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Table of Contents
1. Archaeological Sites ........................................................................................................................... 1-2
2. Sites of the Indus Valley Civilization ............................................................................................... 2-2
Areas of Early Harappan Occupation ....................................................................... 3-3
Some Important Mature Harrapan Sites .................................................................. 4-4
Harrapan Civilization and West Asia ....................................................................... 6-6
Areas of Late Harappan Occupation ......................................................................... 7-7
Faience ............................................................................................................................ 7-7
3. Sites of the Indus Valley civilization ................................................................................................7-9
The Kuru Panchala region and neighbouring areas ........................................... 10-10
4. Mauryans .......................................................................................................................................... 11-14
Asokan Inscriptions ................................................................................................. 15-15
5. Some Important towns & Kingdoms of post Maurya Ancient India:.........................................16-16
Some Important Kingdom and Towns .................................................................. 16-17
Major Buddhist Sites ................................................................................................ 17-17
6. Trading Places names .....................................................................................................................19-27
7. Bhakti Saints .................................................................................................................................. 28-34
8. Types of Land .................................................................................................................................. 34-35
9. Tribal Communities ........................................................................................................................ 35-36
8. Vijayanagara Empire ......................................................................................................................36-36
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Table of Contents
Medieval India
1. Military campaigns under Akbar and Aurangzeb ...................................................................... 1-3
2. Other Information of Medival India .............................................................................................. 4-4
Modern India
1. Jotedars .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8
2. Important centres of revolt and the lines of British attack against the rebels ......................... 9-11
3. The Azamgarh Proclamation, 25 August 1857 ......................................................................... 11-11
4. Satara, 1943 .................................................................................................................................... 12-12
5. Bharat Mata, Abanindranath Tagore, 1905 ................................................................................ 12-12
6. Indian workers in South African march through Volksrust, 6 November 1913 ................... 12-12
7. Nineteenth-century Indentured Labour Migration ................................................................. 13-14
8. Location of large-scale industries in India, 1931 the circles indicate the size of
industries in the different regions .............................................................................................. 15-15
9. Rowlatt ........................................................................................................................................... 16-16
10. Lakshminath Bezbaruah (1868-1938) ......................................................................................... 16-16
11. Begum Rokeya Sakhawat ............................................................................................................ 16-17
12. Koshtis ........................................................................................................................................... 17-17
13. Taungya .......................................................................................................................................... 17-17
14. Pastoralists in India ...................................................................................................................... 18-21
15. Location of some tribal groups in India .................................................................................... 22-22
16. Miscellaneous ................................................................................................................................ 22-22
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Important Archaeological Sites
 Burzahom is a Neolithic site in the Kashmir Valley. Dogs were buried alongside their masters,
implements made of bone and stone have also been found.
 Mehrgarh is near Bolan Pass in Baluchistan, Pakistan. It is the oldest Agriculture-based Neolithic
settlements in the Indian subcontinent (7000 BC).
 Chirand is a Neolithic site in Bihar, India, situated on the northern bank of the Ganga River.
Implements made of bone and stone have also been found.
 Koldihwa is a Neolithic site in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated in the valleys of Belan River.
Earliest examples of rice cultivation. Mahagara is also an important site in the Belan valley Uttar
Pradesh.
 Daojali Hading is a Neolithic site in Dima Hasao District of Assam.
 Bhimbetka is located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, is renowned for its ancient rock
shelters and cave paintings. These paintings, dating back to the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods,
depict scenes of daily life, hunting, dancing, and religious rituals of prehistoric humans. The site,
nestled in the foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains, Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.
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 Inamgaon is situated in Maharashtra, western India, is an archaeological site that represents a

post-Harappan agrarian village. Positioned along the banks of the Ghod River, a tributary of the
Bhima river.
 Hunsgi is a village in the southern state in Karnataka. The valley is situated about 15 km from
the left bank of the river Krishna.
 Belum Caves (Kurnool cave), also known as Belum Guhalu in Andhra Pradesh is the amongst
the longest cave in the Indian subcontinent after the Krem Liat Prah caves in Meghalaya.
 The Brahmagiri archaeological site is located in the Tungabhadra-Hagari Doab in the Chitradurga
district of Karnataka, India. Discovered by historian and archaeologist B Lewis Rice in 1892, it
was identified as 'Isila,' the southernmost extent of the Mauryan Empire, based on the discovery
of three Ashokan edicts.
 Paiyampalli is a village situated in Tamil Nadu, India. it is renowned for its excavation site
containing remains dating back to the Neolithic and Megalithic periods.
 Adichanallur is situated on the banks of the River Tamirabarani in Thoothukudi District, Tamil
Nadu, India, is an ancient iron-age burial site. It is one of the largest such sites discovered in
India.
 Hallur is an archaeological site located in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is South India's earliest
Iron Age site, lies in a semi-arid region with scrub vegetation, located on the banks of the river
Tungabhadra.
Sites of the Indus Valley Civilization

 Dholavira is located in Gujarat, features several remarkable features including a giant water
reservoir and a unique water harnessing system.
 Lothal is situated in Gujarat, held significance as the "Manchester of the Indus Valley civilization"
due to its importance in naval trade. The site contained a well-preserved dockyard and showcased
the practice of burial of cremated remains.
 Rakhigarhi is situated in Haryana, is renowned as one of the largest sites of the Indus Valley
civilization. Notable discoveries at this site include a granary, a cemetery, well-engineered drains,
and terracotta bricks.
 Surkotada is located in Gujarat.
 Chanhu-daro is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley civilization. Located 130
kilometres south of Mohenjo-Daro, it is situated in Sindh, Pakistan.
 Sokhta Koh is a Harappan site situated on the Makran coast, near the city of Pasni, in the
Balochistan province of Pakistan.
 Ganweriwala is an archaeological site located in the Cholistan Desert of southern Punjab,
Pakistan. It was one of the largest cities within the Indus Valley civilization.
Areas of Early Harappan Occupation

Siswal  It is situated 26 km west of Hissar in India.
 It is an archaeological site dating back to the Chalcolithic age, serving as the type
site for the Siswal culture, also known as the Sothi–Siswal culture, dating from
around 3800 BC.
Damb Sadaat  It is an archaeological site and ancient settlement located in the Baluchistan region
of Pakistan.
 It is associated with the early stages of the Indus Valley civilization and dates back
to 3500 BCE.
Some Important Mature Harrapan Sites
Manda  It is located on the right bank of the Chenab River, at the foothills of the Pir
Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu.
 It was identified as the northernmost boundary of the Harappan
civilization.
Banawali  Discovered by R.S. Bisht in 1974, this archaeological site is located in

Haryana’s Fatehabad district, approximately 120 kilometers northeast of
Kalibangan.
Kalibangan  Kalibangan, meaning “black bangles,” is situated in the Hanumangarh district

of Rajasthan.
 It was positioned on the bank of River Saraswati, which had dried up by 2000
BC. Kalibangan provides evidence of both pre-Harappan culture in the lower
layer and the Harappan civilization in the upper layer.
Ganweriwala  It is an archaeological site located in the Cholistan Desert of southern Punjab,

Pakistan.
 It was one of the largest cities in the Indus Valley civilization, one of the most
extensive Bronze Age civilizations.
Kot-Diji  It is an archaeological site situated near an ancient flood channel of the Indus
River in Pakistan.
 Major findings at Kot Diji include a tar and statues of a bull and a mother
goddess. The city was destroyed, presumably by force or fire.
Amri  It is an ancient settlement dating back to 3600 BC. Situated south of Mohenjo
Daro on the Hyderabad-Dadu Road, it is over 100 kilometers north of
Hyderabad, Pakistan.
Rangpur  It is situated 50 kilometers from Ahmedabad in Gujarat, is one of the sites

where archaeologists have discovered rice husk, along with Lothal.
Nageshwar  It is located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat.

 The site is situated on the edge of a freshwater reservoir named
Bhimgaja Talao, which is linked to an ancient Saivite temple of Nageswara,
Mahadeva.
Harrapan Civilization and West Asia
Altynedype  It is located in Turkmenistan near Asgabat, is an archaeological site from the

Bronze Age (BMAC).
 It was inhabited from approximately 3200 to 2400 BCE during the Late
Regionalization Era, and from around 2400 to 2000 BCE during the Integration
Era, evolving into a fully urban site.
Shahr-e Sokhta  Situated south of Zabol in eastern Iran’s Balochistan region, Shahr-e Sokhta
is an archaeological site.
 It has provided significant insights into Bronze Age settlements in the
Helmand River valley during the 3rd millennium BC.
Tepe Yahya  It is situated in the Sogun valley in Kerman province, approximately 220 km
south of Kerman and 130 km north of the Straits of Hormuz.
Uruk  It was one of the most important cities in ancient Mesopotamia.
Rasal Janayz  Situated in the Ash-Sharqiyyah South Governorate, Oman, it marks the
easternmost point of the Arabian Peninsula.
 Significant archaeological findings at this location indicate historical
connections to the Indus Valley during ancient times.
Areas of Late Harappan Occupation
Swat  It is situated in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, is renowned

for its archaeological remnants dating back to the Late Harappan or post-
urban Harappan period.
Jhukar  It is linked with the Late Harappan period, located in the Cholistan region of
present-day Pakistan.
 During the Late Harappan phase, which marked the later stages of the Indus
Valley Civilization, urban centers declined, and rural settlements became more
common.
Cemetery H  It was a Bronze Age culture in the Punjab region in the northern part of the
Indian subcontinent, from about 1900 BCE until about 1300 BCE.
Rangpur II
Late Siswal  Located in the Hisar district of Haryana, India, the village is recognized as a
Chalcolithic-age site.
 It serves as the type site for the Siswal culture, dating back to around 3800 BC,
also known as the Sothi-Siswal culture.
Faience
Unlike stone or shell, that are found naturally, faience is a

material that is artificially produced. A gum was used to
shape sand or powdered quartz into an object. The objects
were then glazed, resulting in a shiny, glassy surface. The
colours of the glaze were usually blue or sea green.
Faience was used to make beads, bangles, earrings, and
tiny vessles
Sites of the Mahajanapadas
The Mahajanapadas were ancient Indian kingdoms that existed between the 6th and 4th centuries
BCE. There were 16 Mahajanapadas. Capitals are shown in the bracket.
 Kasi (Varanasi) - Located in modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Kosala (Sravasti) - Located in modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Prasenajit, an important ruler of Kosala, was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha.

