1/Rtmp

fibonacci <- Rcpp:::sourceCppFunction(function(n) {}, FALSE, `.sourceCpp_2_

rm(`.sourceCpp_2_DLLInfo`)

Building shared library

--------------------------------------------------------

DIR: ...

89
Compilation, Rcpp Attributes — example

// fibonacci_example.cpp

// [[Rcpp::export]]
int fibonacci(int n)
{
if (n < 2) return n;
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
}

/*** R
fibonacci(10)
*/

Rcpp::sourceCpp('fibonacci_example.cpp') # returns 55

90
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — verbose output I

Rcpp::sourceCpp('fibonacci_example.cpp', verbose = TRUE)

> Rcpp::sourceCpp('fibonacci_example.cpp', verbose = TRUE)

Generated extern "C" functions

--------------------------------------------------------

#include <Rcpp.h>
// fibonacci
int fibonacci(int n);
RcppExport SEXP sourceCpp_4_fibonacci(SEXP nSEXP) {
BEGIN_RCPP
Rcpp::RObject __result;
Rcpp::RNGScope __rngScope;
Rcpp::traits::input_parameter< int >::type n(nSEXP);
__result = Rcpp::wrap(fibonacci(n));

91
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — verbose output II

return __result;
END_RCPP
}

Generated R functions
-------------------------------------------------------

`.sourceCpp_4_DLLInfo` <- dyn.load('.../sourcecpp_ce857c352c1/sourceCpp_7.d

fibonacci <- Rcpp:::sourceCppFunction(function(n) {}, FALSE, `.sourceCpp_4_

rm(`.sourceCpp_4_DLLInfo`)

Building shared library

--------------------------------------------------------

DIR: .../sourcecpp_ce857c352c1

.../bin/x64/R CMD SHLIB -o "sourceCpp_7.dll" "" "fibonacci_example.cpp"

92
Compilation, Rcpp cppFunction — verbose output III

g++ ... -c fibonacci_example.cpp -o fibonacci_example.o

g++ ... -shared -o sourceCpp_7.dll fibonacci_example.o

> fibonacci(10)
[1] 55

93
Exception Handling

::Rf_error

throw std::range_error

http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/intro-to-exceptions/

94
Data Structures
RObject

Foundation and core:

• RObject
• NumericVector
• IntegerVector

• RAII instead of manual PROTECT / UNPROTECT

• https://isocpp.org/wiki/faq/exceptions#finally
• ”smart SEXP” (resource)

96
IntegerVector

#include <algorithm>

#include <Rcpp.h>

// [[Rcpp::export]]
int accumulate(Rcpp::IntegerVector v)
{
return std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0);
}

/*** R
accumulate(1:5) # returns 15
*/

97
IntegerVector - Lightweight Proxy Object

Not call-by-value
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_strategy

#include <Rcpp.h>

// [[Rcpp::export]]
void tweak(Rcpp::IntegerVector v)
{
if (v.size() > 0) v[0] = 42;
}

/*** R
v = 1:5 # 1 2 3 4 5
stopifnot(v == 1:5)
tweak(v) # 42 2 3 4 5
stopifnot(v == c(42, 2:5))
*/

98
NumericVector, reference semantics

99
NumericVector, deep copy: Rcpp::clone

100
Other Homogeneous Data Structures

• Rcpp::NumericMatrix
• Rcpp::LogicalVector
• Rcpp::CharacterVector
• Rcpp::RawVector

101
Other Data Structures

• List / GenericVector
• Dynamically Heterogeneous

• DataFrame
• Function, Environment
• Rcpp::Named

102
Rcpp::Named

103
Rcpp::List

104
Rcpp::Function

105
R Math Library

• Rmath.h
• PRNGs, Statistical Distributions
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/using-rmath-functions/
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/random-number-generation/
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2012/11/14/

106
Packaging

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/vignettes/Rcpp-
package.pdf
• Rcpp.package.skeleton
• Makevars
• Makevars.win

107
Extending

• Rcpp::as - from R to C++

• Rcpp::wrap - from C++ to R
• intrusive and nonintrusive extension - conversion vs.
specialization
• nonintrusive: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?OpenClosedPrinciple

• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp/Rcpp-extending.pdf
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/custom-as-and-wrap-example/

