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Periodic Table Blocks of Elements

A table of the elements

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Periodic Table Blocks of Elements

A table of the elements

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trinav8411
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© © All Rights Reserved
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This entry was posted on September 21, 2020 by Anne Helmenstine (updated on May 22, 2024)

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The element blocks are s, p, d, and f. They are determined by the valence electron orbital.

Learn how to
Periodic table blocks are sets of elements grouped by their valence
prioritize efficiency,
electron orbitals. The four block names are s-block, p-block, d-block, and
maximize impact,
f-block. Should a new element be discovered, it will be in g-block. Each
and minimize
block indicates which electron sublevel is in the process of being filled.
resources for your
Charles Janet introduced the concept of element blocks as an alternative team.
to element groups (and also envisaged helix and left-step periodic tables).

Periodic Table Block Names Web!ow

The block names come from the electron azimuthal quantum number
values, which represent characteristics of spectroscopic lines: sharp (0),
principal (1), diffuse (2), or fundamental (3). G-block gets its name Open
because “g” is the next letter after “f”.

The four periodic table blocks are the basis for the main group (s- and p-
blocks), transition metal (d-block), and inner transition metal (f-block)
elements.

Element blocks determine the main group, transition metal, and inner transition metal elements.

Properties of Periodic Table Blocks


S-Block

The s-block elements (except for helium) are on the left side of the
periodic table.

With the exception of helium (and possibly hydrogen), all of the s-


block elements are metals. The s-block includes the alkali metals and
alkaline earth metals.
S-block elements tend to form soft solids with low melting points.
With the exception of helium, all s-block elements are electropositive
and reactive.
P-Block

The p-block elements are on the right side of the periodic table. They
include the last six element groups of the table (except for helium). P-
block elements include all of the nonmetals (except hydrogen and helium),
all of the metalloids, and the post-transition metals.

P-block elements can gain, lose, or share their valence electrons.


Most p-block elements form covalent compounds. The halogens form
ionic compounds with s-block elements.
D-Block

D-block elements are the transition metals (groups 3-12).

D-block elements display properties between those of the highly


reactive electropositive s-block elements and the more
electronegative p-block elements. This is why they are called
“transition” metals.
These elements are all metals, usually with two or more oxidation
states.
D-block elements tend to have high melting points and boiling points.
Many of these elements form colored complexes and salts.
D-block elements tend to be good catalysts.
F-Block

The f-block elements or inner transition metals are the lanthanides and
actinides. They are the two rows of elements found below the main body
of the periodic table.

F-block elements display variable oxidation states.


Most f-block elements have high melting points.
These elements form colored complexes and salts, but they tend to be
paler than those formed by d-block elements.
Many of the f-block elements (the actinides) are radioactive.
G-Block

The g-block elements will be elements beyond oganesson (element 118).


As these elements have not yet been synthesized, their properties have yet
to be determined.

Blocks vs Groups and Periods


Blocks, groups, and periods are three broad ways of classifying elements
based on their position on the periodic table and common properties.

Blocks indicate which electron sublevel is being filled.


Groups are the vertical columns on the periodic table. Moving down a
group adds a new electron subshell. For s-block elements, the group
number is the number of valence electrons. for p-block elements, the
group number is 10 plus the number of valence electrons. For d-block
elements, the group numbers is (n-1) the number of electrons in the
subshell plus the number of electrons in the valence shell.
Periods are the horizontal rows of the periodic table. The length of a
period is determined by the number of electrons needed to fill the
electron sublevel.

References
Gschneidner Jr., Karl A. (2016). “282. Systematics”. In Jean-Claude
G. Bünzli; Vitalij K. Pecharsky (eds.). Handbook on the Physics and
Chemistry of Rare Earths. 5050. p. 12–16. ISBN: 978-0-444-63851-
9.
Jensen, William B. (March 2015). “The positions of lanthanum
(actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an
update”. Foundations of Chemistry. 17 17: 23–
31. doi:10.1007/s10698-015-9216-1
Stewart, Philip (April 2010). “Charles Janet: Unrecognized Genius of
the Periodic System”. Foundations of Chemistry. 1212: 5–
15. doi:10.1007/s10698-008-9062-5

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