 Anga (Champa) - Located in modern-day Bihar, India.
 Magadha (Girivraj) - Located in modern-day Bihar, India.
 Leadership: Ruled by influential monarchs such as Bimbisara and Ajatashatru.
 They were contemporaries of Gautama Buddha.
 Initially had its capital at Rajagriha (present-day Rajgir) in Bihar. However, it was later
shifted to Pataliputra (present-day Patna).
 Vajji (Vaishali) - Located in modern-day Bihar, India. Vajji was governed by a republican
system known as gana or sangha.
 The republican Mahajanapada

included prominent clans, with
the Lichchhavis being the most
powerful among them.
 Malla (Kusinara) - Located in
modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Kusinara, the capital of the
Mallas, is where Buddha
attained Parinirvana, or final
enlightenment.
 Chedi (Sothivati) - Located in
modern-day Bundelkhand region,
India.
 Vatsa (Kausambi) - Located in
modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Kuru (Indraprastha) - Located
around Meerut, India.
 Panchala - Located in modern-day
Western Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Ahichchatra (modern
Bareilly): Served as the capital
for the northern regions of Shamans are men and women who clam magical
Panchala. and healing powers, as well as an ability to
 Kampilya (modern communicate with other world.
Farrukhabad): Capital for the
southern regions of Panchala.
 Matsya (Viratanagara) - Located in modern-day Rajasthan, India.
 Surasena (Mathura) - Located in modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Asmaka/Assaka (Potana or Potali) - Located in modern-day Maharashtra and Telangana, India.
 It is situated on the banks of the Godavari River, was the only one located south of the
Vindhya range in Dakshinapatha.
 Avanti - Located in present-day Malwa region, India.
 Ujjaini: Served as the capital of the northern part of Avanti.
 Mahismati: Capital of the southern part of Avanti on Narmada river.
 Pradyota was an important ruler of Avanti.
 Gandhara (Taxila) - Located in modern-day northwestern Pakistan.
 Kamboja (Poonch) - Located in modern-day Pakistan.
The Kuru Panchala region and neighbouring areas
Hastinapura  Located in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh, is an ancient city.

 Described in Hindu texts like the Mahabharata and the Puranas as the capital of
the Kuru Kingdom, it is also referenced in ancient Jain texts.
Indraprastha  Meaning “Plain of Indra” or “City of Indra”, is referenced in ancient Indian

literature as a city of the Kuru Kingdom.
Shravasti  It is situated in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

 Capital: Kosala and the primary residence of the Buddha after his enlightenment.
Pava  Located near Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh, India, V. Mahavira passed away
here.
 It was a city of the Mallas, which the Buddha visited during his last journey.
Kushinagar  It holds significance as a revered Buddhist pilgrimage destination, believed to

be the site where Gautama Buddha attained parinirvana according to Buddhist
tradition.
Vaishali  Situated in the Mithila region of Bihar, is part of the Tirhut division.
 Birthplace of Mahavira, the founder of the Jain religion.
Patliputra  It was established when the village was fortified by Ajatashatru, the Haryanka
ruler and son of Bimbisara. Founder was Vdayin.
Kaushambi  The place was named Kaushambi as the city settlement was done by
King Kutumb, who was the 10th generation Chandravanshi king from
Pururva.
Bodh Gaya  It is located in the Gaya district of the Indian state of Bihar, is a sacred
site and a significant place of pilgrimage due to the Mahabodhi Temple
complex.
Ujjayini  Formerly known as Avantika, is a city located in the Ujjain district of the Indian
state of Madhya Pradesh.
Ayodhya  It is located on the banks of the Sarayu River in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh,
was historically known as Saketa.
 The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that religious leaders
Gautama Buddha and Mahavira visited and lived in the city.
Mauryans
The Ashokan Edicts, commissioned by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire during his reign
from 269 BCE to 232 BCE, are a pivotal historical resource shedding light on early Indian history and
the propagation of Buddhism.
Rummindei Pillar Edicts  Located in Lumbini, Nepal, part of Minor Pillar Inscriptions.
(Lumbini):  Commemorates Ashoka’s visit to Lumbini, Buddha’s birthplace.
 Ashoka exempted Lumbini from tax and fixed its grain
contribution.
 Inscriptions in Brahmi script.
Prayag-Prashasti  Situated in Prayag (Allahabad), India, originally in Kausambhi.

(Allahabad Pillar):  Contains four different inscriptions:
 Usual Ashokan inscriptions in Brahmi script.
 Queen’s edict praising Ashoka’s wife Kaurwaki’s charitable deeds.
 Inscriptions by Harisena in Sanskrit and Brahmi script, detailing
Samudragupta’s conquests and Gupta Empire boundaries.
 Jahangir’s inscriptions in Persian.

Kalsi Inscription:  Location: Kalsi, situated between Chakrata and Dehradun on the
banks of the Yamuna River.
 Unique Feature: Sole location in North India with all fourteen
rock edicts of Emperor Ashoka.
Maski Inscription:  Location: Maski village in Raichur district, Karnataka, situated

along the Maski River, a tributary of the Tungabhadra.
 Significance: Houses a minor rock edict of Emperor Ashoka,
notable for being the first to feature the name “Ashoka” instead
of “Devanampriya” or “Piyadassi.”
Kalinga Edicts:  Location: Kalinga, present-day Odisha, known for the historic
Kalinga War, a turning point in Ashoka’s life.
 Content: Eleven out of the fourteen Rock Edicts of Ashoka are
present, written in Magadhi Prakrita using early Brahmi script.
Includes two Separate Rock Edicts or Kalinga Edicts, focusing on
peace-making and aimed at pacifying the newly conquered people
of Kalinga.
RAMPURVA  Location: BIHAR

 Rampurva has both lion capital as well as bull Capital. The lion
capital is now in the Indian Museum in Kolkata, while the bull
capital is located at the center of the porch of the Rashtrapati
Bhavan.
LAURIA NANDANGHAR:  located in Bihar, it is a single block of polished sandstone. The

top is bell shaped with a circular abacus ornamented
with Brahmi geese supporting the statue of a lion.
LAURIA-ARARAJ:  it is also located in Bihar.
Delhi-Topra pillar:  Location: Originally situated in Topra Kalan, a village in present-

day Haryana, India.
 Transfer: Moved to Delhi in the 14th century by Feroz Shah
Tughlaq, a ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, indicating its cultural
and historical significance even centuries after Ashoka’s reign.
Dhauli  Dhauli is located in the ancient territory of Kalinga, now the state
of Orissa, which the emperor Ashoka Maurya (reigned 272-231
BC) conquered with appalling loss of life in about 260 BC.
 Major Rock Edicts.
 The sculpted elephant at Dhauli is a significant feature of the
monument. Positioned facing east.
Girnar  Located on the Girnar hill in Junagadh, Gujarat, India, this edict
is among the fourteen major rock edicts commissioned by Ashoka
Jaugada  The Jaugada Major Rock Edict is inscribed on a central rock within
the compound of the Jaugada fortress in the Ganjam district of
Odisha.
Kandahar  Afghanistan
 Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription is considered one of the
earliest-known inscriptions associated with Emperor Ashoka of
the Mauryan Empire
 The inscription is written in both Greek and Aramaic languages
Yerragudi  Kurnool. District in Andhra Pradesh
Brahmagiri  Situated in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka, India.