108
Extending - Rcpp::wrap - from C++ to R

// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp11)]]
#include <RcppCommon.h>

struct point { double x, y; };

namespace Rcpp { template <> SEXP wrap(const point & p); }

// [[Rcpp::export]]
point wrapped(double x, double y)
{
return point{x, y};
}

#include <Rcpp.h>

109
Extending - Rcpp::wrap - from C++ to R

namespace Rcpp
{
template <> SEXP wrap(const point & p)
{
return Rcpp::NumericVector::create(
Rcpp::Named("x") = p.x,
Rcpp::Named("y") = p.y);
}
}

/*** R
wrapped(1., 2.)
*/

110
Extending - Rcpp::wrap - from C++ to R

111
Extending - Rcpp::as - from R to C++

// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp11)]]
#include <RcppCommon.h>

struct point { double x, y; };

namespace Rcpp { template <> point as(SEXP coords); }

// [[Rcpp::export]]
double squared_norm(point p)
{
return p.x * p.x + p.y * p.y;
}

#include <Rcpp.h>

112
Extending - Rcpp::as - from R to C++

namespace Rcpp
{
template <> point as(SEXP coords_in)
{
Rcpp::NumericVector coords(coords_in);
auto x = coords[0];
auto y = coords[1];
return point{x, y};
}
}

/*** R
squared_norm(c(1., 2.))
*/

113
Extending - Rcpp::as - from R to C++

114
Exposing Classes, Modules

• Rcpp::Xptr
• http://www.r-bloggers.com/external-pointers-with-rcpp/
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/passing-cpp-function-pointers/
• RCPP_MODULE
• inspiration: Boost.Python, http://boost.org/libs/python
• in particular: BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE,
http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/h
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp/Rcpp-modules.pdf

struct point { double x, y; };

RCPP_MODULE(point_module) {
Rcpp::class_<point>("point")
.field( "x", &point::x )
.field( "y", &point::y )
;
}
115
Rcpp & Python

http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/rcpp-python/

116
Sugar

• Syntactic Sugar
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp/Rcpp-sugar.pdf

117
Sugar Example

118
Sugar

• Implementation: Expression Templates, CRTP

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/vignettes/Rcpp-
sugar.pdf
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/sugar-function-clamp/
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/sugar-for-high-level-vector-
operations/

119
RInside

• embedding R in C++ code

• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rinside.html
• install.packages("RInside")

120
RInside

121
RInside

122
More

BH: Boost C++ Header Files

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/BH/
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/bh.html
• https://github.com/eddelbuettel/bh
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/using-boost-with-bh/
RcppArmadillo: Rcpp Integration for the Armadillo Linear Algebra
Library

• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.armadillo.html
• https://github.com/RcppCore/RcppArmadillo

123
More

RcppEigen: Rcpp Integration for the Eigen Linear Algebra Library

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RcppEigen/
• https://github.com/RcppCore/RcppEigen

RcppGSL

• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.gsl.html
• https://github.com/eddelbuettel/rcppgsl

124
More

RcppParallel

• https://github.com/RcppCore/RcppParallel
• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RcppParallel/
• http://rcppcore.github.io/RcppParallel/
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/parallel-vector-sum/

CRAN Users

• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.cranusers.html

125
RcppEigen

• Eigen::Map
• http://eigen.tuxfamily.org/dox/group__TutorialMapClass.html
• http://eigen.tuxfamily.org/dox/classEigen_1_1Map.html

126
RcppEigen Example - Not Available

127
RcppEigen Example - Setup

128
RcppEigen Example - Use

129
Resources
Resources: Where to learn more

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/vignettes/
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp/Rcpp-quickref.pdf
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/
• http://www.rcpp.org/book/
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/presentations/
• http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Rcpp.html
• https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-exts.html

131
Resources: Help

• https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rcpp/vignettes/
• http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lang.r.rcpp
• http://stackoverflow.com/tags/rcpp/

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Resources: Libraries

• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/
• http://gallery.rcpp.org/articles/using-boost-with-bh/
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rquantlib.html
• https://rcppcore.github.io/RcppParallel/
• http://bit.ly/1Ltycxk

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Resources: How to stay up to date

News

• http://www.r-bloggers.com/
• http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/
• https://github.com/RcppCore/Rcpp

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Resources: How to stay up to date

Conferences

• https://www.r-project.org/conferences.html
• http://www.rinfinance.com/
• http://www.earl-conference.com/

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Resources: Slides

https://speakerdeck.com/mattpd

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Thank You!
Questions?

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