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Unit-X EE IIIsem

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14 views12 pages

Unit-X EE IIIsem

Uploaded by

Saumya Tomar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Online Class

on

“Unit-4 (Power Factor Improvement)”

Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering


Engineering College Bikaner, Rajasthan
Introduction (contents/syllabus):

❖ Causes and effects of low power factor and advantages of power factor
improvement.

❖ Power factor improvement using shunt capacitors and synchronous


condensers.

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Power Factor (Background): Contd…

❖ alternating current (AC) form of electrical energy is used for generation,


transmission and distribution
❖ The power factor immediately comes into picture when AC power is used.
❖ Loads (eg. induction motors, are lamps) are inductive in nature and hence
have low lagging power factor.
❖ The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current,
resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power
system.

Power Factor:
The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as
power factor.

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Power Factor:
❖ There is a phase difference between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit.
The cosine of the this phase difference is known as power factor.
❖ In the below figure of the phasor diagram of an inductive load (lagging load),
cos 𝜙 is the power factor.
❖ The power factor is being told by lagging and leading according to the load.
𝟎 ≤ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 ≤ 𝟏
I cos  a V
o

I sin 

I
b
For Resistive load, 𝜙 = 0°, cos 𝜙 = 1
For pure Capacitive load, 𝜙 = 90°, cos 𝜙 = 0 (leading)
For pure Inductor load, 𝜙 = 90°, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 0 (lagging)

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Power Triangle and Impedance Triangle:
VI cos  a
o R a
o
 
X
VI sin 
VI Z

b b
Active power, P = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙, Reactive power, Q = 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜙,
Apparent power, S = 𝑉𝐼 = (𝑃2 +𝑄2 )

𝑷𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒂
❖ Power factor, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 = = =
𝑺
𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒃
𝑹
❖ From impedance triangle, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 =
𝒁

Causes of low pf : i) induction motors, ii) Electric discharge lamps, Arc lamps
and industrial heating furnaces
Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat
Disadvantages of power factor (Need of pf improvement):
❖ The power consumed in the load depends upon the power factor of the load.

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜙


𝑃
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜙
1. Large copper losses: 𝐼 2 𝑟 loss will be higher with low power factor
2. Greater conductor size: Material required (size and type of wire) for
transmission and distribution depends on current. It will be higher if the
current is higher due to lower factor.
3. Poor voltage regulation (VR): VR is difference between no-load and full-load
voltages. It will be poorer for low power factor.
4. Large kVA rating of equipment:
5. Reduced handling capacity of system:

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Power Factor Improvement:
❖ The power factor can be improved using some devices which are taking
leading power. Capacitor is one such device.
❖ A capacitor draws the leading current and hence neutralize the effect of
inductive load.

Concept of power factor improvement: Inew I

I
L R IC L R
O O
V A V A
D C D
L L

IC
V

V
2
I

1
Inew
I

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Power Factor Improvement Equipment/ Methods:
1. Static capacitors

2. Synchronous condenser

3. Phase advancers

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Power Factor Improvement Equipment/ Methods:
❖ Static capacitors

➢ Parallel capacitors can be used to improve the power factor. The


capacitors used are generally known as static capacitor.
➢ A capacitor draws a leading current and neutralizes the lagging reactive
component of load current.
➢ the capacitors can be connected in delta or star for three-phase loads.
Static capacitors are used for power factor improvement in industries.

➢ The capacitors are easy to install and requires no maintenance.


➢ However, A capacitor can easily damaged due to overvoltage.
Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat
Power Factor Improvement Equipment/ Methods:
❖ Synchronous condenser
➢ A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and thus it
works like a capacitor.
➢ An over-excited synchronous motor running on no-load is known as
synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel with the
supply, it takes a leading current which partly neutralizes the lagging reactive
component of the load.
Im
Inew IL
3-phase C
load V
 new
Im L
Inew
synchronous
condenser IL

➢ By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be
changed by any amount. This helps in achieving smooth control of power factor.
➢ Limitations: i) losses in the motor are high ii) maintenance cost is high iii) produces noise

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Numericals on Power Factor Improvement:
❖ Ex. 1: A single phase motor connected to 400 V, 50 Hs supply takes 31.7 A at a
power factor of 0.7 lagging. Calculate the capacitance required in parallel with the
motor to increase power factor to 0.9 lagging.
❖ Solution:

IC

90 degree V
 2 25.8
1 Inew
45.5
I

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat


Tutorial on Power Factor Improvement:
❖ Q. 1: An electrical load is running on 0.65 lagging power factor with the supply
voltage 230V, 50Hz. It is dragging the 10 A current. Find the value of capacitor
which is required in parallel with the load to increase power factor to 0.95 lagging.
❖ Solution:

Unit-3 Dr. Ganesh P. Prajapat

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