 The inscription consists of Ashokan rock edicts, inscribed in
Brahmi script.
 Marks Brahmagiri as the southernmost extent of the Mauryan
Empire.
Sannati  Sannati is a small village situated on the banks of the Bhima River
in the Kalaburagi district in Northern Karnataka.
Rupnath  An Ashokan Minor Rock-Edict

 Katni district in Madhya Pradesh.
Sopara  Location: Situated on the Konkan coast about 47 kilometres north

of Mumbai, was an important port city during ancient times.
 Historical Context: Emperor Ashoka, also known as

Devanampriya Priyadarsin, sent his missionary
Dhammarakshita to Sopara in the mid-third century BCE to
spread Buddhism in Western India.
 Script: The edict is written in Mauryan Brahmi script, which
was commonly used during the Mauryan period.
Shahbazgarhi  Location: The Shahbazgarhi rock edicts are situated in the within
the region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
 Description: They are inscribed on the surface of two large
boulders on the side of a small rocky outcrop.
 Dating back to the middle of the third century BC, they are written
from right to left in the Kharosthi script.
 The edicts are strategically located beside one of the ancient trade
routes that connected the Vale of Peshawar with the valleys of
Swat, Dir, and Chitral to the north, as well as the city of Taxila to
the southeast.
Lampaka  Location: The inscription of Lampaka is located in the valley of

Laghman (known as “Lampaka” in Sanskrit), Afghanistan.
 Language and Script: It is written in Aramaic, a language that
was the official language of the Achaemenid Empire.
Mansehra  Location: The Mansehra Rock Edicts are located close to the city
of Mansehra in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. They are cut
into the surface of three large boulders on the side of a rocky
outcrop.
 The edicts are written in the ancient Indic script of Gandhara
culture, known as Kharosthi.
Asokan Inscriptions
Brahmangiri  Benjamin L. Rice first explored this site in 1891 and discovered
rock edicts of Emperor Ashoka.
 These edicts indicated that the locality was termed as Isila and
marked the southernmost extent of the Mauryan empire.
Palkigundu and Gavimath  Situated near Koppal in Karnataka, are two locations where
inscriptions attributed to Emperor Ashoka (304–232 BCE) were
discovered.
 These inscriptions are among India’s oldest written records and
are part of Ashoka’s Minor Rock Edicts.
Rajulamandagiri  It is an archaeologically significant site where one of Asoka’s

inscriptions (minor rock edicts) was discovered.
 It is located in the SurvarGagiri–Hampî region of the central
Deccan.
Maski  Situated in the Raichur district of Karnataka, India, is both a town

and an archaeological site.
 The site gained prominence following the discovery of a minor
rock edict of Emperor Ashoka by C. Beadon in 1915.
 This was the first edict of Emperor Ashoka to contain the name
Ashoka, instead of referring to him as Devanampiye piyadasi
like the earlier edicts.
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Some Important towns & Kingdoms of post Maurya Ancient India:
Some Important Kingdom and Towns
Kushanas  Originating in the early 1st century AD, the Kushan Empire
extended across Afghanistan, most of Pakistan, Uzbekistan,
Tajikistan, and parts of northwest India.
 The rulers of the Kushan Empire belonged to a branch of the
Yeuchi tribe from Central Asia.
 In India, the Kushan Empire saw two successive dynasties: the
Kadphises, followed by the Kanishka dynasty.
Shakas  It also referred to as the Indo-Scythians or Indo-Sakas, were a
nomadic Iranian people of Scythian descent who migrated from
Central Asia to northern and western regions of ancient India
between the 2nd century BCE and the 4th century CE.
 Numerous stone palettes discovered in Gandhara are regarded
as outstanding specimens of Saka art.
 Decline: Defeat by the Satavahana Emperor Gautamiputra
Satakarni.
Vakatakas  The Vakataka dynasty governed central India for nearly three
centuries following the fall of the Satavahana empire.
 Founded by: Vindhyashakti I, the dynasty expanded its territories
and established its capital at Nandivardhana, known today as
Nagardhan in Maharashtra.
Satavahans  Also known as the Andhras, were an ancient Brahmin dynasty in

the Deccan region.
 Period: 60 BC - 225 AD
 Capital: Pratishthana (Paithan) and Amravati
 Founder: Simuka
Major Buddhist Sites
Nasik  Nashik Caves, located in the Trirashmi hills (Trirashmi is the

name of the hills, and “Leni” is a Marathi word for caves),
comprise a group of 23 caves carved between the 1st century BCE
and the 3rd century CE.
 This holy Buddhist site is situated approximately 8 km south of
the center of Nashik (or Nasik), Maharashtra, India.
 The name “Pandavleni” given to the Trirashmi Caves has no
connection with the Pandavas, characters in the Mahabharata epic.
Karle  It is one of the largest Hinayana Buddhist chaitya (temple) in India.
 It is one of the most renowned Buddhist rock-cut cave sites in the
country, housing only 15 caves.
 In Maharashtra.
Barabar  These are located in the hilly area near Makhdumpur, 25 km south
of Jehanabad.
 Dating back to the 3rd century A.D., these are ancient rock-cut
Buddhist chambers.
Bharhut  It is a village situated in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh,
central India, renowned for its significant relics from a Buddhist
stupa.
Amaravati  Located in the village of Amaravathi, Palnadu district, Andhra
Pradesh, India, is a ruined Buddhist stupa.
 It was likely constructed in phases between the third century BCE
and around 250 CE.
Trading Places Names
Barygaza  Present Bharuch in Gujarat - 3rd century BC onwards:

 Major trade hub for spice and silk trade with Arab countries.
 Centre of Roman trade under Western Satraps.
Muziris  (Malabar Coast, Kerala) - 1st century BC onwards:
 Part of the Chera Kingdom mentioned in Sangam literature.
 Exported spices, semi-precious stones, pearls, diamonds,
sapphires, ivory, Chinese silk, Gangetic spikenard, and tortoise
shells to Persia, Rome, Greece, and Egypt.
Puhar (also known as  Tamil Nadu (at the mouth of Cauvery River):
Kaveripatanam)  Associated with the Early Chola Dynasty (400 BC – 200 AD).
 Import of various articles, mentioned in Silappadikaram.
Podouke  Present Arikamedu near Puducherry- 2nd century BC – 8th

century AD:
 Trading port to trade with Rome. Exports included gems, pearls,
and spices, while wine was imported.
Barbarikon  Near Karachi, Pakistan:

 Trading center for Parthians and Scythians.
 Import of linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, glass vessels,
silver, gold plate, and wine.
 Exports included turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth,
silk yarn, and indigo.
Machilipatnam:  City in Krishna district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.

 Trading hub from the 3rd century.
 Known for exporting muslin clothes.
Paramara Dynasty:  Period of Rule: 9th to 14th centuries

 Territory: Centered in Malwa region, encompassing parts of
present-day Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan in west-central India
Chandela Dynasty  Period: 9th to 14th centuries AD

 Region of Rule: Bundelkhand (Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh, India)
 Origins: Originally vassals of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandela
rulers asserted their independence and established their own
kingdom.
 Key Characteristics: Renowned for their patronage of art and
architecture, particularly evident in the exquisite Khajuraho
Group of Monuments.
Kannauj  Dynasty: Gahadavals of Kannauj

 Period of Rule: Mid-11th century to mid-13th century AD
 Origin: Banaras (Varanasi) and Oudh (Ayodhaya) in Uttar
Pradesh
 Seat of Power: Kannauj, which became the political center of India
during their rule
 Key Rulers:
 Yashovigraha
 Jaichandra
Eastern Chalukyas  Period of Rule: 7th to 12th centuries CE

(Chalukyas of Vengi)  Origin: Branched off from the Chalukyas of Badami, with
Pulakeshin II conquering the Vengi region in the eastern Deccan.
 Location: Vengi region in present-day Andhra Pradesh.
 Capital: Originally at Pishtapura (modern-day Pitapuram), later
moved to Vengi (present-day Pedavegi, near Eluru), and then to
Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry).
Utkala  Utkala Kingdom was located in the northern and eastern portion
of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha.
Eastern Gangas  The Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga from 1028 to 1434–35.
 In Orissa from the 8th century, but Vajrahasta III, who assumed
the title of Trikalingadhipat (ruler of the three Kalingas) in 1028,
was probably the first to rule all three divisions of Kalinga.
Anarta  Anarta, an ancient kingdom mentioned in the Mahabharata,

existed during the Vedic period and encompassed the northern
region of present-day Gujarat state in India.
Kamarupa  Location: Ancient Indian state roughly corresponding to present-

day Assam in northeastern India.
 Period of Existence: Around 350 to the mid-12th century CE.
 Relationship with Gupta Empire: Initially a feudatory state of
the Gupta empire from the 6th century, later became an
independent kingdom.
 Ahom Infiltration: Faced infiltration from the east by the Ahom
tribe of northern Myanmar (Burma) in the 13th century.
 Transition to Assam: The Ahom referred to the region as Assam,
which eventually replaced Kamarupa as the accepted name for
the area.
Mansura  Location: Sindh, Pakistan.

 Period of Existence: Capital of the caliphal province of Sindh
from 750 AD to 1006 AD.
 Founder: Founded as a central garrison by the Umayyad Forces
in Sindh, later developed into a vibrant metropolis during the
Abbasid Era.
 Historical Significance:
 First capital established by Muslims in the Indian
subcontinent after Muhammad bin Qasim seized the
Brahmanabad territory.
 Renamed from Brahmanabad to Mansura by the Arab

conquerors.
Arabs of Multan  Arrival: The Arabs arrived in Multan in the early 8th century as
part of the Islamic conquest of Sindh led by Muhammad bin
Qasim in 712 AD.
Shahi family  Region: Governed the Kabul valley and the old province of
Gandhara, located in present-day Afghanistan.
 Period: Established in the 3rd century AD, lasting until the 11th
century AD.
 Encounter with Mahmud of Ghazni: Faced invasion by Mahmud
of Ghazni in 1001, leading to their defeat in 1021. (Battle of
Wahind).
 Extinction: The Shahi dynasty was thoroughly extinguished after
their defeat by Mahmud’s forces.
The Great Living  Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur: Constructed by Rajaraja I

Chola Temples  Temple at Gangaikondacholapuram: Built by Rajendra Chola I
 Airavatesvara Temple at Kumbakonam: Commissioned by
Rajaraja II
 UNESCO World Heritage Site Designation: Recognized for their
cultural significance, these Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu, India,
were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kadamba Dynasty:  Rule: present-day Karnataka region, from the 4th to the 6th
centuries CE.
 Origin: its capital likely situated at Banavasi.

Yadava Dynasty:  Rulers: from the 12th to the 14th century CE, primarily in the
present-day state of Maharashtra.
 Origins: Originally serving as feudatories under the Eastern
Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Yadavas rose to prominence under the
leadership of Bhillama, who founded Devagiri (later known as
Daulatabad) as the capital.
 Annexation: The kingdom was annexed by the Khalji empire in
1317 after successive attempts to throw off vassalage.
Kakatiya Dynasty  Period: ruled over the eastern Deccan region of present-day India
from the 12th to the 14th centuries.
 Territory: Their dominion covered much of modern Telangana
and Andhra Pradesh, along with parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
and Odisha.
 Capital: Orugallu, now known as Warangal
 Initially,served as feudatories to the Rashtrakutas and Western
Chalukyas. They gained sovereignty under Prataparudra I in 1163
CE by asserting control over the Telangana region.
 Ganapati Deva, who ruled from 1199 to 1262, significantly
expanded Kakatiya territories during the 1230s.
 Rudrama Devi, one of the few queens in Indian history, succeeded
Ganapati Deva and ruled from 1262 to 1289. She repelled attacks
from the Yadavas of Devagiri and is noted for her effective
governance.
 Recognition by Marco Polo: The rule and character of
Rudrama Devi were noted by Marco Polo during his visit to
India around 1289–1293.
Kalyani  Location: Situated in the modern-day Bidar district of Karnataka,

India.
 History: It was the capital city of Western Chalukyas, also known
as the Chalukyas of Kalyani.
Badami  Location: Situated in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka,

India.
 Historical Significance: Badami, formerly known as Vatapi, was
the capital city of the Chalukyas.
 The foundations of Badami were laid by Pulakeshi I (535 – 566
AD) his son Kirtivarman, the Ist (567 – 598 AD).
Kanchi  Location: Kanchipuram is situated in northern Tamil Nadu.

 It lies on the banks of banks of a river, Vegavati.
 Historical Significance: It served as an early capital of the Chola
dynasty.
 As the capital of the Pallava dynasty from the 3rd to the 9th
century CE.
 Architectural Heritage:
 Kailashnath Temple was built by the Pallavas during 650
AD- 705 AD.
 It consists of one of the first structural temple in South
India.
 Built by Narasimhavarman II.
 Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the temple is square-planned.
 The city produces world-famous Kanchipuram silk sarees,
sought after for their exquisite craftsmanship and intricate
designs.
Uraiyur  Location: Uraiyur is situated in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu,

India.
 Historical Significance: It holds immense historical significance
as it served as the capital of the early Cholas.
 Artisanal Expertise: Uraiyur attained great expertise in weaving
and spinning silk and cotton clothes.
 The quality of these textiles was highly esteemed, with
significant demand in the western world, especially for the
cotton fabrics woven in Uraiyur.
Thanjavur:  Location: Tamil Nadu, India

 Importance:
 Home to UNESCO World Heritage Monuments, including
the Great Living Chola Temples
 Brihadeshwara Temple, built by Chola emperor Rajaraja I,
is a prominent landmark
 Known for Tanjore painting.
 Geography: Located in the Kaveri Delta, known as the “Rice bowl
of Tamil Nadu”
 History: Rose to prominence during the reign of the Cholas,
serving as their capital.
Gangaikondacholapuram  Location: Gangaikondacholapuram, Ariyalur region, Tamil

Nadu.
 Notable Landmark: Gangaikondacholisvarar Temple.
 Construction: Built during the reign of Rajendra–I, between A.D.
1023 and 1036
 Significance:
 Constructed after Rajendra–I’s conquest of the Gangetic plains
in A.D. 1023
 Commemorates Rajendra–I’s victory, marked by the
unfurling of the Chola’s Tiger flag on the banks of the river
Ganges.
 Rajendra–I shifted his capital from Thanjavur to
Gangaikondacholapuram, making it the capital.
Banavasi  Location: Karnataka, India

 Ancient temple town and capital of the Kannada empire
Kadamba (345–540 CE)
 Kadambas ruled all of modern-day Karnataka state
 History:
 Grew around the Madhukeshwara Temple, built in the 5th
century and dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Gangavadi  Location: Gangavadi was an ancient region located in present-

day Karnataka, India.
 Gangavadi was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty from
the second half of the 4th century to 1004 A.D.
 The Western Gangas ruled over most parts of Mysore,
extending up to Kolar.
 Capital: The ancient capital of Gangavadi was Talakadu, which
was later captured by Raja Raja I of the Chola Empire in 1004
A.D. and renamed Rajarajapura.
 Dynasties:
 Western Ganga Dynasty: The predominant rulers of
Gangavadi until the arrival of the Cholas.
 Chola Empire: Ruled Gangavadi after capturing Talakadu in
1004 A.D.
 Hoysala Dynasty: Established control over Gangavadi in the
early 12th century.
Bhakti Saints
Nammalvar  Affiliation: Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism

 Role: One of the twelve Alvar saints of Tamil Nadu, India
 Contribution: His verses in the Naalayira Divya Prabandham
 Works: His hymns praise 108 temples classified as divine realms,
known as the Divya Desams
 Mystic Tradition: Highly regarded as a great mystic of the
Vaishnava tradition.
Manikkavachakar  Identity: Manikkavachakar was a Hindu mystic and poet-saint

of Shaivism.
 Time and Place: He lived during the 9th century CE in South
India, specifically in the region corresponding to present-day
Tamil Nadu.
 Background: Born into a Brahman family, Manikkavachakar
served as the chief minister to the king of Madura (modern-day
Madurai).
 Literary Masterpiece: His most renowned work is the
Tiruvachakam, meaning “Blessed Utterance,” a collection of
poems and songs expressing profound devotion to Shiva.
Ramanuja  Tamil Brahmin and exponent of Vaishnavism.

(1060-1118 AD)  Founder of Vishist Advaita philosophy: Introduced qualified
monism philosophy, believing in the oneness of God but with
qualifications.
 Settled in Srirangam and authored Sri Bhasya and Gita Bhasya.
Basavanna  Philosopher and social reformer during the reign of Kalachuri

dynasty.
 Time and Place: Basavanna lived during the 12th century CE in
Karnataka, India.
 Philosophy: Basavanna promoted egalitarian principles, rejecting
the caste system and emphasizing devotion to the formless deity,
Shiva.
 Vachana Literature: His teachings are preserved in Vachanas,
mystical poems written in Kannada.
 Social Justice: He advocated for equality and social reform,
challenging discrimination based on caste, gender, and class.
 Lingayatism: Basavanna is revered as the founder of Lingayatism,

a movement within Hinduism emphasizing devotion to Shiva
and rejecting caste distinctions.
Purandara Dasa  Time and Place: Purandara Dasa lived during the late 15th and
early 16th centuries in present-day Karnataka, India.
 Role: He was a composer, singer, and philosopher belonging to
the Haridasa tradition, a devotional movement in Hinduism.
 Philosophy: Purandara Dasa followed Madhvacharya’s Dvaita

philosophy, which emphasizes the duality between the individual
soul and the divine.
 Contribution to Carnatic Music: He is regarded as one of the
chief founding proponents of Carnatic music, a classical music
tradition in South India.
 Title: In recognition of his immense influence on Carnatic music,
he is often referred to as the Pitamaha, meaning “grandsire,” of
Carnatic music.
Dnyaneshwar  He was the first Bhakti saint in Maharashtra and wrote a

(Jnanadev) (1275-1296) commentary on the Bhagavad Gita called ‘Dnyaneshwari’.
 Born in Maharashtra, he was a follower of Vithoba (Vitthala) and
drew inspiration from the Nath Yogi Tradition, as well as the
Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita.
Namdev (1270-1350 AD)  A Vaishnavite Varkari saint born in Maharashtra, Namdev is

renowned for his bhajans.
 His devotional verses were included in the Adi Granth by Guru
Nanak.
Eknath (1533-1599)  Eknath was a prominent saint of the Varkari Panth from
Maharashtra.
 Influenced by Sufi mysticism and Vedanta philosophy, he wrote
the renowned work ‘Eknathi Bhagavata,’ a commentary on the
Bhagavata Purana.
Tukaram (1608-1650)  Tukaram was a worshipper of Vitthala or Vithoba and composed

Abhanga poetry from Maharashtra.
 He advocated for devotional congregations and kirtans while
opposing caste and gender discrimination.
Ramdas (1608-1681)  A famous saint from Maharashtra, Ramdas was a worshipper of

Hanuman and Rama.
 He established Hanuman temples across India, wrote
‘Dasbodh’ on Advaita Vedanta, and composed devotional songs
(aartis).
 He is the founder of the Samarth sect.
Narsinh Mehta (1409-1488)  He was a prominent figure in the Bhakti movement:

 Place: Narsinh Mehta was born in Gujarat, India.
 Contribution: He was a renowned Gujarati poet and a devotee

of the Vaishnavite sect. His literary works played a crucial role
in shaping Gujarati literature.
 Legacy: His most famous composition, the bhajan “Vaishnava
Jana To,” became iconic and was frequently sung by Mahatma
Gandhi, symbolizing the values of compassion and service.
Dadu Dayal (1544-1603)  Beliefs: Follower of Kabir; believed that God transcends any
particular religion or sect.
 Contemporary: Lived during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar,
who respected him.
 Origin: Born in Gujarat, later moved to Jaipur.
 Legacy: His followers established the Dadu Panth, a spiritual
tradition.
Meerabai (1498-1546):  Background: Born into a royal family in Pali, Rajasthan.

 Devotion: Devoted to Lord Krishna, regarding him as her
lover.
 Literary Contributions: Composed “bhajans” (devotional songs)
dedicated to Krishna, which are still sung today.
 Language: Wrote in Braj Bhasa and Rajasthani.
Shankardev (1449-1568)  Place: Assam, India.

 Renowned playwright, poet, saint, and scholar.
 Introduced and reformed cultural art forms like Ankia Nat,
Bhaona, Borgeet, and Sattriya dance.
 Popularized Vaishnavism in Assam.
 Initiated the Ekasarana movement, emphasizing the worship
of ‘Ekasarana’ (One God) in the form of Krishna.
 Called Krishna by different names like Hari, Narayan, and
Rama.
 His famous work “Kirtana Ghosha” was written in a simple
language for mass understanding.
 Composed works in Assamese and Brajavali.
Chaitanya Maha Prabhu  Place: Eastern India, primarily Odisha

1486-1534  Devotee of Krishna
 Popularized the chanting of “Hare Rama, Hare Krishna”,
known as the Hare Krishna mantra.
 Introduced the practice of worshipping Radha and Krishna

together.
 Propounded the Achintaya Bheda-Abheda philosophy,
emphasizing the simultaneous oneness and difference
between the individual soul and God.
 Popularized “Kirtans” (religious songs) as a form of
worshipping God.
 Authored “Siksastakam”, a Sanskrit text elaborating on his
philosophical principles and spiritual teachings.
Guru Nanak (1469-1539)  Birth: Born in Talwandi, which is now in Pakistan.

 Inspirations: Influenced by the teachings of Kabir Das.
 Roponent of the Nirguna School; emphasized “Nam Japna”
(repeated chanting of God’s name) for experiencing divine
presence.
 Criticized discriminatory caste practices and advocated for
equality among all.
 Instituted langars, community kitchens where people of all castes
and creeds could eat together.
 Guru Granth Sahib, the sacred scripture of Sikhism.
Ramananda (1300-1380 AD)  Pioneer of Bhakti Movement: Initiated Bhakti movement in

northern India, particularly devoted to Rama.
 Disciples: Included individuals from diverse backgrounds, such
as Kabir, Ravidas, Sena, Dhanna, Sadhana, Narahari, and Pipa.
Vallabhacharya  Founder of Suddhadvaita: Established Pure Non-dualism

(1479-1531 AD) philosophy, known as Pushti Marg.
 Krishna-centered:
 Salvation: Advocated salvation through deep-rooted love for God.
 Works: Authored scholarly texts like Subodhini and Siddhant
Rahasya.
Tulsidas (1543 - 1623)  Background: Indian Vaishnavite poet, devoted to the deity
Vishnu.
 Likely born in 1543 in Rajapur, India.
 Passed away in 1623 in Varanasi.
 Known for his masterpiece, the Ramcharitmanas.
Ravidas (1267–1335)  Poet-saint of the Bhakti movement.

 Revered as a guru in modern regions including Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
and Haryana.
 Teachings: Advocated for the elimination of social divisions based
on caste and gender.
 Devotional verses included in the Sikh scriptures (Guru Granth
Sahib).
Surdas (1478-1580)  Renowned poet and devout worshipper of Lord Krishna.

 Authored “Sursagar” and “Sur Saravali,” which vividly depict
Krishna’s childhood and exploits.
 Influence: Disciple of Vallabhacharya, adherent of the Pushti
Marg tradition.
 Devotion: Revered the childhood form of Lord Krishna.
Kabir Das  Born in a Hindu family but raised by a Muslim family.

(1398 or 1440-1518)  Kabir Das is associated with the city of Varanasi, located in the
state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
 Disciple of Ramananda: Influenced by Ramananda’s teachings.
 Nirguna Saint
 Unity of Gods: Advocated the unity of all gods and strongly
opposed the caste system.
 Poems compiled in the book Bijak, also included in the Guru
Granth Sahib.
 The Alvars and Nayanars were two

prominent groups of saint-poets who Nayanars and Alvars
played pivotal roles in the Bhakti There were 63 Nayanas, who belonged to different caste
movement in South India backgrounds, such as potters, “untouchable” workers,
 Together, they laid the foundation of the peasants, hunters, soldiers, Brahmanas and chiefs. The
Bhakti movement in India. best known among them were Appar, Sambandar,
Sundarar and Manikkavasagar. There are two sets of
 Alvars: compilations of their songs – Tevaram and Tiruvacakam.
 Vaishnava Poet-Saints: The Alvars, There were 12 Alvars, who came from equally divergent
meaning “those immersed in God,” backgrounds, the best known being Periyalvar, his
were devotees of Vishnu or Krishna. daughter Andal, Tondaradippodi Alvar and
Nammalvar. Their songs were complied in the Divya
 Divya Deshams: They also extolled
Prabandham.
the ‘Divya Deshams,’ the sacred
abodes of Vaishnavite deities, totalling 108.
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 Andal: Andal stands out as the lone female Alvar saint, often compared to Meera Bai of the
North.
 Nayannars:
 Tamil Saints of Shiva: The Nayannars, numbering 63, were devoted to Lord Shiva.
 Tevaram: Their hymns and lives are chronicled in the ‘Tevaram,’ also known as the Dravida
Veda.
 Compilation: On the request of Chola King Raja Raja I, their compositions were compiled
into the ‘Tirumurai’ by his priest.
Ahom Kingdom:
 Founding: Established in 1228 in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam by Chaolung Sukapha.
 Consolidation: During the sixteenth
century, they annexed the kingdoms of the
Chhutiyas (1523) and of Koch-Hajo (1581)
and subjugated many other tribes.
 Duration: Retained sovereignty for
approximately 600 years until annexed by
British India in 1826.
 Key Events:
 Battle of Saraighat (1671): Lachit
Borphukan led Ahom forces to victory
against the Mughals, ensuring the
kingdom’s sovereignty.
 Annexation by British India (1826): Treaty
of Yandaboo marked the end of Ahom rule
and the beginning of British colonial
administration in Assam.
Types of Land
 Chola inscriptions metnon several categories of land:
 Vellanvagai
 land of non-Brahmana peasant proprietors
 brahmadeya
 Land gifted to Brahmanas
 shalabhoga
 land for the maintenance of a school
 devadana, tirunamattukkani
 Land gifted to temples
 pallichchhandam
 Land donates to Jaina institutions
Tribal Communities
 Tribal communities were widespread across the Indian subcontinent during the medieval period.
 Before the Mughal Empire’s expansion into the Indian subcontinent, various Tribal groups and
dynasties held sway over different parts of the region.
 Langahs and Arghuns were dominant tribes in Multan and Sindh before being subdued by the
Mughals.
 In the western Himalayas, the Gaddis were a shepherd tribe.
 They inhabited the mountainous regions and pursued a pastoral lifestyle.
 Khokhar tribe was influential during the 13th and 14th centuries in Punjab.
 Gakkhars gained prominence later, with Kamal Khan Gakkhar being appointed as a noble by
Akbar.
 The Janjuah is a Punjabi Rajput clan found predominantly in the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistani
Punjab.
 Kacharis are a collection of ethnic groups primarily residing in the Northeast Indian states of
Assam, Tripura, and Meghalaya.
 They speak languages belonging to the Bodo-Garo language family or Assamese.
 The Bodo-Kacharis are concentrated in the Brahmaputra valley region of Northeast India.
 The Koch are a small ethnic group residing in Assam and Meghalaya in India, as well as in
northern Bangladesh.
 The Kolis are one of the largest tribal groups in the western part of India.
 They have a significant presence in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
 Jaitwa is a clan found among both Rajputs and the Koli caste in Gujarat, India.
 Vetars, Maravars, and Koragas are tribal populations from the southern regions of India.
 The Badagas are an ethno-linguisic community living in the Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu, India.
Vijayanagara Empire
Lotus Mahal: It is an important monument in Hampi.
 It is a virtual air-conditioned residence built for one of the two wives of Vijayanagara ruler
Krishnadevaraya.
Virupaksha Temple: A 7th-century Shiva temple, is located in Hampi, Central Karnataka, a UNESCO
World Heritage Site.
 Lord Virupaksha, also known as Pampapathi, is the main deity.
 The temple was constructed by Lakkan Dandesha, a chieftain (nayaka), under the rule of
Deva Raya II, also known as Prauda Deva Raya, of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Vitthala temple: It was constructed during the reign of King Devaraya II (1422 – 1446 A.D.), dates
back to the 15th century.
 The temple was further expanded and embellished during the reign of Krishnadevaraya (1509–
1529 A.D.), a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Medieval India
Malwa  The initial most expedition of Akbar was against Malwa in 1561 A.D.
 Malwa was ruled by Baaj Bahadur, whose capital was Sarangpur.
 Akbar sent his army under the leadership of Adham Khan to defeat Baaj
Bahadur.
 Outcome of First Expedition: Adham Khan defeated Baaj Bahadur, but he kept
most of the acquired wealth, angering Akbar.
 Acceptance of Supremacy: After the defeat, Baj Bahadur accepted Akbar’s
supremacy and became his mansabdar.
Military campaigns under Akbar and Aurangzeb
Siege of  Time period: Around 1567 to 1568.

Chittorgarh  Mughal Expedition: Led by Emperor Akbar, the Mughal Empire aimed to
conquer the Mewar kingdom.
 Strategic Importance: Chittorgarh, the capital of the Sisodia Rajputs, was a
key target due to its strategic location.
 Religious Context: Akbar framed the siege as a religious crusade, declaring it
a Jihad against the “infidels”.
 Leadership: Rao Jaimal Rathore and Rawat Patta Sisodia led the defense.
Siege of  Time: Around 1569

Ranthambore  Background: Akbar, emboldened by his victories at Thanesar and Chittorgarh,
targeted Ranthambore, believed to be impregnable.
 Rulers: The fort was defended by Rao Surjan Hada, of the Hada clan of Bundi,
who initially refused to surrender.
 Surrender: After intense bombardment and strategic pressure, Rao Surjan Hada
opened the gates on 21 March 1568, submitting to Akbar.
Gujarat  Akbar undertook his Gujarat campaign in 1572-1573.

Campaign  Internal Strife: Gujarat was embroiled in internal strife among its nobles,
prompting one noble to invite Akbar for intervention.
 Conquest: Akbar intervened in 1572 and successfully conquered Gujarat by 1573.
 Province of Mughal Empire: After the conquest, Gujarat became a province of
the Mughal Empire.
 Buland Darwaza: Akbar celebrated the victory by constructing the Buland
Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri.
Bengal  Background: After Sulaiman Kararani’s acceptance of Akbar’s suzerainty in

campaign 1568, his son Daud Khan rejected Akbar’s authority, leading to conflict.
 Akbar’s Intervention: Akbar launched expeditions in 1574 and 1576 to assert
his control over Bengal and Bihar, which were under Daud Khan’s rule.
 Military Campaign: Akbar’s forces engaged in battles with Daud Khan’s army,
aiming to bring Bengal and Bihar under Mughal control.
 Defeat of Daud Khan: In 1576, Daud Khan was decisively defeated by Akbar’s
forces in Bihar, leading to the end of his rule.
 End of Afghan Empire: The defeat of Daud Khan marked the end of the Afghan
empire in northern India.
Other  The Kashmir region was subjugated in 1586, Sindh in 1591, and Kandahar
Campaigns (Afghanistan) in 1595.
of Akbar
Cities in Delhi
Siri:  Created by Alauddin Khilji in the early 14th century.

 Influenced by the Saljuk style of architecture, with craftsmen from West Asia
contributing to its construction.
 Represented today by remnants of thick stone walls and the Hauz Khas
reservoir.
Tughluqabad:  Established by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq in the second decade of the 14th

century.
Jahanpanah:  Built by Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq in the first half of the 14th century.

 A wall enclosure located between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri, often referred to
as the fourth city of Delhi.
Firozabad:  Created by Firuz Shah Tughlaq in the second half of the 14th century.
 Located next to the Yamuna river, it contained palaces, mosques, and a water
tank.
 Notable for the large-scale restoration and repair work undertaken by Firuz
Shah Tughlaq.
Other Information of Medival India
Dargah of Shaikh Bahauddin Zakariya: The 13th-century Shrine resides in Multan, Punjab
province, Pakistan.
 It honors the Muslim mystic Bahauddin Zakariya, who established the Suhrawardiyya order
of Sufism.
Amara is believed to be derived from the Sanskrit Amin was an official responsible for
word samara, meaning battle or war. It also resembles ensuring that imperial regualtions
the Persian term amir, meaning a high noble. were carried out in the provinces.
Lahore  Prominent structures constructed during the Mughal Empire era include the
Badshahi Mosque, Lahore Fort, and the Shalimar Gardens.
Samarqand  Established in the 7th century B.C.
 Babur traced his lineage from the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan through
the Chagatai line and from Timur, the founder of the Timurid dynasty that
thrived in Samarkand.

Modern India
COMPANY  Zamindars were responsible

for
(a) paying revenue to the
company
(b) distributing the revenue
ZAMINDAR
(controls numerous demand (jame) over villages.
villages)  Each village ryot, big or
small, paid rent to the
zamindar.
JOTEDAR  Jotedars gave out loans to
RYOT (a rich ryot, also other ryots and sold their
a trader and
money lender) produce.
 Ryots cultivated some land
and gave out the rest to
UNDER-RYOT under-ryots on rent.
UNDER-RYOT  Under-ryots and rent to the
ryots.
Ryot is the way the term raiyat, used to designate Taluqdar literally means “one who
peasants. Ryots in Bengal did not always holds a talqu” or a connection. Taluq
cultivate the land directly, but leased it out to under- came to refer to a territorial unit.
ryots.
Jotedars
 Emergence and Consolidation:
 Jotedars were a class of rich peasants who emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in
Bengal, particularly in North Bengal.
 They consolidated their position in villages by acquiring vast landholdings, often spanning
several thousand acres.
 Influence:
 Jotedars controlled local trade and moneylending activities in addition to their agricultural
holdings.
 They exercised significant power over poorer cultivators and sharecroppers, who cultivated
their land and shared the produce.
 Jotedars wielded considerable influence within villages, often surpassing that of zamindars
who were more urban-based.
 They resisted zamindars’ attempts to increase village revenue, mobilized dependent ryots,
and delayed revenue payments to zamindars.
 The rise of jotedars weakened the traditional authority of zamindars, altering power dynamics
in rural Bengal.
 In instances where zamindars failed to meet revenue payments, jotedars were among those
who purchased estates at auctions.
Maharaja Mehtab Chand (1820-79). Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805)

When the Permanent Settlement was painted by Thomas Gainsborough,
imposed, Tejchand was the Raja of 1785.
Burdwan. Subsequently under He was the commander of the British
Mehtab Chand the estate propered. forces during the American War of
Mehtab Chand helped the British Independence and the Governor
General of Bengal when the
during the Santhal rebellion and the
Permanent Settlement was introduced
1857 revolt.
there in 1793.
 Qazi
A judge
 Mercantile  Mahal  Mufti

A business enterprise In British revenue A jurist of the Muslim community
that makes profit records, mahal is a responsible for expounding the law
primarily through revenue estate which that the qazi would administer.
trade, buying goods may be a village or a
 Impeachment
cheap and selling group of villages.
them at higher prices. A trial by the House of Lords in
England for charges of misconduct
brought against a person in the
House of Commons.
 Bigha  Orientalists
A unit of measurement of land. Those with a scholarly
Before British rule, the size of knowledge of the
this area varied. In Bengal the language and culture
British standardised it to about of Asia.
one-third of an acre.
Who was Buchanan?

Francis Buchanan was physician who came to India and served in the Bengal Medical
Service (from 1794 to 1815). For a few years he was surgeon to the Governor-General of
India, Lord Wellesley. During his stay in Calcutta (present-day Kolkata), he organised a
zoo that became the Calcutta Alipore Zoo: he was also in charge of the Botanical Gardens
for a short period. On the request of the Government of Bengal, he undertook detailed
surveys of the areas under the jurisdiction of the British East India Company. In 1815 he
fell ill and returned to England. Upon his mother's death. he inherited her property and
assumed her family name Hamilton. So he is often called.
Aquantint is a picture produced A Sahukar was someone who

by cutting into a copper sheet acted as both a moneylender and
with acid and then printing it. a trader.
Mutiny: A collective disobedience of rules and regulations within the armed forces Revolt - a rebellion
of people against established authority and power. The terms ‘revolt’ and ‘rebellion’ can be used
synonymously.
In the context of the revolt of 1857 the term revolt refers primarily to the uprising of the civilian
population (peasants. zamindars, rajas, jagirdars) while the mutiny was of the sepoys.
Resident British was the designation of a representative of the Governor General who lived in a
state which was not under direct Briths rule.
The Maratha
 The Maratha
Empire was a
confederacy led
by five major
chiefs.
 These chiefs were
the Peshwa
headquartered at
Poona, the
Gaekwad ruling
from Baroda, the
Sindhia based in
Gwalior, the
Holkar seated in
Indore, and the
Bhonsle at
Nagpur.
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Important centres of revolt and the lines of British attack against the rebels
DumDum
 Location: Modern West Bengal, India.
 Overview: The Dum Dum Arsenal was a crucial British military facility situated near Dum
Dum in contemporary West Bengal, India.
 The revolt of 1857 was started in the region of Dum Dum Arsenal in February 1857.
The British Response

 Delhi: Lieutenant Willoughby, John Nicholson, Lieutenant Hudson
 Kanpur: Sir Hugh Wheeler, Sir Colin Campbell
 Lucknow: Henry Lawrence, Brigadier Inglis, Henry Havelock, James Outram, Sir Colin Campbell
 Jhansi: Sir Hugh Rose
 Benaras: Colonel James Neill.
Delhi
 Leader: General Bakht Khan
 Bakht Khan led the rebellion in Delhi, assuming the role of commander-in-chief and forming a
court to govern in Bahadur Shah Zafar’s name.
Kanpur
 Leader: Nana Saheb
 Nana Saheb, adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, played a significant role in the revolt, attacking
British soldiers and declaring himself Peshwa after capturing British entrenchments.
Lucknow
 Leader: Begum Hazrat Mahal
 Begum Hazrat Mahal, wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, led the rebellion in Lucknow, rallying
resistance against British annexation of Awadh and ruling in her son’s name.
Jhansi
 Leader: Rani Lakshmibai
 Rani Lakshmibai valiantly defended Jhansi against British forces, fighting bravely until her death,
becoming an icon of resistance.
Bihar (Arrah region):

 Leader: Kunwar Singh
 Kunwar Singh, an elderly zamindar, organized resistance against the British in Bihar, leading a
distinct band of soldiers and merging civil and military rebellions.
Bareilly
 Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla declared independence at Bareilly - the capital of Rohilkhand.
 Cow slaughter was banned by him
The Azamgarh Proclamation, 25 August 1857
This is one of the main sources of our knowledge about what the rebels wanted:
 It is well known to all, that in this age the people of Hindostan, both Hindoos and
Mohammedans, are being ruined under the tyranny and the oppression of the infidel and
treacherous English. It is therefore the bounden duty of all the wealthy people of India,
especially those who have any sort of connection with the Mohammedan royal families, and
are considered the pastors and masters of their people, to stake their lives and property for
the well-being of the public.
Title: The Azamgarh Proclamation (Manifesto of the 1857 Revolutionaries)

 Authors: Primarily authored by Firoz Shah, the grandson of Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II.
 Context: The proclamation was issued during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the
First War of Independence, against British colonial rule.
 Purpose: To articulate the grievances of various sections of society under British rule and to rally
support for the Mughal Empire’s efforts to establish sovereignty over India.
Key Points:
 Outlined the injustices faced by Hindus and Muslims alike under British rule.
 Urged rulers and chieftains to accept the throne of Delhi and protect their subjects.
 Called upon individuals from diverse backgrounds, including landlords, merchants, public
servants, and artisans, to support the Badshahi Government.
 Promised a better economic, social, and cultural future under Mughal rule after the defeat of the
British.
 Warned of severe consequences, including confiscation of property, imprisonment, and death
sentences, for those who continued to support colonial rule.
 Significance: Demonstrated the unity of diverse communities in India against British oppression
and highlighted the broader struggle for freedom transcending religious boundaries.
Satara, 1943
From the late nineteenth century, a non-Brahman movement, which opposed the caste system and
landlordism, had developed in Maharashtra. This movement established links with the national
movement by the 1930s.
In 1943, some of the younger leaders in the Satara district of Maharashtra set up a parallel
government (prati sarkar), with volunteer corps (seba dals) and village units (tufan dals). They
ran people's courts and organised constructive work. Dominated by kunbi peasants and supported
by dalits, the Satara prati sarkar functioned till the elections of 1946, despite government repression
and, in the later stages, Congress disapproval.
After Mahatma Gandhi’s release from prison in January 1931. Congress leaders met at Allahabad to plan the
future course of action.
New Words
 Conservatism: A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change
 Plebiscitc: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
Bharat Mata, Abanindranath Tagore, 1905

 Notice that the mother figure here is shown as dispensing
learning, food and clothing. The mala in one hand
emphasises her ascotic quality. Abanindranath Tagore,
like Ravi Varma before him, tried to develop a style of
painting that could be seen as truly Indian.
Indian workers in South African march through Volksrust, 6 November 1913

 Mahatma Gandhi was leading the workers from Newcastle to Transvaal. When the marchers
were stopped and Gandhiji arrested, thousands of more workers joined the satyagraha against
racist laws that denied rights to non-whites.
Nineteenth-century Indentured Labour Migration

 Illustrates the dual nature of the era: economic growth alongside great misery, technological
advances alongside new forms of coercion.
 Hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers migrated globally for plantation, mining,
road, and railway projects.
 Indian indentured labourers hired under contracts promising return travel after five years of
work.
 Most Indian indentured workers originated from eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, central India,
and dry districts of Tamil Nadu.
 Economic changes in their regions, including declining cottage industries and rising land rents,
led to migration in search of work.
Destinations:
 Main destinations: Caribbean islands (Trinidad, Guyana, Surinam), Mauritius, Fiji.
 Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya, while workers were also recruited for tea plantations
in Assam.
Cultural Adaptation:
 Workers found ways to survive and express themselves, blending different cultural forms.
 Examples include transforming Muharram procession into ‘Hosay’ carnival in Trinidad and the
emergence of Rastafarianism.
 ‘Chutney music’ in Trinidad and Guyana reflects post-indenture experiences.
Abolition:
 India’s nationalist leaders opposed indentured labour migration as abusive and cruel, leading to
its abolition in 1921.
 Descendants of Indian indentured workers, often referred to as ‘coolies’, faced challenges and
alienation in the Caribbean islands post-abolition.
New Words
 Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific
amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
New Words
 1918-19 : Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra.
 April 1919 : Gandhian hartal against Rowlatt Act; Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
 January 1921 : Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched officially.
 February 1922 : Chauri Chaura; Gandhiji withdraws Non-Cooperation movement.
 May 1924 : Alluri Sitarama Raju arrested ending a two-year armed tribal struggle.
 December 1929 : Lahore Congress; Congress adopts the demand for 'Purna Swaraj'.
 1930 : Ambedkar establishes Depressed Classes Association.
 March 1930 : Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking salt law at Dandi.
 March 1931 : Gandhiji ends Civil Disobedience Movement
 December 1931 : Second Round Table Conference.
 1932 : Civil Disobedience re-launched.
New Words
 Orient: The countries to the east of the Mediterranean, usually referring to Asia. The
term arises out of a western viewpoint that sees this region as pre-modern, traditional and
mysterious.
 Spinning Jenny: Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, this machine speeded up the spinning
process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion
a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time.
Location of large-scale industries in India, 1931

The circles indicate the size of industries in the different regions
Distribution of Industries:
 After the war, factory industries experienced steady growth, but they constituted only a small
portion of the economy.
 In 1911, about 67% of industries were located in Bengal and Bombay.
Small-Scale Production:
 Across the rest of the country, small-scale production remained dominant.
 In 1911, only 5% of the industrial labour force worked in registered factories, rising to 10% by 1931.
New Words
 Protestant Reformation: A sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church
dominated by Rome. Martin Luther was one of the main Protestant reformers. Several traditions
of anti-Catholic Christianity developed out of the movement
Rowlatt
 During the First World War, under the Defence of India Rules, 22 newspapers had to furnish
securities. Of these, 18 shut down rather than comply with government orders. The Sedition
Committee Report under Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls that led to imposition
of penalties on various newspapers. At the outbreak of the Second World War, the Defence of
India Act was passed, allowing censoring of reports of war-related topics. All reports about the
Quit India movement came under its purview. In August 1942, about 90 newspapers were
suppressed.
 The Sedition Committee, was formed in response to growing concerns over sedition and political
unrest in India during the early 20th century.
 Chaired By: Sir Sidney Rowlatt, a British judge.
 The recommendations of the Sedition Committee led to the introduction of the Rowlatt Act in
1919.
Lakshminath Bezbaruah (1868-1938)

 He was a doyen of modern Assamese literatgure. Burhi Aair Sadhu (Grandma’
Tales) is among his notable works. He penned the popular song of Assam,
‘O Mor Apuna Desh’ (O’ my beloved land).
Begum Rokeya Sakhawat

 In 1926, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein, a noted educationist and literary figure, strongly
condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion as she
addressed the Bengal Women's Education Conference.
 ‘The opponents of female education say that women will become unruly ... Fie! They call
themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenet of Islam which gives Women an equal
right to education. If men are not led astray once educated, why should women?’
 Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain: Born 1880 in Pairabondh (now Bangladesh), advocate for women’s
education and social reform.
 Established Sakhawat Memorial Girls’ High School in Kolkata in 1909, school for Bengali Muslim
girls.
 Founded the Muslim Women’s Association and Anjuman-e-Khawateen-e-Islam to support and
educate Muslim women.
Literary works:
 “Sultana’s Dream” - A feminist utopian short story envisioning a world where women hold
power and men are confined.
 “Padmarag” - A novella addressing issues of gender equality and women’s empowerment.
 “Matichur” - A collection of essays critiquing social prejudices and advocating for women’s rights.
 “Abarodhbasini” - Explores the impact of the purdah system on women’s lives in Bengali society.
 “Narir Odhikar” - An unfinished article discussing women’s rights and social reform.
Koshtis
 Reporting on the Koshtis, a community of weavers, the Census Report of Central Provinces stated:
 'The Koshtis, like the weavers of the finer kinds of cloth in other parts of India, have fallen upon
evil times. They are unable to compete with the showy goods which Manchester sends in such
profusion, and they have of late years emigrated in great numbers, chiefly to Berar, where as day
labourers they are able to obtain wages...
New Words
 Bhabar: A dry forested area below the foothills of Garhwal and Kumaun
 Bugyal: Vast meadows in the high mountains
 Deported: Forcibly removed from one's own country.
 Exiled: Forced to live away from one's own country.
 Allies: The Allied Powers were initially led by the UK and France. In 1941 they were joined by
the USSR and USA. They fought against the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy and Japan.
Baigas are a forest community of New words Central India. In 1892, after their shifting cultivation
was stopped, they petitioned to the government:
Taungya
 Taungya is a system of forest management in which land is cleared and planted initially to food
crops.
 Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a
harvestable stand of timber.
 Taungya is believed to have been developed by the British in Burma during the nineteenth century.
 Taungya cultivation was a system in which local farmers were allowed to cultivate temporarily
within a plantation.
 The men make holes in the soil using long bamboo poles with iron tips. The women sow paddy
in each hole.
Pastoralists in India
Raikas  The Raikas are a camel-herding community indigenous to the desert regions
of Rajasthan, India.
 They migrate seasonally in search of grazing grounds and water sources for
their livestock, establishing temporary settlements called “dhandis” during
their journeys.
 A camel fair at Balotra in western Rajasthan: The Maru Raikas also display
their expertise in training their camels in the fare.
Maldhari:  Maldharis are nomadic tribal herdsmen residing in Gujarat, India

 It serves as an occupational term or title utilized by various herdsmen or
practitioners of animal husbandry in Gujarat.
Gujjar  The Gujjar Bakarwals are a pastoralist community residing in the Jammu and
Bakarwals Kashmir.
 The Gujjar Bakarwals are primarily herders of goats and sheep, known for
their expertise in animal husbandry.
Gaddi  The Gaddi community refers to a pastoralist group primarily found in the state
community of Himachal Pradesh, India.
 Occupation: The Gaddis are predominantly shepherds, specializing in the
rearing and herding of sheep and goats.
Gujjar  The Gujjar cattle herders are a pastoralist community primarily found in the
Garhwal and Kumaon regions of Uttarakhand and other parts of northern
India.
Bhotiyas,  Bhotiyas, Sherpas, and Kinnauris are among the pastoral communities of the
Sherpas, Himalayas that practice cyclical movement between summer and winter
and Kinnauris pastures.
 They have to adjust to seasonal changes and make effective use of available
pastures in different places
Dhangars  The Dhangars are a pastoralist community primarily found in the Indian state
of Maharashtra.
 The Dhangars traditionally inhabit the central plateau of Maharashtra, which
is characterized by semi-arid conditions, low rainfall, and sparse vegetation.
They primarily reside in rural areas and villages across the region.
Gollas:  In the dry central plateau regions of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
 The Gollas primarily focus on herding cattle.
Kurumas and  In the dry central plateau regions of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
Kurubas  The Kurumas and Kurubas are pastoralist communities that specialize in rearing
sheep and goats.
 In addition to herding, they are skilled in weaving blankets from wool obtained
from their flocks.
Banjara  The Banjara community is traditionally nomadic and hails from regions
including Rajasthan, North-West Gujarat, Western Madhya Pradesh.
 They claim descent from the Agnivanshi Rajputs and are known by various
names such as Banjari, Pindari, Bangala, Labhani, Lamadi, Lambani, and
others.
 The community is divided into three main tribes: Maturia, Labana, and Charan.
 Banjaras have migrated and settled in various parts of India, including Andhra
Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, and others.
 They speak languages dominant in their respective regions of settlement,
including Lambadi (a Rajasthani dialect), Hindi, Telugu, and others.
Monpa  The Monpa tribe resides predominantly in the Indian state of Arunachal
Pradesh, primarily in the districts of Tawang and West Kameng.
 They have a migration history from Changrelung and are believed to be the
only nomadic tribe in Northeast India, relying on animals like sheep, cow,
yak, goats, and horses.
 The Monpas share a close affinity with the Sharchops of Bhutan.
 Monpas follow the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism, with Tawang Monastery
playing a central role in their daily lives.
Bedouins:  Nomadic Arab ethnic group traditionally inhabiting desert regions of the
Middle East and North Africa.
 Primarily found in countries like Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Syria.
 Known for their expertise in camel herding and desert survival skills.
Berbers:  Indigenous ethnic group of North Africa, primarily inhabiting regions of

Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania.
 Historically practiced pastoralism, agriculture, and trade.
 Known for their distinct language, culture, and traditional knowledge of desert
and mountain environments.
Maasai:  Indigenous pastoral community residing in Kenya and Tanzania.

 Known for their cattle-herding lifestyle, distinct cultural practices, and
colorful attire.
 Face challenges such as loss of grazing lands, restrictions on movement, and
socio-economic changes.
Tuareg  The Tuareg people are a Berber ethnic group inhabiting the Sahara Desert.
 They primarily reside in a vast region spanning from southwestern Libya to
southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso.
 Traditionally, the Tuareg are nomadic pastoralists, moving with their herds of
camels, goats, and sheep in search of water and grazing land.
Pastoral communities in Africa

The inset shows the location of the Maasais in Kenya and Tazania.
Zulu  The Zulu people are a native ethnic group of Southern Africa belonging to
the Nguni linguistic group.
Nama  The Nama, also known as Namaqua, are an African ethnic group found in
South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana.
Herero  The Herero are a Bantu ethnic group residing in parts of Southern Africa.
 While the Herero primarily live in Namibia, there are significant populations
of Herero people in Botswana and Angola as well.
Location of some tribal groups in India
 Rathwa tribe in Gujarat.

 Classified as Scheduled Tribes in August 2022 by the Government of Gujarat.
 Pithora is a ritualistic painting done on walls by tribes such as the Rathwa, Bhils, and Bhilala.
 Reang are the second largest tribal community of Tripura. They are recognized as one of the 75
primitive tribes in India.
 The Apatani tribe is an indigenous community residing in the Ziro Valley of Arunachal Pradesh,
India.
 The Irula are an indigenous Dravidian ethnic group primarily found in the Indian states of
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka.
Miscellaneous
 A Khojaki manuscript, derived from the local landa (“clipped” mercantile script), was used by
the linguistically diverse community of Khojahs in the Punjab, Sind, and Gujarat to record the
ginan, which were initially transmitted orally.


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PRELIMS 2024

History NCERT Mapping

Under the Guidance of

Timeline of Timeline of Timeline of Timeline of

Modern India Ancient India Medieval India History

Important Rivers Important National Important Important

Budget 2024-25 Important Year End Review Military Exercises

HISTORY NCERT MAPPING

HISTORY NCERT MAPPING

Important Archaeological Sites

 Inamgaon is situated in Maharashtra, western India, is an archaeological site that represents a

Sites of the Indus Valley Civilization

Areas of Early Harappan Occupation

Some Important Mature Harrapan Sites

Banawali  Discovered by R.S. Bisht in 1974, this archaeological site is located in

Kalibangan  Kalibangan, meaning “black bangles,” is situated in the Hanumangarh district

Ganweriwala  It is an archaeological site located in the Cholistan Desert of southern Punjab,

Rangpur  It is situated 50 kilometers from Ahmedabad in Gujarat, is one of the sites

Nageshwar  It is located on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat.

Harrapan Civilization and West Asia

Altynedype  It is located in Turkmenistan near Asgabat, is an archaeological site from the

Uruk  It was one of the most important cities in ancient Mesopotamia.

Areas of Late Harappan Occupation

Swat  It is situated in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, is renowned

Unlike stone or shell, that are found naturally, faience is a

Sites of the Mahajanapadas

 Prasenajit, an important ruler of Kosala, was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha.

 The republican Mahajanapada

The Kuru Panchala region and neighbouring areas

Hastinapura  Located in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh, is an ancient city.

Indraprastha  Meaning “Plain of Indra” or “City of Indra”, is referenced in ancient Indian

Shravasti  It is situated in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Kushinagar  It holds significance as a revered Buddhist pilgrimage destination, believed to

Prayag-Prashasti  Situated in Prayag (Allahabad), India, originally in Kausambhi.

 Jahangir’s inscriptions in Persian.

Maski Inscription:  Location: Maski village in Raichur district, Karnataka, situated

RAMPURVA  Location: BIHAR

LAURIA NANDANGHAR:  located in Bihar, it is a single block of polished sandstone. The

LAURIA-ARARAJ:  it is also located in Bihar.

Delhi-Topra pillar:  Location: Originally situated in Topra Kalan, a village in present-

Yerragudi  Kurnool. District in Andhra Pradesh

Brahmagiri  Situated in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka, India.

Rupnath  An Ashokan Minor Rock-Edict

Sopara  Location: Situated on the Konkan coast about 47 kilometres north

 Historical Context: Emperor Ashoka, also known as

Lampaka  Location: The inscription of Lampaka is located in the valley of

Rajulamandagiri  It is an archaeologically significant site where one of Asoka’s

Maski  Situated in the Raichur district of Karnataka, India, is both a town

Revise the Entire

Prelims 2024 History (Secure 30+ Marks)

Under the Guidance of

Target 110+ in Prelims 2024

Under the Guidance of

Some Important towns & Kingdoms of post Maurya Ancient India:

Some Important Kingdom and Towns

Satavahans  Also known as the Andhras, were an ancient Brahmin dynasty in

Major Buddhist Sites

Nasik  Nashik Caves, located in the Trirashmi hills (Trirashmi is the

Trading Places Names

Barygaza  Present Bharuch in Gujarat - 3rd century BC onwards: