College Algebra Concepts Through Functions 3rd Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual
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Chapter 6
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 6.1 Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2, y = −1 , or
1. 3x + 4 = 8 − x (2, −1) , is a solution of the system of equations.
4x = 4
3 x + 2 y = 2
x =1 8.
x − 7 y = −30
The solution set is {1} .
Substituting the values of the variables:
2. a. 3x + 4 y = 12 3(− 2) + 2(4) = − 6 + 8 = 2
x-intercept: 3x + 4 ( 0 ) = 12 (− 2) − 7(4) = − 2 − 28 = −30
3x = 12 Each equation is satisfied, so x = − 2, y = 4 , or
x=4 (− 2, 4) , is a solution of the system of equations.
y-intercept: 3 ( 0 ) + 4 y = 12
3x − 4 y = 4
4 y = 12
9. 1 1
y=3 2 x − 3 y = − 2
Substituting the values of the variables:
1
3(2) − 4 2 = 6 − 2 = 4
1 (2) − 3 1 = 1 − 3 = − 1
2
2 2 2
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2, y = 1 , or
2
( )
1
2, , is a solution of the system of equations.
2
b. 3x + 4 y = 12
4 y = −3x + 12 2x + 1 y = 0
2
3 10.
y = − x+3 3 x − 4 y = − 192
4
3 Substituting the values of the variables, we obtain:
A parallel line would have slope − . 1 1
4
2 − 2 + 2 ( 2 ) = −1 + 1 = 0
3. inconsistent
3 − − 4 ( 2 ) = − 3 − 8 = − 19
1
4. consistent; independent 2 2 2
5. (3, −2) Each equation is satisfied, so x = − 1 , y = 2 , or
2
6. consistent; dependent
( 1
)
− , 2 , is a solution of the system of equations.
2
2 x − y = 5
7.
5 x + 2 y = 8
Substituting the values of the variables:
2(2) − (−1) = 4 + 1 = 5
5(2) + 2(−1) = 10 − 2 = 8
649
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x− y = 3 3 ( 2 ) + 3 ( −2 ) + 2 ( 2 ) = 6 − 6 + 4 = 4
11. 1
2 − 3 ( −2 ) + 2 = 2 + 6 + 2 = 10
2 x + y = 3
Substituting the values of the variables, we obtain: 5 ( 2 ) − 2 ( −2 ) − 3 ( 2 ) = 10 + 4 − 6 = 8
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2 , y = −2 ,
4 − 1 = 3
z = 2 , or (2, −2, 2) is a solution of the system of
1
2 (4) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 equations.
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 4, y = 1 , or
4x − 5z = 6
(4, 1) , is a solution of the system of equations.
16. 5 y − z = −17
− x − 6 y + 5 z = 24
x− y = 3
12. Substituting the values of the variables:
−3x + y = 1
4 ( 4 ) − 5 ( 2 ) = 16 − 10 = 6
Substituting the values of the variables:
( −2 ) − ( −5 ) = −2 + 5 = 3 5 ( −3) − ( 2 ) = −15 − 2 = −17
−3 ( −2 ) + ( −5 ) = 6 − 5 = 1 − ( 4 ) − 6 ( −3) + 5 ( 2 ) = −4 + 18 + 10 = 24
Each equation is satisfied, so x = − 2, y = −5 , or Each equation is satisfied, so x = 4 , y = −3 ,
(− 2, −5) , is a solution of the system of equations. z = 2 , or (4, −3, 2) , is a solution of the system
of equations.
3x + 3 y + 2 z = 4
x + y = 8
13. x − y − z = 0 17.
2 y − 3z = −8 x − y = 4
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
Substituting the values of the variables: second equation and solve:
3(1) + 3(−1) + 2(2) = 3 − 3 + 4 = 4 y = 8− x
1 − (−1) − 2 = 1 + 1 − 2 = 0 x − y = 4
2( −1) − 3(2) = −2 − 6 = −8
x − (8 − x) = 4
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 1, y = −1, z = 2 , x −8+ x = 4
or (1, −1, 2) , is a solution of the system of 2 x = 12
equations. x=6
Since x = 6, y = 8 − 6 = 2 . The solution of the
4x −z =7
system is x = 6, y = 2 or using ordered pairs
14. 8 x + 5 y − z = 0
− x − y + 5 z = 6 (6, 2) .
Substituting the values of the variables: x + 2 y = −7
4 ( 2) −1 = 8 −1 = 7 18.
x + y = −3
8 ( 2 ) + 5 ( −3) − 1 = 16 − 15 − 1 = 0 Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
−2 − ( −3) + 5 (1) = −2 + 3 + 5 = 6
second equation and solve:
Each equation is satisfied, so x = 2 , y = −3 , x = −7 − 2 y
z = 1 , or (2, −3, 1) , is a solution of the system of x + y = −3
equations. (−7 − 2 y ) + y = −3
−7 − y = −3
3x + 3 y + 2 z = 4 −4 = y
15. x − 3 y + z = 10 Since y = −4, x = −7 − 2(−4) = 1 . The solution
5 x − 2 y − 3 z = 8
Substituting the values of the variables:
650
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
of the system is x = 1, y = −4 or using an 8 + 2y = 0
ordered pair, (1, − 4) . 2y = −8
y = −4
5 x − y = 21 The solution of the system is x = 8, y = − 4 or
19.
2 x + 3 y = −12 using ordered pairs (8, −4)
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
add the equations to eliminate y: 4 x + 5 y = − 3
15 x − 3 y = 63 22.
2 x + 3 y = −12 − 2y = −8
Solve the second equation for y and substitute
17 x = 51 into the first equation:
x=3 4 x + 5 y = − 3
Substitute and solve for y: y=4
5(3) − y = 21
4 x + 5(4) = −3
15 − y = 21
4 x + 20 = −3
−y = 6
4 x = −23
y = −6
23
The solution of the system is x = 3, y = −6 or x=−
4
using ordered an pair ( 3, −6 ) . 23
The solution of the system is x = − , y = 4 or
4
x + 3y = 5 23
20. using ordered pairs − , 4 .
2 x − 3 y = − 8 4
Add the equations:
x + 3 y = 5 3x − 6 y = 2
2 x − 3 y = − 8 23.
5 x + 4 y = 1
3x = −3 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
x = −1 each side of the second equation by 3, then add
to eliminate y:
Substitute and solve for y:
−1 + 3 y = 5 6 x − 12 y = 4
3y = 6 15 x + 12 y = 3
y=2 21x =7
The solution of the system is x = −1, y = 2 or 1
x=
using ordered pairs (−1, 2) . 3
Substitute and solve for y:
= 24 3 (1/ 3) − 6 y = 2
3x
21. 1− 6y = 2
x + 2 y = 0
Solve the first equation for x and substitute into −6y = 1
the second equation: 1
y=−
x=8 6
x + 2 y = 0 1 1
The solution of the system is x = , y = − or
3 6
1 1
using ordered pairs , − .
3 6
651
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 2 x − y = 0
2 x + 4 y = 27.
24. 3 4 x + 2 y = 12
3x − 5 y = −10
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
Multiply each side of the first equation by 5 and second equation and solve:
each side of the second equation by 4, then add y = 2x
to eliminate y:
4 x + 2 y = 12
10
10 x + 20 y = 4 x + 2(2 x) = 12
3
4 x + 4 x = 12
12 x − 20 y = −40
8 x = 12
110 3
22 x = x=
3 2
5 3 3
x=− Since x = , y = 2 = 3
3 2 2
Substitute and solve for y:
3
3 ( −5 / 3) − 5 y = −10 The solution of the system is x = , y = 3 or
2
−5 − 5 y = −10 3
using ordered pairs ,3 .
− 5 y = −5 2
y =1
5 3 x + 3 y = −1
The solution of the system is x = − , y = 1 or
3 28. 8
4 x + y = 3
5
using ordered pairs − , 1 . Solve the second equation for y, substitute into
3
the first equation and solve:
2x + y = 1 3x + 3 y = −1
25.
8
4 x + 2 y = 3 y = 3 − 4 x
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
second equation and solve: 8
3x + 3 − 4 x = −1
y = 1− 2x 3
3x + 8 − 12 x = −1
4 x + 2 y = 3
−9 x = −9
4 x + 2(1 − 2 x) = 3 x =1
4x + 2 − 4x = 3 8 8 4
Since x = 1, y = − 4(1) = − 4 = − .
0 =1 3 3 3
This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent. 4
The solution of the system is x = 1, y = − or
3
x− y =5
26. 4
−3x + 3 y = 2 using ordered pairs 1, − .
3
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
x + 2y = 4
x = y + 5 29.
2 x + 4 y = 8
−3x + 3 y = 2 Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
−3( y + 5) + 3 y = 2 second equation and solve:
−3 y − 15 + 3 y = 2 x = 4 − 2 y
0 = 17 2 x + 4 y = 8
This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
652
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
2(4 − 2 y ) + 4 y = 8 3x − 2 y = 0
32.
8 − 4y + 4y = 8 5 x + 10 y = 4
0=0 Multiply each side of the first equation by 5, and
These equations are dependent. The solution of the add the equations to eliminate y:
system is either x = 4 − 2 y , where y is any real 15 x − 10 y = 0
4− x 5 x + 10 y = 4
number or y = , where x is any real number.
2
20 x =4
Using ordered pairs, we write the solution as
1
{( x, y) x = 4 − 2 y, y is any real number} or as x=
5
4− x Substitute and solve for y:
( x, y ) y = , x is any real number .
2 5 (1/ 5 ) + 10 y = 4
1 + 10 y = 4
3x − y = 7
30. 10 y = 3
9 x − 3 y = 21 3
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the y=
10
second equation and solve:
1 3
y = 3x − 7 The solution of the system is x = , y = or
5 10
9 x − 3 y = 21
1 3
9 x − 3(3x − 7) = 21 using ordered pairs , .
5 10
9 x − 9 x + 21 = 21
0=0 2 x + 3 y = 6
These equations are dependent. The solution of the
33. 1
system is either y = 3 x − 7 , where x is any real x − y = 2
y+7 Solve the second equation for x, substitute into
number is x = , where y is any real number.
3 the first equation and solve:
Using ordered pairs, we write the solution as 2 x + 3 y = 6
{( x, y) y = 3x − 7, x is any real number} or as 1
x = y + 2
y+7
( x, y ) x = , y is any real number .
1
3 2 y + + 3y = 6
2
2 x − 3 y = −1 2y +1+ 3y = 6
31.
10 x + y = 11 5y = 5
Multiply each side of the first equation by –5, y =1
and add the equations to eliminate x: 1 3
Since y = 1, x = 1 + = . The solution of the
−10 x + 15 y = 5 2 2
10 x + y = 11
3
system is x = , y = 1 or using ordered pairs
16 y = 16 2
y =1 3
, 1 .
Substitute and solve for x: 2
2 x − 3(1) = −1
2 x − 3 = −1
2x = 2
x =1
The solution of the system is x = 1, y = 1 or
using ordered pairs (1, 1).
653
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 1 3
x + y = −2 3 x − 2 y = −5
34. 2
36.
x − 2 y = 8 3 x + 1 y = 11
Solve the second equation for x, substitute into 4 3
the first equation and solve: Multiply each side of the first equation by –54
1 and each side of the second equation by 24, then
x + y = −2 add to eliminate x:
2
x = 2 y + 8 −18 x + 81 y = 270
18 x + 8 y = 264
1
(2 y + 8) + y = − 2 89 y = 534
2
y + 4+ y = −2 y= 6
2y = −6 Substitute and solve for x:
y = −3 3 1
x + (6) = 11
Since y = −3, x = 2(−3) + 8 = − 6 + 8 = 2 . The 4 3
solution of the system is x = 2, y = −3 or using 3
x + 2 = 11
4
ordered pairs (2, −3) .
3
x=9
4
1 1
2 x + 3 y = 3 x = 12
35. The solution of the system is x = 12, y = 6 or
1 x − 2 y = −1 using ordered pairs (12, 6).
4 3
Multiply each side of the first equation by –6 and 3x − 5 y = 3
each side of the second equation by 12, then add 37.
to eliminate x: 15 x + 5 y = 21
Add the equations to eliminate y:
−3 x − 2 y = −18
3x − 8 y = −12 3 x − 5 y = 3
15 x + 5 y = 21
− 10 y = −30
18 x = 24
y= 3
4
x=
Substitute and solve for x: 3
1 1 Substitute and solve for y:
x + (3) = 3 3 ( 4 / 3) − 5 y = 3
2 3
1 4 − 5y = 3
x +1 = 3
2 −5 y = −1
1
x=2 1
2 y=
5
x=4
The solution of the system is x = 4, y = 3 or 4 1
The solution of the system is x = , y = or
using ordered pairs (4, 3). 3 5
4 1
using ordered pairs , .
3 5
654
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
2 x − y = − 1 4 3
38. x − y = 0
1 3
x + 2 y = 2 40.
6 + 3 = 2
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2, x 2 y
and add the equations to eliminate y:
1 1
2 x − y = −1 Rewrite letting u = , v= :
2 x + y = 3 x y
4u − 3v = 0
4x = 2
3
1 6u + 2 v = 2
x=
2 Multiply each side of the second equation by 2,
1 and add the equations to eliminate v:
Substitute and solve for y: 2 − y = −1
2 4u − 3v = 0
1 − y = −1
12u + 3v = 4
−y = −2 16u =4
y=2 4 1
u= =
1 16 4
The solution of the system is x = , y = 2 or
2 Substitute and solve for v:
1 1
using ordered pairs , 2 . 4 − 3v = 0
2 4
1 − 3v = 0
1 1 −3v = −1
x + y = 8
1
39. v=
3 − 5 = 0 3
x y 1 1
Thus, x = = 4, y = = 3 . The solution of the
1 1 u v
Rewrite letting u = , v= :
x y system is x = 4, y = 3 or using ordered pairs
u+ v=8 (4, 3).
3u − 5v = 0 x− y = 6
Solve the first equation for u, substitute into the
41. 2 x − 3 z = 16
second equation and solve: 2 y + z = 4
u = 8 − v
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and
3u − 5v = 0 add to the second equation to eliminate x:
3(8 − v) − 5v = 0 −2 x + 2 y = −12
24 − 3v − 5v = 0 2x − 3 z = 16
−8v = −24 2 y − 3z = 4
v=3 Multiply each side of the result by –1 and add to
1 1 the original third equation to eliminate y:
Since v = 3, u = 8 − 3 = 5 . Thus, x = = , −2 y + 3z = − 4
u 5
1 1 2y + z = 4
y= = . The solution of the system is
v 3 4z = 0
1 1 1 1 z=0
x = , y = or using ordered pairs , .
5 3 5 3 Substituting and solving for the other variables:
655
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2y + 0 = 4 2 x − 3(0) = 16 4 y − 4 z = −8
2y = 4 2 x = 16 −4 y + 7 z = 11
y=2 x =8 3z = 3
The solution is x = 8, y = 2, z = 0 or using z =1
ordered triples (8, 2, 0). Substituting and solving for the other variables:
x − 2(−1) + 3(1) = 7
2x + y = − 4 y −1 = − 2
x+2+3= 7
42. − 2 y + 4 z = 0 y = −1
3 x − 2 z = −11 x=2
The solution is x = 2, y = −1, z = 1 or using
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and ordered triples (2, −1, 1) .
add to the second equation to eliminate y:
4x + 2 y = −8
2 x + y − 3z = 0
− 2 y + 4z = 0
44. − 2 x + 2 y + z = −7
4x + 4z = − 8 3x − 4 y − 3z = 7
1
Multiply each side of the result by and add to Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and
2 add to the second equation to eliminate y; and
the original third equation to eliminate z: multiply each side of the first equation by 4 and
2x + 2z = − 4 add to the third equation to eliminate y:
3x − 2 z = −11 −4 x − 2 y + 6 z = 0
5x = −15 − 2 x + 2 y + z = −7
x = −3 − 6x + 7z = − 7
Substituting and solving for the other variables:
8 x + 4 y − 12 z = 0
2(−3) + y = − 4 3(−3) − 2 z = −11
3x − 4 y − 3z = 7
−6 + y = −4 −9 − 2 z = −11
y=2 − 2z = − 2 11x − 15 z = 7
z =1 Multiply each side of the first result by 11 and
The solution is x = −3, y = 2, z = 1 or using multiply each side of the second result by 6 to
ordered triples (−3, 2, 1) . eliminate x:
−66 x + 77 z = −77
x − 2 y + 3z = 7 66 x − 90 z = 42
43. 2 x + y + z = 4 −13z = −35
−3x + 2 y − 2 z = −10 35
z=
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and 13
add to the second equation to eliminate x; and Substituting and solving for the other variables:
multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and 35
add to the third equation to eliminate x: − 6 x + 7 = −7
−2 x + 4 y − 6 z = −14 13
245
2x + y + z = 4 − 6x + = −7
13
5 y − 5 z = − 10 336
− 6x = −
3x − 6 y + 9 z = 21 13
−3x + 2 y − 2 z = −10 56
x=
− 4 y + 7 z = 11 13
4
Multiply each side of the first result by and
5
add to the second result to eliminate y:
656
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
56 35 x− y− z = 1
2 + y − 3 = 0
13
13 47. − x + 2 y − 3 z = − 4
112 105 3x − 2 y − 7 z = 0
+ y− =0
13 13 Add the first and second equations to eliminate
7 x; multiply the first equation by –3 and add to
y=−
13 the third equation to eliminate x:
56 7 35 x− y− z = 1
The solution is x = , y=− , z= or − x + 2 y − 3z = − 4
13 13 13
56 7 35 y − 4z = − 3
using ordered triples , − , .
13 13 13
−3x + 3 y + 3 z = −3
x − y − z =1
3x − 2 y − 7 z = 0
45. 2 x + 3 y + z = 2
3x + 2 y y − 4 z = −3
=0
Add the first and second equations to eliminate z: Multiply each side of the first result by –1 and
x − y − z =1 add to the second result to eliminate y:
− y + 4z = 3
2x + 3y + z = 2
y − 4 z = −3
3x + 2 y =3
0= 0
Multiply each side of the result by –1 and add to
the original third equation to eliminate y: The system is dependent. If z is any real
−3x − 2 y = −3 number, then y = 4 z − 3 .
3x + 2 y = 0 Solving for x in terms of z in the first equation:
x − (4 z − 3) − z = 1
0 = −3
x − 4z + 3 − z = 1
This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
x − 5z + 3 = 1
2x − 3y − z = 0 x = 5z − 2
The solution is {( x, y , z ) x = 5 z − 2, y = 4 z − 3 ,
46. − x + 2 y + z = 5
3x − 4 y − z = 1 z is any real number}.
Add the first and second equations to eliminate
2x − 3y − z = 0
z; then add the second and third equations to
eliminate z: 48. 3x + 2 y + 2 z = 2
2x − 3y − z = 0 x + 5 y + 3z = 2
−x + 2 y + z = 5 Multiply the first equation by 2 and add to the
x− y =5 second equation to eliminate z; multiply the first
equation by 3 and add to the third equation to
−x + 2 y + z = 5 eliminate z:
3x − 4 y − z = 1 4x − 6 y − 2z = 0
3x + 2 y + 2 z = 2
2x − 2 y =6
7x − 4y =2
Multiply each side of the first result by –2 and add
to the second result to eliminate y: 6 x − 9 y − 3z = 0
−2 x + 2 y = −10 x + 5 y + 3z = 2
2x − 2 y = 6 7x − 4y =2
0 = −2
Multiply each side of the first result by –1 and
This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
add to the second result to eliminate y:
657
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
−7 x + 4 y = − 2 3x − 2 y + 2 z = 6
7x − 4y = 2
50. 7 x − 3 y + 2 z = −1
0= 0 2 x − 3 y + 4 z = 0
The system is dependent. If y is any real Multiply the first equation by –1 and add to the
4 2 second equation to eliminate z; multiply the first
number, then x = y+ . equation by –2 and add to the third equation to
7 7 eliminate z:
Solving for z in terms of x in the first equation: −3x + 2 y − 2 z = − 6
z = 2x − 3y
7 x − 3 y + 2z = −1
4y + 2
= 2 − 3y 4x − y = −7
7
8 y + 4 − 21 y −6 x + 4 y − 4 z = −12
=
7 2x − 3y + 4z = 0
−13 y + 4 −4 x + y = −12
=
7 Add the first result to the second result to
4 2 eliminate y:
The solution is ( x, y, z ) x = y + ,
7 7 4x − y = − 7
13 4 − 4 x + y = −12
z = − y + , y is any real number .
7 7 0 = −19
This result is false, so the system is inconsistent.
2 x − 2 y + 3z = 6
x+ y− z = 6
49. 4 x − 3 y + 2 z = 0
− 2 x + 3 y − 7 z = 1 51. 3 x − 2 y + z = −5
x + 3 y − 2 z = 14
Multiply the first equation by –2 and add to the
second equation to eliminate x; add the first and Add the first and second equations to eliminate
third equations to eliminate x: z; multiply the second equation by 2 and add to
−4 x + 4 y − 6 z = −12 the third equation to eliminate z:
x+ y− z = 6
4x − 3 y + 2z = 0
3x − 2 y + z = −5
y − 4 z = −12
4x − y = 1
2 x − 2 y + 3z = 6
6 x − 4 y + 2 z = −10
− 2x + 3y − 7z = 1
x + 3 y − 2 z = 14
y − 4z = 7
7x − y = 4
Multiply each side of the first result by –1 and
add to the second result to eliminate y: Multiply each side of the first result by –1 and
− y + 4 z = 12 add to the second result to eliminate y:
−4 x + y = −1
y−4z = 7
7x − y = 4
0 = 19
3x = 3
This result is false, so the system is inconsistent.
x =1
Substituting and solving for the other variables:
4(1) − y = 1 3(1) − 2(3) + z = −5
− y = −3 3 − 6 + z = −5
y=3 z = −2
The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = − 2 or using
ordered triplets (1, 3, −2) .
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Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
x − y + z = −4 1
−3 + 2 − z = −3
52. 2 x − 3 y + 4 z = −15 2
5 x + y − 2 z = 12
−3 + 1 − z = −3
Multiply the first equation by –3 and add to the − z = −1
second equation to eliminate y; add the first and
third equations to eliminate y: z =1
−3x + 3 y − 3z = 12 1
The solution is x = −3, y = , z = 1 or using
2 x − 3 y + 4 z = −15 2
−x + z = −3 1
ordered triplets −3, , 1 .
z = x −3 2
x − y + z = −4
x + 4 y − 3z = − 8
5 x + y − 2 z = 12
54. 3x − y + 3 z = 12
6x − z= 8 x + y + 6z = 1
Substitute and solve:
Add the first and second equations to eliminate
6 x − ( x − 3) = 8 z; multiply the first equation by 2 and add to the
6x − x + 3 = 8 third equation to eliminate z:
5x = 5 x + 4 y − 3z = − 8
x =1 3x − y + 3z = 12
z = x − 3 = 1− 3 = − 2
4x + 3 y = 4
y = 12 − 5 x + 2 z = 12 − 5(1) + 2(− 2) = 3
The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = − 2 or using 2 x + 8 y − 6 z = − 16
ordered triplets (1, 3, −2) . x + y + 6z = 1
3x + 9 y = −15
x + 2 y − z = −3
Multiply each side of the second result by −1/ 3
53. 2 x − 4 y + z = −7
− 2 x + 2 y − 3z = 4 and add to the first result to eliminate y:
4x + 3y = 4
Add the first and second equations to eliminate
z; multiply the second equation by 3 and add to −x − 3y = 5
the third equation to eliminate z: 3x =9
x + 2y − z = − 3 x=3
2x − 4 y + z = − 7 Substituting and solving for the other variables:
3x − 2 y = −10 3 + 3 y = −5
6 x − 12 y + 3z = − 21 3y = −8
− 2 x + 2 y − 3z = 4 8
y=−
4 x − 10 y = − 17 3
8
Multiply each side of the first result by –5 and 3 + − + 6z = 1
add to the second result to eliminate y: 3
−15 x + 10 y = 50 2
6z =
4 x − 10 y = −17 3
1
−11x = 33 z=
x= −3 9
8 1
Substituting and solving for the other variables: The solution is x = 3, y = − , z = or using
3(−3) − 2 y = −10 3 9
− 9 − 2 y = −10 8 1
ordered triplets 3, − , .
− 2 y = −1 3 9
1
y=
2
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
55. Let l be the length of the rectangle and w be 59. Let x = the number of pounds of cashews.
the width of the rectangle. Then: Let y = is the number of pounds in the mixture.
l = 2w and 2l + 2w = 90 The value of the cashews is 5x .
The value of the peanuts is 1.50(30) = 45.
Solve by substitution:
The value of the mixture is 3y .
2(2 w) + 2w = 90
Then x + 30 = y represents the amount of mixture.
4 w + 2w = 90
5 x + 45 = 3 y represents the value of the mixture.
6w = 90
w = 15 feet Solve by substitution:
5 x + 45 = 3( x + 30)
l = 2(15) = 30 feet
2 x = 45
The floor is 15 feet by 30 feet.
x = 22.5
56. Let l be the length of the rectangle and w be So, 22.5 pounds of cashews should be used in
the width of the rectangle. Then: the mixture.
l = w + 50 and 2l + 2 w = 3000
60. Let x = the number of liters of 30% solution and
Solve by substitution: y = the number liters of 65% solution. Then:
2( w + 50) + 2w = 3000
x + y = 14
2 w + 100 + 2w = 3000
0.30 x + 0.65 y = 0.40(14)
4w = 2900
Solve the first equation for y: y = 14 − x
w = 725 meters
Solve by substitution:
l = 725 + 50 = 775 meters 0.30 x + 0.65(14 − x) = 5.6
The dimensions of the field are 775 meters by
0.3x + 9.1 − 0.65 x = 5.6
725 meters.
0.35 x = 3.5
57. Let x = the number of commercial launches and x = 10
y = the number of noncommercial launches. y = 14 − 10 = 4
Then: x + y = 78 and y = 3x − 2 The chemist needs 10 liters of the 30% solution
Solve by substitution: and 4 liters of the 65% solution.
x + (3 x − 2) = 78 y = 3(20) − 2
61. Let s = the price of a smartphone and t = the
4 x = 80 y = 60 − 2 price of a tablet. Then:
x = 20 y = 58 s + t = 965
In 2012 there were 20 commercial launches and 58 340 s + 250t = 270500
noncommercial launches.
Solve the first equation for t: t = 965 − s
58. Let x = the number of adult tickets sold and Solve by substitution:
340 s + 250(965 − s ) = 270500
y = the number of senior tickets sold. Then:
340 s + 241250 − 250 s = 270500
x + y = 325
90 s = 29250
9 x + 7 y = 2495
s = 325
Solve the first equation for y: y = 325 − x
t = 965 − 325 = 640
Solve by substitution: The price of the smartphone is $325.00 and the
9 x + 7(325 − x) = 2495 price of the tablet is $640.00.
9 x + 2275 − 7 x = 2495
2 x = 220
x = 110
y = 325 − 110 = 215
There were 110 adult tickets sold and 215 senior
citizen tickets sold.
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Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
62. Let x = the amount invested in AA bonds. 175 + y = 200
Let y = the amount invested in the Bank y = 25
Certificate. The average airspeed of the plane is 175 mph,
a. Then x + y = 150, 000 represents the total and the average wind speed is 25 mph.
investment.
0.10 x + 0.05 y = 12, 000 represents the 64. Let x = the average wind speed and y = the
earnings on the investment. distance.
Solve by substitution: Rate Time Distance
0.10(150, 000 − y ) + 0.05 y = 12, 000 With Wind 150 + x 2 y
15, 000 − 0.10 y + 0.05 y = 12, 000 Against 150 − x 3 y
− 0.05 y = −3000 (150 + x)(2) = y
y = 60, 000
(150 − x)(3) = y
x = 150, 000 − 60, 000 = 90, 000 Solve by substitution:
Thus, $90,000 should be invested in AA (150 + x)(2) = (150 − x)(3)
Bonds and $60,000 in a Bank Certificate.
300 + 2 x = 450 − 3x
b. Then x + y = 150, 000 represents the total 5 x = 150
investment. x = 30
0.10 x + 0.05 y = 14, 000 represents the Thus, the average wind speed is 30 mph.
earnings on the investment.
65. Let x = the number of $25-design.
Solve by substitution:
Let y = the number of $45-design.
0.10(150, 000 − y ) + 0.05 y = 14, 000
Then x + y = the total number of sets of dishes.
15, 000 − 0.10 y + 0.05 y = 14, 000
25 x + 45 y = the cost of the dishes.
− 0.05 y = −1000
Setting up the equations and solving by
y = 20, 000 substitution:
x = 150, 000 − 20, 000 = 130, 000
x + y = 200
Thus, $130,000 should be invested in AA
Bonds and $20,000 in a Bank Certificate. 25 x + 45 y = 7400
Solve the first equation for y, the solve by
63. Let x = the plane’s average airspeed and y = the substitution: y = 200 − x
average wind speed. 25 x + 45(200 − x ) = 7400
Rate Time Distance 25 x + 9000 − 45 x = 7400
With Wind x+ y 3 600 − 20 x = −1600
Against x− y 4 600 x = 80
y = 200 − 80 = 120
( x + y )(3) = 600
Thus, 80 sets of the $25 dishes and 120 sets of
( x − y )(4) = 600 the $45 dishes should be ordered.
1
Multiply each side of the first equation by , 66. Let x = the cost of a hot dog.
3
Let y = the cost of a soft drink.
1
multiply each side of the second equation by , Setting up the equations and solving by
4 substitution:
and add the result to eliminate y
x + y = 200 10 x + 5 y = 35.00
x − y = 150 7 x + 4 y = 25.25
2 x = 350 10 x + 5 y = 35.00
x = 175 2x + y = 7
y = 7 − 2x
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
7 x + 4(7 − 2 x ) = 25.25 x+ y =5
7 x + 28 − 8 x = 25.25 x− y =3
− x = −2.75 2x = 8
x = 2.75 x=4
y = 7 − 2(2.75) = 1.50 4+ y = 5
A single hot dog costs $2.75 and a single soft y =1
drink costs $1.50.
Pamela's average speed is 4 miles per hour and
67. Let x = the cost per package of bacon. the speed of the current is 1 mile per hour.
Let y = the cost of a carton of eggs. 69. Let x = the # of mg of compound 1.
Set up a system of equations for the problem: Let y = the # of mg of compound 2.
3x + 2 y = 13.45 Setting up the equations and solving by
2 x + 3 y = 11.45 substitution:
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and 0.2 x + 0.4 y = 40 vitamin C
each side of the second equation by –2 and solve
by elimination: 0.3 x + 0.2 y = 30 vitamin D
9 x + 6 y = 40.35 Multiplying each equation by 10 yields
− 4 x − 6 y = −22.90 2 x + 4 y = 400
5x = 17.45 6 x + 4 y = 600
x = 3.49 Subtracting the bottom equation from the top
Substitute and solve for y: equation yields
3(3.49) + 2 y = 13.45 2 x + 4 y − ( 6 x + 4 y ) = 400 − 600
10.47 + 2 y = 13.45 2 x − 6 x = −200
2 y = 2.98 −4 x = −200
y = 1.49 x = 50
A package of bacon costs $3.49 and a carton of 2 ( 50 ) + 4 y = 400
eggs cost $1.49. The refund for 2 packages of
100 + 4 y = 400
bacon and 2 cartons of eggs will be
2($3.49) + 2($1.49) = $9.96. 4 y = 300
300
68. Let x = Pamela’s average speed in still water. y= = 75
4
Let y = the speed of the current.
So 50 mg of compound 1 should be mixed with
Rate Time Distance 75 mg of compound 2.
Downstream x+ y 3 15 70. Let x = the # of units of powder 1.
Upstream x− y 5 15 Let y = the # of units of powder 2.
Set up a system of equations for the problem: Setting up the equations and solving by
3( x + y ) = 15 substitution:
5( x − y ) = 15 0.2 x + 0.4 y = 12 vitamin B12
1 0.3 x + 0.2 y = 12 vitamin E
Multiply each side of the first equation by ,
3 Multiplying each equation by 10 yields
1 2 x + 4 y = 120
multiply each side of the second equation by ,
5
6 x + 4 y = 240
and add the result to eliminate y:
Subtracting the bottom equation from the top
equation yields
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
2 x + 4 y − ( 6 x + 4 y ) = 120 − 240 72. y = ax 2 + bx + c
−4 x = −120 At (–1, –2) the equation becomes:
x = 30 −2 = a (−1) 2 + b(−1) + c
2 ( 30 ) + 4 y = 120 a − b + c = −2
60 + 4 y = 120 At (1, –4) the equation becomes:
4 y = 60 − 4 = a(1) 2 + b(1) + c
60 a +b +c = −4
y= = 15
4
At (2, 4) the equation becomes:
So 30 units of powder 1 should be mixed with 15
units of powder 2. 4 = a (2) 2 + b(2) + c
4a + 2b + c = 4
71. y = ax 2 + bx + c The system of equations is:
At (–1, 4) the equation becomes: a − b+c = −2
4 = a (–1) 2 + b(−1) + c
a+ b+c = –4
4 = a −b+c 4a + 2b + c = 4
At (2, 3) the equation becomes: Multiply the first equation by –1 and add to the
3 = a(2) 2 + b(2) + c second equation; multiply the first equation by –
3 = 4a + 2b + c 1 and add to the third equation to eliminate c:
At (0, 1) the equation becomes: −a + b − c = 2 −a + b − c = 2
a+b+ c = –4
1 = a(0) 2 + b(0) + c 4a + 2b + c = 4
1= c 3a + 3b =6
2b = −2
The system of equations is: a+b = 2
b = −1
a− b+c = 4
Substitute and solve:
4a + 2b + c = 3 a + (−1) = 2 c = −a − b − 4
c=1
a=3 = −3 − (−1) − 4
Substitute c = 1 into the first and second = −6
equations and simplify:
a − b +1 = 4 4a + 2b + 1 = 3 The solution is a = 3, b = −1, c = − 6 . The
a− b =3 4a + 2b = 2 equation is y = 3 x 2 − x − 6
a = b+3
0.06Y − 5000r = 240
Solve the first result for a, substitute into the 73.
second result and solve: 0.06Y + 6000r = 900
4(b + 3) + 2b = 2 Multiply the first equation by −1 , the add the
result to the second equation to eliminate Y.
4b + 12 + 2b = 2
−0.06Y + 5000r = −240
6b = −10
0.06Y + 6000r = 900
5
b=− 11000r = 660
3
r = 0.06
5 4
a = − +3= Substitute this result into the first equation to
3 3 find Y.
4 5 0.06Y − 5000(0.06) = 240
The solution is a = , b = − , c = 1 . The
3 3 0.06Y − 300 = 240
4 5 0.06Y = 540
equation is y = x 2 − x + 1 .
3 3 Y = 9000
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
The equilibrium level of income and interest Substituting and solving for the other variables:
rates is $9000 million and 6%. 55
− 8I1 − 5 = −5
71
0.05Y − 1000r = 10 275
74. − 8I1 − = −5
0.05Y + 800r = 100 71
Multiply the first equation by −1 , the add the 80
result to the second equation to eliminate Y. −8 I1 = −
71
−0.05Y + 1000r = −10 10
I1 =
0.05Y + 800r = 100 71
1800r = 90 10 55 65
I2 = + =
r = 0.05 71 71 71
Substitute this result into the first equation to 10 65 55
find Y. The solution is I1 = , I 2 = , I 3 = .
0.05Y − 1000(0.05) = 10 71 71 71
0.05Y − 50 = 10
I 3 = I1 + I 2
0.05Y = 60
76. 8 = 4 I 3 + 6 I 2
Y = 1200 8I = 4 + 6 I
The equilibrium level of income and interest 1 2
rates is $1200 million and 5%. Substitute the expression for I 3 into the second
equation and simplify:
I 2 = I1 + I 3 8 = 4( I1 + I 2 ) + 6 I 2 8I1 = 4 + 6 I 2
75. 5 − 3I1 − 5I 2 = 0 8 = 4 I1 + 10 I 2 8I1 − 6 I 2 = 4
10 − 5I − 7 I = 0
2 3 4 I1 + 10 I 2 = 8
Substitute the expression for I 2 into the second Multiply both sides of the first result by –2 and
and third equations and simplify: add to the second result to eliminate I1 :
5 − 3I1 − 5( I1 + I 3 ) = 0 −8 I1 − 20 I 2 = −16
−8 I1 − 5I 3 = −5 8 I1 − 6 I 2 = 4
10 − 5( I1 + I 3 ) − 7 I 3 = 0 −26 I 2 = −12
−5I1 − 12 I 3 = −10 −12 6
I2 = =
Multiply both sides of the first result by 5 and −26 13
multiply both sides of the second result by –8 to Substituting and solving for the other variables:
eliminate I1 :
6
4 I1 + 10 = 8
−40 I1 − 25I 3 = −25 13
40 I1 + 96 I 3 = 80 60
4 I1 + =8
71I 3 = 55 13
44
55 4 I1 =
I3 = 13
71
11
I1 =
13
11 6 17
I 3 = I1 + I 2 = + =
13 13 13
11 6 17
The solution is I1 = , I 2 = , I 3 = .
13 13 13
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Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
77. Let x = the number of orchestra seats. 78. Let x = the number of adult tickets.
Let y = the number of main seats. Let y = the number of child tickets.
Let z = the number of balcony seats. Let z = the number of senior citizen tickets.
Since the total number of seats is 500, Since the total number of tickets is 405,
x + y + z = 500 . x + y + z = 405 .
Since the total revenue is $17,100 if all seats are Since the total revenue is $2320,
sold, 50 x + 35 y + 25 z = 17,100 . 8 x + 4.50 y + 6 z = 2320 .
If only half of the orchestra seats are sold, the Twice as many children's tickets as adult tickets
revenue is $14,600. are sold. So, y = 2 x .
1 Thus, we have the following system:
So, 50 x + 35 y + 25 z = 14, 600 .
2 x+ y + z = 405
Thus, we have the following system:
8 x + 4.50 y + 6 z = 2320
x + y + z = 500 y = 2x
50 x + 35 y + 25 z = 17,100 Substitute for y in the first two equations and
25 x + 35 y + 25 z = 14, 600 simplify:
x + (2 x) + z = 405
Multiply each side of the first equation by –25 3 x + z = 405
and add to the second equation to eliminate z;
multiply each side of the third equation by –1 8 x + 4.50(2 x) + 6 z = 2320
and add to the second equation to eliminate z: 17 x + 6 z = 2320
−25 x − 25 y − 25 z = −12,500 Multiply the first result by –6 and add to the
50 x + 35 y + 25 z = 17,100 second result to eliminate z:
25 x + 10 y = 4600 −18 x − 6 z = − 2430
17 x + 6 z = 2320
50 x + 35 y + 25 z = 17,100 −x = − 110
−25 x − 35 y − 25 z = −14, 600 x = 110
25 x = 2500 y = 2x 3x + z = 405
x = 100 = 2(110) 3(110) + z = 405
Substituting and solving for the other variables: = 220 330 + z = 405
25(100) + 10 y = 4600 100 + 210 + z = 500 z = 75
2500 + 10 y = 4600 310 + z = 500 There were 110 adults, 220 children, and 75
10 y = 2100 z = 190 senior citizens that bought tickets.
y = 210 79. Let x = the number of servings of chicken.
There are 100 orchestra seats, 210 main seats, Let y = the number of servings of corn.
and 190 balcony seats. Let z = the number of servings of 2% milk.
Protein equation: 30 x + 3 y + 9 z = 66
Carbohydrate equation: 35 x + 16 y + 13z = 94.5
Calcium equation: 200 x + 10 y + 300 z = 910
Multiply each side of the first equation by –16
and multiply each side of the second equation by
3 and add them to eliminate y; multiply each side
of the second equation by –5 and multiply each
side of the third equation by 8 and add to
eliminate y:
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
−480 x − 48 y − 144 z = −1056 Multiply each side of the first result by –7 and
105 x + 48 y + 39 z = 283.5 add to the second result to eliminate y:
− 375 x − 105 z = − 772.5 −7 y − 14 z = −119, 000
7 y + 15 z = 124, 000
−175 x − 80 y − 65 z = − 472.5
1600 x + 80 y + 2400 z = 7280 z = 5, 000
x = 3000 + z = 3000 + 5000 = 8000
1425 x + 2335 z = 6807.5
y + 2 z = 17, 000
Multiply each side of the first result by 19 and y + 2(5000) = 17, 000
multiply each side of the second result by 5 to
y + 10, 000 = 17, 000
eliminate x:
−7125 x − 1995 z = −14, 677.5 y = 7000
7125 x + 11, 675 z = 34, 037.5 Kelly should invest $8000 in Treasury bills, $7000 in
Treasury bonds, and $5000 in corporate bonds.
9680 z = 19,360
z=2 81. Let x = the price of 1 hamburger.
Substituting and solving for the other variables: Let y = the price of 1 order of fries.
−375 x − 105(2) = −772.5 Let z = the price of 1 drink.
−375 x − 210 = −772.5 We can construct the system
−375 x = −562.5 8 x + 6 y + 6 z = 26.10
x = 1.5 10 x + 6 y + 8 z = 31.60
30(1.5) + 3 y + 9(2) = 66 A system involving only 2 equations that contain
3 or more unknowns cannot be solved uniquely.
45 + 3 y + 18 = 66
1
3y = 3 Multiply the first equation by − and the
2
y =1 1
second equation by , then add to eliminate y:
The dietitian should serve 1.5 servings of 2
chicken, 1 serving of corn, and 2 servings of 2% −4 x − 3 y − 3 z = −13.05
milk. 5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 15.80
80. Let x = the amount in Treasury bills. x + z = 2.75
Let y = the amount in Treasury bonds. x = 2.75 − z
Let z = the amount in corporate bonds.
Substitute and solve for y in terms of z:
Since the total investment is $20,000, 5 ( 2.75 − z ) + 3 y + 4 z = 15.80
x + y + z = 20, 000
13.75 + 3 y − z = 15.80
Since the total income is to be $1390,
3 y = z + 2.05
0.05 x + 0.07 y + 0.10 z = 1390
1 41
The investment in Treasury bills is to be $3000 y= z+
3 60
more than the investment in corporate bonds.
Solutions of the system are: x = 2.75 − z ,
So, x = 3000 + z
1 41
Substitute for x in the first two equations and y = z+ .
3 60
simplify:
Since we are given that 0.60 ≤ z ≤ 0.90 , we
(3000 + z ) + y + z = 20, 000
choose values of z that give two-decimal-place
y + 2 z = 17, 000 values of x and y with 1.75 ≤ x ≤ 2.25 and
5(3000 + z ) + 7 y + 10 z = 139, 000 0.75 ≤ y ≤ 1.00 .
7 y + 15 z = 124, 000 The possible values of x, y, and z are shown in
the table.
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Section 6.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
x y z 83. Let x = Beth’s time working alone.
Let y = Bill’s time working alone.
2.13 0.89 0.62
Let z = Edie’s time working alone.
2.10 0.90 0.65
We can use the following tables to organize our
2.07 0.91 0.68 work:
2.04 0.92 0.71 Beth Bill Edie
2.01 0.93 0.74 Hours to do job x y z
1.98 0.94 0.77 Part of job done 1 1 1
1.95 0.95 0.80 in 1 hour x y z
1.92 0.96 0.83 In 10 hours they complete 1 entire job, so
1.89 0.97 0.86 1 1 1
10 + + = 1
1.86 0.98 0.89 x y z
1 1 1 1
82. Let x = the price of 1 hamburger. + + =
x y z 10
Let y = the price of 1 order of fries.
Bill Edie
Let z = the price of 1 drink
We can construct the system Hours to do job y z
8 x + 6 y + 6 z = 26.10 Part of job done 1 1
10 x + 6 y + 8 z = 31.60 in 1 hour y z
3 x + 2 y + 4 z = 10.95
In 15 hours they complete 1 entire job, so
Subtract the second equation from the first 1 1
equation to eliminate y: 15 + = 1 .
8 x + 6 y + 6 z = 26.10 y z
10 x + 6 y + 8 z = 31.60 1 1 1
+ =
− 2 x − 2 z = −5.5 y z 15
Multiply the third equation by –3 and add it to Beth Bill Edie
the second equation to eliminate y: Hours to do job x y z
10 x + 6 y + 8 z = 31.60
Part of job done 1 1 1
−9 x − 6 y − 12 z = −32.85
in 1 hour x y z
x − 4 z = −1.25
Multiply the second result by 2 and add it to the With all 3 working for 4 hours and Beth and Bill
first result to eliminate x: working for an additional 8 hours, they complete
−2x − 2 z = −5.5 1 1 1 1 1
2x − 8 z = −2.5 1 entire job, so 4 + + + 8 + = 1
x y z x y
−10 z = −8 12 12 4
z = 0.8 + + =1
x y z
Substitute for z to find the other variables:
x − 4(0.8) = −1.25 We have the system
x − 3.2 = −1.25 1 1 1 1
+ + =
x = 1.95 x y z 10
3(1.95) + 2 y + 4(0.8) = 10.95 1 1 1
+ =
5.85 + 2 y + 3.2 = 1.095 y z 15
2 y = 1.9 12 12 4
y = 0.95 + + =1
x y z
Therefore, one hamburger costs $1.95, one order Subtract the second equation from the first
of fries costs $0.95, and one drink costs $0.80. equation:
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
88. a.
1 1 1 1
+ + =
x y z 10
( ) ( )
2
4 ( 2 x − 3) ⋅ 2 ⋅ x3 + 5 + 2 x3 + 5 ⋅ 3x 2 ⋅ ( 2 x − 3)
3 4
1 1 1
+ =
1
y z 15
1
( ) ( )
= 2 ( 2 x − 3) x3 + 5 4 x3 + 5 + 3 x 2 ( 2 x − 3)
3
= 2 ( 2 x − 3) ( x + 5) 4 x + 20 + 6 x − 9 x
= 3 3 3 3 2
x 30
= 2 ( 2 x − 3) ( x + 5)(10 x − 9 x + 20)
x = 30 3 3 3 2
Substitute x = 30 into the third equation:
12 12 4
+ + =1 b.
30 y z
(3x − 5)− ⋅ 3 ⋅ ( x + 3)− − 12 ( x + 3)
− 32
( 3 x − 5)
1 1 1
. 1
2
2 2 2
12 4 3
+ = − −
= 12 (3 x − 5) ( x + 3) 3( x 3) (3x 5)
1 3
y z 5 2 2
Now consider the system consisting of the last
result and the second original equation. Multiply
= (3x − 5) ( x + 3) [3x + 9 − 3x + 5]
1
2
−1 2 −3 2
− −
= 12 (3 x − 5) ( x + 3) (14)
1 3
the second original equation by –12 and add it to 2 2
the last result to eliminate y:
− −
= 7 (3 x − 5) ( x + 3)
1 3
2 2
−12 −12 −12
+ = 89. The function f is one-to-one because every
y z 15
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
12 4 3 point.
+ =
y z 5
8 3
− =−
z 15
z = 40
Plugging z = 40 to find y:
12 4 3
+ =
y z 5
12 4 3
+ =
y 40 5
12 1
= → y = 24
y 2 90. (2 x + 1)
− 12
( x 2 + 3)
− 12
− ( x 2 + 3)
− 32
⋅ x(2 x + 1)
1
2
Working alone, it would take Beth 30 hours, Bill − 12 − 32
24 hours, and Edie 40 hours to complete the job. = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) − x(2 x + 1)
− 12 − 32
84. – 86. Answers will vary. = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( − x 2 − x + 3)
87.
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
Section 6.2 11. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
equations:
1. matrix x − y + z = 10 1 −1 1 10
3 3 0 5
3 x + 3 y = 5 →
2. augmented
x + y + 2z = 2
1 1 2 2
3. third; fifth
12. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
4. True equations:
5. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of 5 x − y − z = 0 5 −1 −1 0
equations: x+ y = 5 → 1 1 0 5
2x
x − 5y = 5
→
1 −5 5 − 3z = 2 2 0 −3 2
4 x + 3 y = 6 4 3 6
13. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
6. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of equations:
equations: x+ y−z = 2 1 1 −1 2
3x + 4 y = 7 3 4 7 3x − 2 y = 2 → 3 − 2 0 2
→
4 x − 2 y = 5 5 x + 3 y − z = 1
4 − 2 5 5 3 −1 1
2x + 3y − 6 = 0 2 x + 3 y − 4 z = 0
7.
4 x − 6 y + 2 = 0 14. x − 5 z + 2 = 0
Write the system in standard form and then write x + 2 y − 3z = − 2
the augmented matrix for the system of equations: Write the system in standard form and then write
2x + 3 y = 6 3 6
→ 2
the augmented matrix for the system of equations:
4 x − 6 y = − 2 4 − 6 − 2 2 x + 3 y − 4 z = 0 2 3 − 4 0
x − 5 z = − 2 → 1 0 −5 − 2
9x − y = 0 x + 2 y − 3z = − 2
8. 1 2 −3 − 2
3x − y − 4 = 0
Write the system in standard form and then write 15. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
the augmented matrix for the system of equations: equations:
9 x − y = 0 9 −1 0 x − y − z = 10 1 −1 −1 10
→ 2 x + y + 2 z = −1
3 x − y = 4 3 −1 4 2 1 2 −1
→
−3 4 0 5
−3 x + 4 y = 5
9. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of 4 x − 5 y + z = 0
equations: 4 −5 1 0
0.01x − 0.03 y = 0.06 0.01 − 0.03 0.06
→ 16. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
0.13x + 0.10 y = 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.20 equations:
x − y + 2z − w = 5 1 −1 2 −1 5
10. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
equations: x + 3 y − 4 z + 2 w = 2 → 1 3 −4 2 2
3 x − y − 5 z − w = −1 3 −1 −5 −1 −1
4 3 3 4 3 3
3 x − 2 y = 4 3 − 2 4
→
− 1 x + 1 y = 2 − 1 1 2 1 −3 −2 x − 3 y = −2
4 3 3 4 3 3
17. →
2 −5 5 2 x − 5 y = 5
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
R2 = − 2r1 + r2 R2 = 4r1 + r2
1 −3 −2 1 −3 −2 1 −3 3 −5
→ −4 −5 −3 −5
2 −5 5 −2(1) + 2 2( −3) − 5 −2( −2) + 5
−3 −2 4 6
1 −3 −2
→ 1 −3 3 −5
0 1 9 → 4(1) − 4 4( −3) − 5 4(3) − 3 4(−5) − 5
−3 −2 4 6
1 −3 −3 x − 3 y = −3 1 −3 3 −5
18. →
2 −5 −4 2 x − 5 y = −4 → 0 −17 9 −25
−3 −2 4 6
R2 = − 2r1 + r2
R3 = 3r1 + r3
1 −3 −3 1 −3 −3 1 −3 3 −5
→ −4 −5 −3 −5
2 −5 −4 −2(1) + 2 −2(−3) − 5 −2(−3) − 4
1 −3 −3 −3 −2 4 6
→ 1 −3 3 −5
0 1 2
→ 0 −17 9 −25
1 −3 4 3 x − 3 y + 4 z = 3 3(1) − 3 3(−3) − 2 3(3) + 4 3(−5) + 6
1 −3 3 −5
19. 3 −5 6 6 → 3 x − 5 y + 6 z = 6
→ 0 −17 9 −25
−5 3 4 6 −5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 6
0 −11 13 −9
R2 = − 3r1 + r2 1 −3 2 −6 x − 3 y + 2 z = −6
1 −3 4 3 21. 2 −5 3 −4 → 2 x − 5 y + 3z = −4
3 −5 6 6
−3 −6 4 6 −3x − 6 y + 4 z = 6
−5 3 4 6
1 −3 4 3 R2 = − 2r1 + r2
→ −3(1) + 3 −3(−3) − 5 −3(4) + 6 −3(3) + 6 1 −3 2 −6
−5 3 4 6 2 −5 3 −4
1 −3 4 3 −3 −6 4 6
→ 0 4 −6 −3 1 −3 2 −6
−5 3 4 6 → −2(1) + 2 −2(−3) − 5 −2(2) + 3 −2(−6) − 4
R3 = 5r1 + r3 −3 −6 4 6
1 −3 2 −6
1 −3 4 3
0 4 −6 −3 →0 1 −1 8
−3 −6 4 6
−5 3 4 6
1 −3 4 3 R3 = 3r1 + r3
→ 0 4 −6 −3 1 −3 2 −6
5(1) − 5 5(−3) + 3 5(4) + 4 5(3) + 6 0 1 −1 8
1 −3 4 3 −3 −6 4 6
→ 0 4 −6 −3 1 −3 2 −6
0 −12 24 21 → 0 1 −1 8
3(1) − 3 3(−3) − 6 3(2) + 4 3(−6) + 6
1 −3 3 −5 x − 3 y + 3 z = −5 1 −3 2 −6
20. −4 −5 −3 −5 → −4 x − 5 y − 3 z = −5 → 0 1 −1 8
−3 −2 4 6 −3x − 2 y + 4 z = 6 0 −15 10 −12
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 −3 −4 −6 x − 3 y − 4 z = −6 4 −3 −1 2 4 x − 3 y − z = 2
22. 6 −5 6 −6 → 6 x − 5 y + 6 z = −6 24. 3 −5 2 6 → 3x − 5 y + 2 z = 6
−3 −6 4 6 −3 x − 6 y + 4 z = 6
−1 1 4 6 − x + y + 4 z = 6
a. R2 = − 6r1 + r2 R1 = − r2 + r1
1 −3 −4 −6 4 −3 −1 2
6 −5 6 −6 3 −5 2 6
−1 1 4 6 −3 −6 4 6
1 −3 −4 −6 −(3) + 4 −( −5) − 3 −(2) − 1 −(6) + 2
→ −6(1) + 6 −6(−3) − 5 −6(−4) + 6 −6( −6) − 6 → 3 −5 2 6
−1 1 4 6 −3 −6 4 6
1 −3 −4 −6 1 2 −3 −4
→ 0 13 30 30 → 3 −5 2 6
−1 1 4 6 −3 −6 4 6
b. R3 = r1 + r3 R3 = r2 + r3
1 −3 −4 −6 1 −3 −4 −6
6 −5 6 −6 → 6 1 2 −3 −4
−5 6 −6 3 −5 2 6
−1 1 4 6 1 − 1 −3 + 1 −4 + 4 −6 + 6
−3 −6 4 6
1 −3 −4 −6 −3 −4
1 2
→ 6 −5 6 −6
→ 3 −5 2 6
0 −2 0 0
3 + (−3) −5 + (−6) 2 + 4 6 + 6
1 2 −3 −4
5 −3 1 −2 5 x − 3 y + z = −2 → 3 −5 2 6
23. 2 −5 6 −2 → 2 x − 5 y + 6 z = −2
0 −11 6 12
−4 1 4 6 −4 x + y + 4 z = 6
x = 5
R1 = − 2r2 + r1 25.
5 −3 1 −2 y = −1
2 −5 6 −2 Consistent; x = 5, y = −1, or using ordered pairs
−4 1 4 6 (5, −1) .
−2(2) + 5 −2( −5) − 3 −2(6) + 1 −2(−2) − 2
→ 2 −5 6 −2 x = − 4
26.
−4 1 4 6 y = 0
1 7 −11 2 Consistent; x = − 4, y = 0, or using ordered pairs
→ 2 −5 6 −2
( − 4, 0) .
−4 1 4 6
R3 = 2r2 + r3 x = 1
27. y = 2
1 7 −11 2 0 = 3
2 −5 6 −2
Inconsistent
−4 1 4 6
1 7 −11 2 x = 0
→ 2 −5 6 −2
28. y = 0
2(2) + (−4) 2( −5) + 1 2(6) + 4 2(−2) + 6 0 = 2
1 7 −11 2
Inconsistent
→ 2 −5 6 −2
0 −9 16 2
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x + 2 z = −1 x1 + 4 x4 = 2
29. y − 4 z = − 2 33. x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 3
0=0 0=0
Consistent; Consistent;
x = −1 − 2 z x1 = 2 − 4 x4
y = −2 + 4 z x2 = 3 − x3 − 3 x4
z is any real number x , x are any real numbers
3 4
or {( x, y, z ) | x = −1 − 2 z , y = − 2 + 4 z , z is any or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 2 − 4 x4 , x2 = 3 − x3 − 3x4 ,
real number} x3 and x4 are any real numbers}
x + 4z = 4 x1 = 1
30. y + 3 z = 2 34. x2 = 2
0=0 x + 2x = 3
3 4
Consistent; Consistent;
x = 4 − 4z x1 = 1
y = 2 − 3z x2 = 2
z is any real number
x3 = 3 − 2 x4
or {( x, y, z ) | x = 4 − 4 z , y = 2 − 3 z , z is any real x4 is any real number
number} or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3 − 2 x4 ,
x1 = 1 x4 is any real number}
31. x2 + x4 = 2
x1 + x4 = −2
x + 2x = 3
3 4 x + 2 x4 = 2
Consistent; 35. 2
x3 − x4 = 0
x1 = 1
0=0
x2 = 2 − x4 Consistent;
x3 = 3 − 2 x4 x1 = −2 − x4
x4 is any real number
x2 = 2 − 2 x4
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 1, x2 = 2 − x4 ,
x3 = x4
x3 = 3 − 2 x4 , x4 is any real number} x4 is any real number
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = −2 − x4 , x2 = 2 − 2 x4 ,
x1 = 1
x3 = x4 , x4 is any real number}
32. x2 + 2 x4 = 2
x + 3x = 0
3 4 x1 =1
Consistent;
x2 =2
x1 = 1 36.
x3 =3
x2 = 2 − 2 x4 x4
=0
x3 = −3x4 Consistent;
x4 is any real number
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 1, x2 = 2 − 2 x4 , x3 = −3 x4 ,
x4 is any real number}
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
x1 = 1 1 3
The solution is x = , y = or using ordered pairs
x2 = 2 2 4
1 3
x3 = 3 , .
x4 = 0 2 4
or (1, 2,3, 0) 3x + 3 y = 3
40. 8
x + y = 8
37. 4 x + 2 y = 3
x − y = 4 Write the augmented matrix:
Write the augmented matrix: 3 3 3 1 1 1
1 1 8 1 1 8 8
→ (
R1 = 1 r1 )
( R2 = −r1 + r2 )
3
→ 4 2 3 4 2 3
8
1 −1 4 0 − 2 − 4
1 1 1
8 ( R2 = − 4r1 + r2 )
→ 1 1 ( R2 = − 12 r2 ) →
0 1 2 0 − 2 − 43
0 6 1 1 1
→ 1 ( R1 = −r2 + r1 ) → ( R2 = − 12 r2 )
0 1 2 0 12
3
The solution is x = 6, y = 2 or using ordered 0 1
pairs (6, 2). → 1 3 ( R1 = −r2 + r1 )
0 1 2
3
x + 2 y = 5 1 2
38. The solution is x = , y = or using ordered
x + y = 3 3 3
Write the augmented matrix: 1 2
1 2 5 1 2 pairs , .
5 3 3
→ ( R2 = −r1 + r2 )
1 1 3 0 −1 − 2
x + 2y = 4
1 2 5 41.
→ ( R2 = −r2 ) 2 x + 4 y = 8
0 1 2 Write the augmented matrix:
0 1
→ 1 ( R1 = − 2r2 + r1 ) 1 2 4 1 2 4
( R2 = − 2r1 + r2 )
0 1 2 →
2 4 8 0 0 0
The solution is x = 1, y = 2 or using ordered This is a dependent system.
pairs (1, 2). x + 2y = 4
x = 4 − 2y
2 x − 4 y = − 2
39. The solution is x = 4 − 2 y, y is any real number
3x + 2 y = 3 or {( x, y ) | x = 4 − 2 y, y is any real number}
Write the augmented matrix:
2 − 4 − 2 1 − 2 −1 3x − y = 7
( R1 = 2 r1 )
1
→ 42.
3 2 3 3 2 3 9 x − 3 y = 21
Write the augmented matrix:
→ 1 − 2 −1 ( R2 = −3r1 + r2 )
0 8 6 1 7
3 −1 7 1 − 3 3
1 − 2 −1 →
( R1 = 13 r1 )
9 −3 21
→ 3 (R2 = 18 r2) 9 −3 21
0 1 4
-1 7
1 0 12 → 1 3 3 ( R2 = − 9 r1 + r2 )
→ ( R1 = 2r2 + r1 ) 0 0 0
0 1 34 This is a dependent system.
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3x − y = 7 3 −5 3 1 − 5 1 R1 = 13 r1 ( )
3x − 7 = y → 3
15 5 21 15 5 21
The solution is y = 3x − 7, x is any real number
− 3 15
or {( x, y ) | y = 3x − 7, x is any real number} → 1 ( R2 = −15r1 + r2 )
0 30 6
2 x + 3 y = 6 − 53 1
43.
x − y = 2
1 → 1
0
R2 = 30
1
(1
r2 )
1 5
Write the augmented matrix: 0 4
2 3 6 1 3 3 → 1 3
(
R1 = 53 r2 + r1 )
→ 2 ( R1 = 12 r1 ) 0 1 1
5
1 −1 1 1 −1 1
2 2 4 1 4 1
The solution is x = , y = or , .
3
3 3 5 3 5
→ 1 2 ( R2 = − r1 + r2 )
0 − 5 − 52
2 2 x − y = − 1
3 46. 1 3
→ 1 2 3 (
R2 = − 52 r2 ) x + 2 y = 2
0 1 1
3 2 −1 −1 1 − 1 − 12
→ 1 0 2 (
R1 = − 32 r2 + r1 ) → 2 (
R1 = 12 r1 )
1 12 3 3
2
1
0 1 1 1 2 2
3 3 − 12 − 12 R = −1r + r
The solution is x = , y = 1 or , 1 . → 1 ( 2 1 2)
2 2 0 1 2
0 12
1
44. 2 x + y = − 2 → 1 ( R1 = 12 r2 + r1 )
0 1 2
x − 2 y = 8
1 1
Write the augmented matrix: The solution is x = , y = 2 or , 2 .
2 2
1 1 − 2 → 1 2 − 4
2 ( R1 = 2r1 ) x− y = 6
1 − 2 8 1 − 2 8
47. 2 x − 3 z = 16
2 − 4 R = −r + r
→ 1 ( 2 2) 2y + z = 4
0 − 4 12
1
Write the augmented matrix:
→ 1 2 − 4 ( R2 = − 14 r2 ) 1 −1 0 6
0 1 −3
0 2 2 0 −3 16
→ 1 ( R1 = − 2r2 + r1 ) 0 2 1 4
0 1 −3
The solution is x = 2, y = −3 or (2, −3) . 1 −1 0 6
→ 0 2 −3 4 ( R2 = − 2r1 + r2 )
3x − 5 y = 3 0 2 1 4
45.
15 x + 5 y = 21
1 −1 0 6
Write the augmented matrix:
→ 0 1 − 32 2
( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 2 1 4
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 0 − 3 8 x − 2 y + 3z = 7
2
3 R1 = r2 + r1 49. 2 x + y + z = 4
→ 0 1 − 2 2 −3x + 2 y − 2 z = −10
R3 = − 2r2 + r3
0 0 4 0
Write the augmented matrix:
0 − 3 8
1 2 1 −2 3 7
→ 0 1 − 23 2
( R3 = 14 r3 ) 2 1 1 4
0 0 1 0 −3 2 − 2 −10
1 0 0 8 1 −2
R1 = 32 r3 + r1 3 7
→ 0 1 0 2 R2 = − 2r1 + r2
R2 = 3 r3 + r2 → 0 5 −5 −10
0 0 1 0 0 − 4 7 R3 = 3r1 + r3
11
2
The solution is x = 8, y = 2, z = 0 or (8, 2, 0).
1 −2 3 7
2 x + y = −4 → 0 1 −1 − 2 ( R2 = 15 r2 )
0 − 4 7 11
48. − 2 y + 4 z = 0
3x − 2 z = −11
1 0 1 3
Write the augmented matrix: R1 = 2r2 + r1
→ 0 1 −1 − 2
2 1 0 − 4 0 0 3 3 R3 = 4r2 + r3
0 − 2 4 0
3 1 0 1 3
0 − 2 −11
→ 0 1 −1 − 2 ( R3 = 13 r3 )
0 − 2 0 0 1 1
1
1 2
→ 0 − 2
4 0
( R1 = 12 r1 ) 1 0 0 2
3 0 − 2 −11 R1 = − r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 −1
0 0 1 1 R2 = r3 + r2
1 1
0 − 2
2
→ 0 −2 4 0 ( R3 = − 3r1 + r3 ) The solution is x = 2, y = −1, z = 1 or (2, −1, 1) .
0 − 32 − 2 −5
2 x + y − 3z = 0
1 1
0 − 2 50. − 2 x + 2 y + z = −7
2 3x − 4 y − 3z = 7
→ 0
1 −2 0
( R2 = − 12 r2 )
Write the augmented matrix:
0 − 32 − 2 −5
2 1 −3 0
1 0 1 − 2 − 2 2 1 −7
R1 = − 12 r2 + r1
→ 0 1 −2 0 3 − 4 −3 7
R3 = 3 r2 + r3
0 0 −5 −5 2
1 1
2
− 23 0
1 0 1 − 2 → − 2 2 1 −7 ( R1 = 12 r1 )
3 − 4 −3 7
→ 0 1 − 2 0 ( R3 = − 15 r3 )
0 0 1 1 1 1
− 32 0
2
R2 = 2r1 + r2
1 0 0 −3 → 0 3 − 2 −7
R1 = − r3 + r1 0 − 11 3
7 R3 = −3r1 + r3
→ 0 1 0 2 2 2
0 0 1 1 R2 = 2r3 + r2
The solution is x = −3, y = 2, z = 1 or (−3, 2, 1) .
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 1
− 32 0 2x − 3 y − z = 0
2
→ 0 1 − 2
3
− 73 ( R2 = 1
r
3 2 ) 52. − x + 2 y + z = 5
3x − 4 y − z = 1
3
0 − 11
2 2
7
Write the augmented matrix:
1 0 − 76 7
6
R1 = − 12 r2 + r1 2 −3 −1 0
→ 0 1 − 23 − 73
R3 = 11 r2 + r3 −1 2 1 5
0 − 13 − 35 2 3 − 4 −1 1
0 6 6
1 0 − 76 7
6 1 − 2 −1 −5
Interchange
→ 0 1 − 23 − 73 ( R3 = − 136 r3 ) → 2 −3 −1 0 r and − r
1 2
35 3 − 4 −1 1
0 0 1 13
1 0 0 56 1 − 2 −1 −5
13
R1 = 76 r3 + r1 R2 = − 2r1 + r2
7 → 0 1 1 10 R = −3r + r
→ 0 1 0 − 13 3 3
R2 = 2 r3 + r2 0 2 2 16 1
35 3
0 0 1 13
1 − 2 −1 −5
56 7 35
The solution is x = , y = − , z = or → 0 1 1 10 ( R3 = − 2r2 + r3 )
13 13 13
0 0 0 −
4
56 7 35
,− , . There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
13 13 13
2x − 2 y − 2z = 2 − x + y + z = − 1
51. 2 x + 3 y + z = 2 53. − x + 2 y − 3 z = − 4
3x + 2 y 3x − 2 y − 7 z = 0
=0
Write the augmented matrix: Write the augmented matrix:
2 − 2 − 2 2 −1 1 1 −1
3 −1 2 −3 − 4
2 1 2
3 3 − 2 −7 0
2 0 0
1 −1 −1 1
1 −1 −1 1
→ −1 2 −3 − 4 ( R1 = −r1 )
→ 2 3 1 2 ( R1 = 12 r1 ) 3 − 2 −7 0
3 2 0 0
1 −1 −1 1
1 −1 −1 1 R = r +r
R2 = − 2r1 + r2 → 0 1 − 4 −3 2 1 2
R = −3r1 + r3
→ 0 5 3 0 0 1 − 4 −3 3
0 5 3 −3 R3 = −3r1 + r3
1 0 −5 − 2
1 −1 −1 1 R = r +r
→ 0 1 − 4 −3 1 2 1
R = − r2 + r3
→ 0 5 3 0 ( R3 = −r2 + r3 ) 0 0
0 0 3
0 0 0 −3
The matrix in the last step represents the system
There is no solution. The system is inconsistent. x − 5z = − 2 x = 5z − 2
y − 4 z = −3 or, equivalently, y = 4z − 3
0 = 0 0 = 0
The solution is x = 5 z − 2 , y = 4 z − 3 , z is any
real number or {( x, y, z ) | x = 5 z − 2, y = 4 z − 3, z
is any real number}.
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
2x − 3y − z = 0 2 x − 2 y + 3z = 6
54. 3x + 2 y + 2 z = 2 55. 4 x − 3 y + 2 z = 0
x + 5 y + 3z = 2 − 2 x + 3 y − 7 z = 1
Write the augmented matrix: Write the augmented matrix:
2 −3 −1 0 2 −2 3 6
3 2 2 2 4 −3 2 0
1 5 3 2 − 2 3 −7 1
1 5 3 2 1 −1 3 3
Interchange 2
→ 3 2 2 2
2 −3 −1 0
r1 and r3
→ 4 −3 2 0
( R1 = 12 r1 )
− 2 3 −7 1
1 5 3 2
R2 = −3r1 + r2 1 −1 3
3
→ 0 −13 −7 − 4 2 R2 = − 4r1 + r2
0 −13 −7 − 4 R3 = − 2r1 + r3 → 0 1 − 4 −12
0 1 − 4 7
R3 = 2r1 + r3
1 5 3 2
R3 = − r2 + r3 1 0 − 5
→ 0 1 13 7 4
−9
13
R2 = − 131
r2 2 R1 = r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 4 −12
0 0 0 0
R3 = −r2 + r3
1 0 4 6 0 0 0 19
13 13
4 There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
→ 0 1 13
7
13 ( R1 = −5 r2 + r1 )
0 0 0 0 3x − 2 y + 2 z = 6
The matrix in the last step represents the system
56. 7 x − 3 y + 2 z = −1
4 6 2 x − 3 y + 4 z = 0
x + 13 z = 13
Write the augmented matrix:
y + 7 z = 4
13 13 3 − 2 2 6
0=0 7 −3 2 −1
or, equivalently, 2 −3 4 0
4 6
1 − 2 2
x = − 13 z + 13 3 3 2
y = − 7 z + 4 → 7 −3 2 −1
( R1 = 13 r1 )
13 13 2 −3 4 0
0 = 0 1 − 2
3
2
3 2
4 6 7 4 R2 = − 7 r1 + r2
The solution is x = − z + , y = − z + , → 0 5
− 83−15
13 13 13 13 3 R3 = − 2r1 + r3
0 − 5 8
−4
4 6 3 3
z is any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = − z + ,
13 13
1 − 2 2
2
7 4 3 3
y = − z + , z is any real number .
13 13 → 0 5
− 83 −15 ( R3 = r2 + r3 )
3
0 0 0 −19
There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
677
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x+ y− z = 6 1 0 −1 3
R1 = r2 + r1
57. 3 x − 2 y + z = −5 → 0 1 − 2 7
x + 3 y − 2 z = 14 5 −10 R3 = − 6r2 + r3
0 0
Write the augmented matrix:
1 0 −1 3
1 1 −1 6
→ 0 1 − 2 7 ( R3 = 15 r3 )
3 − 2 1 −5 0 0 1 − 2
1 3 − 2 14
1 1 −1 1 0 0 1
6 R1 = r3 + r1
R2 = − 3r1 + r2 → 0 1 0 3
→ 0 −5 4 − 23
R3 = − r1 + r3 R2 = 2r3 + r2
0 2 −1 8 0 0 1 − 2
1 1 −1 6 The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = − 2 or (1, 3, −2) .
4
→ 0 1 − 5
23
5
( R2 = − 15 r2 ) x + 2 y − z = −3
0 2 −1 8
59. 2 x − 4 y + z = −7
− 15 7 − 2 x + 2 y − 3z = 4
1 0 5
R1 = − r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 5
4 23 Write the augmented matrix:
5
− 65 R3 = − 2r2 + r3 1 2 −1 −3
0 0 3
5
2 −4 1 −7
1 0 − 1 7
− 2
5 5
2 −3 4
→ 0 1
− 4
5
23
5
( R3 = 53 r3 ) 1 2 −1 −3
0 0 1 − 2 R2 = − 2r1 + r2
→ 0 − 8 3 −1
1 0 0 1 0 6 −5 − 2 R3 = 2r1 + r3
R1 = 15 r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 3
R2 = 4 r3 + r2 1 2 −1 −3
0 0 1 − 2 5
The solution is x = 1, y = 3, z = − 2 , or (1, 3, −2) .
3
→ 0 1 − 8
1
8
( R2 = − 18 r2 )
0 6 −5 − 2
x − y + z = −4
1 0 − 1 − 13
58. 2 x − 3 y + 4 z = −15
4 4
5 x + y − 2 z = 12 3 1 R1 = − 2r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 8 8
R3 = − 6r2 + r3
Write the augmented matrix: − 11
− 11
0 0 4 4
1 −1 1 − 4
1 0 − 1 − 13
2 −3 4 −15 4 4
5
1 − 2 12
→ 0 1
− 3
8
1
8
( R3 = − 114 r3 )
0 0 1 1
1 −1 1 − 4
R2 = − 2r1 + r2 1 0 0 −3
→ 0 −1 2 −7 R1 = 14 r3 + r1
R3 = −5r1 + r3 → 0 1 0
1
0 6 −7 32
2
R2 = 3 r3 + r2
0 0 1 1 8
1 −1 1 − 4
1 1
The solution is x = −3, y = , z = 1 or −3, , 1 .
→ 0 1 − 2 7 ( R2 = −r2 ) 2 2
0 6 −7 32
678
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
x + 4 y − 3z = − 8 1 1
− 13 2
3 9
60. 3x − y + 3z = 12 R2 = − 2r1 + r2
x + y + 6z = 1
→ 0 − 5 5 5
3 3 9
R3 = − 4r1 + r3
Write the augmented matrix: 0 2
3
4
3
16
9
1 4 −3 − 8
1 1 − 1 2
3 −1 3 12 3 3 9
1 1 6
1 → 0 1 −1 − 3
1
( R2 = − 53 r2 )
1 4 −3 − 8 0 23 4
3
16
9
R2 = − 3r1 + r2
→ 0 −13 12 36
0 −3 9 R3 = − r1 + r3 1 0 0 1
9 3
R1 = − 13 r2 + r1
1
→ 0 1 −1 − 3
1 4 −3 − 8 R3 = − 2 r2 + r3
0 0 2 2 3
→ 0
1 − 12
13
36
− 13
( 1
R2 = − 13 r2 ) 1 0 0 1
0 −3 9 9 3
9 40
→ 0 1 −1
− 1
3
( R3 = 12 r3 )
1 0 13 13 0 0 1 1
12 36 R1 = − 4r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 13 − 13 1 0 0 1
0 0 81 9 R3 = 3r2 + r3 3
2
( R2 = r3 + r2 )
13 13 → 0 1 0 3
9 40 0 0 1 1
− 13
1 0 13 1 2 1 2
36 The solution is x = , y = , z = 1 or , , 1 .
12
→ 0 1 − 13 − 13 ( R3 = 1381 r3 ) 3 3 3 3
0 0 1 1
9
x + y =1
1 0 0 3
R1 = − 9 r3 + r1 62. 2 x − y + z = 1
→ 0 1 0 − 83 13 8
R3 = 12 r3 + r2 x + 2y + z = 3
0 0 1 1
13
9 Write the augmented matrix:
8 1 8 1 1 1 0 1
The solution is x = 3, y = − , z = or 3, − , .
3 9 3 9 2 −1 1 1
1 2 1 8
3
2
3x + y − z = 3 1 1 0 1
R2 = −2r1 + r2
61. 2 x − y + z = 1 → 0 −3 1 −1
8 0 1 1 5 R3 = −r1 + r3
4x + 2 y = 3
3
1 1 0 1
Write the augmented matrix: Interchange
3 1 −1 2 → 0 1 1 5
3
3
r2 and r3
2 −1 1 1 0 −3 1 −1
8 1 1 0 1
4 2 0 3
→ 0 1 1 5 ( R3 = 3r2 + r3 )
1 1 − 1 2
3
3 3 9
0 0 4 4
→ 2 −1
1 1
(
R1 = 13 r1 )
8
4 2 0 3
679
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 1 0 1 1 0 −1 −3 − 2
→ 0 1 1 5
3
( R3 = 1
r
4 3 ) →
0 1 2 4 6
(R3 = 15 r3 )
0 0 1 2 2
0 0 1 1
0 0 3 13 13
1 1 0 1
1 0 0 −1 0
→ 0 1 0 2 ( R2 = r2 − r3 ) R1 = r3 + r1
3
0 1 0 0 2
→ R = − 2 r3 + r2
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 2
R4 = −3 r3 + r4
1 0 0 13 0 0 0 7 7
→ 0 1 0 2
3
( R1 = r1 − r2 ) 1 0 0 −1 0
0 1 0 0 2
0 0 1 1 →
0 0 1 2 2
( R4 = 17 r4)
1 2 1 2
The solution is x = , y = , z = 1 or , , 1 .
3 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1
x+ y+ z+ w= 4
0 1 0 0 2 R1 = r4 + r1
2x − y + z →
= 0 0 0 1 0 0 R3 = − 2 r4 + r3
63.
3 x + 2 y + z − w = 6
0 0 0 1 1
x − 2 y − 2 z + 2 w = −1 The solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 0, w = 1 or
Write the augmented matrix: (1, 2, 0, 1).
1 1 1 1 4
x+ y+ z+ w= 4
2 −1 1 0 0
−x + 2 y + z
3 2 1 −1 6 = 0
64.
1 − 2 − 2 2 −1 2x + 3 y + z − w = 6
− 2 x + y − 2 z + 2w = −1
1 1 1 1 4
R2 = − 2r1 + r2 Write the augmented matrix:
0 −3 −1 − 2 − 8
→ R3 = − 3r1 + r3 1 1 1 1 4
0 −1 − 2 − 4 − 6 R = −r + r
4 1 4 −1 2 1 0 0
0 −3 −3 1 −5
2 3 1 −1 6
1 1 1 1 4
− 2 1 − 2 2 −1
0 −1 − 2 − 4 − 6 Interchange
→ 1 1 1 1 4
0 −3 −1 − 2 − 8 r2 and r3 R2 = r1 + r2
0 3 2 1 4
0 −3 −3 1 −5 → R3 = − 2r1 + r3
0 1 −1 −3 − 2
1 1 1 1 4 R4 = 2 r1 + r4
0 3 0 4 7
0 1 2 4 6
→ ( R2 = −r2 ) 1 1 1 1 4
0 −3 −1 − 2 − 8
0 1 −1 −3 − 2 Interchange
0 −3 −3 1 −5 →
0 3 2 1 4 r2 and r3
1 0 −1 −3 − 2
R1 = − r2 + r1 0 3 0 4 7
0 1 2 4 6
→ R3 = 3 r2 + r3 1 0 2 4 6
0 0 5 10 10 R1 = − r2 + r1
R4 = 3 r2 + r4
0 1 −1 −3 − 2
0 0 3 13 13 → R3 = −3 r2 + r3
0 0 5 10 10 R = −3 r + r
4 2 4
0 0 3 13 13
680
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 0 2 4 6 x + 2y + z = 1
0 1 −1 −3 − 2 − 5y = 0
→ ( R4 = 3 r3 − 5r4 )
0 0 5 10 10 0=0
0 0 0 −35 −35 Substitute and solve:
1 0 2 4 −5 y = 0 x + 2(0) + z = 1
6
R4 = 15 r3 y=0 z = 1− x
0 1 −1 −3 − 2
→ The solution is y = 0, z = 1 − x, x is any real
0 0 1 2 2 R4 = − 1 r4
35
number or {( x, y, z ) | y = 0, z = 1 − x, x is any
0 0 0 1 1
real number}.
Write the matrix as the corresponding system:
x + 2 z + 4w = 6
y − z − 3w = −2 x + 2y − z = 3
66. 2 x − y + 2 z = 6
z + 2w = 2 x − 3 y + 3z = 4
w =1
Write the augmented matrix:
Substitute and solve:
1 2 −1 3
z + 2(1) = 2
z+2= 2 2 −1 2 6
1 −3 3 4
z=0
y − 0 − 3(1) = −2 1 2 −1 3
R2 = − 2r1 + r2
y − 3 = −2 → 0 −5 4 0 R = −r + r
0 −5 4 1 3 1 3
y =1
x + 2(0) + 4(1) = 6 1 2 −1 3
x+0+4 = 6 → 0 −5 4 0 ( R3 = −r2 + r3 )
x=2 0 0 0 1
The solution is x = 2 , y = 1 , z = 0 , w = 1 or There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
(2, 1, 0, 1).
x− y+ z= 5
67.
x + 2y + z =1 3x + 2 y − 2 z = 0
65. 2 x − y + 2 z = 2 Write the augmented matrix:
3x + y + 3z = 3 1 −1 1 5
Write the augmented matrix: 3 2 −2 0
1 2 1 1 1 −1 1 5
→ ( R2 = − 3r1 + r2 )
2 −1 2 2
0 5 −5 −15
3 1 3 3
1 −1 1 5
1 2 1 1
→
0 1 −1 −3 (
R2 = 15 r2 )
R2 = − 2r1 + r2
→ 0 −5 0 0 1 0 0 2
0 −5 0 0 R3 = −3r1 + r3 → ( R1 = r2 + r1 )
0 1 −1 −3
1 2 1 1 The matrix in the last step represents the system
x=2 x = 2
→ 0 −5 0 0 ( R3 = −r2 + r3 ) or, equivalently,
0 0 0 0 y − z = −3 y = z −3
Thus, the solution is x = 2 , y = z − 3 , z is any
The matrix in the last step represents the system
real number or {( x, y, z ) | x = 2, y = z − 3, z is
any real number}.
681
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2x + y − z = 4 1 −1 −1 0
68.
− x + y + 3z = 1 0 5 1 3 interchange
→
Write the augmented matrix: 0 2 4 5 r3 and r4
2 1 −1 4
0 0 0 0
−1 1 3 1 1 −1 −1 0
1 −1 −3 −1 interchange
0 1 −7 −7
→ r and − r → ( R2 = −2r3 + r2 )
2 1 −1 4 1 2 0 2 4 5
1 −1 −3 −1 0 0 0 0
→ ( R2 = −2r1 + r2 )
0 3 5 6 1 0 −8 −7
1 −1 −3 −1 0 1 −7 −7 R1 = r2 + r1
( R2 = 13 r2 ) →
→
0 1
5 0 0 18 19 R3 = −2r2 + r3
3 2
1 0 − 4 1 0 0 0 0
→ 5
3
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) 1 0 −8 −7
0 1 3 2
0 1 −7 −7
The matrix in the last step represents the system →
0 0 1 18 19 ( )
R3 = 181 r3
4 4
x − 3 z = 1 x = 1 + 3 z 0 0 0 0
or, equivalently, The matrix in the last step represents the system
y + 5 z = 2 y = 2 − 5 z
3 3 x − 8 z = −7
y − 7 z = −7
4 5
Thus, the solution is: x = 1 + z , y = 2 − z , z
3 3 z = 19
18
4
is any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = 1 + z , Substitute and solve:
3
19 19
5 y − 7 = 7 x − 8 = −7
y = 2 − z , z is any real number . 18 18
3
7 13
y= x=
2 x + 3 y − z = 3 18 9
x− y−z =0 13 7 19
Thus, the solution is x = , y= , z= or
69. 9 18 18
−x + y + z = 0
x + y + 3 z = 5 13 7 19
, , .
9 18 18
Write the augmented matrix:
2 3 −1 3
x − 3y + z = 1
1 −1 −1 0 2 x − y − 4 z = 0
−1 1 1 0 70.
x − 3 y + 2z = 1
1 1 3 5 x − 2y = 5
1 −1 −1 0 Write the augmented matrix:
2 3 −1 3
interchange 1 −3 1 1
→
−1 1 1 0 r1 and r2
1 1 3 5 2 −1 −4 0
1 −3 2 1
1 −1 −1 0
0 5 1 3 R2 = −2r1 + r2 1 −2 0 5
→ R = r +r
0 0 0 0 3 1 3
R = −r + r
0 2 4 5 4 1 4
682
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 −3 1 1 3 2 7
R2 = 2r1 + r2 Thus, the solution is x = − z − w + ,
0 5 −6 −2 5 5 5
→ R3 = −r1 + r2 7 13 8
0 0 1 0 y = z + w − , z and w are any real numbers or
R = −r + r
4 1 2 5 5 5
0 1 −1 4
3 2 7 7 13 8
1 −3 1 1 ( x, y, z , w) x = − z − w + , y = z + w − ,
5 5 5 5 5 5
0 1 −1 4 interchange
→
0 0 1 0 r2 and r4 z and w are any real numbers .
0 5 −6 −2
1 0 −2 13 −4 x + y = 5
0 1 −1 4 R1 = 3r2 + r1 72. 2 x − y + z − w = 5
→ z+w=4
0 0 1 0
R4 = −5r2 + r4
Write the augmented matrix:
0 0 −1 −22
−4 1 0 0 5
1 0 0 13 2 −1 1 −1 5
R1 = 2r3 + r1
0 1 0 4 0 0 1 1 4
→ R2 = r3 + r2
0 0 1 0
1 − 1 0 0 − 5
R4 = r3 + r4
0 0 0 −22
4 4
There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
→ 2 −1 1 −1 5 ( R1 = − 14 r1 )
0 0 1 1 4
4x + y + z − w = 4 1 − 1 0 0 − 5
71. 4 4
x − y + 2 z + 3w = 3 → 0 − 12 1 −1 152 ( R2 = −2r1 + r2 )
Write the augmented matrix: 0 0 1 1 4
4 1 1 −1 4
1 − 14 0 − 54
0
1 −1 2 3 3
→ 0 1 −2 2 −15 ( R2 = −2r2 )
1 −1 2 3 3 interchange 0 0 1 1 4
→
4 1 1 −1 4 r1 and r2
1 0 − 12 12 −5
1 −1 2 3 3
→ ( R2 = −4r1 + r2 ) → 0 1 −2 2 −15 ( R1 = 14 r2 + r1 )
0 5 −7 −13 −8 00 1 1 4
The matrix in the last step represents the system
1 0 0 1 −3
x − y + 2 z + 3w = 3 R1 = 12 r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 4 −7
5 y − 7 z − 13w = −8
0 0 1 1 4 R2 = 2r3 + r2
The second equation yields
5 y − 7 z − 13w = −8 The matrix in the last step represents the system
x + w = −3 x = −3 − w
5 y = 7 z + 13w − 8
y + 4 w = −7 or, equivalently, y = −7 − 4 w
7 13 8 z + w = 4 z = 4 − w
y = z + w−
5 5 5
The solution is x = −3 − w , y = −7 − 4 w , z = 4 − w ,
The first equation yields
x − y + 2 z + 3w = 3 w is any real number or {( x, y, z , w) | x = −3 − w,
x = 3 + y − 2 z − 3w y = −7 − 4 w, z = 4 − w, w is any real number}
Substituting for y:
8 7 13
x = 3 + − + z + w − 2 z − 3w
5 5 5
3 2 7
x = − z − w+
5 5 5
683
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
73. Each of the points must satisfy the equation 1 1 1 −1
y = ax 2 + bx + c . 1
R2 = − 6 r2
→ 0 1 43 − 43
(1, 2) : 2 = a+b+c R3 = − r2 + r3
(−2, −7) : − 7 = 4a − 2b + c 0 0 5 10
(2, −3) : − 3 = 4a + 2b + c 1 0 − 1 1
Set up a matrix and solve: 3 3
R1 = − r2 + r1
→ 0 1 4 4
−3
1 1 1 2 3 1
0 0 1 2 R3 = 5 r3
4 − 2 1 −7
4 2 1 −3 1 0 0 1
R1 = 13 r3 + r1
1 1 1 2 → 0 1 0 − 4
R2 = − 4r1 + r2 R1 = − 4 r3 + r2
→ 0 − 6 −3 −15 R = − 4r + r 0 0 1
2 3
0 − 2 −3 −11 3 1 3
The solution is a = 1, b = – 4, c = 2 ; so the
1 1 1 2
equation is y = x 2 − 4 x + 2 .
→ 0
1 2
1 5
2
( )
R2 = − 16 r2
0 − 2 −3 −11 75. Each of the points must satisfy the equation
f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d .
1 0 1
− 12
2 f (−3) = −112 : −27 a + 9b − 3c + d = −112
1 5 R1 = − r2 + r1
→ 0 1 2 2 f (−1) = −2 : −a + b − c + d = −2
R3 = 2 r2 + r3
0 0 − 2 − 6 f (1) = 4 : a+b+c+d = 4
1 0 12 − 12 f (2) = 13 : 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 13
→ 0 1 1 5 →
2 2
(
R3 = − 12 r3 ) Set up a matrix and solve:
− 27 9 −3 1 −112
0 0 1 3
−1 1 −1 1 − 2
1 0 0 −2 1 1 1 1
R1 = − 12 r3 + r1 4
→ 0 1 0 1
R2 = − 1 r3 + r2 8 4 2 1 13
0 0 1 3 2
1 1 1 1 4
The solution is a = − 2, b = 1, c = 3 ; so the
− 2 Interchange
→ −1 1 −1 1
equation is y = −2 x 2 + x + 3 . − 27 9 −3 1 −112 r3 and r1
74. Each of the points must satisfy the equation 8 4 2 1 13
y = ax 2 + bx + c . 1 1 1 1 4
R2 = r1 + r2
(1, − 1) : −1 = a + b + c →
0 2 0 2 2 R = 27 r + r
0 36 24 28 − 4 3 1 3
(3, − 1) : − 1 = 9a + 3b + c R4 = − 8 r1 + r4
(– 2,14) : 14 = 4a − 2b + c 0 − 4 − 6 −7 −19
Set up a matrix and solve: 1 1 1 1 4
1
1 1 −1 0 1 0 1 1
3 1 −1
→
0 36 24 28 − 4
( R2 = 12 r2 )
9
4 − 2 1 14 0 − 4 − 6 −7 −19
1 1 0 1 3
0
1 1 −1 R1 = − r2 + r1
R2 = − 9r1 + r2 0 1 01 1
→ 0 − 6 − 8 8 R = − 4r + r → R3 = −36 r2 + r3
3 1 3 0 0 24 − 8 − 40
0 − 6 −3 18 R4 = 4 r2 + r4
0 0 − 6 −3 −15
684
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 0 1
R1 = − r2 + r1
0 1 0 1 4
0 1 0 1 1 →
→ ( R3 = 241 r3 ) 0 6 −3 −18
R3 = −12 r2 + r3
5 5 0 R = 18 r + r
0 0 1 − 3 − 3 4 2 4
0 0 − 24 − 8 − 48
0 0 − 6 −3 −15 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 14
0 0 0 1 0 1 4
0
3 3
R1 = − r3 + r1
→ ( R3 = 16 r3 )
1 0 11 0 0 1 −2
1
−3
→
1 5 R4 = 6 r3 + r4 0 0 − 24 − 8 − 48
0 0 1 − 3 − 3
0 0 0 −5 − 25 0 0 1
1 2 4
1 0 0
1 14 0 1 0 1 4 R1 = − r3 + r1
3 3 →
R = 24 r3 + r4
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 − 12 −3 4
→ ( R4 = − 15 r4 )
0 0 0 − 20 −120
0 0 1 − 13 − 53
1
0 0 0 1 5 1 0 0 2 4
0 1 4
1 0 0 0
3 R = − 1 r + r
1 3 4 1
→
1 0
( 1 r
R4 = − 20 4 )
0 − 12 −3
0 1 0 0 − 4
0 1
→ R2 = −r4 + r2
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 6
0
R3 = 13 r4 + r3 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 5 R1 = − 1 r4 + r1
2
0 1 0 0 − 2
The solution is a = 3, b = − 4, c = 0, d = 5 ; so the → R2 = − r4 + r2
0 0 1 0 0
equation is f ( x) = 3 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 5 . R3 = 1 r4 + r3
0 0 0 1 6 2
The solution is a = 1, b = − 2, c = 0, d = 6 ; so the
76. Each of the points must satisfy the equation
f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d . equation is f ( x) = x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 .
f (− 2) = −10 : − 8a + 4b − 2c + d = −10
77. Let x = the number of servings of salmon steak.
f (−1) = 3 : −a+b−c+d = 3 Let y = the number of servings of baked eggs.
f (1) = 5 : a+b+c+d = 5 Let z = the number of servings of acorn squash.
f (3) = 15 : 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 15 Protein equation: 30 x + 15 y + 3 z = 78
Set up a matrix and solve: Carbohydrate equation: 20 x + 2 y + 25 z = 59
− 8 4 − 2 1 −10 Vitamin A equation: 2 x + 20 y + 32 z = 75
−1 1 −1 1 3 Set up a matrix and solve:
1 1 1 1 5
30 15 3 78
27 9 3 1 15
1
20 2 25 59
1 1 1 5
2 20 32 75
Interchange
→ −
1 1 −1 1 3
− 8 2 20 32 75
4 −2 1 −10 r3 and r1 Interchange
27 9 3 1 15 → 20 2 25 59
30 15 3 78 r3 and r1
1 1 1 1 5
R2 = r1 + r2
0 2 0 2 8 1 10 16 37.5
→ R
3 = 8 r1 + r3
0 12 30
6 9
R = − 27 r + r
4 1 4
→ 20 2 25 59 (
R1 = 12 r1 )
0 −18 − 24 − 26 −120 30 15 3 78
1 1 1 1 5 1 10 16 37.5
R2 = −20r1 + r2
→
0
0 12
1 0 1 4
30
( R2 = 12 r2 ) → 0 −198 −295 −691
6 9
0 −285 −477 −1047 R3 = −30r1 + r3
0 −18 − 24 − 26 −120
685
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 10 16 37.5 The dietitian should provide 1 serving of pork
chops, 2 servings of corn on the cob, and 2
→ 0 −198 −295 −691 ( R3 = − 9566 r2 + r3 ) servings of 2% milk.
3457 3457
0 0 − 66 − 66
79. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury bills.
1 10 16 37.5 Let y = the amount invested in Treasury bonds.
→ 0 −198 −295 −691 ( R3 = − 3457
66
r3 ) Let z = the amount invested in corporate bonds.
0 0 1 1 Total investment equation:
x + y + z = 10, 000
Substitute z = 1 and solve: Annual income equation:
−198 y − 295(1) = − 691 0.06 x + 0.07 y + 0.08 z = 680
−198 y = −396 Condition on investment equation:
y=2 z = 0.5 x
x + 10(2) + 16(1) = 37.5 x − 2z = 0
Set up a matrix and solve:
x + 36 = 37.5
1 1 1 10,000
x = 1.5
0.06 0.07 0.08 680
The dietitian should serve 1.5 servings of salmon 1
0 −2 0
steak, 2 servings of baked eggs, and 1 serving of
acorn squash. 1 1 1 10,000
R2 = − 0.06 r1 + r2
→ 0 0.01 0.02 80
78. Let x = the number of servings of pork chops. R3 = − r1 + r3
0 −1 −3 −10,000
Let y = the number of servings of corn on the cob.
Let z = the number of servings of 2% milk. 1 1 1 10,000
Protein equation: 23 x + 3 y + 9 z = 47
→ 0 1 2 8000 ( R2 = 100 r2 )
Carbohydrate equation: 16 y + 13 z = 58 −10,000
0 −1 −3
Calcium equation: 10 x + 10 y + 300 z = 630
1 0 −1 2000
Set up a matrix and solve: R1 = − r2 + r1
→ 0 1 2 8000
23 3 9 47 0 0 −1 − 2000 R3 = r2 + r3
0 16 13 58
10 10 300 630 1 0 −1 2000
1 1 30 63 → 0 1 2 8000 ( R3 = − r3 )
Interchange 0 0 1 2000
→ 0 16 13 58 1
r3 and r1
23 3 9 47 10 1 0 0 4000
R1 = r3 + r1
1 1 30 63 → 0 1 0 4000
R3 = − 23r1 + r3 0 0 1 2000 R2 = − 2r3 + r2
→ 0
13 29
1
16 8 R2 = 1 r2
0 − 20 − 681 −1402 16 Carletta should invest $4000 in Treasury bills,
1 0 467 475 $4000 in Treasury bonds, and $2000 in corporate
16 8
R1 = − r2 + r1
bonds.
→ 0 1 13 29
16 8
R3 = 20r2 + r3 80. Let x = the fixed delivery charge; let y = the cost of
0 0 − 2659 −1402
4 each tree, and let z = the hourly labor charge.
1 0 467 475 1st subdivision: x + 250 y + 166 z = 7520
16 8
2nd subdivision: x + 200 y + 124 z = 5945
→ 0
1 13
16
29
8 ( R3 = − 2659
4 r
3)
3rd subdivision: x + 300 y + 200 z = 8985
0 0 1 2
Set up a matrix and solve:
1 0 0 1 R1 = − 467 r3 + r1 1 250 166 7520
→ 0 1 0 2
16
R = − 13 r + r 1 200 124 5945
0 0 1 2 2 16 3 2 1 300 200 8985
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 250 166 7520 1 0 4 48
R2 = r1 − r2
→ 0 50 42 1575 → 0 1 −2 −15 ( R3 = −r3 )
0 50 34 1465 R3 = r3 − r1
0 0 1 10
1 250 166 7520 R2 = 1 r2 1 0 0 8
R1 = −4r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0.84 31.5 50
→ 0 1 0 5
0 R = 1 r R2 = 2r3 + r2
1 0.68 29.3 3 50 3 0 0 1 10
1 0 −44 −355 The company should produce 8 Deltas, 5 Betas,
R1 = r1 − 250 r2 and 10 Sigmas.
→ 0 1 0.84 31.5
0 0 0.18 2.2 R3 = r2 − r3
82. Let x = the number of cases of orange juice
1 0 −44 −355 produced; let y = the number of cases of
→ 0 1 0.84 31.5 ( R3 = 0.161 r3 ) grapefruit juice produced; and let z = the
number of cases of tomato juice produced.
0 0 1 13.75
Sterilizing equation: 9 x + 10 y + 12 z = 398
1 0 0 250 Filling equation: 6 x + 4 y + 4 z = 164
R1 = r1 + 44r3
→ 0 1 0 19.95 Labeling equation: x + 2 y + z = 58
0 0 1 13.75 R2 = r2 − 0.84 r3
Set up a matrix and solve:
The delivery charge is $250 per job, the cost for 9 10 12 398
each tree is $19.95, and the hourly labor charge is
$13.75. 6 4 4 164
1 2 1 58
81. Let x = the number of Deltas produced.
1 2 1 58
Let y = the number of Betas produced. Interchange
Let z = the number of Sigmas produced. → 6 4 4 164
Painting equation: 10 x + 16 y + 8 z = 240 9 10 12 398 r1 and r3
Drying equation: 3 x + 5 y + 2 z = 69
1 2 1 58
Polishing equation: 2 x + 3 y + z = 41 R2 = − 6 r1 + r2
→ 0 − 8 − 2 −184
Set up a matrix and solve:
0 − 8 3 −124 R3 = − 9r1 + r3
10 16 8 240
3 5 2 69 1 2 1
58
2 3 1 41
→ 0
1 14 23
(
R2 = − 18 r2 )
1 1 2 33 0 − 8 3 −124
→ 3 5 2 69 ( R1 = −3r2 + r1 ) 1 0 1 12
2 3 1 41 2
R1 = − 2r2 + r1
→ 0 1 14 23
1 1 2 33 R3 = 8 r2 + r3
R2 = −3r1 + r2 0 0 5 60
→ 0 2 −4 −30
R3 = −2r1 + r3 1 0 1 12
0 1 −3 −25 2
1 1 2 33 → 0 1 14 23
( R3 = 15 r3 )
→ 0 1 −2 −15 ( R2 = 12 r2 ) 0 0 1 12
0 1 −3 −25 1 0 0 6
R1 = − 12 r3 + r1
1 0 4 48 → 0 1 0 20
R1 = r1 − r2 R2 = − 1 r3 + r2
→ 0 1 −2 −15 0 0 1 12
4
R3 = r3 − r2
0 0 −1 −10 The company should prepare 6 cases of orange
juice, 20 cases of grapefruit juice, and 12 cases
of tomato juice.
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
83. Rewrite the system to set up the matrix and 84. Rewrite the system to set up the matrix and solve:
solve: I1 = I 3 + I 2 I1 − I 2 − I 3 = 0
− 4 + 8 − 2 I 2 = 0 2I2 = 4
24 − 6 I1 − 3 I 3 = 0 → − 6 I1 − 3I 3 = − 24
8 = 5 I + I I + 5I = 8 12 + 24 − 6 I − 6 I = 0 − 6 I − 6 I = −36
4 1 1 4
→ 1 2 1 2
4 = 3 I 3 + I1 I1 + 3 I 3 =4
I 3 + I 4 = I1
I1 − I 3 − I 4 = 0 1 −1 −1 0
− 6 0 − 3 − 24
0 2 0 4
0 − 6 − 6 0 −36
1 0 0 5 8 1 −1 −1 0
1 0 3 0 4 R2 = 6r1 + r2
→ 0 − 6 −9 − 24
1 0 −1 −1 0 0 −12 − 6 −36 R3 = 6 r1 + r3
1 0 5 8
0 1 −1 −1 0
→
0 2 0 0 4 Interchange
→ 0 1 3
2
4
( R2 = − 16 r2 )
1 0 3 0 4 r2 and r1 0 −12 − 6 −36
1 0 −1 −1 0
1 0 12 4
1 0 0 8
5 R1 = r2 + r1
R2 = 1
r → 0 1 32 4
2 2
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 12 12 R3 = 12 r2 + r3
→ R3 = − r1 + r3
0 0 3 −5 − 4 R = − r + r
4 1 4 1 0 12 4
0 0 −1 − 6 − 8
1 0 0 8
5
→ 0 1 32 4 ( R3 = 121 r3 )
0 0 1 1
Interchange
0 1 0 0 2
→ 1 0 0 3.5
0 0 −1 − 6 − 8 r3 and r4 R1 = − 12 r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 2.5
0 0 3 −5 − 4 R2 = − 3 r3 + r2
0 0 1 1 2
1 0 0 8
5
The solution is I1 = 3.5, I 2 = 2.5, I 3 = 1 .
0 1 0 0 2 R3 = − r3
→
0 0 1 6 8 R4 = −3 r3 + r4
85. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury bills.
0 0 0 − 23 − 28 Let y = the amount invested in corporate bonds.
1 0 0 5 8 Let z = the amount invested in junk bonds.
0 1 0 0 2 a. Total investment equation:
→ ( R4 = − 231 r4 ) x + y + z = 20, 000
0 0 1 6 8
Annual income equation:
0 0 0 1 23
28
0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 2000
1 0 0 0
44
23
Set up a matrix and solve:
0 1 0 0 2 R1 = −5 r4 + r1 1 1 1 20, 000
→
16 0.07 0.09 0.11 2000
0 0 1 0 23 R3 = − 6 r4 + r3
28 1 1 1 20, 000
0 0 0 1 23 → ( R2 = 100r2 )
44 16 7 9 11 200, 000
The solution is I1 = , I 2 = 2 , I3 = , 1 1 1 20, 000
23 23 → ( R2 = r2 − 7r1 )
28 0 2 4 60, 000
I4 = .
23 1 1 1 20, 000
→ ( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 1 2 30, 000
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 0 −1 −10, 000 Amount Invested At
→ ( R1 = r1 − r2 )
0 1 2 30, 000 7% 9% 11%
The matrix in the last step represents the
12,500 12,500 0
x − z = −10, 000
system 14,500 8500 2000
y + 2 z = 30, 000
Therefore the solution is x = −10, 000 + z , 16,500 4500 4000
y = 30, 000 − 2 z , z is any real number. 18,750 0 6250
Possible investment strategies:
c. Total investment equation:
Amount Invested At x + y + z = 30, 000
Annual income equation:
7% 9% 11%
0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 2000
0 10,000 10,000 Set up a matrix and solve:
1000 8000 11,000 1 1 1 30, 000
2000 6000 12,000 0.07 0.09 0.11 2000
3000 4000 13,000 1 1 1 30, 000
→ ( R2 = 100r2 )
4000 2000 14,000 7 9 11 200, 000
1 1 1 30, 000
5000 0 15,000 → ( R1 = r2 − 7r1 )
0 2 4 −10, 000
b. Total investment equation: 1 1 1 30, 000
x + y + z = 25, 000 → ( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 1 2 −5000
Annual income equation:
0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 2000 1 0 −1 35, 000
→ ( R1 = r1 − r2 )
Set up a matrix and solve: 0 1 2 −5000
1 1 1 25, 000 The matrix in the last step represents the
x − z = 35, 000
0.07 0.09 0.11 2000 system
1 1 1 25, 000 y + 2 z = −5000
→ ( R2 = 100r2 ) Thus, the solution is x = z + 35, 000 ,
7 9 11 200, 000 y = −2 z − 5000 , z is any real number.
1 1 1 25, 000 However, y and z cannot be negative. From
→ ( R2 = r2 − 7r1 )
0 2 4 25, 000 y = −2 z − 5000 , we must have y = z = 0.
1 1 1 25, 000 One possible investment strategy
→ ( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 1 2 12,500 Amount Invested At
1 0 −1 12,500
→ ( R1 = r1 − r2 ) 7% 9% 11%
0 1 2 12,500
30,000 0 0
The matrix in the last step represents the
x − z = 12,500
system This will yield ($30,000)(0.07) = $2100,
y + 2 z = 12,500 which is more than the required income.
Thus, the solution is x = z + 12,500 ,
y = −2 z + 12,500 , z is any real number. d. Answers will vary.
Possible investment strategies:
689
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
86. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury bills. Possible investment strategies:
Let y = the amount invested in corporate bonds.
Amount Invested At
Let z = the amount invested in junk bonds.
Let I = income 7% 9% 11%
Total investment equation: x + y + z = 25, 000
12,500 12,500 0
Annual income equation:
15,500 6500 3000
0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = I
18,750 0 6250
Set up a matrix and solve:
1 1 1 25, 000
c. I = 2500
0.07 0.09 0.11 I x = 112,500 − 50T + z
1 1 1 25, 000 = 112,500 − 50 ( 2500 ) + z
→ ( R2 = 100r2 )
7 9 11 100 I = −12,500 + z
1 1 1 25, 000 y = 50 I − 87,500 − 2 z
→ ( R1 = r2 − 7r1 ) = 50 ( 2500 ) − 87,500 − 2 z
0 2 4 100 I − 175, 000
1 1 1 25, 000 = 37,500 − 2 z
→ ( R2 = 12 r2 ) z is any real number.
0 1 2 50 I − 87,500
Possible investment strategies:
1 0 −1 112,500 − 50 I
→ ( R1 = r1 − r2 ) Amount invested at
0 1 2 50 I − 87,500
The matrix in the last step represents the system 7% 9% 11%
x − z = 112,500 − 50 I 0 12,500 12,500
y + 2 z = 50 I − 87,500 1000 10,500 13,500
Thus, the solution is x = 112,500 − 50 I + z , 6250 0 18,750
y = 50 I − 87,500 − 2 z , z is any real number.
d. Answers will vary.
a. I = 1500
x = 112,500 − 50 I + z 87. Let x = the amount of supplement 1.
= 112,500 − 50 (1500 ) + z Let y = the amount of supplement 2.
= 37,500 + z Let z = the amount of supplement 3.
y = 50 I − 87,500 − 2 z 0.20 x + 0.40 y + 0.30 z = 40 Vitamin C
= 50 (1500 ) − 87,500 − 2 z 0.30 x + 0.20 y + 0.50 z = 30 Vitamin D
Multiplying each equation by 10 yields
= −12,500 − 2 z
2 x + 4 y + 3z = 400
z is any real number.
Since y and z cannot be negative, we must 3x + 2 y + 5 z = 300
have y = z = 0. Investing all of the money Set up a matrix and solve:
at 7% yields $1750, which is more than the
$1500 needed. 2 4 3 400
3 2 5 300
b. I = 2000
x = 112,500 − 50T + z 1 2 32 200
= 112,500 − 50 ( 2000 ) + z
→ ( R1 = 12 r1 )
3 2 5 300
= 12,500 + z 1 2 32 200
y = 50 I − 87,500 − 2 z → ( R2 = r2 − 3r1 )
0 −4 12 −300
= 50 ( 2000 ) − 87,500 − 2 z
1 2 3 200
= 12,500 − 2 z → 2
1 ( R2 = − 14 r2 )
z is any real number. 0 1 − 8 75
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Section 6.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 0 7 50 Possible combinations:
→ 4
1 ( R1 = r1 − 2r2 )
0 1 − 8
75
The matrix in the last step represents the system Powder 1 Powder 2 Powder 3
x + 74 z = 50 30 units 15 units 0 units
1
y − 8 z = 75 20 units 14 units 8 units
7 10 units 13 units 16 units
Therefore the solution is x = 50 − z,
4 0 units 12 units 24 units
1 89 – 91. Answers will vary.
y = 75 + z , z is any real number.
8
92. Since any real number can be evaluated in the
Possible combinations: equation then the domain is
{ x | x is any real number} or ( −∞, ∞ ) .
Supplement 1 Supplement 2 Supplement 3
93. x 2 − 3x < 6 + 2 x
50mg 75mg 0mg
2
x − 5x − 6 < 0
36mg 76mg 8mg We inspect the graph of the function
22mg 77mg 16mg f ( x) = x 2 − 5 x − 6 .
8mg 78mg 24mg y-intercept: f (0) = −6
x-intercepts: x2 − 5x − 6 = 0
88. Let x = the amount of powder 1. ( x − 6)( x + 1) = 0
Let y = the amount of powder 2. x = 6, x = −1
Let z = the amount of powder 3. The graph is below the x-axis when −1 < x < 6 .
0.20 x + 0.40 y + 0.30 z = 12 Vitamin B12 Since the inequality is strict, the solution set is
0.30 x + 0.20 y + 0.40 z = 12 Vitamin E { x | −1 < x < 6} or, using interval notation,
Multiplying each equation by 10 yields ( −1, 6) .
2 x + 4 y + 3 z = 120
3 x + 2 y + 4 z = 120
Set up a matrix and solve:
2 4 3 120
3 2 4 120
2 4 3 120
→ ( R2 = r2 − 32 r1 )
0 −4 −0.5 −60
2 0 2.5 60
→ ( R1 = r1 + r2 )
0 −4 −0.5 −60
The matrix in the last step represents the system
2 x + 2.5 z = 60
−4 y − 0.5 z = −60
Thus, the solution is x = 30 − 1.25 z ,
y = 15 − 0.125 z , z is any real number.
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
94. 2 x2 − x − 1 (2 x + 1)( x − 1)
R( x) = = p ( x) = 2 x 2 − x − 1; q ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1;
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)( x + 1)
2 x2 − x − 1
Domain: { x x ≠ −1} . R ( x) = is in lowest terms.
x2 + 2 x + 1
2 ⋅ 02 − 0 − 1 −1
The y-intercept is f (0) = 2 = = −1 . Plot the point ( 0, −1) .
0 + 2⋅0 +1 1
1
The x-intercepts are the zeros of p ( x) : 1 and − .
2
2 x2 − x − 1
R( x) = 2 is in lowest terms. The vertical asymptotes are the zeros of q( x) :
x + 2x + 1
x = −1 . Graph this asymptote with dashed lines.
2
Since n = m , the line y = = 2 is the horizontal asymptote. Solve to find intersection points:
1
Plot the line y = 2 using dashes.
Graph:
Section 6.3
1. ad − bc
5 3
2.
−3 −4
3. False; If ad=bc, then the det = 0.
4. False; The solution cannot be determined.
5. False; See Thm (15)
6. False; See Thm (14)
95. f ( x) = x 4 + 21x 2 − 100 6 4
7. = 6(3) − (−1)(4) = 18 + 4 = 22
−1 3
= ( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 25)
8 −3
x 2 − 4 = 0 or x 2 + 25 = 0 8. = 8(2) − 4(−3) = 16 + 12 = 28
4 2
x=± 4 x = ± −25
x = ±2 x = ±5i −3 −1
9. = −3(2) − 4(−1) = − 6 + 4 = −2
The roots are: 2, −2,5i, −5i 4 2
10. − 4 2 = − 4(3) − (−5)(2) = −12 + 10 = −2
−5 3
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
3 4 2 x + y = 8
15.
11. 1 −1 5 = 3 −1 5
−4 1
5
+ 2 1 −1 x − y = 4
2 − 2 1 − 2 1 2
1 2 −2
D = 1 1 = −1 − 1 = − 2
= 3 ( −1) (− 2) − 2(5) − 4 [1(− 2) − 1(5) ] 1 −1
+ 2 [1(2) − 1( −1) ] Dx =
8 1 = − 8 − 4 = −12
= 3( − 8) − 4( −7) + 2(3) 4 −1
= − 24 + 28 + 6 8
Dy = 1 = 4−8 = −4
= 10 1 4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
1 3 −2 D −12 Dy − 4
12. 6 1 −5 = 1 1
−5
−3
6 −5
+ (− 2)
6 1 x= x = =6 y= = =2
D −2 D −2
2 3 8 3 8 2
8 2 3 The solution is (6, 2).
= 1[1(3) − 2( −5) ] − 3[ 6(3) − 8(−5)]
x + 2 y = 5
− 2 [ 6(2) − 8(1) ] 16.
x− y =3
= 1(13) − 3(58) − 2(4)
= 13 − 174 − 8 D = 1 2 = −1 − 2 = −3
= −169 1 −1
5 2
Dx = = − 5 − 6 = −11
4 −1 2 3 −1
6 −1 0 = 4 −1
0 6 0 6 −1
13. − (−1) +2
5
1 −3 4
−3 4 1 4 1 −3 Dy = 1 = 3−5 = −2
1 3
= 4 [ −1(4) − 0(−3) ] + 1[ 6(4) − 1(0)] Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
+ 2 [ 6( −3) − 1(−1) ] D −11 11 Dy − 2 2
x= x = = y= = =
= 4(− 4) + 1(24) + 2(−17) D −3 3 D −3 3
= −16 + 24 − 34 11 2
The solution is , .
= − 26 3 3
3 −9 4 5 x − y = 13
17.
14. 1 4 0 =3
4 0
− (−9)
1 0
+4
1 4 2 x + 3 y = 12
8 −3 1 −3 1 8 1 8 −3 5 −1
D= = 15 + 2 = 17
2 3
= 3 [ 4(1) − (−3)(0) ] + 9 [1(1) − 8(0)]
13 −1
+ 4 [1(−3) − 8(4) ] Dx = = 39 + 12 = 51
12 3
= 3(4) + 9(1) + 4(−35)
5 13
= 12 + 9 − 140 Dy = = 60 − 26 = 34
2 12
= −119
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
D 51 D y 34
x= x = =3 y= = =2
D 17 D 17
The solution is (3, 2).
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x + 3y = 5 3 x − 6 y = 24
18. 21.
2 x − 3 y = − 8 5 x + 4 y = 12
3 3 −6
D= 1 = −3 − 6 = −9 D= = 12 − (−30) = 42
2 −3 5 4
5 3 −6
Dx = = −15 − (−24) = 9 Dx = 24 = 96 − (−72) = 168
−8 −3 12 4
5 3 24
Dy = 1 = −8 − 10 = −18 Dy = = 36 − 120 = − 84
2 −8 5 12
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
D 9 Dy −18 D 168 Dy − 84
x= x = = −1 y= = =2 x= x = =4 y= = = −2
D −9 D −9 D 42 D 42
The solution is (−1, 2) . The solution is (4, −2) .
3 x = 24 2 x + 4 y = 16
19. 22.
x + 2 y = 0 3x − 5 y = − 9
3 0 2 4
D= = 6−0 = 6 D= = −10 − 12 = − 22
1 2 3 −5
24 0 16 4
Dx = = 48 − 0 = 48 Dx = = − 80 + 36 = − 44
0 2 −9 −5
3 24 2 16
Dy = = 0 − 24 = − 24 Dy = = −18 − 48 = − 66
1 0 3 −9
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
D 48 Dy − 24 D − 44 Dy − 66
x= x = =8 y= = = −4 x= x = =2 y= = =3
D 6 D 6 D − 22 D − 22
The solution is (8, −4) . The solution is (2, 3).
4 x + 5 y = − 3 3x − 2 y = 4
20. 23.
−2y = −4 6 x − 4 y = 0
5 3 −2
D= 4 = −8 − 0 = −8 D= = −12 − (−12) = 0
0 −2 6 −4
Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
−3 5
Dx = = 6 − (−20) = 26
−4 −2 − x + 2 y = 5
24.
−3 4x − 8 y = 6
Dy = 4 = −16 − 0 = −16
0 −4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: D = −1 2 = 8 − 8 = 0
4 −8
D 26 13 Dy −16
x= x = =− y= = =2 Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
D −8 4 D −8
13
The solution is − , 2 .
4
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
2x − 4 y = − 2 3x − 2 y = 0
25. 28.
3 x + 2 y = 3 5 x + 10 y = 4
−4 3 −2
D= 2 = 4 + 12 = 16 D= = 30 − (−10) = 40
3 2 5 10
−2 −4 0 −2
Dx = = −4 + 12 = 8 Dx = = 0 − (−8) = 8
3 2 4 10
−2 3 0
Dy = 2 = 6 + 6 = 12 Dy = = 12 − 0 = 12
3 3 5 4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
D 8 1 Dy 12 3 D 8 1 Dy 12 3
x= x = = y= = = x= x = = y= = =
D 16 2 D 16 4 D 40 5 D 40 10
1 3 1 3
The solution is , . The solution is , .
2 4 5 10
3x + 3 y = 3 2 x + 3 y = 6
26. 8 29. 1
4 x + 2 y = 3 x − y = 2
3 3
D= = 6 − 12 = − 6 D = 2 3 = − 2 − 3 = −5
4 2 1 −1
3 3 6 3 3 15
Dx = = 6−8 = −2 Dx = = −6 − =−
8
2
1
−1 2 2
3 2
3 3 2 6
Dy = = 8 − 12 = − 4 Dy = = 1 − 6 = −5
1
4 83 1 2
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
Dy − 4 2 15
D −2 1
x= x = = y= = = Dx − 2 3 Dy −5
D −6 3 D −6 3 x= = = y= = =1
D −5 2 D −5
1 2 3
The solution is , . The solution is , 1 .
3 3 2
2 x − 3 y = −1 1
27. x + y = −2
10 x + 10 y = 5 30. 2
x − 2 y = 8
D= 2 −3 = 20 − (−30) = 50
1
10 10 D= 2 1 = −1 − 1 = −2
−3 1 −2
Dx = −1 = − 10 − (−15) = 5
5 10 Dx = −2 1 = 4 − 8 = −4
2 −1 =10 − (−10) = 20 8 −2
Dy = 1
10 5 Dy = 2 −2 = 4 − (−2) = 6
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: 1 8
D 5 1 Dy 20 2 Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
x= x = = y= = =
D 50 10 D 50 5
1 2
The solution is , .
10 5
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Dx − 4 Dy 6 x+ y− z = 6
x= = =2 y= = = −3
D −2 D −2 33. 3 x − 2 y + z = −5
The solution is (2, −3) . x + 3 y − 2 z = 14
1 1 −1
3x − 5 y = 3
31. D = 3 −2 1
15 x + 5 y = 21 1 3 −2
D= 3 −5 = 15 − (−75) = 90
15 5 =1 −2 1 −1 3 1 + (−1) 3 − 2
3 −2 1 −2 1 3
Dx = 3 −5 = 15 − (−105) = 120 = 1(4 − 3) − 1(− 6 − 1) − 1(9 + 2)
21 5 = 1 + 7 − 11
3 3 = 63 − 45 = 18 = −3
Dy =
15 21 6 1 −1
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: Dx = −5 − 2 1
D 120 4 Dy 18 1 14 3 −2
x= x = = y= = =
D 90 3 D 90 5
4 1 = 6 −2 1 − 1 −5 1 + (−1) −5 − 2
The solution is , . 3 −2 14 − 2 14 3
3 5 = 6(4 − 3) − 1(10 − 14) − 1(−15 + 28)
= 6 + 4 − 13
2 x − y = −1
= −3
32. 1 3
x + 2 y = 2 1 6 −1
Dy = 3 −5 1
2 −1
D= = 1+1 = 2 1 14 − 2
1
1 2
−1 −1 −5 1 −6 3 1 + (−1) 3 −5
1 3 =1
Dx = = − + =1 14 − 2 1 −2 1 14
3 1 2 2
2 2 = 1(10 − 14) − 6(− 6 − 1) − 1(42 + 5)
2 −1 = −4 + 42 − 47
Dy = = 3 +1 = 4
3
1 2 = −9
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: 1 1 6
D 1 Dy 4
x= x = y= = =2 Dz = 3 − 2 −5
D 2 D 2 1 3 14
1
The solution is , 2 .
2 − 2 −5 3 −5 3 −2
=1 −1 +6
3 14 1 14 1 3
= 1(− 28 + 15) − 1(42 + 5) + 6(9 + 2)
= −13 − 47 + 66
=6
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
D −3 Dy −9
x= x = =1 y= = =3
D −3 D −3
D 6
z= z = = −2
D −3
The solution is (1, 3, −2) .
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
x − y + z = −4 x + 2 y − z = −3
34. 2 x − 3 y + 4 z = −15 35. 2 x − 4 y + z = −7
5 x + y − 2 z = 12 − 2 x + 2 y − 3z = 4
1 −1 1 1 2 −1
D= 2 −3 4 D= 2 −4 1
5 1 −2 −2 2 −3
= 1 −3 4 − (−1) 2 4 + 1 2 −3 =1 −4 1 −2 2 1 + (−1) 2 − 4
1 −2 5 −2 5 1 2 −3 − 2 −3 −2 2
= 1(6 − 4) + 1(− 4 − 20) + 1(2 + 15) = 1(12 − 2) − 2(− 6 + 2) − 1(4 − 8)
= 2 − 24 + 17 = 10 + 8 + 4
= −5 = 22
− 4 −1 1 −3 2 −1
Dx = −15 −3 4 Dx = −7 − 4 1
12 1 −2 4 2 −3
= − 4 −3 4 − (−1) −15 4 + 1 −15 −3 = −3 − 4 1 − 2 −7 1 + (−1) −7 − 4
1 −2 12 − 2 12 1 2 −3 4 −3 4 2
= − 4(6 − 4) + 1(30 − 48) + 1(−15 + 36) = −3(12 − 2) − 2(21 − 4) − 1(−14 + 16)
= − 8 − 18 + 21 = −30 − 34 − 2
= −5 = − 66
1 −4 1 1 −3 −1
Dy = 2 −15 4 Dy = 2 −7 1
5 12 − 2 −2 4 −3
−15 4 − (− 4) 2 4 + 1 2 −15 −7 1 − (−3) 2 1 + (−1) 2 −7
=1 =1
12 − 2 5 −2 5 12 4 −3 − 2 −3 −2 4
= 1(30 − 48) + 4(− 4 − 20) + 1(24 + 75) = 1(21 − 4) + 3(− 6 + 2) − 1(8 − 14)
= −18 − 96 + 99 = 17 − 12 + 6
= −15 = 11
1 −1 − 4 1 2 −3
Dz = 2 −3 −15 Dz = 2 − 4 −7
5 1 12 −2 2 4
= 1 −3 −15 − (−1) 2 −15 + (− 4) 2 −3 = 1 − 4 −7 − 2 2 −7 + (−3) 2 − 4
1 12 5 12 5 1 2 4 −2 4 −2 2
= 1(−36 + 15) + 1(24 + 75) − 4(2 + 15) = 1(−16 + 14) − 2(8 − 14) − 3(4 − 8)
= − 21 + 99 − 68 = − 2 + 12 + 12
= 10 = 22
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
D −5 Dy −15 D − 66 Dy 11 1
x= x = =1 y= = =3 x= x = = −3 y= = =
D −5 D −5 D 22 D 22 2
D 10 D 22
z= z = = −2 z= z = =1
D −5 D 22
The solution is (1, 3, − 2) . 1
The solution is −3, , 1 .
2
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x + 4 y − 3z = − 8 x − 2 y + 3z = 1
36. 3x − y + 3 z = 12 37. 3x + y − 2 z = 0
x + y + 6 z = 1 2x − 4 y + 6z = 2
1 4 −3 1 −2 3
D = 3 −1 3
D= 3 1 −2
1 1 6
2 − 4 6
= 1 −1 3 − 4 3 3 + (−3) 3 −1 1 − 2 − (− 2) 3 − 2 + 3 3 1
1 6 1 6 1 1 =1
= 1(− 6 − 3) − 4(18 − 3) − 3(3 + 1) −4 6 2 6 2 −4
= −9 − 60 − 12 = 1(6 − 8) + 2(18 + 4) + 3(−12 − 2)
= − 81 = − 2 + 44 − 42
− 8 4 −3 =0
Dx = 12 −1 3 Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
1 1 6
x − y + 2z = 5
= − 8 −1 3 − 4 12 3 + (−3) 12 −1 38. 3 x + 2 y = 4
1 6 1 6 1 1 − 2 x + 2 y − 4 z = −10
= − 8(− 6 − 3) − 4(72 − 3) − 3(12 + 1)
= 72 − 276 − 39 1 −1 2
= − 243 D= 3 2 0
−2 2 −4
1 − 8 −3
Dy = 3 12 3 0 3 0 3 2
=1 2 − (−1) +2
1 1 6 2 −4 −2 −4 −2 2
= 1(− 8 − 0) + 1(−12 − 0) + 2(6 + 4)
= 1 12 3 − (− 8) 3 3 + (−3) 3 12
1 6 1 6 1 1 = − 8 − 12 + 20
= 1(72 − 3) + 8(18 − 3) − 3(3 − 12) =0
= 69 + 120 + 27 Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
= 216
1 4 −8 x + 2y − z = 0
Dz = 3 −1 12 39. 2 x − 4 y + z = 0
− 2 x + 2 y − 3z = 0
1 1 1
1 2 −1
= 1 −1 12 − 4
3 12 3 −1
+ (− 8) D= 2 −4 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
−2 2 −3
= 1(−1 − 12) − 4(3 − 12) − 8(3 + 1)
= −13 + 36 − 32 =1 −4 1 −2 2 1 + (−1) 2 − 4
= −9 2 −3 − 2 −3 −2 2
= 1(12 − 2) − 2(− 6 + 2) − 1(4 − 8)
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
= 10 + 8 + 4
Dx − 243 Dy 216 8
x= = =3 y= = =− = 22
D − 81 D − 81 3
0 2 −1
Dz −9 1
z= = = Dx = 0 − 4 1 = 0 [By Theorem (12)]
D − 81 9
0 2 −3
8 1
The solution is 3, − , .
3 9
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
1 0 −1 x − 2 y + 3z = 0
Dy = 2 0 1 =0 [By Theorem (12)] 41. 3x + y − 2 z = 0
2x − 4 y + 6z = 0
− 2 0 −3
1 2 0 1 −2 3
Dz = 2 − 4 0 = 0 [By Theorem (12)] D= 3 1 −2
−2 2 0 2 − 4 6
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
=1 1 − 2 − (− 2) 3 − 2 + 3 3 1
D 0 Dy 0 −4 6 2 6 2 −4
x= x = =0 y= = =0
D 22 D 22 = 1(6 − 8) + 2(18 + 4) + 3(−12 − 2)
D 0 = − 2 + 44 − 42
z= z = =0
D 22 =0
The solution is (0, 0, 0). Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
x + 4 y − 3z = 0 x − y + 2z = 0
40. 3x − y + 3z = 0
42. 3 x + 2 y =0
x + y + 6z = 0
− 2x + 2 y − 4z = 0
1 4 −3
1 −1 2
D = 3 −1 3
D= 3 2 0
1 1 6
−2 2 −4
= 1 −1
3 3 3 3 −1
−4 + (−3) 0 3 0 3 2
1 6 1 6 1 1 =1 2 − (−1) +2
2 −4 −2 −4 −2 2
= 1(− 6 − 3) − 4(18 − 3) − 3(3 + 1)
= 1(− 8 − 0) + 1(−12 − 0) + 2(6 + 4)
= −9 − 60 − 12
= − 8 − 12 + 20
= − 81
=0
0 4 −3 Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
Dx = 0 −1 3 = 0 [By Theorem (12)]
x y z
0 1 6
43. u v w =4
1 0 −3 1 2 3
Dy = 3 0 3 = 0 [By Theorem (12)] By Theorem (11), the value of a determinant
1 0 6 changes sign if any two rows are interchanged.
1 2 3
1 4 0
Thus, u v w = − 4 .
Dz = 3 −1 0 = 0 [By Theorem (12)]
x y z
1 1 0
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: x y z
D 0 Dy 0 44. u v w =4
x= x = =0 y= = =0
D − 81 D − 81 1 2 3
D 0 By Theorem (14), if any row of a determinant is
z= z = =0 multiplied by a nonzero number k, the value of
D − 81
The solution is (0, 0, 0).
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
the determinant is also changed by a factor of k. x y z
x y z x y z 47. Let u v w = 4
Thus, u v w = 2 u v w = 2(4) = 8 . 1 2 3
2 4 6 1 2 3
1 2 3
x y z x−3 y −6 z −9
45. Let u v w = 4 . 2u 2v 2w
1 2 3 1 2 3
x y z x y z = 2 x −3 y −6 z −9 [Theorem (14)]
−3 − 6 −9 = − 3 1 2 3 [Theorem (14)] u v w
u v w u v w x−3 y −6 z −9
x y z = 2(−1) 1 2 3 [Theorem (11)]
= −3( −1) u v w [Theorem (11)] u v w
1 2 3
x−3 y −6 z −9
= 3(4) = 12 = 2(−1)(−1) u v w [Theorem (11)]
x y z 1 2 3
46. Let u v w = 4 x y z
[Theorem (15)]
1 2 3 = 2(−1)(−1) u v w
( R1 = −3r3 + r1 )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
[Theorem (15)]
x−u y −v z −w = x y z = 2(−1)(−1)(4) = 8
( R2 = r2 + r3 )
u v w u v w
x y z x y z
= ( −1) 1 2 3 [Theorem (11)] 48. Let u v w = 4
u v w 1 2 3
x y z x y z−x x y z
= ( −1)( −1) u v w [Theorem (11)] [Theorem (15)]
u v w−u = u v w
1 2 3 (C3 = c1 + c3 )
1 2 2 1 2 3
x y z
=4
= u v w =4
1 2 3 x y z
49. Let u v w = 4
1 2 3
1 2 3
2x 2y 2z
u −1 v − 2 w − 3
1 2 3
=2 x y z [Theorem (14)]
u −1 v − 2 w − 3
x y z
= 2(−1) 1 2 3 [Theorem (11)]
u −1 v − 2 w − 3
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
x y z 53. Solve for x:
= 2(−1)(−1) u − 1 v − 2 w − 3 [Theorem (11)] x 1 1
1 2 3 4 3 2 =2
x y z −1 2 5
[Theorem (15)]
= 2(−1)(−1) u v w 3 2 3
( R2 = −r3 + r2 ) x −1 4 2 +1 4 =2
1 2 3 2 5 −1 5 −1 2
= 2(−1)(−1)(4) x (15 − 4 ) − ( 20 + 2 ) + ( 8 + 3) = 2
=8 11x − 22 + 11 = 2
x y z 11x = 13
50. Let u v w = 4 13
x=
11
1 2 3
x+3 y+6 z +9 54. Solve for x:
3u − 1 3v − 2 3w − 3
3 2 4
1 2 3
1 x 5 =0
x y z
[Theorem (15)] 0 1 −2
= 3u − 1 3v − 2 3w − 3
(R1 =3r3 + r1 )
1 2 3 x 5 1 5 1 x
3 −2 +4 =0
x y z 1 −2 0 −2 0 1
[Theorem (15)] 3 ( − 2 x − 5 ) − 2 ( −2 ) + 4 (1) = 0
= 3u 3v 3w
( R2 = −r3 + r2 )
1 2 3 − 6 x − 15 + 4 + 4 = 0
x y z − 6x − 7 = 0
=3 u v w [Theorem (14)] − 6x = 7
1 2 3 7
x=−
6
= 3(4)
= 12 55. Solve for x:
51. Solve for x: x 2 3
1 x 0 =7
x x
=5 6 1 −2
4 3
3x − 4 x = 5
x x 0 −2 1 0 +3 1 x = 7
−x = 5 1 −2 6 −2 6 1
x = −5 x ( − 2 x ) − 2 ( − 2 ) + 3 (1 − 6 x ) = 7
52. Solve for x: − 2 x 2 + 4 + 3 − 18 x = 7
x 1 − 2 x 2 − 18 x = 0
= −2
3 x − 2x ( x + 9) = 0
2
x −3 = −2 x = 0 or x = −9
x2 − 1 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x − 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x =1 or x = −1
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
56. Solve for x: 58. Any point ( x, y ) on the line containing ( x2 , y2 )
x 1 2 and ( x3 , y3 ) satisfies:
1 x 3 = −4 x x y 1
0 1 2 x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
x 3 3 x
x −1 1 +2 1 = −4 x
1 2 0 2 0 1 If the point ( x1 , y1 ) is on the line containing
x ( 2 x − 3) − 1( 2 ) + 2 (1) = −4 x ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) [the points are collinear],
x1 y1 1
2 x 2 − 3 x − 2 + 2 = −4 x
then x2 y2 1 = 0 .
2 x2 + x = 0
x3 y3 1
x ( 2 x + 1) = 0
x1 y1 1
1
x = 0 or x = − Conversely, if x2 y2 1 = 0 , then ( x1 , y1 ) is
2
x3 y3 1
57. Expanding the determinant:
on the line containing ( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) , and
x y 1
the points are collinear.
x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1 59. If the vertices of a triangle are (2, 3), (5, 2), and
(6, 5), then:
y1 1 x 1 x y1
x −y 1 +1 1 =0 2 5 6
y2 1 x2 1 x2 y2 1
D= 3 2 5
x( y1 − y2 ) − y ( x1 − x2 ) + ( x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) = 0 2
1 1 1
x( y1 − y2 ) + y ( x2 − x1 ) = x2 y1 − x1 y2
1 2 5 3 5 3 2
y ( x2 − x1 ) = x2 y1 − x1 y2 + x( y2 − y1 ) = 2 −5 +6
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
y ( x2 − x1 ) − y1 ( x2 − x1 ) 1
= [ 2(2 − 5) − 5(3 − 5) + 6(3 − 2) ]
= x2 y1 − x1 y2 + x( y2 − y1 ) − y1 ( x2 − x1 ) 2
( x2 − x1 ) ( y − y1 ) 1
= [ 2(−3) − 5(−2) + 6(1) ]
= x( y2 − y1 ) + x2 y1 − x1 y2 − y1 x2 + y1 x1 2
1
( x2 − x1 ) ( y − y1 ) = ( y2 − y1 ) x − ( y2 − y1 ) x1 = [ −6 + 10 + 6]
2
( x2 − x1 ) ( y − y1 ) = ( y2 − y1 )( x − x1 ) =5
( y2 − y1 ) The area of the triangle is 5 = 5 square units.
( y − y1 ) = ( x − x1 )
( x2 − x1 )
This is the 2-point form of the equation for a line. 6 8 6
1
60. D1 = 8 4 −2 = −10
2
1 1 1
−10 = 10
1 6 6
1
D2 = 6 8 −2 = −25
2
1 1 1
−25 = 25
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
−1 1 6 Now set this expression equal to 0. Then complete
1 the square to obtain the standard form.
D3 = 3 6 −2 = −15.5
2
1 1 1 −240 − 120 x + 80 y + 20 x 2 + 20 y 2 = 0
−15.5 = 15.5 20 x 2 − 120 x + 20 y 2 + 80 y = 240
Total area =10 + 25 + 15.5 = 50.5 square units x 2 − 6 x + y 2 + 4 y = 12
61. A =
1
2 ( 6 8
1 6
+
1
−1 3
6
+
−1
6
3
−2
+
6 −2
8 4
+
8 4
6 8 ) x 2 − 6 x + 9 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 12 + 9 + 4
( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 25
1
= [(36−8)+(3+ 6)+(2−18)+(24+16)+(64− 24)] 64. Expanding the determinant:
2
1 x2 x 1
= [ 28 + 9 − 16 + 40 + 40] = 50.5 square units
2 y 2
y 1
62. 2
z z 1
x1 x2 x3 y 1 y2 1 y2 y
1 = x2 −x +1
(59) D = y1 y2 y3 z 1 z 2
1 z 2
z
2
1 1 1 = x ( y − z ) − x( y − z ) + 1( y z − z 2 y )
2 2 2 2
1 y y3 y y3 y y2 = x 2 ( y − z ) − x( y − z )( y + z ) + yz ( y − z )
= x1 2 + x2 1 + x3 1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( y − z ) x 2 − xy − xz + yz
1
= x1 ( y2 − y3 ) − x2 ( y1 − y3 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 ) = ( y − z ) [ x( x − y ) − z ( x − y ) ]
2
1 = ( y − z )( x − y )( x − z )
= [ x1 y2 − x1 y3 − x2 y1 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 − x3 y2 ]
2
65. If a = 0, then b ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0 since
by = s
x1 y1 x2 y2 x y3 ad − bc ≠ 0 , and the system is .
1 cx + dy = t
(61) D = + + 3
2 x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1 s
The solution of the system is y = ,
1 b
= [ x1 y2 − x2 y1 + x2 y3 − x3 y2 + x3 y1 − x1 y3 ]
t − dy t − d ( b ) tb − sd
2 s
x= = = . Using Cramer’s
1 2 2 2 c c bc
x 7 3 6 0 b
Rule, we get D = = −bc ,
63. c d
y −5 3 2
s b
x2 + y2 74 18 40 Dx = = sd − tb ,
t d
7 3 6 1 1 1 0 s
= −5 3 2 − x −5 3 2 Dy = = 0 − sc = − sc , so
c t
74 18 40 74 18 40 D ds − tb td − sd
x= x = = and
1 1 1 1 1 1 D −bc bc
2
+y 7 3 6 − x +y 2
7 3 6 ( ) y=
Dy − sc s
= = , which is the solution. Note
74 18 40 −5 3 2 D −bc b
that these solutions agree if d = 0.
= ( −240) − x (120) + y (80) − x 2 + y 2 ( −20) ( )
= −240 − 120 x + 80 y + 20 x 2 + 20 y 2
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
If b = 0, then a ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0 since Dy at − cs cs − at
y= = = , which is the
ax =s D −bc bc
ad − bc ≠ 0 , and the system is .
cx + dy = t solution. Note that these solutions agree if
a = 0.
s
The solution of the system is x = ,
a 66. Evaluating the determinant to show the
t − cx at − cs relationship:
y= = . Using Cramer’s Rule, we
d ad a13 a12 a11
a 0 s 0 a23 a22 a21
get D = = ad , Dx = = sd , and
c d t d a33 a32 a31
a s D sd s a22 a21 a a21 a a22
Dy = = at − cs , so x = x = = = a13 − a12 23 + a11 23
c t D ad a a32 a31 a33 a31 a33 a32
Dy at − cs = a13 ( a22a31 − a21a32 ) − a12 (a23a31 − a21a33 )
and y = = , which is the solution.
D ad + a11 ( a23a32 − a22a33 )
Note that these solutions agree if c = 0. = a13a22a31 − a13a21a32 − a12a23a31 + a12a21a33
+ a11a23a32 − a11a22 a33
If c = 0, then a ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0 since
= − a11a22a33 + a11a23a32 + a12a21a33 − a12a23a31
ax + by = s
ad − bc ≠ 0 , and the system is . − a13a21a32 + a13a22a31
dy = t
= − a11 (a22a33 − a23a32 ) + a12 ( a21a33 − a23a31 )
t
The solution of the system is y = , − a13 (a21a32 − a22a31 )
d
a22 a23 a a a a
s − by sd − tb = − a11 + a12 21 23 − a13 21 22
x= = . Using Cramer’s Rule, we a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a ad
a b s b a22 a23 a a a a
get D = = ad , Dx = = sd − tb , = − a11 − a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
0 d t d a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a s D sd − tb a11 a12 a13
and Dy = = at , so x = x = and
0 t D ad = − a21 a22 a23
Dy at t a31 a32 a33
y= = = , which is the solution. Note
D ad d
that these solutions agree if b = 0.
If d = 0, then b ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0 since
ax + by = s
ad − bc ≠ 0 , and the system is .
cx =t
t
The solution of the system is x = ,
c
s − ax cs − at
y= = . Using Cramer’s Rule, we
b bc
a b
get D = = 0 − bc = −bc ,
c 0
s b
Dx = = 0 − tb = −tb , and
t 0
a s D −tb t
Dy = = at − cs , so x = x = = and
c t D −bc c
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Section 6.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
67. Evaluating the determinant to show the relationship: 69. Evaluating the determinant to show the
a11 a12 a13 relationship:
ka21 ka22 ka23 a11 + ka21 a12 + ka22 a13 + ka23
a31 a32 a33 a21 a22 a23
ka22 ka23 ka ka23 ka ka22 a31 a32 a33
= a11 − a12 21 + a13 21 a22 a23 a a
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32 = (a11 + ka21 ) − ( a12 + ka22 ) 21 23
= a11 ( ka22a33 − ka23a32 ) − a12 (ka21a33 − ka23a31 ) a32 a33 a31 a33
+ a13 ( ka21a32 − ka22a31 ) a21 a22
+ (a13 + ka23 )
= ka11 (a22a33 − a23a32 ) − ka12 (a21a33 − a23a31 ) a31 a32
+ ka13 (a21a32 − a22a31 ) = (a11 + ka21 )(a22a33 − a23a32 )
= k ( a11 (a22a33 − a23a32 ) − a12 ( a21a33 − a23a31 ) − (a12 + ka22 )( a21a33 − a23a31 )
+ a13 (a21a32 − a22a31 ) ) + (a13 + ka23 )(a21a32 − a22a31 )
= a11 ( a22a33 − a23a32 ) + ka21 (a22a33 − a23a32 )
a22 a23 a a a a
= k a11 − a12 21 23 + a13 21 22 − a12 (a21a33 − a23a31 ) − ka22 ( a21a33 − a23a31 )
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
+ a13 (a21a32 − a22a31 ) + ka23 ( a21a32 − a22a31 )
a11 a12 a13
= a11 ( a22a33 − a23a32 ) + ka21a22a33
= k a21 a22 a23
− ka21a23a32 − a12 ( a21a33 − a23a31 )
a31 a32 a33
− ka22a21a33 + ka22a23a31
68. Set up a 3 by 3 determinant in which the first + a13 (a21a32 − a22a31 ) + ka23a21a32
column and third column are the same and − ka23a22a31
evaluate: = a11 ( a22a33 − a23a32 ) − a12 (a21a33 − a23a31 )
a11 a12 a11 + a13 (a21a32 − a22a31 )
a21 a22 a21
a22 a23 a a a a
a31 a32 a31 = a11 − a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a22 a21 a a a a
= a11 − a12 21 21 + a11 21 22 a11 a12 a13
a32 a31 a31 a31 a31 a32
= a21 a22 a23
= a11 (a22 a31 − a32 a21 ) − a12 (a21a31 − a31a21 ) a31 a32 a33
+ a11 (a21a32 − a31a22 )
= a11a22 a31 − a11a32 a21 − a12 (0) + a11a21a32 − a11 a31a22 70. a = 3, b = −10, c = 5
=0 − ( −10) ± ( −10) 2 − 4(3)(5)
x=
2(3)
10 ± 100 − 60
=
6
10 ± 40 10 ± 2 10 5 ± 10
= = =
6 6 3
5 − 10 5 + 10
The zeros are: ,
3 3
71. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 5 x 2 + x − 10
p must be a factor of 10: p = ±1, ± 2, ±5, ±10
q must be a factor of 2: q = ±1, ±2
705
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
0 3 −5 4 1 0
The possible rational zeros are: 10. A − B = − − 2 3 − 2
1 2 6
p 1 5
= ± , ± , ±1, ±2, ±5, ±10 0 − 4 3 −1 −5 − 0
q 2 2 =
1 − ( − 2) 2 − 3 6 − (− 2)
72. f ( x) = ( x + 1) 2 − 4 . Using the graph of y = x 2 , − 4 2 −5
=
horizontally shift the graph to the left 1 unit and 3 −1 8
vertically shift the graph down 4 units.
0 3 −5
11. 4 A = 4
1 2 6
4 ⋅ 0 4 ⋅ 3 4(−5)
=
4 ⋅1 4⋅2 4 ⋅ 6
0 12 − 20
=
4 8 24
4 1 0
12. −3B = −3
− 2 3 − 2
−3 ⋅ 4 −3 ⋅1 −3 ⋅ 0
=
73. 5 x = y ↔ x = log 5 y −3 ⋅ − 2 −3 ⋅ 3 −3 ⋅ − 2
−12 −3 0
=
6 −9 6
Section 6.4 0 3 −5 4 1 0
13. 3 A − 2 B = 3 − 2 − 2 3 − 2
1 2 6
1. square
0 9 −15 8 2 0
= − − 4 6 − 4
2. True 3 6 18
3. columns; rows − 8 7 −15
=
7 0 22
4. False
0 3 −5 4 1 0
14. 2 A + 4 B = 2 + 4
5. inverse 1 2 6 − 2 3 − 2
6. singular 0 6 −10 16 4 0
= +
7. True 2 4 12 − 8 12 − 8
8. A−1 B 16 10 −10
=
− 6 16 4
0 3 −5 4 1 0
9. A + B = + − 2 3 − 2
1 2 6 4 1
0 3 −5
+ + − + 15. AC = ⋅
6 2
0 4 3 1 5 0 1 2 6 − 2
= 3
1 + ( − 2) 2 + 3 6 + ( − 2)
0(4) + 3(6) + (−5)(− 2) 0(1) + 3(2) + ( −5)(3)
4 4 −5 =
= 1(4) + 2(6) + 6(− 2) 1(1) + 2(2) + 6(3)
−1 5 4
28 − 9
=
4 23
706
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Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
4 1 4 1
4 1 0
0 3 −5 4 1 0
16. BC = ⋅ 6 2 20. ( A + B)C = +
6 2
− 2 3 − 2 − 2 3 1 2 6 − 2 3 − 2 − 2 3
4(4) + 1(6) + 0(− 2) 4(1) + 1(2) + 0(3) 4 1
= 4 4 −5
− 2(4) + 3(6) + (− 2)(− 2) − 2(1) + 3(2) + (− 2)(3) = ⋅ 6 2
− 1 5 4 − 2 3
22 6
=
14 − 2 50 −3
=
18 21
4 1
0 3 −5
17. CA = 6 2 ⋅
1 2 6 4 1
− 2 3 0 3 −5 1 0
21. AC − 3I 2 = 6 2 − 3 0 1
⋅
4(0) + 1(1) 4(3) + 1(2) 4(−5) + 1(6) 1 2 6 − 2 3
= 6(0) + 2(1) 6(3) + 2(2) 6( −5) + 2(6)
28 − 9 3 0
− 2(0) + 3(1) − 2(3) + 3(2) − 2(−5) + 3(6) = −
4 23 0 3
1 14 −14 25 − 9
= 2 22 −18 =
4 20
3 0 28
4 1 1 0 0
4 1 0 3 −5
4 1 0 22. CA + 5I 3 = 6 2 ⋅ + 5 0 1 0
18. CB = 6 2 ⋅ 1 2 6
− 2 3 − 2 − 2 3 0 0 1
− 2 3
1 14 −14 5 0 0
4(4) + 1(− 2) 4(1) + 1(3) 4(0) + 1(− 2)
= 2 22 −18 + 0 5 0
= 6(4) + 2(− 2) 6(1) + 2(3) 6(0) + 2( − 2)
3 0 28 0 0 5
− 2(4) + 3(− 2) − 2(1) + 3(3) − 2(0) + 3(− 2)
6 14 −14
14 7 − 2
= 2 27 −18
= 20 12 − 4
−14 7 − 6 3 0 33
4 1 23. CA − CB
0 3 −5 4 1 0
19. C ( A + B) = 6 2 + − 2 3 − 2 4 1 4 1
1 2 6 0 3 −5 4 1 0
− 2 3 = 6 2 ⋅ − 6 2 ⋅
1 2 6 − 2 3 − 2
4 1 − 2 3 − 2 3
4 4 −5
= 6 2 ⋅ 1 14 −14 14 7 − 2
−1 5 4
− 2 3 = 2 22 −18 − 20 12 − 4
15 21 −16 3 0 28 −14 7 − 6
= 22 34 − 22 −13 7 −12
−11 7 22 = −18 10 −14
17 −7 34
707
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
24. AC + BC 1 −1
2 8 −1
4 1 4 1 28. −3 2
0 3 −5 + 4 1 0 3 6 0
= ⋅ 6 2 ⋅
− 2 3 − 2 6 2
0 5
1 2 6
− 2 3 − 2 3 1(2) + (−1)(3) 1(8) + ( −1)(6) 1( −1) + (−1)(0)
28 −9 22 6 = (−3)(2) + 2(3) (−3)(8) + 2(6) (−3)(−1) + 2(0)
= +
4 23 14 − 2 0(2) + 5(3) 0(8) + 5(6) 0(−1) + 5(0)
50 −3 −1 2 −1
=
18 21 = 0 −12 3
15 30 0
25. a11 = 2(2) + (− 2)(3) = −2
a12 = 2(1) + (− 2)(−1) = 4 1 0 1 1 3
a13 = 2(4) + (− 2)(3) = 2 29. 2 4 1 6 2
a14 = 2(6) + (− 2)(2) = 8 3 6 1 8 −1
a21 = 1(2) + 0(3) = 2 1(1) + 0(6) + 1(8) 1(3) + 0(2) + 1(−1)
= 2(1) + 4(6) + 1(8) 2(3) + 4(2) + 1( −1)
a22 = 1(1) + 0(−1) = 1
3(1) + 6(6) + 1(8) 3(3) + 6(2) + 1(−1)
a23 = 1(4) + 0(3) = 4
9 2
a24 = 1(6) + 0(2) = 6
= 34 13
2 − 2 2 1 4 6 − 2 4 2 8 47 20
1 =
0 3 −1 3 2 2 1 4 6
4 − 2 3 2 6
26. a11 = 4(− 6) + 1(2) = −22 30. 0 1 2 1 −1
a12 = 4(6) + 1(5) = 29 −1 0 1 0 2
a13 = 4(1) + 1(4) = 8 4(2) + ( − 2)(1) + 3(0) 4(6) + ( − 2)( −1) + 3(2)
a14 = 4(0) + 1(−1) = −1 = 0(2) + 1(1) + 2(0) 0(6) + 1(−1) + 2(2)
a21 = 2(− 6) + 1(2) = −10 −1(2) + 0(1) + 1(0) −1(6) + 0(−1) + 1(2)
a22 = 2(6) + 1(5) = 17 6 32
a23 = 2(1) + 1(4) = 6 = 1 3
− 2 − 4
a24 = 2(0) + 1(−1) = −1
4 1 − 6 6 1 0 − 22 29 8 −1 2 1
2 1 2 5 4 −1 = −10 17 6 −1 31. A =
1 1
1 2 Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
1 2 3 operations to find the inverse:
27. −1 0
0 −1 4 2 4 2 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
1(1) + 2( − 1) + 3(2) 1(2) + 2(0) + 3(4)
=
0(1) + (−1)(−1) + 4(2) 0(2) + (−1)(0) + 4(4) 1 1 0 1 Interchange
→
5 14 2 1 1 0 r1 and r2
=
9 16 1 1 0 1
→
0 −1 1 − 2 ( R2 = − 2r1 + r2 )
708
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
1 1 0 1 − 4 1 1 0
→ ( R2 = −r2 ) 6 − 2 0 1
0 1 −1 2
1 0 1 −1 1 − 4 − 4 0
1 1
→ ( R1 = −r2 + r1 ) ( R1 = − 4 r1 )
1
→
0 1 −1 2 6 − 2 0 1
1 −1 1 − 14 − 14 0
Thus, A−1 = . → ( R2 = − 6r1 + r2 )
−1 2 0 − 2
1 3
2
1
3 −1 1 − 14 − 14 0
32. A =
→ ( R2 = − 2r2 )
0 1 − 3 − 2
− 2 1
Augment the matrix with the identity and use 1 0 −1 − 12
( R1 = 4 r2 + r )
1
→
row operations to find the inverse:
0 1 −3 − 2
3 −1 1 0
− 2 1 0 1 −1 − 12
Thus, A−1 = .
−3 − 2
1 0 1 1
→ ( R1 = r2 + r1 )
− 2 1 0 1 2 1
35. A = where a ≠ 0.
1 0 1 1 a a
→ ( R2 = 2r1 + r2 ) Augment the matrix with the identity and use
0 1 2 3
row operations to find the inverse:
1 1
Thus, A−1 = .
2 3 2 1 1 0
a a 0 1
6 5
33. A = 1 1
0 1
2 2 → 2
2
( R1 = 12 r1 )
Augment the matrix with the identity and use a a 0 1
row operations to find the inverse: 1 1 1
0
6 5 1 0
→ 1
2 2
( R2 = − a r1 + r2 )
0 a − 12 a 1
2 2 0 1 2
1 1
0 1
2 2 0 1 Interchange → 2
1 −1 a2
2
( R2 = a2 r2 )
→
0
0
6 5 1 r1 and r2
1 0 1 − 1a
2 2 0
→
1
( R2 = − 3r1 + r2 ) → ( R1 = − 12 r2 + r1 )
−3
2
0 −1 1 0 1 −1 a
1 1 0 12 R1 = 12 r1 1 − 1a
→ Thus, A−1 = 2
.
0 1 −1 3 R2 = −r2 −1 a
1 0 1 − 52
→ ( R1 = − r2 + r1 ) b 3
0 1 −1 3 36. A = where b ≠ 0.
b 2
1 − 52
Thus, A−1 = . Augment the matrix with the identity and use
−1 3 row operations to find the inverse:
− 4 1
34. A =
6 − 2
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
row operations to find the inverse:
709
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
b 3 1 0 1 0 2
b 2 0 1 38. A = −1 2 3
b 3 1 0 1 −1 0
→ ( R2 = − r1 + r2 ) Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
0 −1 −1 1
operations to find the inverse:
1 b3 1
0
→ b
( R1 = b1 r1 ) 1 0 2 1 0 0
−1 2 3 0 1 0
0 −1 −1 1
1 b3 b1 0 1 −1 0 0 0 1
→ ( R2 = −r2 )
0 1 1 −1 1 0 2 1 0 0
R2 = r1 + r2
1 0 − b2 3 → 0 2 5 1 1 0
→
1 −1
b
R1 = ( − b3 r2 + r1 ) 0 −1 − 2 −1 0 1 R3 = −r1 + r3
0 1
− 2 3 1 0 2 1 0 0
Thus, A−1 = b → 0 1 0 ( R2 = 12 r2 )
b .
5 1 1
1 −1 2 2 2
0 −1 − 2 −1 0 1
1 −1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0
37. A = 0 − 2 1 → 0 1 2 5 1
2
1
2
0 ( R3 = r2 + r3 )
− 2 −3 0 0 0 1 − 1 1 1
2 2 2
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row 1 0 2 1 0 0
operations to find the inverse:
→ 0 1 52 1
2
1
2
0 ( R3 = 2 r3 )
1 −1 1 1 0 0
0 − 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 −1 1 2
− 2 − 4
1 0 0 3
− 2 −3 0 0 0 1 R1 = − 2r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 3 − 2 −5 5
1 −1 1 1 0 0 R2 = − 2 r3 + r2
0 0 1 −1 1 2
→ 0 − 2 1 0 1 0 ( R3 = 2 r1 + r3 )
3 − 2 − 4
0 −5 2 2 0 1
Thus, A = 3
−1
− 2 −5 .
1 −1 1 1 0 0
−1 1 2
→ 0 1 − 12 0 − 12 0 ( R2 = − 12 r2 )
0 −5 2 2 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1
2
1 − 12 0 39. A = 3 2 −1
R1 = r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 12 0 − 12 0 3 1 2
0 0 − 12 2 − 52 1 R3 = 5 r2 + r3
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
operations to find the inverse:
1 0 1
1 − 12 0
2
1 1 1 1 0 0
→ 0 1 − 21
0 −21
0 ( R3 = − 2 r3 ) 3 2 −1 0 1 0
0 0 1 −4 5 − 2
3 1 2 0 0 1
1 0 0 3 −3 1
R1 = − 12 r3 + r1 1 1 1 1 0 0
→ 0 1 0 − 2 2 −1
R2 = −3 r1 + r2
R2 = 1 r3 + r2 → 0 −1 − 4 −3 1 0
0 0 1 − 4 5 − 2 2 R3 = −3 r1 + r3
0 − 2 −1 −3 0 1
3 −3 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
Thus, A −1
= − 2 2 −1 .
1 4 3 −1 0
→ 0 ( R2 = − r2 )
− 4 5 − 2
0 − 2 −1 −3 0 1
710
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
1 0 −3 − 2 1 0 2 x + y = 8
41.
→ 0 1 4 3 −1 0 R3 = 17 r3 ( ) x+ y =5
0 0 1 3
− 72 17 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
7
2 1 x 8
1 0 0 − 75 1 3 A= , X = , B =
9
7
1
7
R1 = 3r3 + r1 1 1 y 5
→ 0 1 0 − 74
7 7
R = − 4r3 + r2 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
3 2 1 2
0 0 1 7
−7 7 1 −1
From Problem 29, A−1 = , so
− 7
5 1
7
3
7
−1 2
9
−1
Thus, A = 7 1 4
− 7 . 1 −1 8 3
7 X = A−1 B = = .
3 2 1 −1 2 5 2
7 − 7 7
The solution is x = 3, y = 2 or (3, 2) .
3 3 1
40. A = 1 2 1 3x − y = 8
2 −1 1 42.
− 2 x + y = 4
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
operations to find the inverse:
3 −1 x 8
3 3 1 1 0 0 A= , X = , B =
1 2 1 0 1 0 − 2 1 y 4
2 −1 1 0 0 1 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
1 1
1 2 1 0 1 0 From Problem 30, A−1 = , so
Interchange 2 3
→ 3 3 1 1 0 0
r and r2
1 0 0 1 1
2 −1 1 1 8 12
X = A−1 B = = .
1 2 1 0 1 0 2 3 4 28
R2 = −3 r1 + r2
→ 0 −3 − 2 1 − 3 0 The solution is x = 12, y = 28 or (12, 28) .
R = − 2 r1 + r3
0 −5 −1 0 − 2 1 3
1 2 1 0 1 0 2 x + y = 0
43.
→ 0 2
1 3 −3 1 1 0 R2 = − 13 r2 ( ) x+ y =5
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
0 −5 −1 0 − 2 1
2 1 x 0
1 0 − 1 2 −1 0 A= , X = , B =
3 3 R = − 2r2 + r1 1 1 y 5
→ 0 1 2 − 1 1 0 1
3 3 R3 = 5 r2 + r3 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
0 0 7 −5 3 1
1 −1
3 3
From Problem 29, A−1 = , so
1 0 − 1
3
2
3
−1 0 −1 2
→ 0 1
2 −1
3 3
1 0
( R3 = 73 r3 ) X = A−1 B =
1 −1 0 −5
= .
0 0 5
1 −7 9 3 −1 2 5 10
7 7
The solution is x = −5, y = 10 or (−5, 10) .
1 0 0 3 − 74 1
7 7 R1 = 1 r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 1 1 − 2 3
7 7 7 R = −2r + r
0 0 1 − 5 9 3 2 3 3 2
7 7 7
3 − 74 1
7 7
Thus, A−1 = 17 1
7
− 72 .
− 75 9 3
7 7
711
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3x − y = 4 6 x + 5 y = 13
44. 47.
− 2 x + y = 5 2 x + 2 y = 5
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
3 −1 x 4 6 5 x 13
A= , X = , B = A= , X = , B =
− 2 1 y 5 2 2 y 5
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
1 1 1 − 52
From Problem 30, A−1 = , so From Problem 31, A−1 = , so
2 3 −1 3
1 1 4 9 1 − 52 13 12
X = A−1 B = = . X = A−1 B =
2 3 5 23 = .
−1 3 5 2
The solution is x = 9, y = 23 or (9, 23) . 1 1
The solution is x = , y = 2 or , 2 .
2 2
6x + 5 y = 7
45.
2 x + 2 y = 2 − 4 x + y = 5
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 48.
6 x − 2 y = −9
6 5 x 7 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
A= , X = , B =
2 2 y 2 − 4 1 x 5
A= , X = y , B = −9
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : 6 − 2
1 − 52 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
From Problem 31, A−1 = , so
−1 3 −1 − 12
From Problem 32, A−1 = , so
1 − 52 7 2 −3 − 2
X = A−1 B = = .
−1 3 2 −1 −1 − 12 5 − 12
X = A−1 B = = .
The solution is x = 2, y = −1 or (2, −1) . −3 − 2 −9 3
1 1
− 4 x + y = 0 The solution is x = − , y = 3 or − , 3 .
46. 2 2
6 x − 2 y = 14
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 2 x + y = −3
− 4 1 x 0 49. a≠0
A= , X = , B = ax + ay = − a
6 − 2 y 14 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : 2 1 x −3
A= , X = , B =
−1 − 12 a a y −a
From Problem 32, A−1 = , so
−3 − 2 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
−1 − 12 0 −7 1 − 1a
X = A−1 B = = . From Problem 33, A−1 = , so
−3 − 2 14 − 28
2
−1 a
The solution is x = −7, y = − 28 or (−7, −28) .
1 − 1a −3 − 2
X = A−1 B =
2 −a
= .
−1 1
a
The solution is x = −2, y = 1 or (−2, 1) .
712
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Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
bx + 3 y = 2b + 3 x− y+z = 0
50. b≠0
bx + 2 y = 2b + 2 53. − 2 y + z = −1
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: − 2 x − 3 y = −5
b 3 x 2b + 3 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
A= , X = , B =
b 2 y 2b + 2 1 −1 1 x 0
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : A = 0 − 2 1 , X = y , B = −1
− 2 3 − 2 −3 0 z −5
From Problem 34, A−1 = b b
, so
1 −1 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
− 2 3
2b + 3 2 3 −3 1
b
X = A−1 B = b = . From Problem 35, A = − 2 2 −1 , so
−1
1 −1 2b + 2 1
− 4 5 − 2
The solution is x = 2, y = 1 or (2, 1).
3 −3 1 0 − 2
7 X = A−1 B = − 2 2 −1 −1 = 3 .
2 x + y =
51. a a≠0 − 4 5 − 2 −5 5
ax + ay = 5
The solution is x = − 2, y = 3, z = 5 or (−2, 3, 5) .
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
2 1 x 7 x + 2z = 6
A= , X = , B = a
a a y 5 54. − x + 2 y + 3z = −5
x− y = 6
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
1 − 1a Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
From Problem 33, A−1 = 2
, so 1 0 2 x 6
−1 a
A = −1 2 3 , X = y , B = −5
1 − 1a 7 a2
X = A−1 B = a = 3 . 1 −1 0 z 6
2
−1 a 5 a Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
2 3 2 3 3 − 2 − 4
The solution is x = , y = or , .
a a a a From Problem 36, A−1 = 3 − 2 −5 , so
−1 1 2
bx + 3 y = 14
52. b≠0 3 − 2 − 4 6 4
bx + 2 y = 10 X = A−1 B = 3 − 2 −5 −5 = − 2 .
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
−1 1 2 6 1
b 3 x 14
A= , X = , B = The solution is x = 4, y = −2, z = 1 or (4, −2, 1) .
b 2 y 10
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
− 2 3
From Problem 34, A−1 = b b
, so
1 −1
− 2 3
b
14 2
X = A−1 B = b = b .
1 −1 10 4
2 2
The solution is x = , y = 4 or , 4 .
b b
713
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x− y+z = 2 x+ y+ z =9
55. −2y + z = 2 57. 3 x + 2 y − z = 8
3x + y + 2 z = 1
− 2 x − 3 y = 1
2 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 1 1 1 x 9
1 −1 1 x 2 A = 3 2 −1 , X = y , B = 8
A = 0 − 2 1 , X = y , B = 2 3 1 2 z 1
− 2 −3 0 z 1
2 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : − 75 1 3
7 7
3 −3 1
From Problem 37, A−1 = 97 1
− 74 , so
From Problem 35, A = − 2 2 −1 , so
−1 7
3 2 1
7 − 7 7
− 4 5 − 2
− 75 1 3
7 9
− 34
3 −3 1 2 12 9 7
857
−1 4
X =A B= 7 1
− 7 8 = 7 .
X = A−1 B = − 2 2 −1 2 = − 12 7
3 2 1 1 12
− 4 5 − 2 12 1 7 − 7 7 7
1 1 34 85 12
The solution is x = , y = − , z = 1 or The solution is x = − ,y= ,z= or
2 2 7 7 7
1 1 34 85 12
, − , 1 . − , , .
2 2 7 7 7
x + 2z = 2 3x + 3 y + z = 8
3 58. x + 2 y + z = 5
56. − x + 2 y + 3 z = − 2x − y + z = 4
2
x − y = 2 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 3 3 1 x 8
1 0 2 x 2 A 1 2 1 , X y , B 5
= = =
A = −1 2 3 , X = y , B = − 32 2 −1 1 z 4
1 −1 0 z 2 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B :
−1
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A B : 73 − 74 1
7
3 − 2 − 4 From Problem 38, A−1 = 17 1
− 2
, so
7
From Problem 36, A = 3 − 2 −5 , so
7
−1
5 9 3
− 7 7 7
−1 1 2
7 −7
3 4 1
7 8
7
8
3 − 2 − 4 2 1 −1 1
2
X =A B= 7 1
− 7 5 = 75 .
X = A B = 3 − 2 −5 − 32 = −1 .
−1
5
7
9 3 4 17
−1 1 2 2 12 − 7 7 7 7
8 5 17
1 1 The solution is x = , y = , z = or
The solution is x = 1, y = −1, z = or 1, −1, . 7 7 7
2 2
8 5 17
, , .
7 7 7
714
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Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
x+ y+ z = 2 4 2
61. A =
7 2 1
59. 3 x + 2 y − z =
3 Augment the matrix with the identity and use
10 row operations to find the inverse:
3x + y + 2 z =
3 4 2 1 0
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 2 1 0 1
1 1 1 x 2 4 2 1 0
( R2 = − 2 r1 + r2 )
1
→
A = 3 2 −1 , X = y , B = 73 0 0 − 1
2
1
3 1 2 z 10
3 1 2 1 1
0
( R1 = 4 r1 )
4 1
→
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : 0 0 − 1
2
1
− 75 1
7 7
3
There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
the left. Thus, this matrix has no inverse.
From Problem 37, A− = 97
1 1
7
− 74 , so
3 2 1
7 − 7 7 −3 12
62. A =
− 7
5 1
7
3
7
2 3 1
6 −1
−1 9 Augment the matrix with the identity and use
X =A B= 7 1
7
− 7 73 = 1 .
4
3 2 1 10 2 row operations to find the inverse:
7 − 7 7 3 3 −3 12 1 0
1 2 1 2
The solution is x = , y = 1, z = or , 1, . 6 −1 0 1
3 3 3 3
−3 12 1 0
→ ( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
3x + 3 y + z = 1 0 0 2 1
1 − 16 − 13 0
60. x + 2 y + z = 0
2x − y + z = 4 → (R1 = − 13 r1 )
0 0 2 1
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
3 3 1 x 1 the left. Thus, this matrix has no inverse.
A = 1 2 1 , X = y , B = 0
15 3
2 −1 1 z 4 63. A =
10 2
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A−1 B : Augment the matrix with the identity and use
73 − 74 1
7
row operations to find the inverse:
15 3 1 0
From Problem 38, A−1 = 17 1
− 2
7
, so
5
7 10 2 0 1
9 3
− 7 7 7
15 3 1 0
3 4
−7 1
7 1 1 → 2 ( R2 = − 23 r1 + r2 )
71 0 0 − 3 1
−1
X =A B= 7 1
7
− 7 0 = −1 .
2
5 3 4
1 15 151 0
− 7
9
7 7 1 → 2
( )
R1 = 151 r1
0 0 − 3 1
The solution is x = 1, y = −1, z = 1 or (1, −1, 1) .
There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
the left; thus, there is no inverse.
715
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
−3 0 1 1 −3
64. A =
4 0 66. A = 2 − 4 1
Augment the matrix with the identity and use −5 7 1
row operations to find the inverse: Augment the matrix with the identity and use
−3 0 1 0 row operations to find the inverse:
4 0 0 1 1 1 −3 1 0 0
2 −4 1 0 1 0
−3 0 1 0
→ 4
1
( R2 = 34 r1 + r2 ) −5 7 1 0 0 1
0 0 3
1 1 −3 1 0 0
1 0 − 13 0 R2 = − 2 r1 + r2
→ (
R1 = − 13 r1 ) → 0 − 6 7 − 2 1 0
R = 5 r1 + r3
5 0 1 3
4
0 0 3
1
0 12 −14
There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on 1 1 −3 1 0 0
the left; thus, there is no inverse.
7 1
→ 0 1 − 6 3 − 16 0 R2 = − 16 r2 ( )
−3 1 −1 0 12 −14 5 0 1
65. A = 1 − 4 −7 1 0 − 11 2 1 0
6 3 6
1 2 5 R1 = − r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 76 1
3
1
−6 0
Augment the matrix with the identity and use R3 = −12 r2 + r3
row operations to find the inverse: 0 0 0 1 2 1
−3 1 −1 1 0 0 There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
1 − 4 −7 0 1 0 the left; thus, there is no inverse.
1 2 5 0 0 1
25 61 −12
1 2 5 0 0 1 67. A = 18 −2 4
Interchange
→ 1 − 4 −7 0 1 0 8 35 21
−3 1 −1 1 0 0 r1 and r3
1 2 5 0 0 1
R2 = − r1 + r2
→ 0 − 6 −12 0 1 −1
0 7 14 1 0 3 R3 = 3 r1 + r3
1 2 5 0 0 1 0.01 0.05 − 0.01
Thus, A−1 ≈ 0.01 − 0.02 0.01
→ 0 1 2 0 − 16 16 ( R2 = − 16 r2 ) − 0.02
0 7 14 1 0.01 0.03
0 3
1 0 1 0 1
3
2
3 18 −3 4
R1 = − 2r2 + r1
→ 0 1 2 0 − 6 6 1 1
68. A = 6 −20 14
11 R3 = −7 r2 + r3
0 0 0 1
7 10 25 −15
6 6
There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
the left; thus, there is no inverse.
0.26 − 0.29 − 0.20
Thus, A−1 ≈ −1.21 1.63 1.20
−1.84 2.53 1.80
716
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
44 21 18 6 25 61 −12 15
−2 10 15 5 72. A = 18 −12 7 ; B = −3
69. A =
21 12 −12 4 3 4 −1 12
−8 −16 4 9 Enter the matrices into a graphing utility and use
A−1B to solve the system. The result is shown
below:
0.02 − 0.04 − 0.01 0.01
− 0.02 0.05 0.03 − 0.03
Thus, A−1 ≈ . Thus, the solution to the system is x ≈ 4.56 ,
0.02 0.01 − 0.04 0.00
y ≈ − 6.06 , z ≈ − 22.55 or (4.56, −6.06, −22.55) .
− 0.02 0.06 0.07 0.06
25 61 −12 21
16 22 −3 5
21 −17 4 73. A = 18 −12 7 ; B = 7
8
70. A = 3 4 −1 −2
2 8 27 20
5 15 −3 −10
Thus, the solution to the system is x ≈ −1.19 ,
y ≈ 2.46 , z ≈ 8.27 or (−1.19, 2.46, 8.27) .
0.01 0.04 0.00 0.03
0.02 − 0.02 0.01
0.01 25 61 −12 25
Thus, A−1 = .
− 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.06 74. A = 18 −12 7 ; B = 10
0.05 − 0.02 0.00 − 0.09 3 4 −1 −4
25 61 −12 10
71. A = 18 −12 7 ; B = −9
3 4 −1 12
Enter the matrices into a graphing utility and use Thus, the solution to the system is x ≈ − 2.05 ,
A−1B to solve the system. The result is shown
y ≈ 3.88 , z ≈ 13.36 or (−2.05, 3.88, 13.36) .
below:
2 x + 3 y = 11
75.
5 x + 7 y = 24
Multiply each side of the first equation by 5, and
each side of the second equation by −2 . Then
Thus, the solution to the system is x ≈ 4.57 , add the equations to eliminate x:
y ≈ − 6.44 , z ≈ − 24.07 or (4.57, −6.44, −24.07) . 10 x + 15 y = 55
−10 x − 14 y = −48
y=7
Substitute and solve for x:
717
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 x + 3 ( 7 ) = 11 1 0 0 −4 R1 = 2r2 + r1
0 1 0 2
2 x + 21 = 11 5
2 x = −10 0 0 1 2
x = −5 5 5
The solution is x = −4, y = 2, z = or −4,2, .
The solution of the system is x = −5, y = 7 or 2 2
using ordered pairs ( −5, 7 ) .
2 x + 3 y − z = −2
2 x + 8 y = −8 78. 4 x + 3z = 6
76. 6 y − 2z = 2
x + 7 y = −13
Multiply each side of the second equation by Write the augmented matrix:
−2 . Then add the equations to eliminate x: 2 3 −1 −2
2x + 8 y = − 8 4 0 3 6
0 6 −2 2
−2 x − 14 y = 26
−6 y = 18 3
− 2 −1 R = r / 2
1
y = −3 1 2
1 1
4 0 3 6
Substitute and solve for x:
0 6 −2 2
x + 7 ( −3) = −13
x − 21 = −13 3
− 12 −1
1 2
x=8 0 −6 5 10 R2 = −4r1 + r2
The solution of the system is x = 8, y = −3 or
0 6 −2 2
using ordered pairs ( 8, −3) .
3
− 12
1 2 −1
x − 2 y + 4z = 2 0
1 − 56 − 53 R2 = r2 / ( −6 )
77. −3x + 5 y − 2 z = 17 0 6 −2 2
4x − 3y = −22
3
− 12 −1
1 2
Write the augmented matrix: 0 − 56 − 53
1 −2 4 1
2
0 0 3 12 R3 = −6r2 + r3
−3 5 −2 17
4 −3 0 −22 3
− 12 −1
1 2
0 − 56 − 53
1 −2 4 2 1
0 −1 10 23 R2 = 3r1 + r2 0 0 1 4 R3 = r3 / 3
0 5 −16 −30 R3 = −4r1 + r3 3
1 2 0 1 R1 = 12 r3 + r1
1 −2 4 2 0 0 3 R2 = 56 r3 + r2
5
0 1 −10 −23 R2 = −r2 1
0 5 −16 −30 0 0 1 4
1 −2 4 2
0 − 32 R = − 3 r + r
1 −10 −23 1 0 0 1 2 2 1
0 0 34 85 R = −5r + r 0 5
3 2 3 1 0 3
1 −2 4 2 0 0 1 4
0 1 −10 −23
5 3 5
0 0 1 2 R3 = r3 / 34 The solution is x = − , y = , z = 4 or
2 3
1 −2 0 −8 R1 = −4r3 + r1
0 3 5
1 0 2 R2 = 10r3 + r2 − , , 4 .
5 2 3
0 0 1 2
718
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
5x − y + 4 z = 2 2x − 3y + z = 4
79. − x + 5 y − 4 z = 3 81. −3x + 2 y − z = −3
7 x + 13 y − 4 z = 17 − 5y + z = 6
Write the augmented matrix: Write the augmented matrix:
5 −1 4 2 2 −3 1 4
−1 5 −4 3 −3 2 −1 −3
7 13 −4 17 0 −5 1 6
1 −5 4 −3 R1 = −r2 − 3 1
1 2 2 2 R1 = r1 / 2
5 −1 4 2 R2 = r1 −3 2 −1 −3
7 13 −4 17
0 −5 1 6
1 −5 4 −3 −3 1
1 2 2 2
0 24 −16 17 R2 = −5r1 + r2 0 − 52 12 3 R2 = 3r1 + r2
0 48 −32 38 R = −7 r + r
3 1 3
0 −5 1 6
1 −5 4 −3
17
−3 1
1 2
2
1 − 3 24 R2 = r2 / 24
2 2
0
1 6
1 − 5 − 5 R2 = − 5 r2
2
0 48 −32 38 0
1 −5 0 −5 1 6
4 −3
17
0
2
1 − 3 24 − 32 1
1 2 2
0 0 0 4 R3 = −48r2 + r3 0
1 − 65
− 15
The last row of our matrix is a contradiction.
0 0 0 0 R3 = 5r2 + r3
Therefore, the system is inconsistent. The
1 1
solution set is { } , or ∅ . 1 0 5
3
5 R1 = r2 + r1
2
0 1 6
1 − 5 − 5
80. 3x + 2 y − z = 2 0
0 0 0
2 x + y + 6 z = −7
2 x + 2 y − 14 z = 17 Since the last row yields an identity, and no
contradictions exist in the other rows, there are
Write the augmented matrix:
an infinite number of solutions. The solution is
3 2 −1 2 1 1 1 6
x = − z + , y = z − , and z is any real
2 1 6 −7 5 5 5 5
2 2 −14 17 number. That is,
1 1 −7 9 R1 = r1 − r2 1 1 1 6
( x, y, z ) | x = − z + , y = z − ,
6 −7 5 5 5 5
2 1
2 2 −14 17 z is any real number}
1 1 −7 9
82. −4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 6
0 −1 20 −25 R2 = −2r1 + r2
0 0 0 −1 R = −2r + r 3x + y − z = −2
3 1 3 x + 9y + z = 6
The last row of our matrix is a contradiction.
Therefore, the system is inconsistent. The Write the augmented matrix:
solution set is { } , or ∅ . −4 3 2 6
3 1 −1 −2
1 9 1 6
719
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 9 1 6 R1 = r3 $62.00 in interest, and Stephanie’s loans
accrued $50.30 in interest.
3 1 −1 −2
−4 3 2 6 R3 = r1 4000 3000 1 0.011
c. A(C + B ) = +
1 9 1 6 2500 3800 1 0.006
0 −26 −4 −20 R2 = −3r1 + r2 4000 3000 1.011
=
0 39 6 30 R = 4r + r
3 1 3 2500 3800 1.006
1 9 1 6 4000(1.011) + 3000(1.006)
10
=
0 1
2
13 13 R2 = r2 / ( −26 ) 2500(1.011) + 3800(1.006)
0 39 6 30 7062.00
=
1 9 1 6 6350.30
2 10 Jamal’s loan balance after one month was
0 1 13 13
$7062.00, and Stephanie’s loan balance was
0 0 0 0 R3 = −39r2 + r3 $6350.30.
5 12
1 0 − 13 − 13 R1 = −9r2 + r1
85. a. The rows of the 2 by 3 matrix represent
2 10
stainless steel and aluminum. The columns
0 1 13 13
0 0 0 0 represent 10-gallon, 5-gallon, and 1-gallon.
Since the last row yields an identity, and no 500 350 400
The 2 by 3 matrix is: .
contradictions exist in the other rows, there are 700 500 850
an infinite number of solutions. The solution is
500 700
5 12 2 10
x = z − , y = − z + , and z is any real The 3 by 2 matrix is: 350 500 .
13 13 13 13
number. That is, 400 850
5 12 2 10
( x, y, z ) | x = z − , y = − z + , b. The 3 by 1 matrix representing the amount of
13 13 13 13 15
z is any real number} material is: 8 .
3
é6 9 ù é100.00 ù
83. a. A= ê ú; B = ê ú
c. The days usage of materials is:
ê 3 12ú ê332.38ú
ë û ë û
15
é 6 9 ù é100.00 ù 500 350 400 11,500
b. AB = ê úê ú 700 500 850 ⋅ 8 = 17, 050
ê 3 12ú ê332.38ú 3
ë ûë û
é 6(100.00) + 9(332.38) ù é 3591.42ù Thus, 11,500 pounds of stainless steel and
=ê ú=ê ú
ê3(100.00) + 12(332.38)ú ê 4288.56ú 17,050 pounds of aluminum were used that
ë û ë û
Nikki’s total tuition is $3591.42, and Joe’s day.
total tuition is $4288.56. d. The 1 by 2 matrix representing cost is:
[0.75 0.80] .
4000 3000 0.011
84. a. A= ; B = 0.006 e. The total cost of the day’s production was:
2500 3800
é 11,500ù
4000 3000 0.011 [0.75 0.80]⋅ êê ú = [ 22265.00] .
ú
b. AB = ë17, 050û
2500 3800 0.006 The total cost of the day’s production was
4000(0.011) + 3000(0.006) 62.00 $22,265.00.
= =
2500(0.011) + 3800(0.006) 50.30
After one month, Jamal’s loans accrued
720
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
86. a. The rows of the 2 by 3 matrix represent the 1 1 0 0 1 0
→ 0 1 −1 −1 2 0
location. The columns represent the type of
car sold. The 2 by 3 matrix for January is:
( R2 = −r2 )
0 0 1 0 −1 1
400 250 50
450 200 140 . The 2 by 3 matrix for 1 1 0 0 1 0
350 100 30 → 0 1 0 −1 1 1 ( R2 = r2 + r3 )
February is: . 0 0 1 0 −1 1
350 300 100
1 0 0 1 0 −1
b. Adding the matrices:
400 250 50 350 100 30 → 0 1 0 −1 1 1 ( R1 = r1 − r2 )
450 200 140 + 350 300 100 0 0 1 0 −1 1
750 350 80 1 0 −1
= Thus, K = −1 1 1 .
−1
800 500 240
0 −1 1
100
c. The 3 by 1 matrix representing profit: 150 . 47 34 33 1 0 −1
200 b. M = E⋅K −1
= 44 36 27 −1 1 1
d. Multiplying to find the profit at each location: 47 41 20 0 −1 1
100 13 1 20
750 350 80 143,500
800 500 240 ⋅ 150 = 203, 000 . = 8 9 19
200 6 21 14
The city location has a two-month profit of because
$143,500. The suburban location has a two- a11 = 47(1) + 34(−1) + 33(0) = 13
month profit of $203,000. a12 = 47(0) + 34(1) + 33(−1) = 1
2 1 1 a13 = 47(−1) + 34(1) + 33(1) = 20
87. a. K = 1 1 0 a21 = 44(1) + 36(−1) + 27(0) = 8
1 1 1 a22 = 44(0) + 36(1) + 27(−1) = 9
Augment the matrix with the identity and use a23 = 44(−1) + 36(1) + 27(1) = 19
row operations to find the inverse: a31 = 47(1) + 41(−1) + 20(0) = 6
2 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 a32 = 47(0) + 41(1) + 20(−1) = 21
a33 = 47(−1) + 41(1) + 20(1) = 14
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 c. 13 → M ; 1 → A; 20 → T ; 8 → H ; 9 → I ;
Interchange
→ 2 1 1 1 0 0 r and r 19 → S ; 6 → F ; 21 → U ; 14 → N
1 2
1 1 1 0 0 1 The message: Math is fun.
1 1 0 0 1 0
R2 = −2 r1 + r2
→ 0 −1 1 1 −2 0 R = −r + r
3 3
0 0 1 0 −1 1 1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1
88. P = 0.5
2
0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4
0.27 0.22 0.18
= 0.55 0.56 0.55
0.18 0.22 0.27
because
721
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
a11 = 0.4(0.4) + 0.2(0.5) + 0.1(0.1) = 0.27 é0 1 1 0 0ù
ê ú
a12 = 0.4(0.2) + 0.2(0.6) + 0.1(0.2) = 0.22 ê1 0 0 1 1ú
ê ú
a13 = 0.4(0.1) + 0.2(0.5) + 0.1(0.4) = 0.18 90. a. A = ê 0 0 0 1 0ú
ê ú
a21 = 0.5(0.4) + 0.6(0.5) + 0.5(0.1) = 0.55 ê0 0 0 0 1úú
ê
a22 = 0.5(0.2) + 0.6(0.6) + 0.5(0.2) = 0.56 ê0 1 0 0 0úû
ë
a23 = 0.5(0.1) + 0.6(0.5) + 0.5(0.4) = 0.55
b. The diagonal entries are all zero indicating
a31 = 0.1(0.4) + 0.2(0.5) + 0.4(0.1) = 0.18 that no page has a link to itself.
a32 = 0.1(0.2) + 0.2(0.6) + 0.4(0.2) = 0.22
a33 = 0.1(0.1) + 0.2(0.5) + 0.4(0.4) = 0.27 é 1 0 0 2 1ù
ê ú
ê 0 2 1 0 1ú
Each entry represents the probability that a ê ú
grandchild has a certain income level given his c. A2 = ê 0 0 0 0 1ú ; each i, j entry
ê ú
or her grandparents’ income level. ê 0 1 0 0 0ú
ê ú
ê 1 0 0 1 1ú
a b ë û
89. A = indicates the number of ways to get from Page i
c d to Page j in exactly two clicks.
If D = ad − bc ≠ 0 , then a ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0 , or
b ≠ 0 and c ≠ 0 . Assuming the former, then é0 1 1 0 0ù
ê ú
a b 1 0 ê1 0 0 1 1ú
c d 0 1 ê ú
91. A = ê1 0 0 1 0ú
ê ú
ê0 0 1 0 1úú
1 ba 1
0 ê
→ a
( R1 = 1a ⋅ r1 ) ê0
ë 1 0 0 0úû
c d 0 1
1 b 1
0 a.
→ a
bc
a
c
( R2 = −c ⋅ r1 + r2 ) é2 0 0 2 1ù é0 3 4 0 2ù
0 d − a − a
1 ê ú ê ú
ê0 2 2 0 1ú ê4 1 0 4 2ú
1 b 1
0 ê ú 3 ê ú
→ a a
A = ê0
2
1 2 0 1 A = ê3
ú 1 0 3 1ú
ad −bc
− c ê ú ê ú
0 a a
1 ê1 1 0 1 0úú ê1 1 2 1 2úú
ê ê
1 b 1 0 ê1 0 0 1 1ûú ê0 2 2 0 1úû
ë ë
→
a
0 1
a
−c a
( R2 = ad a−bc ⋅ r2 )
ad −bc ad −bc
é2 4 5 2 3ù
1 0 1 + bc −b ê ú
ê5 3 2 5 4ú
→
0 1
a a ( ad −bc )
−c
ad −bc
a
( R1 = − ba ⋅ r2 + r1 ) ê
A + A + A = ê4
2 3
2 2 4 2ú
ú
ad −bc ad −bc ê ú
ê2 2 3 2 3úú
1 0 d −b ê
→
ad −bc ad − bc ê1 3 2 1 2úû
0 1 −c a ë
ad −bc ad − bc
1 0 d − Db Yes, all pages can reach every other page within
D
→ 3 clicks.
0 1 − c a
D D
b. The largest number in row 1 (Page 1) is 5
d − Db 1 d −b
Thus, A−1 = Dc = which corresponds to Page 3.
a
− D D D −c a
where D = ad − bc .
722
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.4: Matrix Algebra
é0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0ù é1 0 3ù
ê ú ê ú
ê0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0ú b. S -1 = ê0 1 -5ú . This is the translation
ê ú ê ú
ê1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0ú ê0 0 1úû
ê ú ë
ê0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0úú matrix needed to get the translated
ê
ê0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1úú coordinates back to the original coordinates.
92. B = êê
ê0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0úú
ê0 é ù
ê 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0úú ê 1
-
3
0úú
ê0 ê
ê 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0úú ê 2 2 ú é 6ù éê 3 - 2 3 ùú
ê0 ê úê ú ê
ê 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1úú 95. a. XR = êê
3 1
0úú ê 4ú = ê3 3 + 2ú
ú
ê ú 2 2 ê ú ê ú
ê ú ê 1ú ê 1 ú
ëê1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0ûú ê 0 0 1úú ë û ëê
ê ûú
ê ú
a. B6 = B + B 2 + B3 + B 4 + B 5 + B 6 êë úû
é12 14 15 8 11 6 8 11 6 9ù The coordinates would be
ê ú
ê10
ê
10 13 7 8 5 5 11 5 8ú
ú
(3 − 2 3,3 3 + 2 )
ê14 10 13 8 11 6 9 11 6 9ú
ê ú
ê10 9 9 5 8 5 6 8 5 8úú é 1 3 ù
ê ê 0úú
ê7 6 7 4 6 5 5 5 3 8úú ê 2 2
B6 = êê ê ú
2 3 3 4 5 2 5úú ê ú
ê6 6 5
b. R-1 = êê-
3 1
0úú ; This is the rotation
ê10 10 12 5 7 3 5 10 5 5úú
ê ê 2 2 ú
ê7 5 7 5 7 2 3 4 5 4úú ê 0 0 1 ú
ê ê ú
ê4 4 5 3 3 2 2 3 1 4úú ê ú
ê êë úû
ê ú
ëê 9 6 8 5 6 3 5 6 3 4ûú matrix needed to get the translated
coordinates back to the original coordinates.
b. User 3 has the most tweets that can be seen
by the other 9 users within 6 tweets. æ 4 + 8 2 + (-6) ö÷
96. a. Midpoint: çç , ÷÷ = (6, -2)
çè 2 2 ø
93. Using a graphing utility input A and B as
é 1 0 -6 ù
matrices. Then enter BABT . ê ú
S = ê0 1 2ú
ê ú
é 567.75 -2.902 -1.983
ê 2.335 -1.75 -1.167 1.092 0.715 ùú ê0 0 1úû
ê 0.661 0.361 0.565 0.005 -2.517 -0.427 -0.433 -0.662úú
ë
ê
ê 3.768 1.307 0.405 1.050 -0.310 0.050 0.875 -0.568úú
ê
ê ú é 1 3 ù
ê-2.123 1.053 -1.738 -0.496 0.487 1.164 -0.356 -0.493ú ê 0úú
BABT = ê ú
é1 0 ùê
ê 2
-
2 ú é 1 0 -6 ù
ê 0 0.929 -0.462 0.473 -3.5 0.565 0.191 -1.046ú 6
ê ú ê úê úê ú
ê-1.657 -1.744 2.063
ê
-2.470 -0.162 -0.034 -0.664 -0.727ú
ú b. C = S -1 RS = ê 0 1 -2 ú ê
ê úê
3 1
0úú êê0 1 2úú
ê 0.604 -1.747 -0.875 -1.810 1.211 1.147 -0.655 0.985 ú ê úê 2 2 úê ú
ê ú ëê0 0 1ûú ê
ê 0 0 1úú ëê
0 0 1ûú
ê-0.431 1.204 0.652 -0.282 0.168 0.242 0.851 0.169 úû
ë ê ú
êë úû
é 1 3 ù
ê 3 - 3 úú
é 1 0 -3ù ê 2 2
ê ú ê ú
94. a. S = ê 0 1 5ú ê 3 1 ú
ê
ê0 0
ú = êê -1- 3 3 úú
ë 1úû ê 2 2 ú
ê 0 0 1úú
ê
ê ú
êë ûú
723
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
é 1 3 ù AX = 0
ê 3 - 3 úú
ê 2 2
ê ú é4 8 ù A−1 AX = A−1 0
ê 3 1 úê ú
c. ê
CX = ê -1- 3 3 úú ê 2 -6ú IX = 0
ê ú
ê 2 2 ú ê1 1 ú
ê 0 0 1úë û X =0
ê ú If the inverse of A does not exist, then A is
ê ú
êë úû singular and you would not be able to multiply A
é5 - 2 3 2 3 + 7 ù by its inverse to give the identity inverse and X
ê ú would have no solution.
ê ú
=ê - 3 3-4 ú
ê ú 101. f ( x) = ax3 ( x − 3) ( x − ( − 2) )
2
ê 1 1 ú
ëê úû For a = 1 :
The coordinates of the endpoints of the f ( x) = x3 ( x − 3) 2 ( x + 2)
rotated line segment are ( )
= x3 x 2 − 6 x + 9 ( x + 2)
(5 − 2 ) (
3, − 3 and 2 3 + 7, 3 − 4 . ) = x − 4 x − 3 x + 18 x3
6 5 4
é 1 3 ù 102. D( x) = 3500 − x 2
d. C -1
= êê 3 + 3úú
2 2 D(32) = 3500 − (32) 2
ê ú
ê 3 1 ú = 3500 − 1024
ê- 3 3 + 1úú
ê 2 2 = 2476
ê ú
ê 0 0 1úû The numbers of units sold is 2,476,000.
ë
5x x
97. Answers will vary. 103. =
x+2 x−2
98. Since the product is found by multiplying the 5 x( x − 2) = x( x + 2)
components from the columns of the first matrix
5 x 2 − 10 x = x 2 + 2 x
by the components in the rows of the second
matrix and then adding those products, then the 4 x 2 − 12 x = 0
number of columns in the first must equal the 4 x( x − 3) = 0
number of rows in the second.
4 x = 0 or x − 3 = 0
99. For real numbers this you multiply both sides by x = 0 or x=3
the multiplicative inverse of c, 1c , c not equal 0. The solution set is {0,3} .
1
Since c times c results in 1, the multiplicative 3 f (12) − f (0)
104. = ,
identity, then a = b. For matrices, this would 8 12 − 0
hold true as long as C has an inverse. Then you
3 f (12) − 12
would multiply both sides by C
−1
to get: =
8 12
AC = BC 3
12 = f (12) − 12
ACC −1 = BCC −1 8
AI = BI 9 1
= f (12) −
2 2
A= B
10
100. If the inverse of A exists: f (12) = =5
2
724
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
Section 6.5 5x
x − 4 5 x3
2
+ 2x −1
1. True 3
5x − 20 x
2. True 22 x − 1
The proper rational expression is:
(
3. 3x 4 + 6 x3 + 3x 2 = 3x 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 ) 5 x3 + 2 x − 1
= 5x +
22 x − 1
2
= 3x 2
( x + 1) 2 x −4 x2 − 4
4. True 3x 4 + x 2 − 2
10. The rational expression is improper,
x3 + 8
x so perform the division:
5. The rational expression is proper, since
x −1 2 3x
the degree of the numerator is less than the x3 + 8 3x 4 + x 2 −2
degree of the denominator. 4
3x + 24 x
2
5x + 2 x − 24 x − 2
6. The rational expression is proper, since
x −1 3 The proper rational expression is:
the degree of the numerator is less than the 3x 4 + x 2 − 2 x 2 − 24 x − 2
degree of the denominator. 3
= 3x +
x +8 x3 + 8
x2 + 5 11. The rational expression
7. The rational expression is improper, so
x2 − 4 x( x − 1) x2 − x
perform the division: = 2 is improper, so
( x + 4)( x − 3) x + x − 12
1
perform the division:
x2 − 4 x2 + 5 1
x2 − 4 x 2 + x − 12 x 2 − x + 0
9 x 2 + x − 12
The proper rational expression is: − 2 x + 12
x2 + 5 9 The proper rational expression is:
2
= 1+ 2 x( x − 1) − 2 x + 12 − 2( x − 6)
x −4 x −4 =1+ 2 =1+
( x + 4)( x − 3) x + x − 12 ( x + 4)( x − 3)
3x 2 − 2
8. The rational expression is improper, so 2 x( x 2 + 4) 2 x3 + 8 x
x2 − 1 12. The rational expression 2
= is
perform the division: x +1 x2 + 1
3 improper, so perform the division:
2 2 2x
x − 1 3x − 2
2
3x − 3 x + 1 2 x3 + 8 x
2
1 2 x3 + 2 x
The proper rational expression is: 6x
3x 2 − 2 1 The proper rational expression is:
2
= 3+ 2
x −1 x −1 2 x( x 2 + 4) 6x
2
= 2x + 2
x +1 x +1
5 x3 + 2 x − 1
9. The rational expression is improper,
x2 − 4
so perform the division:
725
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
13. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Solve the system of equations:
4 A B B + C = −1
= +
x( x − 1) x x − 1 B − C = −1
4 A B 2B = −2
x( x − 1) = x( x − 1) +
x( x − 1) x x −1 B = −1
4 = A( x − 1) + Bx −1 + C = −1
Let x = 1 , then 4 = A(0) + B C=0
B=4 1 1 −x
= +
Let x = 0 , then 4 = A(−1) + B (0) x( x 2 + 1) x x2 + 1
A = −4
4 −4 4 16. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
= + 1 A Bx + C
x( x − 1) x x −1 2
= + 2
( x + 1)( x + 4) x +1 x + 4
14. Find the partial fraction decomposition Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 4) , we
3x A B obtain: 1 = A( x 2 + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
= +
( x + 2)( x − 1) x + 2 x − 1
Let x = −1 , then 1 = A(5) + ( B (−1) + C )(0)
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)( x − 1) , we
5A = 1
obtain: 3x = A( x − 1) + B ( x + 2)
1
Let x = 1 , then 3(1) = A(0) + B(3) A=
5
3B = 3 Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(12 + 4) + ( B (1) + C )(1 + 1)
B =1
1 = 5 A + ( B + C )(2)
Let x = −2 , then 3(– 2) = A(−3) + B (0)
−3 A = − 6 1 = 5 (1/ 5 ) + 2 B + 2C
A=2 1 = 1 + 2 B + 2C
3x 2 1 0 = 2 B + 2C
= +
( x + 2)( x − 1) x + 2 x − 1 0 = B+C
Let x = 0 , then 1 = A(02 + 4) + ( B (0) + C )(0 + 1)
15. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
1 = 4A + C
1 A Bx + C
= + 1 = 4 (1/ 5 ) + C
x( x 2 + 1) x x2 + 1
4
1 A Bx + C 1= +C
x( x 2 + 1) 2
2
= x( x + 1) + 2 5
x( x + 1) x x +1
1
1 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x C=
5
Let x = 0 , then 1 = A(02 + 1) + ( B (0) + C )(0) 1
Since B + C = 0 , we have that B + =0
A =1 5
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(12 + 1) + ( B (1) + C )(1) 1
B=−
1 = 2A + B + C 5
1 − 15 x + 15
1 = 2(1) + B + C 1 5
= +
B + C = −1 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 4) x +1 x2 + 4
Let x = −1 , then
1 = A((−1) 2 + 1) + ( B(−1) + C )(−1) 17. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
1 = A(1 + 1) + (− B + C )(−1) x A B
= +
1 = 2A + B − C ( x − 1)( x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
1 = 2(1) + B − C
B − C = −1
726
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Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 1)( x − 2) , we Let x = 0 , then
obtain: x = A( x − 2) + B( x − 1) 02 = A(0 − 1)(0 + 1) + B (0 + 1) + C (0 − 1) 2
0 = −A + B + C
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(1 − 2) + B (1 − 1)
A = B+C
1 = −A
1 1 3
A = −1 A= + =
Let x = 2 , then 2 = A(2 − 2) + B(2 − 1) 2 4 4
3 1 1
2=B x2 4 2 4
2
= + 2
+
x −1 2 ( x − 1) ( x + 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) x +1
= +
( x − 1)( x − 2) x − 1 x − 2
20. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
18. Find the partial fraction decomposition: x +1 A B C
= + +
3x A B x 2 ( x − 2) x x2 x − 2
= +
( x + 2)( x − 4) x + 2 x − 4 Multiplying both sides by x 2 ( x − 2) , we obtain:
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)( x − 4) , we x + 1 = Ax( x − 2) + B ( x − 2) + Cx 2
obtain: 3x = A( x − 4) + B ( x + 2)
Let x = 0 , then
Let x = −2 , then 3(− 2) = A(− 2 − 4) + B (− 2 + 2) 0 + 1 = A(0)(0 − 2) + B (0 − 2) + C (0) 2
− 6 = − 6A 1 = − 2B
A =1 1
Let x = 4 , then 3(4) = A(4 − 4) + B (4 + 2) B=−
2
12 = 6 B Let x = 2 , then
B=2 2 + 1 = A(2)(2 − 2) + B (2 − 2) + C (2) 2
3x 1 2
= + 3 = 4C
( x + 2)( x − 4) x + 2 x − 4
3
C=
19. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 4
x2 A B C Let x = 1 , then 2 = − A − B + C
2
= + 2
+ A = −B + C − 2
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) x +1
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) , we 1 3 3
A = −− + − 2 = −
2 4 4
obtain: x 2 = A( x − 1)( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + C ( x − 1) 2 3 1 3
x +1 − −
Let x = 1 , then 2
= 4 + 22 + 4
x ( x − 2) x x x−2
12 = A(1 − 1)(1 + 1) + B (1 + 1) + C (1 − 1) 2
1 = A(0)(2) + B (2) + C (0) 2 21. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
1 1
1 = 2B =
x3 − 8( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
1
B= 1 A Bx + C
2 = +
( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) x − 2 x 2 + 2 x + 4
Let x = −1 , then
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) ,
(−1) 2 = A(−1 − 1)(−1 + 1) + B (−1 + 1) + C (−1 − 1) 2
2
we obtain: 1 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x − 2)
1 = A(−2)(0) + B (0) + C (−2)
1 = 4C
1
C=
4
727
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Let x = 2 , then Let x = −1 , then
( 2
)
1 = A 2 + 2(2) + 4 + ( B (2) + C )(2 − 2) ( )
2(−1) + 4 = A (−1)2 + (−1) + 1 + ( B (−1) + C )(−1 − 1)
1 = 12 A 2 = A + 2 B − 2C
1 2 = 2 + 2 B − 2(− 2)
A=
12 2B = − 4
Let x = 0 , then B = −2
( )
1 = A 02 + 2(0) + 4 + ( B (0) + C )(0 − 2) 2x + 4
=
2
+
− 2x − 2
1 = 4 A − 2C x3 − 1 x − 1 x2 + x + 1
1 = 4 (1/12 ) − 2C 23. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
−2C = 23 x2 A B C D
= + + +
( x − 1) ( x + 1)2
2 x − 1 ( x − 1)2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
C = −1
3 Multiplying both sides by ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 , we
Let x = 1 , then obtain:
( )
1 = A 12 + 2(1) + 4 + ( B (1) + C )(1 − 2) x 2 = A( x − 1)( x + 1)2 + B( x + 1)2
1= 7A − B − C + C ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) + D ( x − 1) 2
1 Let x = 1 , then
1 = 7 (1/12 ) − B +
3 12 = A(1 − 1)(1 + 1) 2 + B(1 + 1) 2
1
B=− + C (1 − 1) 2 (1 + 1) + D(1 − 1) 2
12
1 = 4B
1 1 x−1
− 12
1 12 3 1
= + B=
x3 − 8 x−2 x2 + 2x + 4 4
1
12 (
1 x+4
− 12 ) Let x = −1 , then
= +
x−2 x2 + 2x + 4 (−1) 2 = A(−1 − 1)(−1 + 1) 2 + B (−1 + 1) 2
22. Find the partial fraction decomposition: + C (−1 − 1) 2 (−1 + 1) + D(−1 − 1) 2
2x + 4 2x + 4 A Bx + C 1 = 4D
3
= 2
= + 2
x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + x + 1) x − 1 x + x + 1 1
D=
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) , we 4
Let x = 0 , then
obtain: 2 x + 4 = A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
02 = A(0 − 1)(0 + 1) 2 + B (0 + 1) 2
Let x = 1 , then
+ C (0 − 1) 2 (0 + 1) + D(0 − 1) 2
( )
2(1) + 4 = A 12 + 1 + 1 + ( B (1) + C ) (1 − 1)
0 = −A + B + C + D
6 = 3A A−C = B + D
A=2 1 1 1
Let x = 0 , then A−C = + =
4 4 2
( )
2(0) + 4 = A 02 + 0 + 1 + ( B (0) + C )(0 − 1)
4 = A −C
4 = 2−C
C = −2
728
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Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
Let x = 2 , then Let x = 1 , then
2 2
2 = A(2 − 1)(2 + 1) + B (2 + 1) 2
1 + 1 = A(1)(1 − 2) 2 + B (1 − 2) 2
+ C (2 − 1) 2 (2 + 1) + D(2 − 1) 2 + C (1) 2 (1 − 2) + D(1) 2
4 = 9 A + 9 B + 3C + D 2 = A+ B −C + D
9 A + 3C = 4 − 9 B − D A−C = 2− B − D
1 3
1 1 3 A−C = 2− − =1
9 A + 3C = 4 − 9 − = 4 4
4 4 2
Let x = 3 , then
1
3A + C = 3 + 1 = A(3)(3 − 2) 2 + B (3 − 2)2
2
Solve the system of equations: + C (3) 2 (3 − 2) + D(3) 2
A−C = 1 4 = 3 A + B + 9C + 9 D
2 3 A + 9C = 4 − B − 9 D
3A + C = 1
2 1 3
3 A + 9C = 4 − − 9 = −3
4A =1 4 4
A= 1 A + 3C = −1
4 Solve the system of equations:
3 +C = 1 A−C =1
4 2
C =−1 A + 3C = −1
4 A− C = 1
1 1 − 14 1
x2 4 4 4 A = C +1
= + + +
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 A + 3C = −1
24. Find the partial fraction decomposition: ( C + 1) + 3C = −1
x +1 A B C D 4C = − 2
2 2
= + + +
x ( x − 2) x x 2 x − 2 ( x − 2) 2 1
C=−
Multiplying both sides by x 2 ( x − 2)2 , we obtain: 2
1 1
x + 1 = Ax( x − 2) 2 + B ( x − 2)2 + Cx 2 ( x − 2) + Dx 2 A = C +1 = − +1 =
2 2
Let x = 0 , then x +1 1
2
1
4
− 12 3
4
= + + +
0+1 = A(0)(0 − 2) 2 + B(0 − 2) 2 x 2 ( x − 2) 2 x x 2 x − 2 ( x − 2) 2
+ C (0) 2 (0 − 2) + D(0) 2
25. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
1 = 4B
x −3 A B C
1 2
= + +
B= ( x + 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
4
Let x = 2 , then Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)( x + 1) 2 , we
2 + 1 = A(2)(2 − 2) 2 + B (2 − 2) 2 obtain: x − 3 = A( x + 1) 2 + B( x + 2)( x + 1) + C ( x + 2)
+ C (2) 2 (2 − 2) + D(2) 2 Let x = − 2 , then
3 = 4D − 2 − 3 = A(− 2 + 1) 2 + B( − 2 + 2)( − 2 + 1) + C ( − 2 + 2)
3 −5 = A
D=
4 A = −5
Let x = −1 , then
−1 − 3 = A(−1 + 1) 2 + B(−1 + 2)(−1 + 1) + C (−1 + 2)
−4 = C
C = −4
729
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Let x = 0 , then Let x = 0 , then
0 − 3 = A(0 + 1) 2 + B (0 + 2)(0 + 1) + C (0 + 2) 0 + 4 = A(0)(02 + 4) + B (02 + 4) + ( C (0) + D ) (0) 2
−3 = A + 2 B + 2C 4 = 4B
−3 = −5 + 2 B + 2(− 4) B =1
2 B = 10 Let x = 1 , then
B=5 1 + 4 = A(1)(12 + 4) + B (12 + 4) + (C (1) + D)(1) 2
x −3 −5 5 −4 5 = 5 A + 5B + C + D
2
= + + 5 = 5A + 5 + C + D
( x + 2)( x + 1) x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
5A + C + D = 0
26. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = −1 , then
x2 + x A B C −1 + 4 = A(−1)((−1) 2 + 4) + B ((−1) 2 + 4)
= + +
( x + 2)( x − 1) 2
x + 2 x − 1 ( x − 1)2 + (C ( −1) + D)(−1) 2
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)( x − 1) 2 , we 3 = −5 A + 5 B − C + D
obtain: 3 = −5 A + 5 − C + D
−5 A − C + D = − 2
x 2 + x = A( x − 1) 2 + B( x + 2)( x − 1) + C ( x + 2)
Let x = 2 , then
Let x = − 2 , then
2 + 4 = A(2)(22 + 4) + B(22 + 4) + (C (2) + D)(2)2
(− 2) 2 + (− 2) = A(− 2 − 1) 2 + B (− 2 + 2)(− 2 − 1) 6 = 16 A + 8B + 8C + 4 D
+ C ( − 2 + 2) 6 = 16 A + 8 + 8C + 4 D
2 = 9A 16 A + 8C + 4 D = − 2
2 Solve the system of equations:
A= 5A + C + D = 0
9
Let x = 1 , then −5 A − C + D = − 2
12 + 1 = A(1 − 1) 2 + B (1 + 2)(1 − 1) + C (1 + 2) 2D = − 2
2 = 3C D = −1
2 5A + C −1 = 0
C=
3 C = 1− 5A
Let x = 0 , then 16 A + 8(1 − 5 A) + 4(−1) = − 2
02 + 0 = A(0 − 1) 2 + B (0 + 2)(0 − 1) + C (0 + 2) 16 A + 8 − 40 A − 4 = − 2
0 = A − 2 B + 2C − 24 A = − 6
2 B = A + 2C 1
A=
2 2 14 4
2B = + 2 =
9 3 9 1 5 1
C = 1− 5 = 1− = −
7 4 4 4
B= 1 1
9 x+4 1 − x −1
2 7 2 = 4 + 2 + 42
x2 + x 9 9 3
2 2
x ( x + 4) x x x +4
= + +
( x + 2)( x − 1) 2 x+2 x − 1 ( x − 1)2 1
1 − 14 ( x + 4 )
4
= + +
x x2 x2 + 4
27. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x+4 A B Cx + D
2 2
= + +
x ( x + 4) x x2 x2 + 4
Multiplying both sides by x 2 ( x 2 + 4) , we obtain:
x + 4 = Ax( x 2 + 4) + B( x 2 + 4) + (Cx + D) x 2
730
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Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
28. Find the partial fraction decomposition: A − 2C = 14
10 x 2 + 2 x A B Cx + D 8 A + 2C = 28
= + + 2
2 2
( x − 1) ( x + 2) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x +2 9A = 42
Multiply both sides by ( x − 1) 2 ( x 2 + 2) : 14
A=
3
10 x 2 + 2 x = A( x − 1)( x 2 + 2) + B( x 2 + 2)
14 28
+ (Cx + D)( x − 1) 2 2C = A − 14 = − 14 = −
3 3
Let x = 1 , then 14
C=−
10(1) 2 + 2(1) = A(1 − 1)(12 + 2) + B(12 + 2) 3
14 4
+ ( C (1) + D ) (1 − 1) 2 D = 2A − 8 = 2 − 8 =
3 3
12 = 3B 14
10 x 2 + 2 x 3 4 − 143 x + 43
B=4 = + +
Let x = 0 , then ( x − 1) 2 ( x 2 + 2) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x2 + 2
10(0) 2 + 2(0) = A(0 − 1)(02 + 2) + B (02 + 2) 29. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
+ ( C (0) + D ) (0 − 1) 2 x2 + 2 x + 3 A Bx + C
= + 2
0 = −2 A + 2 B + D 2
( x + 1)( x + 2 x + 4) x + 1 x + 2 x + 4
0 = −2 A + 8 + D Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) ,
2A − D = 8 we obtain:
D = 2A − 8 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = A( x 2 + 2 x + 4) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
Let x = −1 , then
Let x = −1 , then
10(−1) 2 + 2(−1) = A(−1 − 1)((−1) 2 + 2)
(−1) 2 + 2(−1) + 3 = A((−1) 2 + 2(−1) + 4)
+ B(( −1) 2 + 2)
+ ( B(−1) + C )(−1 + 1)
+ (C (−1) + D)(−1 − 1) 2 2 = 3A
8 = − 6 A + 3B − 4C + 4 D 2
8 = − 6 A + 12 − 4C + 4 D A=
3
−6 A − 4C + 4 D = − 4 Let x = 0 , then
Let x = 2 , then 02 + 2(0) + 3 = A(02 + 2(0) + 4) + ( B(0) + C )(0 + 1)
10(2) 2 + 2(2) = A(2 − 1)(22 + 2) + B(22 + 2) 3 = 4A + C
+ (C (2) + D)(2 − 1) 2 3 = 4 ( 2 / 3) + C
44 = 6 A + 6 B + 2C + D 1
C=
44 = 6 A + 24 + 2C + D 3
Let x = 1 , then
6 A + 2C + D = 20
Solve the system of equations (Substitute for D): 12 + 2(1) + 3 = A(12 + 2(1) + 4) + ( B (1) + C )(1 + 1)
D = 2A − 8 6 = 7 A + 2 B + 2C
− 6 A − 4C + 4 D = − 4 6 = 7 ( 2 / 3) + 2 B + 2 (1/ 3)
− 6 A − 4C + 4(2 A − 8) = − 4 2 B = 6 − 143 − 23 = 2
3
2 A − 4C = 28
B = 13
A − 2C = 14
2 1 x + 13
x2 + 2 x + 3 3 3
6 A + 2C + D = 20 = +
( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) x +1 x2 + 2 x + 4
6 A + 2C + ( 2 A − 8 ) = 20
2 1 ( x + 1)
8 A + 2C = 28 = 3
+ 3
2
x +1 x + 2x + 4
Add the equations and solve:
731
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
30. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = − 1 , then
2
x 2 − 11x − 18 A Bx + C
= + 2 1
2
x( x + 3x + 3) x x + 3 x + 3 − = A ( 2 ( −1/ 2 ) + 1) + B ( 3 ( −1/ 2 ) − 2 )
2
Multiplying both sides by 1 7
x( x 2 + 3 x + 3) ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) , we obtain: − =− B
2 2
x 2 − 11x − 18 = A( x 2 + 3x + 3) + ( Bx + C ) x 1
B=
Let x = 0 , then 7
2
( )
02 − 11(0) − 18 = A 02 + 3(0) + 3 + ( B(0) + C ) (0) Let x = , then
3
−18 = 3 A 2
= A ( 2 ( 2 / 3) + 1) + B ( 3 ( 2 / 3) − 2 )
A = −6 3
Let x = 1 , then 2 7
= A
( )
12 − 11(1) − 18 = A 12 + 3(1) + 3 + ( B (1) + C ) (1) 3 3
2
−28 = 7 A + B + C A=
7
−28 = 7(−6) + B + C 2 1
x
B + C = 14 = 7 + 7
Let x = −1 , then (3x − 2)(2 x + 1) 3x − 2 2 x + 1
(
(−1)2 − 11(−1) − 18 = A (−1) 2 + 3(−1) + 3 ) 32. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
+ ( B (−1) + C ) (−1) 1 A B
= +
−6 = A + B − C (2 x + 3)(4 x − 1) 2 x + 3 4 x − 1
−6 = −6 + B − C Multiplying both sides by (2 x + 3)(4 x − 1) , we
B −C = 0 obtain: 1 = A(4 x − 1) + B(2 x + 3)
Add the last two equations and solve:
3
B + C = 14 Let x = − , then
2
B −C = 0
3 3
2B = 14 1 = A 4 − − 1 + B 2 − + 3
2 2
B=7
1 = −7 A
B + C = 14
1
7 + C = 14 A=−
7
C=7 1
2 Let x = , then
x − 11x − 18 −6 7x + 7 4
= +
x( x 2 + 3x + 3) x x 2 + 3x + 3 1 1
1 = A 4 − 1 + B 2 + 3
31. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 4 4
x A B 7
= + 1= B
(3x − 2)(2 x + 1) 3x − 2 2 x + 1 2
2
Multiplying both sides by (3 x − 2)(2 x + 1) , we B=
7
obtain: x = A(2 x + 1) + B (3 x − 2)
1 − 17 2
= + 7
(2 x + 3)(4 x − 1) 2 x + 3 4 x − 1
732
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Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
33. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 35. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x x A B x 2 + 2 x + 3 Ax + B Cx + D
= = + = 2 +
x 2 + 2 x − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1 ( x 2 + 4) 2 x + 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 3)( x − 1) , we Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 4) 2 , we obtain:
obtain: x = A( x − 1) + B( x + 3)
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 4) + Cx + D
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A(1 − 1) + B(1 + 3)
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + 4 Ax + 4 B + Cx + D
1 = 4B
1 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (4 A + C ) x + 4 B + D
B=
4 A=0; B =1;
Let x = −3 , then −3 = A(−3 − 1) + B(−3 + 3) 4A + C = 2 4B + D = 3
−3 = − 4 A 4(0) + C = 2 4(1) + D = 3
3 C=2 D = −1
A=
4
x2 + 2 x + 3 1 2x −1
x 3 1 = +
= 4
+ 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2 x2 + 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2
x2 + 2 x − 3 x+3 x −1
36. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
34. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x3 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
x2 − x − 8 x2 − x − 8 = 2 + 2
2
= 2
( x + 16) 2
x + 16 ( x + 16) 2
( x + 1)( x + 5 x + 6) ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
A B C Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 16) 2 , we obtain:
= + +
x +1 x + 2 x + 3 x3 + 1 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 16) + Cx + D
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) ,
x3 + 1 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + 16 Ax + 16 B + Cx + D
we obtain:
x 2 − x − 8 = A( x + 2)( x + 3) + B ( x + 1)( x + 3) x3 + 1 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (16 A + C ) x + 16 B + D
+ C ( x + 1)( x + 2) A =1; B = 0 ;
Let x = −1 , then 16 A + C = 0
2
(−1) − ( −1) − 8 = A(−1 + 2)(−1 + 3) 16(1) + C = 0
+ B (−1 + 1)(−1 + 3) C = −16
+ C ( −1 + 1)(−1 + 2)
16 B + D = 1
−6 = 2 A
16(0) + D = 1
A = −3
D =1
Let x = −2 , then
(− 2) 2 − (− 2) − 8 = A( − 2 + 2)(− 2 + 3) x3 + 1 x −16 x + 1
= +
+ B (− 2 + 1)( − 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 16) 2 x 2 + 16 ( x 2 + 16) 2
+ C (− 2 + 1)(− 2 + 2)
−2 = − B 37. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
B=2 7x + 3 7x + 3
=
Let x = −3 , then x3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x x( x − 3)( x + 1)
(−3) 2 − ( −3) − 8 = A(−3 + 2)( −3 + 3) A B C
+ B(−3 + 1)(−3 + 3) = + +
x x − 3 x +1
+ C (−3 + 1)( −3 + 2) Multiplying both sides by x( x − 3)( x + 1) , we
4 = 2C
obtain:
C=2
7 x + 3 = A( x − 3)( x + 1) + Bx( x + 1) + Cx( x − 3)
x2 − x − 8 −3 2 2
= + +
( x + 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 6) x +1 x + 2 x + 3
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Let x = 0 , then Let x = 2 , then
7(0) + 3 = A(0 − 3)(0 + 1) + B(0)(0 + 1) + C (0)(0 − 3) 24 + 1 = A ⋅ 23 (2 − 1) + B ⋅ 22 (2 − 1) + C ⋅ 2(2 − 1)
3 = −3 A
+ D(2 − 1) + E ⋅ 24
A = −1
9 = 8 A + 4 B + 2C + D + 16 E
Let x = 3 , then
9 = 8 A + 4 B + 2C + (−1) + 16(2)
7(3) + 3 = A(3 − 3)(3 + 1) + B (3)(3 + 1) + C (3)(3 − 3)
8 A + 4 B + 2C = − 22
24 = 12 B
4 A + 2 B + C = −11
B=2
Let x = −2 , then
Let x = −1 , then
7(−1) + 3 = A(−1 − 3)(−1 + 1) + B(−1)(−1 + 1) (−22)4 + 1 = A( −2)3 (−2 − 1) + B (−2)2 (−2 − 1)
+ C (−1)(−1 − 3) + C (−2)(−2 − 1) + D (−2 − 1) + E (−2) 4
−4 = 4C
−7 = 24 A − 12 B + 6C − 3D + 16 E
C = −1
−7 = 24 A − 12 B + 6C − 3(−1) + 81(2)
7x + 3 −1 2 −1 −42 = 24 A − 12 B + 6C
3 2
= + +
x − 2 x − 3x x x − 3 x +1 −14 = 8 A − 4 B + 2C
38. Find the partial fraction decomposition: Solve the system of equations by using a matrix
x +1 3 3
x +1 equation:
5 4
= 4
x −x x ( x − 1)
A B C D E A − B + C = −2
= + 2+ 3+ 4+
x x x x x −1 4 A + 2B + C = −11
Multiplying both sides by x 4 ( x − 1) , we obtain: 8 A − 4 B + 2C = −14
x3 + 1 = Ax3 ( x − 1) + Bx 2 ( x − 1) + Cx( x − 1)
+ D( x − 1) + Ex 4 1 −1 1 A −2
4 2 1 B = −11
Let x = 0 , then
04 + 1 = A ⋅ 03 (0 − 1) + B ⋅ 02 (0 − 1) + C ⋅ 0(0 − 1) 8 −4 2 C −14
−1
+ D(0 − 1) + E ⋅ 04 A 1 −1 1 −2 −2
1 = −D B = 4 2 1 −11 = −1
D = −1 C 8 −4 2 −14 −1
Let x = 1 , then
14 + 1 = A ⋅13 (1 − 1) + B ⋅12 (1 − 1) + C ⋅1(1 − 1)
So, A = −2 , B = −1 , and C = −1 . Thus,
+ D(1 − 1) + E ⋅14
x3 + 1 x3 + 1
2=E =
x5 − x 4 x 4 ( x − 1)
Let x = −1 , then −2 −1 −1 −1 2
(−1) 4 + 1 = A(−1)3 (−1 − 1) + B( −1) 2 (−1 − 1) = + 2+ 3+ 4+
x x x x x −1
+ C (−1)( −1 − 1) + D (−1 − 1) + E (−1) 4
0 = 2 A − 2 B + 2C − 2 D + E 39. Perform synthetic division to find a factor:
0 = 2 A − 2 B + 2C − 2(−1) + 2 2 1 −4 5 −2
2 A − 2 B + 2C = −4
2 −4 2
A − B + C = −2
1 −2 1 0
734
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
x3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x − 2 = ( x − 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 1) obtain:
x 2 + 1 = A( x − 1) 2 + B( x + 3)( x − 1) + C ( x + 3)
= ( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
Let x = −3 , then
Find the partial fraction decomposition:
(−3) 2 + 1 = A(−3 − 1) 2 + B (−3 + 3)(−3 − 1)
x2 x2 + C (−3 + 3)
=
x3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x − 2 ( x − 2)( x − 1) 2 10 = 16 A
A B C 5
= + + A=
x − 2 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 8
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 2)( x − 1) 2 , we Let x = 1 , then
obtain: 12 + 1 = A(1 − 1) 2 + B(1 + 3)(1 − 1) + C (1 + 3)
x 2 = A( x − 1) 2 + B ( x − 2)( x − 1) + C ( x − 2)
2 = 4C
Let x = 2 , then
1
22 = A(2 − 1) 2 + B (2 − 2)(2 − 1) + C (2 − 2) C=
2
4= A
Let x = 1 , then Let x = 0 , then
12 = A(1 − 1) 2 + B (1 − 2)(1 − 1) + C (1 − 2) 02 + 1 = A(0 − 1) 2 + B (0 + 3)(0 − 1) + C (0 + 3)
1 = −C 1 = A − 3B + 3C
C = −1 5 1
1= − 3B + 3
Let x = 0 , then 8 2
02 = A(0 − 1) 2 + B (0 − 2)(0 − 1) + C (0 − 2) 9
3B =
0 = A + 2 B − 2C 8
0 = 4 + 2 B − 2(−1) 3
B=
8
−2 B = 6
5 3 1
B = −3 x2 + 1 8 8 2
3 2
= + +
x2 4 −3 −1 x + x − 5x + 3 x+3 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
= + +
x3 − 4 x 2 + 5 x − 2 x − 2 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
41. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
40. Perform synthetic division to find a factor: x3 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
2 3
= 2 + 2 2
+ 2
11 1 −5 3 ( x + 16) x + 16 ( x + 16) ( x + 16)3
1 2 −3 Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 16)3 , we obtain:
1 2 −3 0 x3 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 16) 2 + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 16)
x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 2 x − 3) + Ex + F
x3 = ( Ax + B )( x 4 + 32 x 2 + 256) + Cx3 + Dx 2
= ( x + 3)( x − 1) 2
+ 16Cx + 16 D + Ex + F
Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x3 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + 32 Ax3 + 32 Bx 2 + 256 Ax
2 2
x +1 x +1
3 2
= 2
+ 256 B + Cx3 + Dx 2
x + x − 5x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 1) + 16Cx + 16 D + Ex + F
A B C
= + + x3 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + (32 A + C ) x3 + (32 B + D) x 2
x + 3 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
+ (256 A + 16C + E ) x
+ (256 B + 16 D + F )
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 3)( x − 1) 2 , we
735
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
A = 0; B = 0 ; 32 A + C = 1 1
Let x = − , then
32(0) + C = 1 2
C =1 1 1
4 = A 2 − + 1 + B − − 3
32 B + D = 0 256 A + 16C + E = 0 2 2
32(0) + D = 0 256(0) + 16(1) + E = 0 4=−7B
2
D=0 E = −16 8
B=−
256 B + 16 D + F = 0 7
256(0) + 16(0) + F = 0 Let x = 3 , then 4 = A(2(3) + 1) + B (3 − 3)
F =0 4 = 7A
x 3
x −16 x 4
= + A=
( x 2 + 16)3 ( x 2 + 16)2 ( x 2 + 16)3 7
4 4
7
− 87
= +
42. Find the partial fraction decomposition: 2 x2 − 5x − 3 x−3 2x +1
x2 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
2 3
= 2 + 2 2
+ 2 44. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
( x + 4) x + 4 ( x + 4) ( x + 4)3
4x 4x A B
Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 4)3 , we obtain: 2
= = +
2 x + 3x − 2 ( x + 2)(2 x − 1) x + 2 2 x − 1
x 2 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 4) 2 + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 4) Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)(2 x − 1) , we
+ Ex + F obtain:
x 2 = ( Ax + B )( x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16) + Cx3 + Dx 2 4 x = A(2 x − 1) + B ( x + 2)
+ 4Cx + 4 D + Ex + F 1
Let x = , then
2
x 2 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + 8 Ax3 + 8 Bx 2 + 16 Ax + 16 B
1 1 1
+ Cx3 + Dx 2 + 4Cx + 4 D + Ex + F 4 = A 2 − 1 + B + 2
2 2 2
x 2 = Ax5 + Bx 4 + (8 A + C ) x3 + (8 B + D) x 2 5
2= B
+ (16 A + 4C + E ) x + (16 B + 4 D + F ) 3
A = 0; B = 0 ; 8A + C = 0 4
B=
5
8(0) + C = 0
Let x = −2 , then
C=0 4(− 2) = A(2(− 2) − 1) + B (− 2 + 2)
8B + D = 1 16 A + 4C + E = 0 −8 = −5 A
8(0) + D = 1 16(0) + 4(0) + E = 0 8
A=
D =1 E=0 5
8 4
16 B + 4 D + F = 0 4x 5 5
= +
16(0) + 4(1) + F = 0 2 x 2 + 3x − 2 x+2 2x −1
F = −4
45. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
2
x 1 −4 2x + 3 2x + 3
= + = 2
( x 2 + 4)3 ( x 2 + 4) 2 ( x 2 + 4)3 4
x − 9x 2
x ( x − 3)( x + 3)
A B C D
43. Find the partial fraction decomposition: = + 2+ +
x x x −3 x +3
4 4 A B
2
= = + Multiplying both sides by x 2 ( x − 3)( x + 3) , we
2 x − 5 x − 3 ( x − 3)(2 x + 1) x − 3 2 x + 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x − 3)(2 x + 1) , we
obtain: 4 = A(2 x + 1) + B( x − 3)
736
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
obtain: 46. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
2 x + 3 = Ax( x − 3)( x + 3) + B( x − 3)( x + 3) x2 + 9 x2 + 9
=
+ Cx 2 ( x + 3) + Dx 2 ( x − 3) x 4 − 2 x 2 − 8 ( x 2 + 2)( x − 2)( x + 2)
Let x = 0 , then A B Cx + D
= + +
2 ⋅ 0 + 3 = A ⋅ 0(0 − 3)(0 + 3) + B (0 − 3)(0 + 3) x − 2 x + 2 x2 + 2
+ C ⋅ 02 (0 + 3) + D ⋅ 02 (0 − 3) Multiplying both sides by (x 2 + 2)( x − 2)( x + 2) ,
3 = −9 B we obtain:
1 x 2 + 9 = A( x 2 + 2)( x + 2) + B ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2)
B=− + (Cx + D)( x − 2)( x + 2)
3
Let x = 3 , then Let x = 2 , then
2 ⋅ 3 + 3 = A ⋅ 3(3 − 3)(3 + 3) + B (3 − 3)(3 + 3)
22 + 9 = A(22 + 2)(2 + 2) + B (2 − 2)(22 + 2)
2 2
+ C ⋅ 3 (3 + 3) + D ⋅ 3 (3 − 3) + (C (2) + D)(2 − 2)(2 + 2)
9 = 54C 13 = 24 A
1 13
C= A=
6 24
Let x = −3 , then Let x = −2 , then
2(−3) + 3 = A(−3)(−3 − 3)(−3 + 3) (− 2) 2 + 9 = A((− 2) 2 + 2)(− 2 + 2)
+ B (−3 − 3)(−3 + 3) + B( − 2 − 2)((− 2) 2 + 2)
2
+ C (−3) (−3 + 3) + (C ( − 2) + D)(− 2 − 2)(− 2 + 2)
+ D(−3)2 (−3 − 3) 13 = − 24 B
−3 = −54 D 13
B=−
1 24
D= Let x = 0 , then
18
Let x = 1 , then 02 + 9 = A(02 + 2)(0 + 2) + B (0 − 2)(02 + 2)
2 ⋅1 + 3 = A ⋅1(1 − 3)(1 + 3) + B (1 − 3)(1 + 3) + (C (0) + D)(0 − 2)(0 + 2)
+ C ⋅12 (1 + 3) + D ⋅12 (1 − 3) 9 = 4 A − 4B − 4D
5 = − 8 A − 8B + 4C − 2 D 13 13
9 = 4 − 4 − − 4D
5 = − 8 A − 8 ( −1/ 3) + 4 (1/ 6 ) − 2 (1/18 ) 24 24
14
8 2 1 4D = −
5 = −8A + + − 3
3 3 9
7
16 D=−
−8A = 6
9
Let x = 1 , then
2
A=− 12 + 9 = A(12 + 2)(1 + 2) + B (1 − 2)(12 + 2)
9
− 92 − 13 1 1 + (C (1) + D)(1 − 2)(1 + 2)
2x + 3 6 18
= + + + 10 = 9 A − 3B − 3C − 3D
x4 − 9 x2 x x2 x − 3 x + 3
39 13 7
10 = + − 3C +
8 8 2
3C = 0
C=0
x2 + 9 13
24
− 13
24
− 76
= + +
x4 − 2 x2 − 8 x−2 x+2 x2 + 2
737
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x3 + x 2 − 3 x3 − 3x 2 + 1 34 x + 49
47. 2 2
= x −8+ , x ≠ −2, −3
x + 3x − 4 x + 5x + 6 x2 + 5x + 6
Dividing: Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x−2 34 x + 49 34 x + 49 A B
= = +
x 2 + 3x − 4 x3 + x 2 + 0 x − 3 2
x + 5 x + 6 ( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 2 x + 3
(
− x3 + 3x 2 − 4 x ) Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2)( x + 3) , we
obtain:
− 2 x2 + 4 x − 3
34 x + 49 = A( x + 3) + B ( x + 2)
(
− −2 x 2 − 6 x + 8 ) Let x = −3 , then
10 x − 11 34 ( −3) + 49 = A ( −3 + 3) + B ( −3 + 2 )
3 2
x + x −3 10 x − 11 −53 = − B
2
= x−2+ , x ≠ −4,1
x + 3x − 4 x 2 + 3x − 4 53 = B
Find the partial fraction decomposition: Let x = −2 , then
10 x − 11 10 x − 11 A B
2
= = + 34 ( −2 ) + 49 = A ( −2 + 3) + B ( −2 + 2 )
x + 3x − 4 ( x + 4)( x − 1) x + 4 x −1
−19 = A
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 4)( x − 1) , we
34 x + 49 53 −19
obtain: 2
= +
x + 5x + 6 x + 2 x +3
10 x − 11 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 4)
Let x = 1 , then
x3 − 3 x 2 + 1 53 −19
10 (1) − 11 = A (1 − 1) + B (1 + 4 ) Thus, 2
= x −8+ +
x + 5x + 6 x+2 x+3
−1 = 5 B
1 x3
B=− 49. 2
5 x +1
Let x = −4 , then Dividing:
10(−4) − 11 = A((− 4) − 1) + B (− 4 + 4) x
−51 = −5 A x + 0 x + 1 x + 0 x2 + 0 x
2 3
A=
51 (
− x3 + 0 x 2 + x )
5 −x
51 − 15
10 x − 11 5 x3 −x
= + = x+
x 2 + 3x − 4 x + 4 x − 1 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
51 − 15
x3 + x 2 − 3 5 Since x 2 + 1 is irreducible then we cannot go
Thus, 2
= x−2+ +
x + 3x − 4 x+4 x −1 any further.
x3 − 3x 2 + 1 x3 + x
48. 50.
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 4
Dividing: Dividing:
x −8 x
2
x + 5x + 6 x3 − 3x 2 + 0 x + 1 x + 0 x + 4 x + 0 x2 + x
2 3
(
− x3 + 5 x 2 + 6 x ) (
− x3 + 0 x 2 + 4 x )
− 3x
− 8x2 − 6 x + 1
x3 + x
(
− −8 x 2 − 40 x − 48 ) 2
= x+
−3 x
x +4 x2 + 4
34x + 49
738
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
Since x 2 + 4 is irreducible then we cannot go x 4 + x3 − x + 2
52.
any further. x2 − 2 x + 1
Dividing:
x 4 − 5 x3 + x − 4
51. 2
x 2 + 3x + 5
x + 4x + 4 x2 − 2 x + 1 x 4 + 3 x3 + 0 x 2 − x + 2
Dividing:
x2 − 4 x + 7 (
− x 4 − 2 x3 + x 2 )
x2 + 4 x + 4 x 4 + 0 x3 − 5 x 2 + x − 4 3
3x − x − x 2
( 4
− x + 4x + 4x 3 2
) (
− 3 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x )
2
3
− 4x − 9x + x 2 5x − 4 x + 2
(
− −4 x3 − 16 x 2 − 16 x ) (
− 5 x 2 − 10 x + 5 )
7x 2 + 17 x − 4 6x − 3
( )
4 3
− 7 x 2 + 28 x + 28 x +x −x+2 6x − 3
= x 2 + 3x + 5 + 2 , x ≠1
− 11x − 32 x2 − 2 x + 1 x − 2x +1
4 3 Find the partial fraction decomposition:
x − 5x + x − 4 −11x − 32
= x2 − 4 x + 7 + 2 , 6x − 3 6x − 3 A B
2
x + 4x + 4 x + 4x + 4 = = +
x − 2 x + 1 ( x − 1)( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
2
x ≠ −2
Find the partial fraction decomposition: Multiplying both sides by ( x − 1) 2 , we obtain:
−11x − 32 −11x − 32 A B 6 x − 3 = A( x − 1) + B
= = +
x + 4 x + 4 ( x + 2)( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
2
6 x − 3 = Ax − A + B
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 2) 2 , we obtain: 6 x − 3 = Ax + (− A + B)
−11x − 32 = A( x + 2) + B Since the coefficient of x is A then A = 6 .
−11x − 32 = Ax + 2 A + B Let A = 6 , then
−3 = − A + B
−11x − 32 = Ax + (2 A + B)
−3 = −1(6) + B
Since the coefficient of x is A then A = −11 .
Let A = −11 , then 3= B
−32 = 2 A + B 6x − 3 6 3
= +
−32 = 2(−11) + B x − 2 x + 1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
2
−10 = B Thus,
−11x − 32 −11 −10 x 4 + x3 − x + 2 6 3
= + 2
= x 2 + 3x + 5 + +
x 2 + 4 x + 4 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2 x − 2x +1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
Thus,
x 4 − 5 x3 + x − 4 −11 −10 x5 + x 4 − x 2 + 2
= x2 − 4 x + 7 + + 53.
x2 + 4x + 4 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2 x4 − 2 x2 + 1
Dividing:
x +1
x 4 + 0 x3 − 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1 x5 + x 4 + 0 x3 − x 2 + 0 x + 2
(
− x5 + 0 x 4 − 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + x )
4 3 2
x + 2x − x − x + 2
(
− x 4 + 0 x3 − 2 x 2 + 0 x + 1 )
3 2
2x − x − x +1
739
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x5 + x 4 − x 2 + 2 2 x3 + x 2 − x + 1
= x +1+ ,
x4 − 2 x2 + 1 x4 − 2 x2 + 1
1 3
x ≠ 1, −1
2 x3 + x 2 − x + 1 1 1
Find the partial fraction decomposition: = + 4 + + 4
x4 − 2 x2 + 1 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
2 x3 + x 2 − x + 1 A B C D
2 2
= + 2
+ + x5 + x 4 − x 2 + 2
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 Thus, = x +1
2 2 x4 − 2 x2 + 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1) ( x − 1) , we
1 3
obtain: 1
+ 4 2+ + 4
2 x3 + x 2 − x + 1 = A( x + 1)( x − 1) 2 + B( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
+ C ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1) + D ( x + 1) 2
Let x = −1 , then x5 − x3 + x 2 + 1
54.
2(−1)3 + (−1) 2 − (−1) + 1 = A(−1 + 1)(−1 − 1) 2 x4 + 6x2 + 9
Dividing:
+ B (−1 − 1) 2 + C (−1 + 1) 2 (−1 − 1) + D(−1 + 1) 2 x
1 = 4B x 4 + 0 x3 + 6 x 2 + 0 x + 9 x5 + 0x 4 − x3 + x 2 + 0 x + 1
1
4
=B (
− x5 + 0 x 4 + 6 x3 + 0 x 2 + 9 x )
3 2
− 7 x + x − 9x + 1
Let x = 1 , then
2(1)3 + (1) 2 − (1) + 1 = A(1 + 1)(1 − 1) 2
x5 − x3 + x 2 + 1 −7 x3 + x 2 − 9 x + 1
2 2 2 = x+ ,
+ B (1 − 1) + C (1 + 1) (1 − 1) + D(1 + 1) 4 2
x + 6x + 9 x4 + 6 x2 + 9
3 = 4D x ≠ 1, −1
3 Find the partial fraction decomposition:
=D
4 −7 x3 + x 2 − 9 x + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
= 2 + Multiply
Let x = 0 , then ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 3) x + 3 ( x 2 + 3) 2
2(0)3 + (0) 2 − (0) + 1 = A(0 + 1)(0 − 1) 2 ing both sides by ( x 2 + 3) 2 , we obtain:
1 3 −7 x3 + x 2 − 9 x + 1 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)
+ (0 − 1) 2 + C (0 + 1) 2 (0 − 1) + (0 + 1) 2
4 4
= Ax3 + Bx 2 + 3 Ax + 3B + Cx + D
1 3
1= A+ −C + = Ax3 + Bx 2 + x(3 A + C ) x + (3B + D)
4 4
0 = A−C Then A = −7 and B = 1 .
Let x = 2 , then −9 = 3 A + C
2(2)3 + (2) 2 − (2) + 1 = A(2 + 1)(2 − 1) 2 1 = 3B + D
So
1 3
+ (2 − 1)2 + C (2 + 1) 2 (2 − 1) + (2 + 1) 2 −9 = 3(−7) + C C = 12
4 4
and
1 27
19 = 3 A + + 9C + 1 = 3(1) + D D = −2
4 4
12 = 3 A + 9C −7 x3 + x 2 − 9 x + 1 −7 x + 1 12 x − 2
= +
0 = A−C ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 3) x2 + 3 ( x 2 + 3) 2
12 = 3 A + 9C
A=C x5 − x3 + x 2 + 1 −7 x + 1 12 x − 2
12 = 3 A + 9 A Thus, 4 2
= x+ 2
+
x + 6x + 9 x +3 ( x 2 + 3) 2
12 = 12 A
1 = A and 1 = C
740
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
r
nt y-intercept: y = 3 ( 0 ) + 2 = 2
55. A = P 1 + y
n
365t 2 (0, 2)
0.18
8400 = 4200 1 + 2
365 − 3 ,0
x
2 = (1.000493)
365t
−2 2
ln 2 = ln (1.000493)
365t
−2
ln 2 = 365t ln (1.000493)
ln 2
t= 2. y = x 2 − 4
365ln (1.000493)
The graph is a parabola.
= 3.85 years x-intercepts:
0 = x2 − 4
56. f ( x) = x + 4; g ( x) = x 2 − 3 x
x2 = 4
f ( −3) = −3 + 4 = 1
x = −2, x = 2
g (1) = 12 − 3(1) = −2
y-intercept: y = 02 − 4 = −4
57. f (g( x)) = x 2 − 8 x + 19 The vertex has x-coordinate:
= x 2 − 8 x + 16 + 3 b 0
x=− =− = 0.
2a 2 (1)
= ( x − 4) 2 + 3
The y-coordinate of the vertex is
Given that f ( x) = x 2 + 3 then g ( x) = x − 4 .
y = 0 2 − 4 = −4 .
58. ( x − 8) 2 = x 2 + x + 13
x 2 − 16 x + 64 = x 2 + x + 13
−17 x = −51
x=3
Section 6.6
1. y = 3x + 2 3. y 2 = x2 − 1
The graph is a line. x2 − y 2 = 1
x-intercept:
x2 y 2
0 = 3x + 2 − =1
12 12
3x = −2
The graph is a hyperbola with center (0, 0),
2 transverse axis along the x-axis, and vertices at
x=−
3 (−1, 0) and (1, 0) . The asymptotes are y = − x
741
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
and y = x . Solve by substitution:
y
x2 + 1 = x + 1
5
x2 − x = 0
x( x − 1) = 0
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
−5 5 x x = 0 or x = 1
y =1 y=2
−5 Solutions: (0, 1) and (1, 2)
y = x + 1
2
4. x2 + 4 y 2 = 4 6.
y = 4 x + 1
x2 + 4 y 2 4
=
4 4
2
x
+ y2 = 1
4
x2 y 2
+ =1
22 12
The graph is an ellipse with center (0, 0) , major
axis along the x-axis, vertices at (−2, 0) and
(2, 0) . The graph also has y-intercepts at (0, −1)
and (0,1) .
y (0, 1) and (4, 17) are the intersection points.
5 Solve by substitution:
x2 + 1 = 4 x + 1
(0, 1)
(−2, 0) (2, 0) x2 − 4 x = 0
−5 5 x x( x − 4) = 0
(0, −1)
x = 0 or x = 4
y =1 y = 17
−5
Solutions: (0, 1) and (4, 17)
y = x 2 + 1
5.
y = x + 1
(0, 1) and (1, 2) are the intersection points.
742
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
y = 36 − x 2 Solve by substitution:
7.
y = 8 − x 4 − x2 = 2x + 4
4 − x 2 = 4 x 2 + 16 x + 16
5 x 2 + 16 x + 12 = 0
( x + 2)(5 x + 6) = 0
6
x = − 2 or x = −
5
8
y=0 or y =
5
6 8
Solutions: ( − 2, 0 ) and − ,
5 5
(2.59, 5.41) and (5.41, 2.59) are the intersection y = x
9.
points. y = 2 − x
Solve by substitution:
36 − x 2 = 8 − x
36 − x 2 = 64 − 16 x + x 2
2 x 2 − 16 x + 28 = 0
x 2 − 8 x + 14 = 0
8 ± 64 − 56
x=
2
8± 2 2
= (1, 1) is the intersection point.
2
Solve by substitution:
= 4± 2
x = 2− x
( )
If x = 4 + 2, y = 8 − 4 + 2 = 4 − 2
x = 4 − 4 x + x2
If x = 4 − 2, y = 8 − ( 4 − 2 ) = 4 + 2 x2 − 5x + 4 = 0
Solutions: ( 4 + 2, 4 − 2 ) and ( 4 − 2, 4 + 2 ) ( x − 4)( x − 1) = 0
x=4 or x = 1
y = 4 − x 2 y = − 2 or y =1
8.
Eliminate (4, –2); we must have y ≥ 0 .
y = 2 x + 4
Solution: (1, 1)
(–2, 0) and (–1.2, 1.6) are the intersection points.
743
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
y = x y = x − 1
10. 12. 2
y = 6 − x y = x − 6 x + 9
(4, 2) is the intersection point. (2, 1) and (5, 4) are the intersection points.
Solve by substitution: Solve by substitution:
x = 6− x x2 − 6 x + 9 = x − 1
x = 36 − 12 x + x 2 x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 0
x 2 − 13x + 36 = 0 ( x − 2)( x − 5) = 0
( x − 4)( x − 9) = 0 x = 2 or x =5
x=4 or x = 9 y = 1 or y =4
y = 2 or y = −3 Solutions: (2, 1) and (5, 4)
Eliminate (9, –3); we must have y ≥ 0 .
x2 + y 2 = 4
Solution: (4, 2) 13.
2 2
x + 2 x + y = 0
x = 2 y
11. 2
x = y − 2 y
(–2, 0) is the intersection point.
Substitute 4 for x 2 + y 2 in the second equation.
(0, 0) and (8, 4) are the intersection points. 2x + 4 = 0
2x = − 4
Solve by substitution:
2 y = y2 − 2 y x = −2
y2 − 4 y = 0 y = 4 − (− 2) 2 = 0
y ( y − 4) = 0 Solution: (–2, 0)
y = 0 or y =4
x = 0 or x =8
Solutions: (0, 0) and (8, 4)
744
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
x2 + y2 = 8 x + y = 10
2 2
14. 16.
2 2
x + y + 4 y = 0 y = x+2
(–2, –2) and (2, –2) are the intersection points. (1, 3) and (–3, –1) are the intersection points.
Substitute 8 for x 2 + y 2 in the second equation. Solve by substitution:
x 2 + ( x + 2) 2 = 10
8 + 4y = 0
4y = −8 x 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 10
y = −2 2x2 + 4 x − 6 = 0
2( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
x = ± 8 − (− 2) 2 = ±2
x = −3 or x = 1
Solution: (–2, –2) and (2, –2)
y = −1 y=3
y = 3x − 5 Solutions: (–3, –1) and (1, 3)
15. 2 2
x + y = 5
x + y = 4
2 2
17.
2
y − x = 4
(1, –2) and (2, 1) are the intersection points.
Solve by substitution: (–1, 1.73), (–1, –1.73), (0, 2), and (0, –2) are the
intersection points.
x 2 + (3 x − 5) 2 = 5
Substitute x + 4 for y 2 in the first equation:
x 2 + 9 x 2 − 30 x + 25 = 5
x2 + x + 4 = 4
10 x 2 − 30 x + 20 = 0
x2 + x = 0
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
x ( x + 1) = 0
( x − 1)( x − 2) = 0
x=0 or x = −1
x =1 or x = 2
2
y = −2 y =1 y =4 y2 = 3
Solutions: (1, –2) and (2, 1) y = ±2 y=± 3
( )(
Solutions: (0, – 2), (0, 2), −1, 3 , −1, − 3 )
745
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x 2 + y 2 = 16 x = y
2
18. 20.
2
x − 2 y = 8 xy = 1
(–3.46, 2), (0, –4), and (3.46, 2) are the
intersection points.
Substitute 2 y + 8 for x 2 in the first equation. (1, 1) is the intersection point.
2
2 y + 8 + y = 16 Solve by substitution:
2
y + 2y −8 = 0 1
x2 =
x
( y + 4)( y − 2) = 0 3
y = − 4 or y = 2 x =1
x =1
x 2 = 0 or x 2 = 12
y = (1) 2 = 1
x=0 x = ±2 3
Solution: (1, 1)
( )(
Solutions: (0, – 4), 2 3, 2 , − 2 3, 2 )
x 2 + y 2 = 4
21.
xy = 4 y = x2 − 9
19. 2 2
x + y = 8
(–2, –2) and (2, 2) are the intersection points.
Solve by substitution: No solution; Inconsistent.
2
4 Solve by substitution:
x2 + = 8
x x 2 + ( x 2 − 9) 2 = 4
16
x2 + 2 = 8 x 2 + x 4 − 18 x 2 + 81 = 4
x
x 4 − 17 x 2 + 77 = 0
x 4 + 16 = 8 x 2
x 4 − 8 x 2 + 16 = 0 17 ± 289 − 4(77)
x2 =
2
( x 2 − 4) 2 = 0
17 ± −19
x2 − 4 = 0 =
2
x2 = 4 There are no real solutions to this expression.
x = 2 or x = −2 Inconsistent.
y = 2 or y = −2
Solutions: (–2, –2) and (2, 2)
746
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
xy = 1 24. x 2 + y 2 = 10
22.
y = 2x + 1 xy = 3
(–1, –1) and (0.5, 2) are the intersection points. (1, 3), (3, 1), (–3, –1), and (–1, –3) are the
intersection points.
Solve by substitution:
x(2 x + 1) = 1 Solve by substitution:
( )
2
2 x2 + x − 1 = 0 x 2 + 3x = 10
( x + 1)(2 x − 1) = 0
x 2 + 92 = 10
1 x
x = −1 or x =
2 x + 9 = 10 x 2
4
y = −1 y=2 x 4 − 10 x 2 + 9 = 0
1 ( x 2 − 9)( x 2 − 1) = 0
Solutions: (–1, –1) and , 2
2 ( x − 3)( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or x = –3 or x = 1 or x = −1
y = x 2 − 4
23. y = 1 y = −1 y = 3 y = –3
y = 6 x − 13 Solutions: (3, 1), (–3, –1), (1, 3), (–1, –3)
25. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into
the first equation and solve:
2 x 2 + y 2 = 18
4
xy = 4 y =
x
2
4
2 x 2 + = 18
x
16
(3, 5) is the intersection point. 2 x 2 + 2 = 18
x
Solve by substitution:
2 x + 16 = 18 x 2
4
x 2 − 4 = 6 x − 13
2 x 4 − 18 x 2 + 16 = 0
x2 − 6 x + 9 = 0
x4 − 9 x2 + 8 = 0
( x − 3) 2 = 0
x−3 = 0 (x 2
)( )
− 8 x2 − 1 = 0
x=3 x2 = 8 or x2 = 1
y = (3) 2 − 4 = 5 x = ± 8= ± 2 2 or x = ±1
Solution: (3,5)
747
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
4 28. Solve the second equation for x and substitute
If x = 2 2 : y= = 2 into the first equation and solve:
2 2
4 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 16
If x = − 2 2 : y= =− 2
−2 2 2y − x = 2 x = 2y − 2
4 (2 y − 2) 2 − 4 y 2 = 16
If x = 1: y= =4
1 4 y 2 − 8 y + 4 − 4 y 2 = 16
4 − 8 y = 12
If x = −1: y= = −4 3
−1 y=−
Solutions: 2
x = 2 ( − 32 ) − 2 = −5
(2 )( )
2, 2 , − 2 2, − 2 , (1, 4), (−1, − 4)
(
Solutions: − 5, − 32 )
26. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into
the first equation and solve: 29. Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
x 2 − y 2 = 21 second equation and solve:
x + y +1 = 0 y = −x −1
x + y = 7 y = 7 − x 2 2
2 x + y + 6 y − x = −5
x 2 − ( 7 − x ) = 21
x 2 + (− x − 1)2 + 6(− x − 1) − x = −5
( )
x 2 − 49 − 14 x + x 2 = 21
x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 6 x − 6 − x = −5
14 x = 70 2 x2 − 5x = 0
x=5 x(2 x − 5) = 0
y = 7−5 = 2 x = 0 or x = 5
2
Solution: (5, 2)
If x = 0 : y = −(0) − 1 = −1
27. Substitute the first equation into the second 5 5 7
If x = : y = − −1 = −
equation and solve: 2 2 2
y = 2x + 1 Solutions: (0, −1), ( 52 , − 72 )
2 2
2 x + y = 1
2
30. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into the
2 x 2 + ( 2 x + 1) = 1 first equation and solve:
2 x2 + 4 x2 + 4 x + 1 = 1 2 x 2 − xy + y 2 = 8
4
6 x2 + 4x = 0 xy = 4 y =
x
2 x ( 3x + 2 ) = 0 2
4 4
2 x = 0 or 3x + 2 = 0 2 x2 − x + = 8
x x
2
x = 0 or x = − 16
3 2x2 − 4 + 2 = 8
If x = 0 : y = 2(0) + 1 = 1 x
2 x + 16 = 12 x 2
4
2 2 4 1
If x = − : y = 2 − +1 = − +1 = − x4 − 6 x2 + 8 = 0
3 3 3 3
2 1 (x 2
)( )
− 4 x2 − 2 = 0
Solutions: (0, 1), − , −
3 3 (
( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x = 2 or x = − 2 or x = 2 or x = − 2
y=2 y = −2 y=2 2 y = −2 2
Solutions:
(
(−2, −2), − 2, −2 2 , )( )
2, 2 2 , (2, 2)
748
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
31. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into 33. Multiply each side of the second equation by 4 and
the first equation and solve: add the equations to eliminate y:
4 x 2 − 3xy + 9 y 2 = 15 x 2 − 4 y 2 = −7 ⎯⎯ → x2 − 4 y 2 = − 7
2
2 5 2 4
→ 12 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 124
2x + 3y = 5 y = − x + 3x + y = 31 ⎯⎯
3 3
13x 2 = 117
2
2 5 2 5 x2 = 9
4 x 2 − 3x − x + + 9 − x + = 15
3 3 3 3 x = ±3
4 x 2 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25 = 15 If x = 3 : 3(3) 2 + y 2 = 31 y 2 = 4 y = ±2
10 x 2 − 25 x + 10 = 0 If x = −3 : 3(−3) 2 + y 2 = 31 y 2 = 4 y = ±2
2 x2 − 5x + 2 = 0 Solutions: (3, 2), (3, –2), (–3, 2), (–3, –2)
(2 x − 1)( x − 2) = 0
1 34. 3x 2 − 2 y 2 + 5 = 0
x= or x = 2 2 2
2 2 x − y + 2 = 0
1 21 5 4 3x 2 − 2 y 2 = −5
If x = : y = − + =
2 32 3 3 2 2
2 x − y = −2
2 5 1
If x = 2 : y = − (2) + = Multiply each side of the second equation by –2
3 3 3
and add the equations to eliminate y:
1 4 1
Solutions: , , 2, 3x 2 − 2 y 2 = −5
2 3 3
−4 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 4
2 y − 3xy + 6 y + 2 x + 4 = 0
2 − x 2 = −1
32.
2x − 3y + 4 = 0 x2 = 1
Solve the second equation for x, substitute into x = ±1
the first equation and solve: If x = 1:
2x − 3y + 4 = 0 2(1) 2 − y 2 = − 2 y 2 = 4 y = ±2
2x = 3y − 4 If x = −1:
3y − 4
x= 2(−1)2 − y 2 = − 2 y 2 = 4 y = ±2
2
Solutions: (1, 2), (1, –2), (–1, 2), (–1, –2)
3 y − 4 3y − 4
2 y2 − 3 y + 6y + 2 = −4
2 2 35. 7 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 5 = 0
9
2 y2 − y2 + 6 y + 6 y + 3y − 4 = − 4 2
3x + 5 y = 12
2
2
7 x − 3 y = −5
2 2
5
− y 2 + 15 y = 0 2 2
2 3x + 5 y = 12
−5 y 2 + 30 y = 0 Multiply each side of the first equation by 5 and
−5 y ( y − 6) = 0 each side of the second equation by 3 and add
y = 0 or y = 6 the equations to eliminate y:
3( 0) − 4 35 x 2 − 15 y 2 = −25
If y = 0 : x= −2 9 x 2 + 15 y 2 = 36
2
3(6) − 4 44 x 2 = 11
If y = 6 : x= =7
2 1
Solutions: (–2, 0), (7, 6) x2 =
4
1
x=±
2
749
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
If x = 1 : 37. Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
2 and add the equations to eliminate xy:
2
1 9 3 x 2 + 2 xy = 10 ⎯⎯→ x 2 + 2 xy = 10
3 + 5 y 2 = 12 y 2 = y = ±
2 4 2 2 2
3x − xy = 2 ⎯⎯ → 6 x 2 − 2 xy = 4
If x = − 1 :
2 7 x2 = 14
2
1 9 3 x2 = 2
3 − + 5 y 2 = 12 y2 = y=±
2 4 2
x=± 2
Solutions:
If x = 2 :
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
, , , − , − , , − , −
( 2)
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 − 2⋅y = 2
4
36. x 2 − 3 y 2 + 1 = 0 − 2 ⋅ y = −4 y = y=2 2
2 2
2
2 x − 7 y + 5 = 0
If x = − 2 :
x 2 − 3 y 2 = −1
( ) − (− 2 ) y = 2
2
2 2
3 − 2
2 x − 7 y = −5
−4
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and 2 ⋅ y = −4 y = y = −2 2
add the equations to eliminate x: 2
−2 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 2 Solutions: ( )(
2, 2 2 , − 2, − 2 2 )
2 2
2 x − 7 y = −5
38. 5 xy + 13 y 2 + 36 = 0
− y 2 = −3
xy + 7 y 2 = 6
y2 = 3
y=± 3 5 xy + 13 y 2 = −36
2
If y = 3 : xy + 7 y = 6
Multiply each side of the second equation by –5
( 3)
2
x2 − 3 = −1 x 2 = 8 x = ±2 2 and add the equations to eliminate xy:
If y = − 3 : 5 xy + 13 y 2 = −36
−5 xy − 35 y 2 = −30
( )
2
x2 − 3 − 3 = −1 x 2 = 8 x = ±2 2
− 22 y 2 = −66
Solutions:
y2 = 3
( 2 2, 3 ) , ( 2 )(
2, − 3 , − 2 2, 3 , )
y=± 3
( − 2 2, − 3 ) If y = 3 :
( 3) + 7( 3)
2
x =6
−15
3 ⋅ x = − 15 x = x = −5 3
3
If y = − 3 :
( ) ( )
2
x − 3 +7 − 3 =6
15
− 3 ⋅ x = − 15 x = x=5 3
3
Solutions: ( −5 )(
3, 3 , 5 3, − 3 )
750
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
39. 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2 If x = − :
8
2 2 3
x − 2 y + 8 = 0 2
8 2 2 80
2 x 2 + y 2 = 2 − + 2 y = 16 2 y =
2 2 3 9
x − 2 y = −8
40 2 10
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and y2 = y=±
9 3
add the equations to eliminate y:
Solutions:
4x2 + 2 y 2 = 4
8 2 10 8 2 10 8 2 10
x 2 − 2 y 2 = −8 , , , − , − , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 x 2 = −4
8 2 10
4 − , −
x2 = −
3 3
5
No real solution. The system is inconsistent.
42. 4 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 4
40. y 2 − x 2 + 4 = 0 2 2
2 2 x − 6 y = −3
2
2 x + 3 y = 6 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
x 2 − y 2 = 4 add the equations to eliminate y:
2 2 8x2 + 6 y 2 = 8
2 x + 3 y = 6
Multiply each side of the first equation by −2 2 x 2 − 6 y 2 = −3
and add the equations to eliminate x:
10 x 2 = 5
−2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = −8
1
2 x2 + 3 y 2 = 6 x2 =
2
5 y 2 = −2 2
2 x=±
y2 = − 2
5 2
No real solution. The system is inconsistent. If x = :
2
2
41. x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16 2 2 2
2 2 4 + 3 y = 4 3 y = 2
4 x − y = 24 2
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2 2 6
and add the equations to eliminate y: y2 = y=±
3 3
x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16
2
8 x 2 − 2 y 2 = 48 If x = − :
2
9 x 2 = 64 2
2 2 2
64 4 − + 3 y = 4 3 y = 2
x2 = 2
9
8 2 6
x=± y2 = y=±
3 3 3
8 Solutions:
If x = :
3 2 6 2 6 2 6
, , ,− , − , ,
3 2 3
2
8 2 2 80 2 3 2
+ 2 y = 16 2 y =
3 9 2 6
y2 =
40
y=±
2 10 − 2 , − 3
9 3
751
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
5 2 2 3
43. 2 − 2 + 3 = 0 44. 2 − 2 + 1 = 0
x y x y
6
3
+
1
=7 − 7 +2=0
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
5 2 2 3
x 2 − y 2 = −3 x 2 − y 2 = −1
3 + 1 =7 6 − 7 = −2
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2 Multiply each side of the first equation by –3 and
and add the equations to eliminate y: add the equations to eliminate x:
5 2 −6 9
− 2 = −3 + =3
x 2
y y2 y2
6 2 6 7
+ 2 = 14 − = −2
x 2
y x2 y 2
11 2
= 11 =1
2
x y2
x2 = 1 y2 = 2
x = ±1 y=± 2
If x = 1: 2 3 2 1
3 1 1 1 If y = 2 : − = −1 =
x2
( 2)
2
+ 2 = 7 2 = 4 y2 = x2 2
2
(1) y y 4
1 x 2 = 4 x = ±2
y=±
2 2 3 2 1
If y = − 2 : − = −1 =
(− 2 )
2 2 2
If x = −1: x x 2
3 1 1 1
2
+ 2 = 7 2 = 4 y2 = x 2 = 4 x = ±2
(−1) y y 4
Solutions:
1
y=±
2 ( 2, 2 ) , ( 2, − 2 ) , ( − 2, 2 ) , ( − 2, − 2 )
1 1 1 1
Solutions: 1, , 1, − , −1, , −1, −
2 2 2 2 1 6
45. 4 + 4 = 6
x y
− 2 = 19
2
x 4 y 4
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and
add the equations to eliminate x:
−2 12
− = −12
x4 y4
2 2
4
− 4 = 19
x y
14
− 4 =7
y
y 4 = −2
There are no real solutions. The system is
inconsistent.
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
46. Add the equations to eliminate y: x 2 + xy = 6
1 1 2
− =1 y2 + 3 y2 + 3
x4 y 4 + y=6
1 1 2y 2y
+ =4
x4 y4 y4 + 6 y2 + 9 y2 + 3
+ =6
2 4 y2 2
=5
x4 y 4 + 6 y 2 + 9 + 2 y 4 + 6 y 2 = 24 y 2
2
x4 = 3 y 4 − 12 y 2 + 9 = 0
5
2 y4 − 4 y2 + 3 = 0
x=±4
5 (y 2
)( )
− 3 y2 −1 = 0
2 1 1 1 3 Thus, y = ± 3 or y = ±1 .
If x = 4 : 4
+ 4
=4 4
=
5 2 y y 2 If y = 1: x = 2 ⋅1 = 2
4
5 If y = −1: x = 2(−1) = − 2
2 2 If y = 3 : x= 3
y4 = y =±4
3 3 If y = − 3 : x=− 3
If x = − 4
2
:
1
4
+
1
=4
1
=
3 Solutions: (2, 1), (–2, −1), ( )(
3, 3 , − 3, − 3 )
5 2 y4 y4 2
− 4
5 x − xy − 2 y = 0
2 2
48.
2 2 xy + x + 6 = 0
y4 = y =±4
3 3 Factor the first equation, solve for x, substitute
Solutions: into the second equation and solve:
2 2 2 2 2 2 x 2 − xy − 2 y 2 = 0
4 , 4 , 4 , − 4 , − 4 , 4 , ( x − 2 y )( x + y ) = 0
5 3 5 3 5 3
x = 2 y or x = − y
2 2
− 4 , − 4 Substitute x = 2 y and solve:
5 3
xy + x + 6 = 0
(2 y ) y + 2 y = − 6
47. x 2 − 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
2 y2 + 2 y + 6 = 0
x 2 + xy = 6
2( y 2 + y + 3) = 0
Subtract the second equation from the first to
eliminate the x 2 term. −1 ± 12 − 4(1)(3)
y= (No real solution)
−4 xy + 2 y 2 = −6 2(1)
2 xy − y 2 = 3
Substitute x = − y and solve:
Since y ≠ 0 , we can solve for x in this equation
xy + x + 6 = 0
to get
− y ⋅ y + (− y ) = − 6
y2 + 3
x= , y≠0 − y2 − y + 6 = 0
2y
Now substitute for x in the second equation and (− y − 3)( y − 2) = 0
solve for y. y = −3 or y =2
If y = −3 : x=3
If y = 2 : x = −2
Solutions: (3, –3), (– 2, 2)
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
49. y 2 + y + x 2 − x − 2 = 0 51. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:
log x y = 3 → y = x3
x−2
y +1+ =0 5
y log x (4 y ) = 5 → 4 y = x
Multiply each side of the second equation by –y Substitute the first equation into the second and
and add the equations to eliminate y: solve:
y 2 + y + x2 − x − 2 = 0 4 x3 = x5
− y2 − y −x+2=0 x5 − 4 x3 = 0
x2 − 2 x = 0 x3 ( x 2 − 4) = 0
x ( x − 2) = 0 x3 = 0 or x 2 = 4 x = 0 or x = ±2
x = 0 or x = 2 The base of a logarithm must be positive, thus
If x = 0 : x ≠ 0 and x ≠ − 2 .
y 2 + y + 02 − 0 − 2 = 0 y 2 + y − 2 = 0 If x = 2 : y = 23 = 8
( y + 2)( y − 1) = 0 y = − 2 or y = 1 Solution: (2, 8)
52. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:
If x = 2 : log x (2 y ) = 3 2 y = x
3
y 2 + y + 22 − 2 − 2 = 0 y 2 + y = 0 log x (4 y ) = 2 4 y = x
2
y ( y + 1) = 0 y = 0 or y = −1 Multiply the first equation by 2 then substitute
Note: y ≠ 0 because of division by zero. the first equation into the second and solve:
Solutions: (0, –2), (0, 1), (2, –1) 2 x3 = x 2
2 x3 − x 2 = 0
50. x3 − 2 x 2 + y 2 + 3 y − 4 = 0
x 2 (2 x − 1) = 0
y2 − y
x−2+ =0 1 1
x2 x 2 = 0 or x = x = or x = 0
2 2
Multiply each side of the second equation by The base of a logarithm must be positive, thus
− x 2 and add the equations to eliminate x: x ≠ 0.
x3 − 2 x 2 + y 2 + 3 y − 4 = 0 1 1 1
2
1
If x = : 4y = = y=
− x3 + 2 x 2 − y 2 + y =0 2 2 4 16
4y − 4 = 0 1 1
Solution: ,
4y = 4 2 16
y =1
53. Rewrite each equation in exponential form:
If y = 1: 4
ln x = 4 ln y x = e4ln y = eln y = y 4
3 2 2 3 2
x − 2 x + 1 + 3 ⋅1 − 4 = 0 x − 2 x = 0 log3 x = 2 + 2 log 3 y
x 2 ( x − 2) = 0 x = 0 or x = 2 2
x = 32 + 2log3 y = 32 ⋅ 32log3 y = 32 ⋅ 3log3 y = 9 y 2
Note: x ≠ 0 because of division by zero.
x = y 4
Solution: (2, 1) So we have the system
2
x = 9 y
Therefore we have :
9 y 2 = y 4 9 y 2 − y 4 = 0 y 2 (9 − y 2 ) = 0
y 2 (3 + y )(3 − y ) = 0
y = 0 or y = −3 or y = 3
Since ln y is undefined when y ≤ 0 , the only
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
solution is y = 3 . 56. y 2 + y + x 2 − x − 2 = 0
4 4
If y = 3 : x = y x = 3 = 81 x−2
y +1+ =0
Solution: (81, 3) y
( x − 1 )2 + ( y + 1 )2 = 5
54. Rewrite each equation in exponential form: 2 2 2
x = − ( y + 2 ) + 94
5
2
ln x = 5ln y x = e5ln y = eln y = y 5 1
log 2 x = 3 + 2 log 2 y
2
x = 23+ 2log 2 y = 23 ⋅ 22log 2 y = 23 ⋅ 2log 2 y = 8 y 2
x = y 5
So we have the system
2
x = 8 y
Therefore we have
8 y 2 = y5
8 y 2 − y5 = 0
( )
y 2 8 − y3 = 0
y = 0 or 8 − y 3 = 0 y = 2
Since ln y is undefined when y ≤ 0 , the only 57. Graph: y1 = x ∧ (2 / 3); y2 = e ∧ (− x)
solution is y = 2 . Use INTERSECT to solve:
3.1
If y = 2 : x = y 5 x = 25 = 32
Solution: ( 32, 2 )
–4.7 4.7
x + x + y − 3y + 2 = 0
2 2
55. y2 − y
x +1+ =0 -3.1
x
Solution: x = 0.48, y = 0.62 or (0.48, 0.62)
( x + 1 )2 + y − 3 2 =
2 ( 2) 1
2
58. Graph: y1 = x ∧ (3 / 2); y2 = e ∧ (− x)
( x + 12 ) + ( y − 12 ) =
2 2 1
2 Use INTERSECT to solve:
3.1
–4.7 4.7
–3.1
Solution: x = 0.65, y = 0.52 or (0.65, 0.52)
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
59. Graph: y1 = 3 2 − x 2 ; y2 = 4 / x3 62. Graph: y1 = 4 6 − x 4 ; y2 = − 4 6 − x 4 ;
Use INTERSECT to solve: y3 = 1/ x
3.1 Use INTERSECT to solve:
–4.7 4.7
–3.1
Solution: x = −1.65, y = −0.89 or (–1.65, –0.89)
60. Graph: y1 = 2 − x3 ; y2 = − 2 − x3 ;
y3 = 4 / x 2
Use INTERSECT to solve:
3.1
–4.7 4.7 Solutions: x = 0.64, y = 1.55; x = 1.55, y = 0.64;
x = −0.64, y = −1.55; ; x = −1.55, y = −0.64 or
(0.64, 1.55), (1.55, 0.64), (–0.64, –1.55),
–3.1 (–1.55, –0.64)
Solution: x = −1.37, y = 2.14 or (–1.37, 2.14)
63. Graph: y1 = 2 / x; y2 = ln x
Use INTERSECT to solve:
61. Graph: y1 = 4 12 − x 4 ; y2 = − 4 12 − x 4 ; 3.1
y3 = 2 / x ; y4 = − 2 / x
Use INTERSECT to solve:
–4.7 4.7
–3.1
Solution: x = 2.35, y = 0.85 or (2.35, 0.85)
Solutions: x = 0.58, y = 1.86; x = 1.81, y = 1.05;
x = 1.81, y = −1.05; ; x = 0.58, y = −1.86 or
(0.58, 1.86), (1.81, 1.05), (1.81, –1.05),
(0.58, –1.86)
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
64. Graph: y1 = 4 − x 2 ; y2 = − 4 − x 2 ; 66. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
y3 = ln x x + 2y + 6 = 0 x = −2y − 6
Use INTERSECT to solve: 2 2
( x + 1) + ( y + 1) = 5
(− 2 y − 6 + 1)2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 5
4 y 2 + 20 y + 25 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 5
5 y 2 + 22 y + 21 = 0
(5 y + 7)( y + 3) = 0
7
y=− or y = −3
5
16
x=− or x = 0
5
Solution: x = 1.90, y = 0.64; x = 0.14, y = −2.00 The points of intersection are
or (1.90, 0.64), (0.14, –2.00) 16 7
− , − , (0, − 3) .
5 5
65. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
x + 2y = 0 x = − 2y
2 2
( x − 1) + ( y − 1) = 5
(− 2 y − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 5
4 y2 + 4 y + 1 + y2 − 2 y + 1 = 5 5 y2 + 2 y − 3 = 0
(5 y − 3)( y + 1) = 0
3
y = =0.6 or y = −1
5 67. Complete the square on the second equation.
6
x = − = − 1.2 or x = 2 y2 + 4 y + 4 = x −1+ 4
5
( y + 2)2 = x + 3
6 3
The points of intersection are − , , (2, –1) . Substitute this result into the first equation.
5 5
( x − 1) 2 + x + 3 = 4
x2 − 2 x + 1 + x + 3 = 4
x2 − x = 0
x( x − 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
If x = 0 : ( y + 2) 2 = 0 + 3
y + 2 = ± 3 y = −2± 3
If x = 1: ( y + 2) 2 = 1 + 3
y + 2 = ±2 y = − 2 ± 2
The points of intersection are:
( 0, − 2 − 3 ) , ( 0, − 2 + 3 ) , (1, – 4) , (1, 0) .
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
69. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
4
y =
x −3
x2 − 6x + y2 + 1 = 0
4
y=
x−3
4
x −3 =
y
68. Complete the square on the second equation, 4
x = +3
substitute into the first equation and solve: y
( x + 2) + ( y − 1) = 4
2 2 2
4 4 2
2
y − 2 y − x − 5 = 0 + 3 − 6 + 3 + y +1 = 0
y y
y2 − 2 y +1 = x + 5 + 1 16 24 24
+ + 9 − − 18 + y 2 + 1 = 0
( y − 1) 2 = x + 6 y2 y y
( x + 2) 2 + x + 6 = 4 16
+ y2 − 8 = 0
2 y2
x + 4x + 4 + x + 6 = 4
16 + y 4 − 8 y 2 = 0
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
( x + 2)( x + 3) = 0 y 4 − 8 y 2 + 16 = 0
x = − 2 or x = −3 ( y 2 − 4) 2 = 0
If x = − 2 : ( y − 1)2 = − 2 + 6 y − 1 = ±2 y2 − 4 = 0
y = −1 or y = 3 y2 = 4
If x = −3 : ( y − 1) 2 = −3 + 6 y − 1 = ± 3 y = ±2
4
y = 1± 3 If y = 2 : x = +3 = 5
2
The points of intersection are:
4
( −3, 1 − 3 ) , ( −3, 1 + 3 ) , (− 2, − 1), (− 2, 3) . If y = − 2 : x =
−2
+3 =1
The points of intersection are: (1, –2), (5, 2).
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
70. Substitute the first equation into the second 72. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of
equation and solve: equations is:
4 x + y = 7 x = 7 − y
y =
x+2 2 2
x2 + 4 x + y 2 − 4 = 0 x − y = 21
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
2
4 second equation and solve:
x2 + 4x + −4 = 0
x+2 ( 7 − y )2 − y 2 = 21
2
4 49 − 14 y + y 2 − y 2 = 21
x2 + 4 x − 4 = −
x+2 −14 y = −28
( x + 2) (x2 2
)
+ 4 x − 4 = −16 y = 2 x = 7−2 =5
The two numbers are 2 and 5.
( x + 4 x + 4 )( x
2 2
+ 4 x − 4 ) = −16
73. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of
x 4 + 8 x3 + 16 x 2 − 16 = −16
equations is:
x 4 + 8 x3 + 16 x 2 = 0 4
xy = 4 x =
(
x 2 x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 0)
y
x2 + y 2 = 8
2 2
x ( x + 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = − 4 Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
y=2 y = −2 2
4 2
The points of intersection are: (0, 2), (–4, –2). + y =8
y
16
2
+ y2 = 8
y
16 + y 4 = 8 y 2
y 4 − 8 y 2 + 16 = 0
(y )
2 2
−4 =0
y2 = 4
y = ±2
71. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of 4 4
If y = 2 : x == 2; If y = − 2 : x = = −2
equations is: 2 −2
x − y = 2 x = y+2 The two numbers are 2 and 2 or –2 and –2.
2 2
x + y = 10 74. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the equations is:
second equation and solve: 10
xy = 10 x =
( y + 2 )2 + y 2 = 10
y
y 2 + 4 y + 4 + y 2 = 10 x 2 − y 2 = 21
y2 + 2 y − 3 = 0 Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
( y + 3)( y − 1) = 0 y = −3 or y = 1
If y = −3 : x = −3 + 2 = −1
If y = 1: x = 1+ 2 = 3
The two numbers are 1 and 3 or –1 and –3.
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 second equation and solve:
10 2 xy − x = y
− y = 21
y y
100 x ( y − 1) = y x =
− y 2 = 21 y −1
y2 1 1
100 − y 4 = 21 y 2 y − y =3
y −1
y 4 + 21y 2 − 100 = 0 y −1 1
− =3
(y 2
)(
− 4 y 2 + 25 = 0) y y
y 2 = 4 or y 2 = −25 (no real solution) y−2
=3
y = ±2 y
y − 2 = 3y
If y = 2 : x = 10 = 5
2 2 y = −2
If y = − 2 : x= 10 = −5
−2 −1 1
y = −1 x = =
The two numbers are 2 and 5 or –2 and –5. −1 − 1 2
The two numbers are −1 and 1 .
75. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of 2
equations is:
a 2
x − y = xy =
77. b 3
1 1 a + b = 10 a = 10 − b
x + y = 5
Solve the second equation for a , substitute into
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the the first equation and solve:
second equation and solve: 10 − b 2
x − xy = y =
b 3
y
x (1 − y ) = y x = 3(10 − b) = 2b
1− y
30 − 3b = 2b
1 1
y + y =5 30 = 5b
1− y b=6a=4
1− y 1 a + b = 10; b − a = 2
+ =5
y y The ratio of a + b to b − a is 10 = 5 .
2
2− y
=5
y a 4
=
2 − y = 5y 78. b 3
a + b = 14 a = 14 − b
6y = 2
1 1 Solve the second equation for a , substitute into
1 1
y= x= 3 = 3 = the first equation and solve:
3 1 − 13 32 2 14 − b 4
=
The two numbers are 1 and 1 . b 3
2 3
3 (14 − b ) = 4b
76. Let x and y be the two numbers. The system of 42 − 3b = 4b
equations is: 42 = 7b
x + y = xy b=6 a=8
1 1 a − b = 2; a + b = 14
x − y = 3
The ratio of a − b to a + b is 2 = 1 .
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the 14 7
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
79. Let x = the width of the rectangle. π x 2 + π y 2 = 20π
Let y = the length of the rectangle.
x 2 + y 2 = 20
2 x + 2 y = 16
x 2 + (6 − x) 2 = 20
xy = 15
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the x 2 + 36 − 12 x + x 2 = 20 2 x 2 − 12 x + 16 = 0
second equation and solve. x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0 ( x − 4)( x − 2) = 0
2 x + 2 y = 16
x = 4 or x = 2
2 y = 16 − 2 x
y=2 y=4
y = 8− x The radii of the circles are 2 centimeters and 4
x ( 8 − x ) = 15 centimeters.
8 x − x 2 = 15 82. Let x = the length of each of the two equal sides
2 in the isosceles triangle.
x − 8 x + 15 = 0
Let y = the length of the base.
( x − 5 )( x − 3) = 0
The perimeter of the triangle: x + x + y = 18
x = 5 or x = 3
The dimensions of the rectangle are 3 inches by Since the altitude to the base y is 3, the
5 inches. Pythagorean theorem produces another equation.
2
y 2 2 y2
80. Let 2x = the side of the first square. + 3 = x + 9 = x2
2 4
Let 3x = the side of the second square.
Solve the system of equations:
( 2 x )2 + ( 3x )2 = 52 2 x + y = 18 y = 18 − 2 x
2
4 x 2 + 9 x 2 = 52 y 2
+9 = x
13 x 2 = 52 4
x2 = 4 Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
x = ±2 second equation and solve.
Note that we must have x > 0 . (18 − 2 x )2
The sides of the first square are (2)(2) = 4 feet + 9 = x2
and the sides of the second square are (3)(2) = 6 4
feet. 324 − 72 x + 4 x 2
+ 9 = x2
4
81. Let x = the radius of the first circle.
81 − 18 x + x 2 + 9 = x 2
Let y = the radius of the second circle.
−18 x = −90
2π x + 2π y = 12π
2 2
x = 5 y = 18 − 2 ( 5 ) = 8
π x + π y = 20π
The base of the triangle is 8 centimeters.
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
second equation and solve: 83. The tortoise takes 9 + 3 = 12 minutes or 0.2 hour
2π x + 2π y = 12π longer to complete the race than the hare.
x+ y =6 Let r = the rate of the hare.
y = 6− x Let t = the time for the hare to complete the
race. Then t + 0.2 = the time for the tortoise and
r − 0.5 = the rate for the tortoise. Since the
length of the race is 21 meters, the distance
equations are:
21
r t = 21 r =
t
( r − 0.5 )( t + 0.2 ) = 21
Solve the first equation for r, substitute into the
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
second equation and solve: V = ( x − 4)( y − 4)(2) .
21 Solve the system of equations:
− 0.5 ( t + 0.2 ) = 21
t 216
xy = 216 y=
4.2 x
21 + − 0.5t − 0.1 = 21 2( x − 4)( y − 4) = 224
t
4.2 Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
10t 21 + − 0.5t − 0.1 = 10t ⋅ ( 21) second equation and solve.
t
( 2 x − 8 ) − 4 = 224
216
210t + 42 − 5t 2 − t = 210t
x
5t 2 + t − 42 = 0
1728
( 5t − 14 )( t + 3) = 0 432 − 8 x − + 32 = 224
x
5t − 14 = 0 or t + 3 = 0 432 x − 8 x 2 − 1728 + 32 x = 224 x
5t = 14 t = −3
8 x 2 − 240 x + 1728 = 0
14
t= = 2.8 x 2 − 30 x + 216 = 0
5
t = −3 makes no sense, since time cannot be ( x − 12 )( x − 18) = 0
negative. x − 12 = 0 or x − 18 = 0
Solve for r: x = 12 x = 18
21 The cardboard should be 12 centimeters by 18
r= = 7.5
2.8 centimeters.
The average speed of the hare is 7.5 meters per
hour, and the average speed for the tortoise is 7 86. Let x = the width of the cardboard. Let y = the
meters per hour. length of the cardboard.
The area of the cardboard is: xy = 216
84. Let v1 , v2 , v3 = the speeds of runners 1, 2, 3.
The volume of the tube is: V = πr 2 h = 224
Let t1 , t2 , t3 = the times of runners 1, 2, 3. x
Then by the conditions of the problem, we have where h = y and 2πr = x or r = .
2π
the following system:
Solve the system of equations:
5280 = v1 t1
216
5270 = v2 t1 xy = 216 y = x
5260 = v3 t1 2 2
5280 = v2 t2 π x y = 224 x y = 224
2π
4π
Distance between the second runner and the third Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
runner after t2 seconds is: second equation and solve.
v t
5280 − v3 t2 = 5280 − v3 t1 2 2 ( )
x 2 216
x
= 224
v2 t1 4π
5280 216 x = 896π
= 5280 − 5260
5270 896π
x= ≈ 13.03
≈ 10.02 216
The second place runner beats the third place 2
216 216 ( 216 )
runner by about 10.02 feet. y= = = ≈ 16.57
x 896π 896π
216
85. Let x = the width of the cardboard. Let y = the The cardboard should be about 13.03 centimeters
length of the cardboard. The width of the box by 16.57 centimeters.
will be x − 4 , the length of the box will be
y − 4 , and the height is 2. The volume is
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
87. Find equations relating area and perimeter: Since the discriminant is less than zero, it is
x + y = 4500
2 2 impossible to cut the wire into two pieces whose
total area equals 100 square feet.
3x + 3 y + ( x − y ) = 300
Solve the second equation for y, substitute into 89. Solve the system for l and w :
the first equation and solve: 2l + 2 w = P
4 x + 2 y = 300
lw= A
2 y = 300 − 4 x
Solve the first equation for l , substitute into the
y = 150 − 2 x second equation and solve.
x 2 + (150 − 2 x) 2 = 4500 2l = P − 2 w
x 2 + 22,500 − 600 x + 4 x 2 = 4500 P
l = −w
5 x 2 − 600 x + 18, 000 = 0 2
P
x 2 − 120 x + 3600 = 0 − w w = A
2
( x − 60) 2 = 0 P
w − w2 = A
x − 60 = 0 2
x = 60 P
w2 − w + A = 0
y = 150 − 2(60) = 30 2
The sides of the squares are 30 feet and 60 feet. P ± P2 − 16 A
P ± P2 − 4 A
2 4 2 4 4
88. Let x = the length of a side of the square. w= =
2 2
Let r = the radius of the circle.
The area of the square is x 2 and the area of the P± P 2 − 16 A
2 2 P ± P 2 − 16 A
circle is π r 2 . The perimeter of the square is 4x = =
2 4
and the circumference of the circle is 2π r . Find
equations relating area and perimeter: P + P 2 − 16 A
If w = then
4
x + π r = 100
2 2
P P + P 2 − 16 A P − P 2 − 16 A
4 x + 2π r = 60 l= − =
Solve the second equation for x, substitute into 2 4 4
the first equation and solve:
4 x + 2π r = 60
P − P 2 − 16 A
4 x = 60 − 2π r If w = then
4
1
x = 15 − π r P P − P 2 − 16 A P + P 2 − 16 A
2 l= − =
2 4 4
2 If it is required that length be greater than width,
1 2 then the solution is:
15 − π r + π r = 100
2 P − P 2 − 16 A P + P 2 − 16 A
1 2 2 w= and l =
225 − 15π r + π r + π r 2 = 100 4 4
4
1 2 2 90. Solve the system for l and b :
π + π r − 15π r + 125 = 0 P = b + 2l b = P − 2l
4
1 2 b2
b 2 − 4ac = (−15π) 2 − 4 π2 + π (125) h + = l2
4 4
1 Solve the first equation for b , substitute into the
= 225π2 − 500 π2 + π second equation and solve.
4
= 100π2 − 500π < 0
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2
4h 2 + b 2 = 4l 2 40m 2 − 4 ( 3 − m ) + 40 = 0
2
4h 2 + ( P − 2l ) = 4l 2 40m 2 − 4m 2 + 24m − 36 + 40 = 0
4h 2 + P 2 − 4 Pl + 4l 2 = 4l 2 36m 2 + 24m + 4 = 0
4h 2 + P 2 = 4 Pl 9m 2 + 6m + 1 = 0
4h 2 + P 2
l= ( 3m + 1)2 = 0
4P 3m = −1
2 2
4h + P P − 4h 2
2
1
b = P− = m=−
2P 2P 3
1 10
91. Solve the equation: m 2 − 4(2m − 4) = 0 b = 3− m = 3−− =
3 3
m 2 − 8m + 16 = 0 The equation of the tangent line is
( m − 4 )2 = 0 1 10
y = − x+ .
m=4 3 3
Use the point-slope equation with slope 4 and the
93. Solve the system:
point (2, 4) to obtain the equation of the tangent
line: y = x 2 + 2
y − 4 = 4( x − 2) y − 4 = 4 x − 8 y = 4 x − 4 y = mx + b
Solve the system by substitution:
92. Solve the system: x 2 + 2 = mx + b x 2 − mx + 2 − b = 0
x + y = 10
2 2
Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 3).
y = mx + b Find the relation between m and b:
Solve the system by substitution: 3 = m(1) + b b = 3 − m
2
x 2 + ( mx + b ) = 10 Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
x 2 − mx + 2 − (3 − m) = 0 x 2 − mx + (m − 1) = 0
x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 2bmx + b 2 − 10 = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
(1 + m ) x
2 2
+ 2bmx + b 2 − 10 = 0 ( −m )2 − 4 (1)( m − 1) = 0
Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 3). m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0
Find the relation between m and b:
3 = m(1) + b b = 3 − m ( m − 2 )2 = 0
There is one solution to the quadratic if the m−2 = 0
discriminant is zero. m=2
( 2bm )2 − 4 ( m2 + 1)( b 2 − 10 ) = 0 b = 3− m = 3− 2 =1
The equation of the tangent line is y = 2 x + 1 .
4b 2 m 2 − 4b 2 m 2 + 40m 2 − 4b 2 + 40 = 0
40m 2 − 4b 2 + 40 = 0 94. Solve the system:
Substitute for b and solve: x 2 + y = 5
y = mx + b
Solve the system by substitution:
x 2 + mx + b = 5 x 2 + mx + b − 5 = 0
Note that the tangent line passes through (–2, 1).
Find the relation between m and b:
1 = m ( −2 ) + b b = 2m + 1
Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
764
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
2
x 2 + mx + 2m + 1 − 5 = 0 3x 2 + ( mx + b ) = 7
x 2 + mx + ( 2m − 4 ) = 0 3 x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 2mbx + b 2 = 7
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
2 (m 2
)
+ 3 x 2 + 2mbx + b 2 − 7 = 0
(m) − 4 (1)( 2m − 4 ) = 0
Note that the tangent line passes through (–1, 2).
m 2 − 8m + 16 = 0 Find the relation between m and b:
2 = m(−1) + b b = m + 2
( m − 4 )2 = 0
There is one solution to the quadratic if the
m−4 = 0 discriminant equals 0.
m=4 ( 2bm )2 − 4 ( m2 + 3)( b2 − 7 ) = 0
b = 2m + 1 = 2 ( 4 ) + 1 = 9
The equation of the tangent line is y = 4 x + 9 . 4b 2 m 2 − 4b 2 m 2 + 28m 2 − 12b 2 + 84 = 0
28m 2 − 12b 2 + 84 = 0
95. Solve the system:
7 m 2 − 3b 2 + 21 = 0
2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 14 Substitute for b and solve:
y = mx + b 2
7m 2 − 3 ( m + 2 ) + 21 = 0
Solve the system by substitution:
2
7 m 2 − 3m 2 − 12m − 12 + 21 = 0
2 x 2 + 3 ( mx + b ) = 14
4m 2 − 12m + 9 = 0
2 x 2 + 3m 2 x 2 + 6mbx + 3b 2 = 14
( 2m − 3 ) 2 = 0
(3m 2
) 2 2
+ 2 x + 6mbx + 3b − 14 = 0
2m = 3
Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 2). 3
Find the relation between m and b: m=
2
2 = m(1) + b b = 2 − m
3 7
Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b: b = m+2 = +2=
2 2
(3m 2 + 2) x 2 + 6m(2 − m) x + 3(2 − m) 2 − 14 = 0
3 7
(3m 2 + 2) x 2 + (12m − 6m 2 ) x + (3m 2 − 12m − 2) = 0 The equation of the tangent line is y = x+ .
2 2
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
(12m − 6m 2 ) 2 − 4(3m 2 + 2)(3m 2 − 12m − 2) = 0 97. Solve the system:
x 2 − y 2 = 3
144m 2 + 96m + 16 = 0
y = mx + b
9m 2 + 6 m + 1 = 0
Solve the system by substitution:
(3m + 1) 2 = 0 2
x 2 − ( mx + b ) = 3
3m + 1 = 0
x 2 − m 2 x 2 − 2mbx − b 2 = 3
1
m=−
3 (1 − m ) x 2 2
− 2mbx − b 2 − 3 = 0
1 7 Note that the tangent line passes through (2, 1).
b = 2−m = 2−− =
3 3 Find the relation between m and b:
1 7 1 = m(2) + b b = 1 − 2m
The equation of the tangent line is y = − x + . Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
3 3
(1 − m 2 ) x 2 − 2m(1 − 2m) x − (1 − 2m) 2 − 3 = 0
96. Solve the system: (1 − m 2 ) x 2 + (− 2m + 4m 2 ) x − 1 + 4m − 4m 2 − 3 = 0
3 x + y = 7
2 2
(1 − m 2 ) x 2 + (− 2m + 4m 2 ) x + ( − 4m 2 + 4m − 4) = 0
y = mx + b
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
Solve the system by substitution:
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
( −2m + 4m ) 2 2
(
− 4 1 − m2 )( −4m 2
)
+ 4m − 4 = 0 99. Solve for r1 and r2 :
b
4m 2 − 16m3 + 16m 4 − 16m 4 + 16m3 − 16m + 16 = 0 r1 + r2 = − a
4m 2 − 16m + 16 = 0 rr =c
m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0 1 2 a
Substitute and solve:
( m − 2 )2 = 0 b
r1 = − r2 −
m=2 a
The equation of the tangent line is y = 2 x − 3 .
b c
−r2 − r2 =
98. Solve the system: a a
2 y 2 − x 2 = 14 b c
−r2 2 − r2 − = 0
a a
y = mx + b
ar2 2 + br2 + c = 0
Solve the system by substitution:
2
2 ( mx + b ) − x 2 = 14 −b ± b 2 − 4ac
r2 =
2a
2m 2 x 2 + 4mbx + 2b 2 − x 2 = 14
b
( 2m 2
)
− 1 x 2 + 4mbx + 2b 2 − 14 = 0 r1 = − r2 − =
a
Note that the tangent line passes through (2, 3). −b ± b 2 − 4ac b
Find the relation between m and b: = − −
2a a
3 = m(2) + b b = 3 − 2m
There is one solution to the quadratic if the b b 2 − 4ac 2b
discriminant equals 0. = −
2a 2a
( 4bm )2 − 4 ( 2m2 − 1)( 2b 2 − 14 ) = 0
−b b 2 − 4ac
2 2 2 2 2 2 =
16b m − 16b m + 112m + 8b − 56 = 0 2a
112m 2 + 8b 2 − 56 = 0 The solutions are:
14m 2 + b 2 − 7 = 0 −b + b 2 − 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
r1 = and r2 = .
Substitute for b and solve: 2a 2a
2
14m 2 + ( 3 − 2m ) − 7 = 0
14m 2 + 4m 2 − 12m + 9 − 7 = 0
18m 2 − 12m + 2 = 0
2
2 ( 3m − 1) = 0
3m = 1
1
m=
3
1 7
b = 3 − 2m = 3 − 2 =
3 3
1 7
The equation of the tangent line is y = x+ .
3 3
766
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Section 6.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
100. Consider the circle with equation The dimensions of the box are: length = 10 − 2 x;
( x − h )2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 and the third degree width = 10 − 2 x; height = x . Note that each of
polynomial with equation y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d . these expressions must be positive. So we must
have x > 0 and 10 − 2 x > 0 x < 5, that is,
Substituting the second equation into the first
equation yields 0 < x < 5 . So the volume of the box is given by
V = ( length ) ⋅ ( width ) ⋅ ( height )
( x − h )2 + ( ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d − k )
2
= r2 .
= (10 − 2 x )(10 − 2 x )( x )
In order to find the roots for this equation we can
= (10 − 2 x )
2
expand the terms on the left hand side of the ( x)
2
equation. Notice that ( x − h ) yields a 2nd degree a. In order to get a volume equal to 9 cubic feet,
( )
2
we solve (10 − 2 x ) ( x ) = 9.
3 2 2
polynomial, and ax + bx + cx + d − k yields a
2
6th degree polynomial. Therefore, we need to find (10 − 2 x ) ( x ) = 9
the roots of a 6th degree equation, and the
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that there (100 − 40 x + 4 x ) x = 9 2
will be at most six real roots. Thus, the circle and 100 x − 40 x 2 + 4 x3 = 9
the 3rd degree polynomial will intersect at most six So we need to solve the equation
times. Now consider the circle with equation
4 x3 − 40 x 2 + 100 x − 9 = 0 .
( x − h )2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 and the polynomial of
degree n with equation Graphing y1 = 4 x3 − 40 x 2 + 100 x − 9 on a
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3 + ... + an x n . calculator yields the graph
Substituting the first equation into the first equation 80
yields
( x − h )2 + ( a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3 + ... + an x n − k )
2
= r2
−2 10
In order to find the roots for this equation we can
expand the terms on the left hand side of the −40
equation.
2
80
Notice that ( x − h ) yields a 2nd degree polynomial,
( )
2
and a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3 + ... + an x n − k
−2 10
yields a polynomial of degree 2n.
Therefore, we need to find the roots of an equation
−40
of degree 2n, and the Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra states that there will be at most 2n real 80
roots. Thus, the circle and the nth degree
polynomial will intersect at most 2n times.
−2 10
101. Since the area of the square piece of sheet metal is
100 square feet, the sheet’s dimensions are 10 feet
−40
by 10 feet. Let x = the length of the cut. The graph indicates that there are three real
x zeros on the interval [0, 6]. Using the ZERO
x feature of a graphing calculator, we find that
the three roots shown occur at x ≈ 0.093 ,
x 10 x ≈ 4.274 and x ≈ 5.632 . But we’ve already
noted that we must have 0<x <5 , so the only
practical values for the sides of the square base
10 – 2x 10 are x ≈ 0.093 feet and x ≈ 4.274 feet.
10 – 2x
b. Answers will vary.
767
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
102. 7 x 2 + 6 x − 8 = 0 Section 6.7
2 2
−b ± b − 4ac −6 ± 6 − 4(7)( −8) 1. 3x + 4 < 8 − x
x= =
2a 2(7) 4x < 4
−6 ± 260 −6 ± 2 65 −3 ± 65 x <1
= = =
14 14 7 { x x < 1} or ( −∞,1)
−3 − 65 −3 + 65
The solution set is ,
7 7 2. 3x − 2 y = 6
The graph is a line.
103. y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) x-intercept: 3x − 2 ( 0 ) = 6
2 3x = 6
y − ( −7) = − ( x − 10)
5 x=2
2 2
y+7 = − x+4→ y = − x−3 y-intercept: 3 ( 0 ) − 2 y = 6
5 5 −2 y = 6
104. The slope of the line perpendicular to y = −4 x − 5 y = −3
1
is the opposite reciprocal of -4 which is . Using
4
the point slope formula and the point ( −3, 7) :
( y − y1 ) = m( x − x1 )
1
y− 7 = ( x + 3)
4
1 3
y−7 = x+
4 4 3. x 2 + y 2 = 9
1 31 The graph is a circle. Center: (0, 0) ; Radius: 3
y = x+
4 4
nt
r
105. P = A 1+
n
4⋅3
r
1800 = 1500 1 +
4
12
1800 r
= 1+
1500 4
6 r 4. y = x 2 + 4
12 = 1+
5 4 The graph is a parabola.
x-intercepts: 0 = x 2 + 4
6 r
12 −1 = x 2 = −4, no x − intercepts
5 4
y-intercept: y = 02 + 4 = 4
6
4 12 −1 = r The vertex has x-coordinate:
5
b 0
r ≈ .0612 or 6.12% x=− =− = 0.
2a 2 (1)
The y-coordinate of the vertex is y = 02 + 4 = 4 .
768
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Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
13. x ≥ 4
Graph the line x = 4 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (5, 0). Since 5 ≥ 0 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (5, 0).
5. True
6. y = x 2 ; right; 2
7. dashes; solid 14. y ≤ 2
Graph the line y = 2 . Use a solid line since the
8. half-planes
inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on the
9. False, see example 9b. line, such as (5, 0). Since 0 ≤ 2 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (5, 0).
10. unbounded
11. x ≥ 0
Graph the line x = 0 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (2, 0). Since 2 ≥ 0 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (2, 0).
15. 2 x + y ≥ 6
Graph the line 2 x + y = 6 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 ≥ 6 is
false, shade the opposite side of the line from
(0, 0).
12. y ≥ 0
Graph the line y = 0 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (0, 2). Since 2 ≥ 0 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (0, 2).
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
16. 3x + 2 y ≤ 6 19. y ≤ x 2 − 1
Graph the line 3 x + 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since
Graph the parabola y = x 2 − 1 . Use a solid line
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) ≤ 6 is not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). 0 ≤ 02 − 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the
parabola from (0, 0).
17. x 2 + y 2 > 1
20. y > x 2 + 2
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Use a dashed line
since the inequality uses >. Choose a test point Graph the parabola y = x 2 + 2 . Use a dashed line
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since 02 + 02 > 1 since the inequality uses >. Choose a test point
is false, shade the opposite side of the circle from not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
(0, 0). 0 > 02 + 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
parabola from (0, 0).
18. x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9
21. xy ≥ 4
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 . Use a solid line
Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since since the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point
not on the hyperbola, such as (0, 0). Since
02 + 02 ≤ 9 is true, shade the same side of the 0 ⋅ 0 ≥ 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
circle as (0, 0). hyperbola from (0, 0).
770
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Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
22. xy ≤ 1
Graph the hyperbola xy = 1 . Use a solid line
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
not on the hyperbola, such as (0, 0). Since
0 ⋅ 0 ≤ 1 is true, shade the same side of the
hyperbola as (0, 0).
2x − y ≤ 4
25.
3 x + 2 y ≥ − 6
Graph the line 2 x − y = 4 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) − 0 ≤ 4 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
x+ y ≤ 2 the line 3 x + 2 y = − 6 . Use a solid line since the
23. inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
2 x + y ≥ 4
line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) ≥ − 6 is
Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid line since
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0).
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on
The overlapping region is the solution.
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 ≤ 2 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
the line 2 x + y = 4 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 ≥ 4 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0).
The overlapping region is the solution.
4x − 5 y ≤ 0
26.
2 x − y ≥ 2
Graph the line 4 x − 5 y = 0 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (2, 0). Since 4(2) − 5(0) ≤ 0 is
false, shade the opposite side of the line from
(2, 0). Graph the line 2 x − y = 2 . Use a solid line
3x − y ≥ 6 since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not
24.
x + 2y ≤ 2 on the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) − 0 ≥ 2 is
Graph the line 3 x − y = 6 . Use a solid line since false, shade the opposite side of the line from (0,
the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on 0). The overlapping region is the solution.
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) − 0 ≥ 6 is
false, shade the opposite side of the line from
(0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 2 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 2(0) ≤ 2 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution.
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 x − 3 y ≤ 0 x − 2y ≤ 6
27. 29.
3x + 2 y ≤ 6 2 x − 4 y ≥ 0
Graph the line 2 x − 3 y = 0 . Use a solid line since Graph the line x − 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 3). Since 2(0) − 3(3) ≤ 0 is the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 − 2(0) ≤ 6 is true,
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 3). shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
Graph the line 3 x + 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since the line 2 x − 4 y = 0 . Use a solid line since the
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) ≤ 6 is line, such as (0, 2). Since 2(0) − 4(2) ≥ 0 is false,
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 2).
The overlapping region is the solution. The overlapping region is the solution.
4 x − y ≥ 2
28.
x + 2y ≥ 2 x + 4 y ≤ 8
30.
Graph the line 4 x − y = 2 . Use a solid line since x + 4 y ≥ 4
the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on Graph the line x + 4 y = 8 . Use a solid line since
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 4(0) − 0 ≥ 2 is the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on
false, shade the opposite side of the line from the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 4(0) ≤ 8 is true,
(0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 2 . Use a solid shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test the line x + 4 y = 4 . Use a solid line since the
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
0 + 2(0) ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 4(0) ≥ 4 is false,
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0).
solution. The overlapping region is the solution.
772
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
2 x + y ≥ − 2 2 x + 3 y ≥ 6
31. 33.
2 x + y ≥ 2 2 x + 3 y ≤ 0
Graph the line 2 x + y = − 2 . Use a solid line Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 6 . Use a solid line since
since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on
not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 3(0) ≥ 6 is
2(0) + 0 ≥ − 2 is true, shade the side of the line false, shade the opposite side of the line from
containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 0 . Use a solid
a solid line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since point not on the line, such as (0, 2). Since
2(0) + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of 2(0) + 3(2) ≤ 0 is false, shade the opposite side of
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the the line from (0, 2). Since the regions do not
solution. overlap, the solution is an empty set.
x − 4 y ≤ 4 2 x + y ≥ 0
32. 34.
x − 4 y ≥ 0 2 x + y ≥ 2
Graph the line x − 4 y = 4 . Use a solid line since Graph the line 2 x + y = 0 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point not on the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 − 4(0) ≤ 4 is true, the line, such as (1, 0). Since 2(1) + 0 ≥ 0 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph shade the side of the line containing (1, 0). Graph
the line x − 4 y = 0 . Use a solid line since the the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (1, 0). Since 1 − 4(0) ≥ 0 is true, line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 ≥ 2 is false,
shade the side of the line containing (1, 0). The shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0).
overlapping region is the solution. The overlapping region is the solution.
773
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x + y ≤ 9 y ≥ x − 4
2 2 2
35. 37.
x + y ≥ 3 y ≤ x − 2
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 . Use a solid line Graph the parabola y = x 2 − 4 . Use a solid line
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point since the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
02 + 02 ≤ 9 is true, shade the same side of the 0 ≥ 02 − 4 is true, shade the same side of the
circle as (0, 0). parabola as (0, 0). Graph the line y = x − 2 . Use
Graph the line x + y = 3 . Use a solid line since a solid line since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a
the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point not on test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 ≥ 3 is false, 0 ≤ 0 − 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0). line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
The overlapping region is the solution. solution.
y 2 ≤ x
x + y ≥ 9
2 2 38.
36. y ≥ x
x + y ≤ 3
Graph the parabola y 2 = x . Use a solid line
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 . Use a solid line since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test point not on the parabola, such as (1, 2). Since 22 ≤ 1
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since is false, shade the opposite side of the parabola
02 + 02 ≥ 9 is false, shade the opposite side of from (1, 2). Graph the line y = x . Use a solid
the circle as (0, 0). line since the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test
Graph the line x + y = 3 . Use a solid line since point not on the line, such as (1, 2). Since 2 ≥ 1
the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point not on is true, shade the same side of the line as (1, 2).
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 ≤ 3 is true, The overlapping region is the solution.
shade the same side of the line as (0, 0).
The overlapping region is the solution.
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Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
39. x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16 xy ≥ 4
41. 2
2
y ≥ x − 4 y ≥ x + 1
Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 . Use a sold line
since the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point
since the inequality is not strict. Choose a test
not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
point not on the circle, such as (0, 0) . Since
0 ⋅ 0 ≥ 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
02 + 02 ≤ 16 is true, shade the side of the circle hyperbola from (0, 0). Graph the parabola
containing (0, 0) . Graph the parabola y = x 2 + 1 . Use a solid line since the inequality
y = x 2 − 4 . Use a solid line since the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point not on the parabola,
is not strict. Choose a test point not on the such as (0, 0). Since 0 ≥ 02 + 1 is false, shade the
parabola, such as (0, 0) . Since 0 ≥ 02 − 4 is true, opposite side of the parabola from (0, 0).The
overlapping region is the solution.
shade the side of the parabola that contains
(0, 0) . The overlapping region is the solution.
y + x 2 ≤ 1
42.
2
40. x 2 + y 2 ≤ 25 y ≥ x − 1
2 Graph the parabola y + x 2 = 1 . Use a solid line
y ≤ x − 5
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 . Use a sold line not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
since the inequality is not strict. Choose a test 0 + 02 ≤ 1 is true, shade the same side of the
point not on the circle, such as (0, 0) . Since parabola as (0, 0). Graph the parabola
2 2
0 + 0 ≤ 25 is true, shade the side of the circle y = x 2 − 1 . Use a solid line since the inequality
containing (0, 0) . Graph the parabola uses ≥ . Choose a test point not on the parabola,
y = x 2 − 5 . Use a solid line since the inequality such as (0, 0). Since 0 ≥ 02 − 1 is true, shade the
is not strict. Choose a test point not on the same side of the parabola as (0, 0). The
overlapping region is the solution.
parabola, such as (0, 0) . Since 0 ≤ 02 − 5 is
false, shade the side of the parabola opposite that
which contains the point (0, 0) . The overlapping
region is the solution.
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x≥0 x≥0
y ≥0 y ≥0
43. 44.
2 x + y ≤ 6 x+ y ≥ 4
x + 2 y ≤ 6 2 x + 3 y ≥ 6
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line 2 x + y = 6 . Use a solid quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 4 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 0 ≤ 6 is true, shade the side of the line 0 + 0 ≥ 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 6 . Use line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 6 . Use
a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a a solid line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 2(0) ≤ 6 is true, shade the side of the line 2(0) + 3(0) ≥ 6 is false, shade the opposite side of
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution. The graph is bounded. Find the solution. The graph is unbounded.
vertices: Find the vertices:
The intersection of x + y = 4 and the y-axis is
The x-axis and y-axis intersect at (0, 0). The
intersection of x + 2 y = 6 and the y-axis is (0, 3). (0, 4). The intersection of x + y = 4 and the x-
The intersection of 2 x + y = 6 and the x-axis is axis is (4, 0). The two corner points are (0, 4),
and (4, 0).
(3, 0). To find the intersection of x + 2 y = 6 and
2 x + y = 6 , solve the system:
x + 2y = 6
2 x + y = 6
Solve the first equation for x: x = 6 − 2 y .
Substitute and solve:
2(6 − 2 y ) + y = 6
12 − 4 y + y = 6
=
12 − 3 y = 6
−3 y = −6 x≥0
y=2 y≥0
45.
x = 6 − 2(2) = 2
x+ y ≥ 2
The point of intersection is (2, 2). 2 x + y ≥ 4
The four corner points are (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0), and Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
(2, 2).
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 4 . Use
a solid line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 0 ≥ 4 is false, shade the opposite side of
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution. The graph is unbounded.
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Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
Find the vertices: x≥0
The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-axis is y ≥0
(2, 0). The intersection of 2 x + y = 4 and the y-
47. x + y ≥ 2
axis is (0, 4). The two corner points are (2, 0), 2 x + 3 y ≤ 12
and (0, 4).
3x + y ≤ 12
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 12 .
Use a solid line since the inequality uses ≤.
Choose a test point not on the line, such as (0, 0).
Since 2(0) + 3(0) ≤ 12 is true, shade the side of
x≥0 the line containing (0, 0). Graph the line
y≥0 3 x + y = 12 . Use a solid line since the inequality
46. uses ≤. Choose a test point not on the line, such
3 x + y≤6
as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 0 ≤ 12 is true, shade the
2 x + y ≤ 2
side of the line containing (0, 0). The overlapping
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first region is the solution. The graph is bounded.
quadrant. Graph the line 3x + y = 6 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test Find the vertices:
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is
3(0) + 0 ≤ 6 is true, shade the side of the line (0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-
containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use axis is (2, 0). The intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12
a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a and the y-axis is (0, 4). The intersection of
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since 3x + y = 12 and the x-axis is (4, 0).
2(0) + 0 ≤ 2 is true, shade the side of the line To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the 3x + y = 12 , solve the system:
solution. The graph is bounded.
2 x + 3 y = 12
Find the vertices:
The intersection of x = 0 and y = 0 is (0, 0). 3 x + y = 12
Solve the second equation for y: y = 12 − 3 x .
The intersection of 2 x + y = 2 and the x-axis is
Substitute and solve:
(1, 0). The intersection of 2 x + y = 2 and the y-
2 x + 3(12 − 3x) = 12
axis is (0, 2). The three corner points are (0, 0),
(1, 0), and (0, 2). 2 x + 36 − 9 x = 12
−7 x = −24
24
x=
7
24 72 12
y = 12 − 3 = 12 − =
7 7 7
24 12
The point of intersection is , .
7 7
The five corner points are (0, 2), (0, 4), (2, 0),
24 12
(4, 0), and , .
7 7
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x≥0 x≥ 0
y≥0
y≥ 0
48. x + y ≥ 1 49. x + y ≥ 2
x+ y ≤7 x+ y ≤ 8
2 x + y ≤ 10 2 x + y ≤ 10
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 1 . Use a solid quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 ≥ 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the 0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 7 . Use a line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 8 . Use a
solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 ≤ 7 is true, shade the side of the line 0 + 0 ≤ 8 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 10 . containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 10 . Use
Use a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a
Choose a test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
Since 2(0) + 0 ≤ 10 is true, shade the side of the 2(0) + 0 ≤ 10 is true, shade the side of the line
line containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
the solution. The graph is bounded. solution. The graph is bounded.
Find the vertices: Find the vertices:
The intersection of x + y = 1 and the y-axis is The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is
(0, 1). The intersection of x + y = 1 and the x-axis (0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-axis
is (1, 0).The intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and the y- is (2, 0). The intersection of x + y = 8 and the y-
axis is (0, 10). The intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and axis is (0, 8). The intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and
the x-axis is (0, 5).To find the intersection of the x-axis is (5, 0). To find the intersection of
2 x + y = 10 and x + y = 7 , solve the system: x + y = 8 and 2 x + y = 10 , solve the system:
2 x + y = 10 x+ y =8
x+ y =7 2 x + y = 10
Solve the second equation for y: y = 7 − x . Solve the first equation for y: y = 8 − x .
Substitute and solve: Substitute and solve:
2 x + 7 − x = 10 x = 3 2 x + 8 − x = 10
y = 7−3 = 4 x=2
The point of intersection is (3, 4). y = 8−2 = 6
The five corner points are (0, 7), (5, 0), (0, 1), (1, The point of intersection is (2, 6).
0) and (3, 4). The five corner points are (0, 2), (0, 8), (2, 0),
(5, 0), and (2, 6).
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Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
x≥ 0
y ≥ 0
51.
x + 2 y ≥ 1
x + 2 y ≤ 10
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line x + 2 y = 1 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 2(0) ≥ 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the
x≥0 line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 10 . Use a
y≥0 solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
50. x + y ≥ 2 0 + 2(0) ≤ 10 is true, shade the side of the line
x+ y ≤8
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
x + 2 y ≥ 1 solution. The graph is bounded.
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first Find the vertices:
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid The intersection of x + 2 y = 1 and the y-axis is
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test (0, 0.5). The intersection of x + 2 y = 1 and the
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since x-axis is (1, 0). The intersection of x + 2 y = 10
0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the and the y-axis is (0, 5). The intersection of
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 8 . Use a x + 2 y = 10 and the x-axis is (10, 0). The four
solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a corner points are (0, 0.5), (0, 5), (1, 0), and
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since (10, 0).
0 + 0 ≤ 8 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 1 . Use
a solid line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 2(0) ≥ 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution. The graph is bounded.
Find the vertices:
The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is
(0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-
axis is (2, 0). The intersection of x + y = 8 and x≥ 0
y ≥ 0
the y-axis is (0, 8). The intersection of x + y = 8
and the x-axis is (8, 0). The four corner points are x + 2 y ≥ 1
52.
(0, 2), (0, 8), (2, 0), and (8, 0).
x + 2 y ≤ 10
x+ y ≥ 2
x + y ≤ 8
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line x + 2 y = 1 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 2(0) ≥ 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 10 . Use
a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since 54. The system of linear inequalities is:
0 + 2(0) ≤ 10 is true, shade the side of the line y≤5
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use x + y ≥ 2
a solid line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a x≤6
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since x≥ 0
0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 8 . Use a y≥ 0
solid line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since 55. The system of linear inequalities is:
0 + 0 ≤ 8 is true, shade the side of the line x ≤ 20
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the y ≥ 15
solution. The graph is bounded.
x + y ≤ 50
Find the vertices: x − y ≤ 0
The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is
x≥ 0
(0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-
axis is (2, 0). The intersection of x + 2 y = 10 and 56. The system of linear inequalities is:
the y-axis is (0, 5). The intersection of x + y = 8 y≤ 6
and the x-axis is (8, 0). To find the intersection of x≤ 5
x + y = 8 and x + 2 y = 10 , solve the system:
3 x + 4 y ≥ 12
x + y = 8 2x − y ≤ 8
x + 2 y = 10 x≥ 0
Solve the first equation for x: x = 8 − y .
Substitute and solve: 57. a. Let x = the amount invested in Treasury
(8 − y ) + 2 y = 10 bills, and let y = the amount invested in
y=2 corporate bonds.
x = 8−2 = 6 The constraints are:
The point of intersection is (6, 2). x + y ≤ 50, 000 because the total investment
The five corner points are (0, 2), (0, 5), (2, 0), cannot exceed $50,000.
(8, 0), and (6, 2). x ≥ 35, 000 because the amount invested in
Treasury bills must be at least $35,000.
y ≤ 10, 000 because the amount invested in
corporate bonds must not exceed $10,000.
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 because a non-negative amount
must be invested.
The system is
x + y ≤ 50, 000
x ≥ 35, 000
y ≤ 10, 000
53. The system of linear inequalities is: x≥0
x≤4 y ≥0
x + y ≤ 6
x≥ 0
y≥ 0
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Section 6.7: Systems of Inequalities
b. Graph the system. 59. a. Let x = the # of packages of the economy
blend, and let y = the # of packages of the
superior blend.
The constraints are:
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 because a non-negative # of
packages must be produced.
4 x + 8 y ≤ 75 ⋅16 because the total amount of
“A grade” coffee cannot exceed 75 pounds.
(Note: 75 pounds = (75)(16) ounces.)
12 x + 8 y ≤ 120 ⋅16 because the total amount of
“B grade” coffee cannot exceed 120 pounds.
The corner points are (35,000, 0), (Note: 120 pounds = (120)(16) ounces.)
(35,000, 10,000), (40,000, 10,000), Simplifying the inequalities, we obtain:
(50,000, 0).
4 x + 8 y ≤ 75 ⋅16 12 x + 8 y ≤ 120 ⋅16
58. a. Let x = the # of standard model trucks, and x + 2 y ≤ 75 ⋅ 4 3x + 2 y ≤ 120 ⋅ 4
let y = the # of deluxe model trucks. x + 2 y ≤ 300 3x + 2 y ≤ 480
The constraints are:
The system is:
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 because a non-negative number
x ≥ 0
of trucks must be manufactured. y ≥ 0
2 x + 3 y ≤ 80 because the total painting hours
worked cannot exceed 80. x + 2 y ≤ 300
3x + 4 y ≤ 120 because the total detailing 3x + 2 y ≤ 480
hours worked cannot exceed 120.
b. Graph the system.
The system is
x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
2 x + 3 y ≤ 80
3x + 4 y ≤ 120
b. Graph the system.
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 150),
(90, 105), (160, 0).
60. a. Let x = the # of lower-priced packages, and
let y = the # of quality packages.
The constraints are:
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 because a non-negative # of
80 packages must be produced.
The corner points are ( 0, 0 ) , 0. , ( 40, 0 ) .
3 8 x + 6 y ≤ 120 ⋅16 because the total amount of
peanuts cannot exceed 120 pounds. (Note:
120 pounds = (120)(16) ounces.)
4 x + 6 y ≤ 90 ⋅16 because the total amount of
cashews cannot exceed 90 pounds. (Note: 90
pounds = (90)(16) ounces.)
Simplifying the inequalities, we obtain:
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
8 x + 6 y ≤ 120 ⋅16 4 x + 6 y ≤ 90 ⋅16 62. 2( x + 1) 2 + 8 = 0
4 x + 3 y ≤ 120 ⋅ 8 2 x + 3 y ≤ 90 ⋅ 8
2( x + 1) 2 = −8
4 x + 3 y ≤ 960 2 x + 3 y ≤ 720
( x + 1) 2 = −4
The system is
4 x + 3 y ≤ 960 ( x + 1) = ± −4
2 x + 3 y ≤ 720 ( x + 1) = ±2i
x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 x = −1 ± 2i
b. Graph the system.
The solution set is {−1 − 2i, −1 + 2i} .
63. Distance:
d = (0 − 7) 2 + ( −3 − ( −8)) 2
= ( −7) 2 + (5) 2
= 49 + 25 = 74
Midpoint:
7 + 0 −8 + ( −3)
,
2 2
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 240), 7 11
(120, 160), (240, 0). ,−
2 2
61. a. Let x = the # of microwaves, and 64. f ( x) = 6 x3 + 5 x − 6; [ −1, 2]
let y = the # of printers.
f ( −1) = −5 < 0 and f (2) = 28 > 0
The constraints are:
The value of the function is positive at one
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 because a non-negative # of
endpoint and negative at the other. Since the
items must be shipped. function is continuous, the Intermediate
30 x + 20 y ≤ 1600 because a total cargo Value Theorem guarantees at least one zero
weight cannot exceed 1600 pounds. in the given interval.
2 x + 3 y ≤ 150 because the total cargo 5x − 2
65. f ( x) =
volume cannot exceed 150 cubic feet. Note x+3
that the inequality 30 x + 20 y ≤ 1600 can be The vertical asymptote is where the denominator
simplified: 3 x + 2 y ≤ 160 . is undefined: x = −3
The system is: 5
The horizontal asymptote is y = = 5 .
3x + 2 y ≤ 160 1
2 x + 3 y ≤ 150
x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0
b. Graph the system.
Section 6.8
1. objective function
2. True
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 50), (36, 26),
160
,0 .
3
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Section 6.8: Linear Programming
3. z = x + y 7. z = 5 x + 7 y
Vertex Value of z = x + y Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 7 y
(0, 3) z = 0+3 = 3 (0, 3) z = 5(0) + 7(3) = 21
(0, 6) z = 0+6 = 6 (0, 6) z = 5(0) + 7(6) = 42
(5, 6) z = 5 + 6 = 11 (5, 6) z = 5(5) + 7(6) = 67
(5, 2) z = 5+2 = 7 (5, 2) z = 5(5) + 7(2) = 39
(4, 0) z = 4+0 = 4 (4, 0) z = 5(4) + 7(0) = 20
The maximum value is 11 at (5, 6), and the The maximum value is 67 at (5, 6), and the
minimum value is 3 at (0, 3). minimum value is 20 at (4, 0).
4. z = 2 x + 3 y 8. z = 7 x + 5 y
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + 3 y Vertex Value of z = 7 x + 5 y
(0, 3) z = 2(0) + 3(3) = 9 (0, 3) z = 7(0) + 5(3) = 15
(0, 6) z = 2(0) + 3(6) = 18 (0, 6) z = 7(0) + 5(6) = 30
(5, 6) z = 2(5) + 3(6) = 28 (5, 6) z = 7(5) + 5(6) = 65
(5, 2) z = 2(5) + 3(2) = 16 (5, 2) z = 7(5) + 5(2) = 45
(4, 0) z = 2(4) + 3(0) = 8 (4, 0) z = 7(4) + 5(0) = 28
The maximum value is 28 at (5, 6), and the The maximum value is 65 at (5, 6), and the
minimum value is 8 at (4, 0). minimum value is 15 at (0, 3).
5. z = x + 10 y 9. Maximize z = 2 x + y subject to x ≥ 0,
Vertex Value of z = x + 10 y y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 6, x + y ≥ 1 . Graph the
(0, 3) z = 0 + 10(3) = 30 constraints.
(0, 6) z = 0 + 10(6) = 60 y
(5, 6) z = 5 + 10(6) = 65
(0,6)
(5, 2) z = 5 + 10(2) = 25
(4, 0) z = 4 + 10(0) = 4 x+y=6
The maximum value is 65 at (5, 6), and the
minimum value is 4 at (4, 0).
(0,1)
6. z = 10 x + y (6,0) x
(1,0)
Vertex Value of z = 10 x + y x+y=1
(0, 3) z = 10(0) + 3 = 3 The corner points are (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 6), (6, 0).
(0, 6) z = 10(0) + 6 = 6 Evaluate the objective function:
(5, 6) z = 10(5) + 6 = 56 Vertex Value of z = 2 x + y
(5, 2) z = 10(5) + 2 = 52 (0, 1) z = 2(0) + 1 = 1
(4, 0) z = 10(4) + 0 = 40 (0, 6) z = 2(0) + 6 = 6
The maximum value is 56 at (5, 6), and the (1, 0) z = 2(1) + 0 = 2
minimum value is 3 at (0, 3). (6, 0) z = 2(6) + 0 = 12
The maximum value is 12 at (6, 0).
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
10. Maximize z = x + 3 y subject to x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 , 12. Minimize z = 3 x + 4 y subject to x ≥ 0 ,
x + y ≥ 3 x ≤ 5, y ≤ 7 . Graph the constraints. y ≥ 0, 2 x + 3 y ≥ 6, x + y ≤ 8 . Graph the
constraints.
y
y
(0,7) y = 7 (5,7) (0,8)
x+y=8
x=5
(0,3)
(3,0) (5,0) (0,2)
x
(3,0) (8,0) x
x+y=3
2x + 3y = 6
The corner points are (0, 3), (3, 0), (0, 7), (5, 0),
(5, 7). Evaluate the objective function: The corner points are (0, 2), (3, 0), (0, 8), (8, 0).
Evaluate the objective function:
Vertex Value of z = x + 3 y
Vertex Value of z = 3 x + 4 y
(0, 3) z = 0 + 3(3) = 9
(0, 2) z = 3(0) + 4(2) = 8
(3, 0) z = 3 + 3(0) = 3
(3, 0) z = 3(3) + 4(0) = 9
(0, 7) z = 0 + 3(7) = 21
(0, 8) z = 3(0) + 4(8) = 32
(5, 0) z = 5 + 3(0) = 5
(8, 0) z = 3(8) + 4(0) = 24
(5, 7) z = 5 + 3(7) = 26
The minimum value is 8 at (0, 2).
The maximum value is 26 at (5, 7).
13. Maximize z = 3 x + 5 y subject to x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0,
11. Minimize z = 2 x + 5 y subject to x ≥ 0,
x + y ≥ 2, 2 x + 3 y ≤ 12, 3 x + 2 y ≤ 12 . Graph
y ≥ 0, x + y ≥ 2, x ≤ 5, y ≤ 3 . Graph the
the constraints.
constraints.
y
y
x=5 3x + 2y = 12
(0,4)
(0,3) (5,3) y=3 (2.4,2.4)
(0,2)
(0,2) 2x + 3y = 12
(2,0) (4,0) x
(2,0) (5,0) x
x+y=2
x+y=2
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and
The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (5, 0),
(5, 3). Evaluate the objective function: 3x + 2 y = 12 , solve the system:
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + 5 y 2 x + 3 y = 12
(0, 2) z = 2(0) + 5(2) = 10 3x + 2 y = 12
(0, 3) z = 2(0) + 5(3) = 15 3
Solve the second equation for y: y = 6 − x
(2, 0) z = 2(2) + 5(0) = 4 2
Substitute and solve:
(5, 0) z = 2(5) + 5(0) = 10
(5, 3) z = 2(5) + 5(3) = 25
The minimum value is 4 at (2, 0).
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Section 6.8: Linear Programming
3 Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 3 y
2 x + 3 6 − x = 12
2 (0, 2) z = 5(0) + 3(2) = 6
9 (0, 8) z = 5(0) + 3(8) = 24
2 x + 18 − x = 12
2
(2, 0) z = 5(2) + 3(0) = 10
5
− x = −6 (5, 0) z = 5(5) + 3(0) = 25
2
12 (2, 6) z = 5(2) + 3(6) = 28
x=
5 The maximum value is 28 at (2, 6).
3 12 18 12
y = 6− = 6− = 15. Minimize z = 5 x + 4 y subject to x ≥ 0,
2 5 5 5
y ≥ 0, x + y ≥ 2, 2 x + 3 y ≤ 12, 3x + y ≤ 12 . Graph
The point of intersection is ( 2.4, 2.4 ) .
the constraints.
The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0),
y
(2.4, 2.4). Evaluate the objective function:
Vertex Value of z = 3x + 5 y
3x + y = 12
(0, 2) z = 3(0) + 5(2) = 10
(0, 4) z = 3(0) + 5(4) = 20 (0,4)
(2, 0) z = 3(2) + 5(0) = 6
(
24
, 12 )
(4, 0) z = 3(4) + 5(0) = 12
7 7
(0,2) 2x + 3y = 12
(2.4, 2.4) z = 3(2.4) + 5(2.4) = 19.2 (2,0) (4,0) x
The maximum value is 20 at (0, 4). x+y=2
14. Maximize z = 5 x + 3 y subject to x ≥ 0, To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and
y ≥ 0, x + y ≥ 2, x + y ≤ 8, 2 x + y ≤ 10 . Graph 3x + y = 12 , solve the system:
the constraints. 2 x + 3 y = 12
3 x + y = 12
y
2x + y = 10
(0,8)
Solve the second equation for y: y = 12 − 3 x
(2,6) Substitute and solve:
2 x + 3(12 − 3 x) = 12
2 x + 36 − 9 x = 12
x+y=8
(0,2)
−7 x = −24
x = 24
7
( 247 ) = 12 − 727 = 127
(2,0) (5,0) x
y = 12 − 3
x+y=2
24 12
The point of intersection is , .
To find the intersection of x + y = 8 and 7 7
2x + y = 10 , solve the system: The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0),
24 12
x+ y = 8 , . Evaluate the objective function:
7 7
2 x + y = 10 Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 4 y
Solve the first equation for y: y = 8 − x .
(0, 2) z = 5(0) + 4(2) = 8
Substitute and solve:
(0, 4) z = 5(0) + 4(4) = 16
2 x + 8 − x = 10
(2, 0) z = 5(2) + 4(0) = 10
x=2
y = 8−2 = 6 (4, 0) z = 5(4) + 4(0) = 20
The point of intersection is (2, 6). ( 247 , 127 ) z=5 ( 247 ) + 4 ( 127 ) = 24
The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 8), (5, 0),
The minimum value is 8 at (0, 2).
(2, 6). Evaluate the objective function:
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
16. Minimize z = 2 x + 3 y subject to x ≥ 0, y
y ≥ 0, x + y ≥ 3, x + y ≤ 9, x + 3 y ≥ 6 . Graph (0,10)
the constraints. x + y = 10
y
(0,9)
x+y=9 (103 , 103 )
(10,0) x
(0,3) x + 2y = 10
2x + y = 10
(32 , 32 ) (6,0)
To find the intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and
x
(9,0) x + 2 y = 10 , solve the system:
x + 3y = 6
x+y=3
2 x + y = 10
To find the intersection of x + y = 3 and x + 2 y = 10
x + 3 y = 6 , solve the system: Solve the first equation for y: y = 10 − 2 x .
x+ y = 3 Substitute and solve:
x + 2(10 − 2 x) = 10
x + 3y = 6
Solve the first equation for y: y = 3 − x . x + 20 − 4 x = 10
Substitute and solve: −3 x = −10
x + 3(3 − x ) = 6 10
x=
x + 9 − 3x = 6 3
− 2 x = −3 10 20 10
y = 10 − 2 = 10 − =
3 3 3 3
x=
2 The point of intersection is (10/3 10/3).
3 3 The corner points are (0, 10), (10, 0), (10/3, 10/3).
y = 3− = Evaluate the objective function:
2 2
Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 2 y
3 3
The point of intersection is , . (0, 10) z = 5(0) + 2(10) = 20
2 2
The corner points are (0, 3), (6, 0), (0, 9), (9, 0), (10, 0) z = 5(10) + 2(0) = 50
3 3 10 10 10 10 70
, z = 5 + 2 = = 23 13
, . Evaluate the objective function: 3 3
3 3 3
2 2
The maximum value is 50 at (10, 0).
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + 3 y
(0, 3) z = 2(0) + 3(3) = 9 18. Maximize z = 2 x + 4 y subject to
(0, 9) z = 2(0) + 3(9) = 27 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 2 x + y ≥ 4, x + y ≤ 9 .
(6, 0) z = 2(6) + 3(0) = 12 Graph the constraints.
(9, 0) z = 2(9) + 3(0) = 18 y
(0,9)
3 3 3 3 15
, z = 2 + 4 =
2 2 2 2 2
15 3 3 x+y=9
The minimum value is at , .
2 2 2 (0,4)
17. Maximize z = 5 x + 2 y subject to x ≥ 0,
y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 10, 2 x + y ≥ 10, x + 2 y ≥ 10 . (2,0) (9,0)
x
Graph the constraints. 2x + y = 4
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Section 6.8: Linear Programming
The corner points are (0, 9), (9, 0), (0, 4), (2, 0). The maximum profit is $1760, when 8 downhill
Evaluate the objective function: skis and 24 cross-country skis are produced.
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + 4 y With the increase of the manufacturing time to 48
(0, 9) z = 2(0) + 4(9) = 36 hours, we do the following:
The constraints are:
(9, 0) z = 2(9) + 4(0) = 18
(0, 4) z = 2(0) + 4(4) = 16 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive number of skis must be
(2, 0) z = 2(2) + 4(0) = 4 produced.
2 x + y ≤ 48 Manufacturing time available.
The maximum value is 36 at (0, 9).
x + y ≤ 32 Finishing time available.
19. Let x = the number of downhill skis produced, Graph the constraints.
and let y = the number of cross-country skis y
produced. The total profit is: P = 70 x + 50 y .
2x + y = 48
Profit is to be maximized, so this is the objective
(0,32)
function. The constraints are:
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive number of skis must be
produced. (16,16)
2 x + y ≤ 40 Manufacturing time available.
x + y ≤ 32 Finishing time available. x + y = 32
(24,0)
Graph the constraints. (0,0)
x
y
To find the intersection of x + y = 32 and
2x + y = 40
2 x + y = 48 , solve the system:
(0,32)
x + y = 32
(8,24)
2 x + y = 48
Solve the first equation for y: y = 32 − x .
x + y = 32
Substitute and solve:
(20,0) x 2 x + (32 − x) = 48
(0,0)
x = 16
To find the intersection of x + y = 32 and y = 32 − 16 = 16
2 x + y = 40 , solve the system: The point of intersection is (16, 16).
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 32), (24, 0),
x + y = 32
(16, 16). Evaluate the objective function:
2 x + y = 40 Vertex Value of P = 70 x + 50 y
Solve the first equation for y: y = 32 − x .
(0, 0) P = 70(0) + 50(0) = 0
Substitute and solve:
2 x + (32 − x) = 40 (0, 32) P = 70(0) + 50(32) = 1600
x=8 (24, 0) P = 70(24) + 50(0) = 1680
y = 32 − 8 = 24 (16, 16) P = 70(16) + 50(16) = 1920
The point of intersection is (8, 24). The maximum profit is $1920, when 16 downhill
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 32), (20, 0), skis and 16 cross-country skis are produced.
(8, 24). Evaluate the objective function:
20. Let x = the number of acres of soybeans planted ,
Vertex Value of P = 70 x + 50 y
and let y = the number of acres of wheat planted.
(0, 0) P = 70(0) + 50(0) = 0 The total profit is: P = 180 x + 100 y . Profit is to
(0, 32) P = 70(0) + 50(32) = 1600 be maximized, so this is the objective function.
(20, 0) P = 70(20) + 50(0) = 1400 The constraints are:
(8, 24) P = 70(8) + 50(24) = 1760 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A non-negative number of acres
must be planted.
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x + y ≤ 70 Acres available to plant. 60 x + 30 y ≤ 2400 Money available for
60 x + 30 y ≤ 1800 Money available for preparation.
preparation. 3x + 4 y ≤ 120 Workdays available.
3x + 4 y ≤ 120 Workdays available. Graph the constraints.
Graph the constraints.
y
y
x + y = 70 x + y = 70
60x + 30y = 1800 (0,30)
(0,30) 3x + 4y = 120
60x + 30y = 2400
(24,12)
3x + 4y = 120
(0,0) (40,0) x
(0,0) (30,0) x
To find the intersection of 60 x + 30 y = 1800 and The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 30), (40, 0).
3x + 4 y = 120 , solve the system: Evaluate the objective function:
60 x + 30 y = 1800 Vertex Value of P = 180 x + 100 y
(0, 0) P = 180(0) + 100(0) = 0
3x + 4 y = 120
Solve the first equation for y: (0, 30) P = 180(0) + 100(30) = 3000
60 x + 30 y = 1800 (40, 0) P = 180(40) + 100(0) = 7200
2 x + y = 60 The maximum profit is $7200, when 40 acres of
y = 60 − 2 x soybeans and 0 acres of wheat are planted.
Substitute and solve: 21. Let x = the number of rectangular tables rented,
3x + 4(60 − 2 x) = 120 and let y = the number of round tables rented.
3x + 240 − 8 x = 120 The cost for the tables is: C = 28 x + 52 y . Cost is
−5 x = −120 to be minimized, so this is the objective function.
x = 24 The constraints are:
y = 60 − 2(24) = 12 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A non-negative number of tables
The point of intersection is (24, 12). must be used.
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 30), (30, 0), x + y ≤ 35 Maximum number of tables.
(24, 12). Evaluate the objective function: 6 x + 10 y ≥ 250 Number of guests.
Vertex Value of P = 180 x + 100 y x ≤ 15 Rectangular tables available.
(0, 0) P = 180(0) + 100(0) = 0 Graph the constraints.
(0, 30) P = 180(0) + 100(30) = 3000 y x = 15
(30, 0) P = 180(30) + 100(0) = 5400 x + y = 35
(24, 12) P = 180(24) + 100(12) = 5520 (0, 35)
The maximum profit is $5520, when 24 acres of 6x + 10y = 250
soybeans and 12 acres of wheat are planted. (0, 25) (15, 20)
With the increase of the preparation costs to 10 (15, 16)
$2400, we do the following:
The constraints are: 25 x
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A non-negative number of acres
must be planted. The corner points are (0, 25), (0, 35), (15, 20),
x + y ≤ 70 Acres available to plant. (15, 16). Evaluate the objective function:
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Section 6.8: Linear Programming
Vertex Value of C = 28 x + 52 y Vertex Value of C = 975 x + 350 y
(0, 25) C = 28(0) + 52(25) = 1300 (0, 40) C = 975(0) + 350(40) = 14, 000
(0, 35) C = 28(0) + 52(35) = 1820 (6, 10) C = 975(6) + 350(10) = 9350
(15, 20) C = 28(15) + 52(20) = 1460 (36, 0) C = 975(36) + 350(0) = 35,100
(15, 16) C = 28(15) + 52(16) = 1252 The college should rent 6 buses and 10 vans for a
Kathleen should rent 15 rectangular tables and 16 minimum cost of $9350.00.
round tables in order to minimize the cost. The
minimum cost is $1252.00. 23. Let x = the amount invested in junk bonds, and
let y = the amount invested in Treasury bills.
22. Let x = the number of buses rented, and let y = The total income is: I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y . Income
the number of vans rented. The cost for the is to be maximized, so this is the objective
vehicles is: C = 975 x + 350 y . Cost is to be function. The constraints are:
minimized, so this is the objective function. x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A non-negative amount must be
The constraints are: invested.
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A non-negative number of buses x + y ≤ 20, 000 Total investment cannot exceed
and vans must be used. $20,000.
40 x + 8 y ≥ 320 Number of regular seats. x ≤ 12, 000 Amount invested in junk bonds
x + 3 y ≥ 36 Number of handicapped seats. must not exceed $12,000.
Graph the constraints. y ≥ 8000 Amount invested in Treasury bills
y must be at least $8000.
a. y ≥ x Amount invested in Treasury bills
40x + 8y = 320
(0, 40) must be equal to or greater than the
amount invested in junk bonds.
Graph the constraints.
25
(0,20000)
(6, 10) x + y = 20000
(0, 12) (36, 0)
y=x
25 x
x + 3y = 36 (10000,10000)
To find the intersection of 40 x + 8 y = 320 and (0,8000) (8000,8000) y = 8000
x + 3 y = 36 , solve the system:
40 x + 8 y = 320
x = 12000
x + 3 y = 36
Solve the second equation for x:
x + 3 y = 36 The corner points are (0, 20,000), (0, 8000),
(8000, 8000), (10,000, 10,000).
x = −3 y + 36
Evaluate the objective function:
Substitute and solve:
40(−3 y + 36) + 8 y = 320 Vertex Value of I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y
(0, 20000) I = 0.09(0) + 0.07(20000)
−120 y + 1440 + 8 y = 320
= 1400
−112 y = −1120
(0, 8000) I = 0.09(0) + 0.07(8000)
y = 10
= 560
x = −3(10) + 36 = −30 + 36 = 6 (8000, 8000) I = 0.09(8000) + 0.07(8000)
The point of intersection is (6, 10). = 1280
The corner points are (0, 40), (6, 10), and (36, 0).
(10000, 10000) I = 0.09(10000) + 0.07(10000)
Evaluate the objective function:
= 1600
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
The maximum income is $1600, when (0,10)
$10,000 is invested in junk bonds and (10,10)
$10,000 is invested in Treasury bills.
(0,7)
b. y≤x Amount invested in Treasury bills
must not exceed the amount invested (12 , 214 )
in junk bonds.
Graph the constraints.
x + y = 20000 (4,0) (10,0)
y=x
70x + 20y = 140 60x + 40y = 240
(10000,10000) To find the intersection of 60 x + 40 y = 240 and
y = 8000
(8000,8000) (12000,8000) 70x + 20 y = 140 , solve the system:
60 x + 40 y = 240
x = 12000 70 x + 20 y = 140
Divide the first equation by −2 and add the result
to the second equation:
The corner points are (12,000, 8000), −30 x − 20 y = −120
(8000, 8000), (10,000, 10,000).
70 x + 20 y = 140
Evaluate the objective function:
40 x = 20
Vertex Value of I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y
(12000, 8000) I = 0.09(12000) + 0.07(8000) 20 1
x= =
= 1640 40 2
(8000, 8000) I = 0.09(8000) + 0.07(8000) Substitute and solve:
= 1280 1
60 + 40 y = 240
(10000, 10000) I = 0.09(10000) + 0.07(10000) 2
= 1600 30 + 40 y = 240
The maximum income is $1640, when 40 y = 210
$12,000 is invested in junk bonds and $8000 210 21 1
is invested in Treasury bills. y= = =5
40 4 4
24. Let x = the number of hours that machine 1 is 1 1
The point of intersection is , 5 .
operated, and let y = the number of hours that 2 4
machine 2 is operated. The total cost is:
C = 50 x + 30 y . Cost is to be minimized, so this The corner points are (0, 7), (0, 10), (4, 0),
is the objective function. 1 1
(10, 0), (10, 10), , 5 . Evaluate the
The constraints are: 2 4
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive number of hours must objective function:
be used. Vertex Value of C = 50 x + 30 y
x ≤ 10 Time used on machine 1. (0, 7) C = 50(0) + 30(7) = 210
y ≤ 10 Time used on machine 2. (0, 10) C = 50(0) + 30(10) = 300
60 x + 40 y ≥ 240 8-inch pliers to be produced. (4, 0) C = 50(4) + 30(0) = 200
70 x + 20 y ≥ 140 6-inch pliers to be produced. (10, 0) C = 50(10) + 30(0) = 500
Graph the constraints. (10, 10) C = 50(10) + 30(10) = 800
1 1 1 1
, 5 P = 50 + 30 5 = 182.50
2 4 2 4
The minimum cost is $182.50, when machine 1
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.8: Linear Programming
1 1 Vertex Value of P = 10 x + 12 y
is used for hour and machine 2 is used for 5
2 4 (0, 0) P = 10(0) + 12(0) = 0
hours.
(0, 20) P = 10(0) + 12(20) = 240
25. Let x = the number of racing skates (20, 0) P = 10(20) + 12(0) = 200
manufactured, and let y = the number of figure (10, 15) P = 10(10) + 12(15) = 280
skates manufactured. The total profit is: The maximum profit is $280, when 10 racing
P = 10 x + 12 y . Profit is to be maximized, so skates and 15 figure skates are produced.
this is the objective function. The constraints
are: 26. Let x = the number of gallons of regular, and let
y = the number of gallons of premium. The
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive number of skates must total profit is: P = 0.75 x + 0.90 y . Profit is to be
be manufactured. maximized, so this is the objective function. The
6 x + 4 y ≤ 120 Only 120 hours are available for constraints are:
fabrication. x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive number of gallons
x + 2 y ≤ 40 Only 40 hours are available for must be used.
finishing. 1
Graph the constraints. y≥ x At least one gallon of premium
4
y
for every 4 gallons of regular.
5 x + 6 y ≤ 3000 Daily shipping weight limit.
24 x + 20 y ≤ 16(725) Available flavoring.
12 x + 20 y ≤ 16(425) Available milk-fat
(0,20)
(Note: the last two inequalities simplify to
(10,15)
6 x + 5 y ≤ 2900 and 3 x + 5 y ≤ 1700 .)
Graph the constraints.
(20,0) x
y
(0,0)
24x + 20y = 16(725)
5x + 6y = 3000
To find the intersection of 6 x + 4 y = 120 and
x +2y = 40 , solve the system: 12x + 20y = 16(425)
6 x + 4 y = 120 (0, 340) (400, 100)
x + 2 y = 40 y=
1
x
Solve the second equation for x: x = 40 − 2 y 150 4
Substitute and solve:
6(40 − 2 y ) + 4 y = 120 300 x
240 − 12 y + 4 y = 120
− 8 y = −120 The corner points are (0, 0), (400, 100), (0, 340).
Evaluate the objective function:
y = 15
Vertex Value of P = 0.75 x + 0.90 y
x = 40 − 2(15) = 10
(0, 0) P = 0.75(0) + 0.90(0) = 0
The point of intersection is (10, 15).
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 20), (20, 0), (400, 100) P = 0.75(400) + 0.90(100) = 390
(10, 15). Evaluate the objective function: (0, 340) P = 0.75(0) + 0.90(340) = 306
Mom and Pop should produce 400 gallons of
regular and 100 gallons of premium ice cream.
The maximum profit is $390.00.
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
27. Let x = the number of pounds of ground beef, x ≤ 20, 000 Investment in the AAA bond cannot
and let y = the number of pounds of ground exceed $20,000.
pork. The total cost is: C = 0.75 x + 0.45 y . Cost y ≥ 15, 000 Investment in the CD must be at
is to be minimized, so this is the objective least $15,000.
function. The constraints are: y ≥ x Investment in the CD must exceed or
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive number of pounds equal the investment in the bond.
must be used. Graph the constraints.
x ≤ 200 Only 200 pounds of ground beef y (0,50000)
x + y = 50000
are available.
y ≥ 50 At least 50 pounds of ground y=x
pork must be used. (20000,30000)
0.75 x + 0.60 y ≥ 0.70( x + y ) Leanness
(20000,20000)
condition (0,15000) y = 15000
(Note that the last equation will simplify to (15000,15000)
1 x = 20000
y ≤ x .) Graph the constraints. x
2
y
(200,100) The corner points are (0, 50,000), (0, 15,000),
(15,000, 15,000), (20,000, 20,000),
(20,000, 30,000). Evaluate the objective function:
Vertex Value of R = 0.08 x + 0.04 y
(100,50)
(200,50) (0, 50000) R = 0.08(0) + 0.04(50000)
= 2000
(0, 15000) R = 0.08(0) + 0.04(15000)
x
= 600
(15000, 15000) R = 0.08(15000) + 0.04(15000)
The corner points are (100, 50), (200, 50), = 1800
(200, 100). Evaluate the objective function: (20000, 20000) R = 0.08(20000) + 0.04(20000)
Vertex Value of C = 0.75 x + 0.45 y = 2400
(100, 50) C = 0.75(100) + 0.45(50) = 97.50 (20000, 30000) R = 0.08(20000) + 0.04(30000)
(200, 50) C = 0.75(200) + 0.45(50) = 172.50 = 2800
(200, 100) C = 0.75(200) + 0.45(100) = 195 The maximum return is $2800, when $20,000 is
invested in a AAA bond and $30,000 is invested
The minimum cost is $97.50, when 100 pounds of
in a CD.
ground beef and 50 pounds of ground pork are
used. 29. Let x = the number of metal fasteners, and let y
28. Let x = the amount placed in the AAA bond. = the number of plastic fasteners. The total cost
Let y = the amount placed in a CD. is: C = 9 x + 4 y . Cost is to be minimized, so this
The total return is: R = 0.08 x + 0.04 y . Return is the objective function. The constraints are:
x ≥ 2, y ≥ 2 At least 2 of each fastener must be
is to be maximized, so this is the objective
function. made.
The constraints are: x+ y ≥6 At least 6 fasteners are needed.
4 x + 2 y ≤ 24 Only 24 hours are available.
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A positive amount must be Graph the constraints.
invested in each.
x + y ≤ 50, 000 Total investment cannot exceed
$50,000.
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Section 6.8: Linear Programming
y
Vertex Value of C = 0.40 x + 0.32 y
(0, 47.5) C = 0.40(0) + 0.32(47.5) = 15.20
(2,8)
(0, 60) C = 0.40(0) + 0.32(60) = 19.20
(60, 0) C = 0.40(60) + 0.32(0) = 24.00
(2,4) (58.75, 0) C = 0.40(58.75) + 0.32(0) = 23.50
(5,2)
(15, 25) C = 0.40(15) + 0.32(25) = 14.00
(4,2)
x The minimum cost is $14, when 15 cans of
"Gourmet Dog" and 25 cans of “Chow Hound”
are purchased.
The corner points are (2, 4), (2, 8), (4, 2), (5, 2).
Evaluate the objective function: 31. Let x = the number of first class seats, and let
Vertex Value of C = 9 x + 4 y y = the number of coach seats. Using the hint,
(2, 4) C = 9(2) + 4(4) = 34 the revenue from x first class seats and y coach
seats is Fx + Cy, where F > C > 0. Thus,
(2, 8) C = 9(2) + 4(8) = 50
R = Fx + Cy is the objective function to be
(4, 2) C = 9(4) + 4(2) = 44
maximized. The constraints are:
(5, 2) C = 9(5) + 4(2) = 53 8 ≤ x ≤ 16 Restriction on first class seats.
The minimum cost is $34, when 2 metal fasteners 80 ≤ y ≤ 120 Restriction on coach seats.
and 4 plastic fasteners are ordered.
x 1
a. ≤ Ratio of seats.
30. Let x = the amount of “Gourmet Dog,” and let y 12
y = the amount of “Chow Hound.” The total The constraints are:
cost is: C = 0.40 x + 0.32 y . Cost is to be 8 ≤ x ≤ 16
minimized, so this is the objective function. 80 ≤ y ≤ 120
The constraints are: 12x ≤ y
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 A non-negative number of cans Graph the constraints.
must be purchased.
20 x + 35 y ≥ 1175 At least 1175 units of
vitamins per month.
75 x + 50 y ≥ 2375 At least 2375 calories per
month.
x + y ≤ 60 Storage space for 60 cans.
Graph the constraints.
y
(0,60)
(0,47.5) x + y = 60
The corner points are (8, 96), (8, 120), and
20x+35y=1175
(10, 120). Evaluate the objective function:
(15,25)
Vertex Value of R = Fx + Cy
(8, 96) R = 8F + 96C
75x+50y=2375
(60,0) (8, 120) R = 8 F + 120C
x
(58.75,0)
(10, 120) R = 10 F + 120C
Since C > 0, 120C > 96C , so
The corner points are (0, 47.5), (0, 60), (60, 0),
(58.75, 0), (15, 25). Evaluate the objective 8F + 120C > 8 F + 96C.
function: Since F > 0, 10 F > 8F , so
10 F + 120C > 8 F + 120C.
Thus, the maximum revenue occurs when the
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
aircraft is configured with 10 first class seats (2m1/5 + 1) = 0 or (m1/5 − 1) = 0
and 120 coach seats.
2m1/5 = −1 or m1/5 = 1
x 1
b. ≤ 1
y 8 m1/5 = − or m1/5 = 1
2
The constraints are: 5
8 ≤ x ≤ 16 1
m= − or m = 15
80 ≤ y ≤ 120 2
8x ≤ y 1
m=− or m = 1
Graph the constraints. 32
1
The solution set is − ,1 .
32
34. 25 x + 3 = 5 x − 4
52( x + 3) = 5 x − 4
Since the bases are equal we can equate the
exponents and solve.
2( x + 3) = x − 4
2x + 6 = x − 4
The corner points are (8, 80), (8, 120), x = −10
(15, 120), and (10, 80).
Evaluate the objective function: 35. A(t ) = A0 e rt
Vertex Value of R = Fx + Cy 1 = 2e63t
(8, 80) R = 8 F + 80C ln 0.5 = 63t
(8, 120) R = 8F + 120C r = −0.011
(15, 120) R = 15 F + 120C Find t when A = 75 and A0 = 200 :
(10, 80) R = 10 F + 80C 75 = 200e −0.011t
Since F > 0 and C > 0, 120C > 96C , the 0.375 = e −0.011t
maximum value of R occurs at (15, 120).
ln 0.375 = −0.011t
The maximum revenue occurs when the
aircraft is configured with 15 first class seats ln 0.375
t= ≈ 89.1 years
and 120 coach seats. −0.011
c. Answers will vary.
36. The slope would be the same so the slope is
32. Answers will vary. m = 3.
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
33. 2m 2/5 − m1/5 = 1
y − 1 = 3( x − ( −2))
2m 2/5 − m1/5 − 1 = 0 y − 1 = 3( x + 2)
1/5 1/5
(2m + 1)(m − 1) = 0 y − 1 = 3x + 6
y = 3x + 7
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
Chapter 6 Review Exercises y = 2x − 5
4.
x = 3y + 4
2x − y = 5 Substitute the first equation into the second
1.
5 x + 2 y = 8 equation and solve:
Solve the first equation for y: y = 2 x − 5 . x = 3(2 x − 5) + 4
Substitute and solve: x = 6 x − 15 + 4
5 x + 2(2 x − 5) = 8 −5 x = −11
5 x + 4 x − 10 = 8 11
x=
9 x = 18 5
x=2 11 3
y = 2 − 5 = −
y = 2(2) − 5 = 4 − 5 = −1 5 5
The solution is x = 2, y = −1 or (2, −1) . 11 3 11 3
The solution is x = , y = − or , − .
5 5 5 5
3 x − 4 y = 4
2. 1 x − 3y + 4 = 0
x − 3 y = 2
5. 1 3 4
1 2 x − 2 y + 3 = 0
Solve the second equation for x: x = 3 y +
2 Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
Substitute into the first equation and solve: each side of the second equation by −6 and add:
1 3 x − 9 y + 12 = 0
3 3 y + − 4 y = 4
2
−3x + 9 y − 8 = 0
3
9y + − 4y = 4 4=0
2
There is no solution to the system. The system is
5 inconsistent.
5y =
2
1 2 x + 3 y − 13 = 0
y= 6.
2 3x − 2 y =0
1 1 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
x = 3 + = 2
2 2 each side of the second equation by 3, and add to
1 1 eliminate y:
The solution is x = 2, y = or 2, . 4 x + 6 y − 26 = 0
2 2
9 x − 6 y =0
x − 2y − 4 = 0 13 x − 26 = 0
3.
3 x + 2 y − 4 = 0 13 x = 26
Solve the first equation for x: x = 2 y + 4
x=2
Substitute into the second equation and solve:
Substitute and solve for y:
3(2 y + 4) + 2 y − 4 = 0
3(2) − 2 y = 0
6 y + 12 + 2 y − 4 = 0
− 2y = −6
8 y = −8
y=3
y = −1
The solution is x = 2, y = 3 or (2, 3).
x = 2(−1) + 4 = 2
The solution is x = 2, y = −1 or (2, −1) . 2 x + 5 y = 10
7.
4 x + 10 y = 20
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and
add to eliminate x:
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
−4 x − 10 y = − 20 equation by 2, and then add to eliminate x:
−2 x + 4 y − z = 15
4 x + 10 y = 20 2 x + 4 y − 8 z = 54
0= 0
The system is dependent. 8 y − 9 z = 69
2 x + 5 y = 10 Multiply the second equation by −5 and add to
5 y = −2 x + 10 the third equation to eliminate x:
− 5 x − 10 y + 20 z = − 135
2
y = − x+2 5 x − 6 y − 2 z = −3
5
2 − 16 y + 18 z = −138
The solution is y = − x + 2 , x is any real number Multiply both sides of the first result by 2 and
5
add to the second result to eliminate y:
2 16 y − 18 z = 138
or ( x, y ) y = − x + 2, x is any real number .
5 −16 y + 18 z = −138
0=0
x + 2y − z = 6
The system is dependent.
8. 2 x − y + 3z = −13 −16 y + 18 z = −138
3x − 2 y + 3 z = −16
18 z + 138 = 16 y
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and 9 69
add to the second equation to eliminate x; y = z+
8 8
−2 x − 4 y + 2 z = −12 Substituting into the second equation and solving
for x:
2 x − y + 3 z = −13
9 69
− 5 y + 5 z = − 25 x + 2 z + − 4 z = 27
8 8
y−z =5
9 69
Multiply each side of the first equation by –3 and x + z + − 4 z = 27
add to the third equation to eliminate x: 4 4
−3x − 6 y + 3 z = −18 7 39
x= z+
3x − 2 y + 3z = −16 4 4
7 39 9 69
− 8 y + 6 z = −34 The solution is x = z + , y = z + , z is
4 4 8 8
Multiply each side of the first result by 8 and add
to the second result to eliminate y: 7 39
any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = z + ,
8 y − 8 z = 40 4 4
− 8 y + 6 z = −34 9 69
y= z + , z is any real number .
− 2z = 6 8 8
z = −3 x − 4 y + 3 z = 15
Substituting and solving for the other variables:
10. −3x + y − 5 z = − 5
y − (−3) = 5 x + 2(2) − (−3) = 6 −7 x − 5 y − 9 z = 10
y=2 x+4+3= 6
Multiply the first equation by 3 and then add the
x = −1 second equation to eliminate x:
The solution is x = −1, y = 2, z = −3 or (−1, 2, −3) . 3x − 12 y + 9 z = 45
− 3x + y − 5 z = − 5
2 x − 4 y + z = − 15
− 11y + 4 z = 40
9. x + 2 y − 4 z = 27
5 x − 6 y − 2 z = −3 Multiply the first equation by 7 and add to the
Multiply the first equation by −1 and the second
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
third equation to eliminate x: 3 − 4
4 −3 0
7 x − 28 y + 21z = 105 16. BC = ⋅
1 5
− 7 x − 5 y − 9 z = 10 1 1 − 2 5
2
− 33 y + 12 z = 115 4(3) − 3(1) + 0(5) 4(−4) − 3(5) + 0(2)
=
115 1(3) + 1(1) − 2(5) 1( −4) + 1(5) − 2(2)
− 11 y + 4 z =
3 9 −31
Multiply the first result by −1 and adding it to =
the second result: − 6 −3
11y − 4 z = −40
4 6
115 17. A =
− 11y + 4 z = 3 1 3
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
5 row operations to find the inverse:
0=−
3 4 6 1 0
The system has no solution. The system is 1 3 0 1
inconsistent.
1 3 0 1 Interchange
→
3x + 2 y = 8 4 6 1 0 r1 and r2
11.
x + 4 y = −1 1 3 0 1
→ ( R2 = − 4r1 + r2 )
0 − 6 1 − 4
x + 2 y + 5z = − 2
1 3 0 1
12. 5 x − 3z = 8 →
1 − 16 2 ( R2 = − 16 r2 )
2 x − y
=0 0 3
1 0 1
−1
1 0 3 − 4
→ 2
2 ( R1 = −3r2 + r1 )
0 1 − 16
3
13. A + C = 2 4 + 1 5
1 −1
−1 2 5 2 Thus, A−1 = 12 2
.
− 6 3
1 + 3 0 + (− 4) 4 − 4
= 2 + 1 4 + 5 = 3 9 1 3 3
−1 + 5 2 + 2 4 4 18. A = 1 2 1
1 −1 2
1 0 6 ⋅1 6 ⋅ 0 6 0
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
14. 6 A = 6 ⋅ 2 4 = 6 ⋅ 2 6 ⋅ 4 = 12 24 row operations to find the inverse:
−1 2 6(−1) 6 ⋅ 2 − 6 12
1 0
4 −3 0
15. AB = 2 4 ⋅
1 1 − 2
−1 2
1(4) + 0(1) 1(−3) + 0(1) 1(0) + 0( −2)
= 2(4) + 4(1) 2( −3) + 4(1) 2(0) + 4( −2)
−1(4) + 2(1) −1( −3) + 2(1) −1(0) + 2(−2)
4 −3 0
= 12 − 2 − 8
− 2 5 − 4
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 3 3 1 0 0 3x − 2 y = 1
1 2 1 0 1 0 20.
10 x + 10 y = 5
1 −1 2 0 0 1 Write the augmented matrix:
1 3 3 1 0 0 3 − 2 1
R2 = − r1 + r2 10 10 5
→ 0 −1 − 2 −1 1 0
R3 = −r1 + r3
0 − 4 −1 −1 0 1 3 − 2 1
1 3 3 1 0 0
→ ( R2 = −3r1 + r2 )
1 16 2
→ 0 1 2 1 −1 0 ( R2 = − r2 ) Interchange
16 2
0 − 4 −1 −1 0 1 → 1
3 − 2 1 r1 and r2
1 0 −3 − 2 3 0
R1 = −3 r2 + r1 16 2
→ 0 1 2 1 −1 0 → 1 ( R2 = −3r1 + r2 )
0 0 7 3 − 4 1 R3 = 4 r2 + r3 0 −50 −5
1 16 2
1 0 −3 − 2
3 0
→
1
( R2 = − 501 r2 )
0 1 10
→ 0 1 2 1 −1 0 ( R3 = 17 r3 )
3 0 2
− 74 71
0 0 → 1
1 7
5
( R1 = −16r2 + r1 )
0 1 1
1 0 0 − 5 9 3 10
7 7 7
R1 = 3 r3 + r1
→ 0 1 0 1 1
− 72
2 1 2 1
7 7 The solution is x = ,y= or , .
R2 = − 2 r3 + r2 5 10 5 10
0 0 1 3
− 74 1
7 7
5 x − 6 y − 3 z = 6
− 75 9 3
7 7 21. 4 x − 7 y − 2 z = −3
Thus, A−1 = 17 1
− 72 . 3 x + y − 7 z = 1
7
3 4 1
7 − 7 7 Write the augmented matrix:
5 −6 −3 6
4 − 8 4 −7 − 2 −3
19. A =
−1 2 3 1 −7 1
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
row operations to find the inverse: 1 1 −1 9
4 − 8 1 0 → 4 −7 − 2 −3 ( R1 = −r2 + r1 )
−1 2 0 1 3 1 −7 1
−1 2 0 1 Interchange 1 1 −1 9
→
4 − 8 1 0 r1 and r2 R2 = − 4r1 + r2
→ 0 −11 2 −39
−1 2 0 1 0 −2 − 4 − 26 R3 = − 3r1 + r3
→ ( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
0 0 1 4
1 1 −1 9
1 − 2 0 −1 39 R2 = − 11
1
r2
→ ( R1 = −r1 ) 2
− 11
0 0 1 4 → 0
1 11
R3 = − 1 r3
0 1 2 13 2
There is no inverse because there is no way to
obtain the identity on the left side. The matrix is
singular. 1 0 9
− 11 60
11
2 39 R1 = − r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 11 11
0 0 24 104 R3 = − r2 + r3
11 11
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
1 0 − 11
9 60 1 0 − 2 1
11
39 5
→ 0 1 − 112
11 ( R3 = 11
r
24 3 ) → 0 1 4
3
− 3 ( R2 = 13 r2 )
0 0 1 13 0 −3 4 −1
3
1 0 0 9 1 0 −2 1
R1 = 11
9
r3 + r1 5
→ 0 1 0 13
3
→ 0 1 4
3
− 3 ( R3 = 3r2 + r3 )
R2 = 2 r3 + r2 0 0
13 11 8 − 6
0 0 1 3
13 13 1 0 −2 1
The solution is x = 9, y = ,z= or
3 3 → 0 1 4
3
− 53 ( R3 = 18 r3 )
13 13
0 0 1 − 34
9, , .
3 3
1 0 0 − 12
R1 = 2r3 + r1
2 x + y + z = 5 → 0 1 0 − 23
4
22. 4 x − y − 3z = 1
0 1 − 34 R2 = − 3 r3 + r2
8x + y − z = 5 0
1 2 3
Write the augmented matrix: The solution is x = − , y = − , z = − or
2 3 4
2 1 1 5
1 2 3
4 −1 −3 1 − ,− ,− .
2 3 4
8 1 −1 5
x− y+ z= 0
2 1 1 5
24. x − y − 5 z = 6
R2 = − 2r1 + r2
→ 0 −3 −5 −9 2 x − 2 y + z = 1
R3 = − 4r1 + r3
0 −3 −5 −15
Write the augmented matrix:
1 12 1 5 1 −1 1 0
2 2
R1 = 12 r1 1 −1 −5 6
→ 0 1 35
3
R2 = − 1 r2 2 − 2 1 1
3
0 −3 −5 −15
1 −1 1 0
1 0 − 13 1 R2 = − r1 + r2
R1 = − 12 r2 + r1 → 0 0 − 6 6
R3 = − 2r1 + r3
5
→ 0 1 3
3 0 0 −1 1
R3 = 3 r2 + r3
0 0 0 − 6
There is no solution; the system is inconsistent. 1 −1 1 0
→ 0 0 1 −1 ( R2 = − 16 r2 )
x − 2z = 1
0 0 −1 1
23. 2 x + 3 y = −3
4x − 3 y − 4z = 3 1 −1 0 1
R1 = −r2 + r1
→ 0 0 1 −1
Write the augmented matrix: R3 = r2 + r3
0 0 0 0
1 0 −2 1
2 3 0 −3 The system is dependent.
4 −3 − 4 3 x = y +1
z = −1
1 0 − 2 1
R2 = − 2r1 + r2 The solution is x = y + 1 , z = −1 , y is any real
→ 0 3 4 −5
0 −3 R3 = − 4r1 + r3 number or {( x, y, z ) x = y + 1, z = −1, y is any
4 −1
real number} .
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x− y− z− t = 1 3 4
2 x + y − z + 2t = 3 26. = 3(3) − 4(1) = 9 − 4 = 5
1 3
25.
x − 2 y − 2 z − 3t = 0
3x − 4 y + z + 5t = −3 1 4 0
− 4 −1 + 0 −1 2
6 6
Write the augmented matrix: 27. −1 2 6 = 1 2
1 −1 −1 −1 1 4 1 3 1 3 4 3 4 1
2 1 −1 2 3
= 1(6 − 6) − 4(−3 − 24) + 0(−1 − 8)
1 − 2 − 2 −3 0 = 1(0) − 4(− 27) + 0(−9) = 0 + 108 + 0
3 − 4 1 5 −3 = 108
1 −1 −1 −1 1
0 3 1 R2 = − 2r1 + r2
4 1 2 1 −3
→ R3 = − r1 + r3 0 1 5 1 5 0
0 −1 −1 − 2 −1 28. 5 0 1 =2 −1 + (−3)
R = −3r + r 6 0 2 0 2 6
4 1 4 2 6 0
0 −1 4 8 − 6
1 −1 −1 −1 1 = 2(0 − 6) − 1(0 − 2) − 3(30 − 0)
0 −1 −1 − 2 −1
Interchange = 2(−6) − 1(−2) − 3(30)
→
0 3 1 4 1 r2 and r3 = −12 + 2 − 90
0 −1 4 8 − 6 = −100
1 −1 −1 −1 1
0 1 1 2 x − 2y = 4
1 29.
→ ( R2 = −r2 ) 3x + 2 y = 4
0 3 1 4 1
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use
0 −1 4 8 − 6 Cramer’s Rule:
1 0 0 1 2 1 −2
R1 = r2 + r1 D= = 1(2) − 3(−2) = 2 + 6 = 8
0 1 1 2 1 3 2
→ R3 = −3 r2 + r3 4 −2
0 0 −2 − 2 − 2 R = r +r Dx = = 4(2) − 4(−2) = 8 + 8 = 16
4 2 4 4 2
0 0 5 10 −5 1 4
1 0 0 1 2 Dy = = 1(4) − 3(4) = 4 − 12 = −8
3 4
0 1 1 2 1 R3 = − 12 r3 D
→ The solution is x =
Dx 16
= =2, y= y =
−8
= −1
0 0 1 1 1 R4 = 1 r4 D 8 D 8
5
0 0 1 2 −1 or (2, −1) .
1 0 0 1 2
0 1 0 1 0 2 x + 3 y − 13 = 0
R2 = − r3 + r2 30.
→ 3x − 2 y = 0
0 0 1 1 1 R4 = − r3 + r4
Write the system is standard form:
0 0 0 1 −2 2 x + 3 y = 13
1 0 0 0 4
R1 = − r4 + r1 3 x − 2 y = 0
0 1 0 0 2
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use
→ R2 = −r4 + r2
0 0 1 0 3 Cramer’s Rule:
R = −r + r
3 4 3 2 3
0 0 0 1 −2 D= = − 4 − 9 = −13
The solution is x = 4, y = 2, z = 3, t = −2 or 3 −2
(4, 2, 3, −2) . 13 3
Dx = = −26 − 0 = −26
0 −2
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
x y
Dy = 2 13 = 0 − 39 = −39 32. Let = 8.
3 0 a b
Dx − 26 2x y
The solution is x = = =2, Then = 2 ( 8 ) = 16 by Theorem (14).
D −13 2a b
Dy −39
y= = = 3 or (2, 3). The value of the determinant is multiplied by k
D −13 when the elements of a column are multiplied by
k.
x + 2y − z = 6
x y
31. 2 x − y + 3z = −13
3 x − 2 y + 3 z = −16 33. Let = 8.
a b
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use y x
Cramer’s Rule: Then = −8 by Theorem (11). The
b a
1 2 −1
value of the determinant changes sign when any
D = 2 −1 3 2 columns are interchanged.
3 −2 3
−1 3 −1 3 2 −1 34. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
=1 −2 + (−1)
−2 3 −2 3 3 −2 6 A B
x( x − 4) = x( x − 4) +
= 1( −3 + 6 ) − 2(−3 + 6) + ( −1)(−4 + 3) x( x − 4) x x−4
= 3 + 6 + 1 = 10 6 = A( x − 4) + Bx
6 2 −1 Let x =4, then 6 = A(4 − 4) + B (4)
Dx = −13 −1 3 4B = 6
−16 −2 3 3
B=
−1 3 −13 3 −13 −1 2
=6 −2 + (−1)
−2 3 −16 3 −16 −2 Let x = 0, then 6 = A(0 − 4) + B (0)
= 6 ( −3 + 6 ) − 2(−39 + 48) + (−1)(26 − 16) −4 A = 6
= 18 − 18 − 10 = −10 3
A=−
1 6 −1 2
Dy = 2 −13 3 3 3
−
3 −16 3 6 2
= + 2
−13 3 2 3 2 −13 x( x − 4) x x−4
=1 −6 + (−1)
−16 3 3 3 3 −16
35. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
= 1( −39 + 48 ) − 6(6 − 9) + (−1)( −32 + 39) x−4 A B C
= + 2+
= 9 + 18 − 7 = 20 2
x ( x − 1) x x x −1
1 2 6
Multiply both sides by x 2 ( x − 1)
Dz = 2 −1 −13
3 −2 −16 x − 4 = Ax( x − 1) + B ( x − 1) + Cx 2
−1 −13 2 −13 2 −1 Let x = 1 , then
=1 −2 +6
−2 −16 3 −16 3 −2 1 − 4 = A(1)(1 − 1) + B(1 − 1) + C (1) 2
= 1(16 − 26 ) − 2(−32 + 39) + 6(−4 + 3) −3 = C
= −10 − 14 − 6 = −30 C = −3
D −10 Let x = 0 , then
The solution is x = x = = −1 ,
D 10 0 − 4 = A(0)(0 − 1) + B(0 − 1) + C (0) 2
D y 20 D −30 −4 = − B
y= = = 2, z = z = = − 3 or
D 10 D 10 B=4
(−1, 2, −3) . Let x = 2 , then
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 − 4 = A(2)(2 − 1) + B (2 − 1) + C (2) 2 37. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
−2 = 2 A + B + 4C x3 Ax + B Cx + D
2 2
= 2 +
2 A = − 2 − 4 − 4(−3) ( x + 4) x + 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2
2A = 6 Multiply both sides by ( x 2 + 4) 2 .
A=3 x3 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 4) + Cx + D
x−4 3 4 −3
2
= + 2+ x3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + 4 Ax + 4 B + Cx + D
x ( x − 1) x x x −1
x3 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + (4 A + C ) x + 4 B + D
36. Find the partial fraction decomposition: A = 1; B = 0
x A Bx + C 4A + C = 0
= +
( x 2 + 9)( x + 1) x + 1 x 2 + 9 4(1) + C = 0
C = −4
Multiply both sides by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 9) .
4B + D = 0
x = A( x 2 + 9) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
4(0) + D = 0
Let x = −1 , then
D=0
( 2
)
−1 = A ( −1) + 9 + ( B ( −1) + C ) ( −1 + 1)
x3 x − 4x
= +
−1 = A(10) + (− B + C )(0) 2
( x + 4) 2 2
x +4 ( x + 4) 2
2
−1 = 10 A
1 38. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
A=−
10 x2 x2
=
Let x = 0 , then ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 − 1) ( x 2 + 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
( )
0 = A 0 + 9 + ( B ( 0 ) + C ) ( 0 + 1)
2
=
A
+
B
+ 2
Cx + D
0 = 9A + C x −1 x +1 x +1
Multiply both sides by ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) .
1
0 = 9 − + C
10 x 2 = A( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) + B ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
9 + (Cx + D)( x − 1)( x + 1)
C=
10 Let x = 1 , then
Let x = 1 , then 12 = A(1 + 1)(12 + 1) + B (1 − 1)(12 + 1)
( )
1 = A 12 + 9 + ( B (1) + C ) (1 + 1) + (C (1) + D)(1 − 1)(1 + 1)
1 = A(10) + ( B + C )(2) 1 = 4A
1 = 10 A + 2 B + 2C 1
A=
1 9 4
1 = 10 − + 2 B + 2 Let x = −1 , then
10 10
(−1)2 = A(−1 + 1)((−1) 2 + 1)
9
1 = −1 + 2 B + + B( −1 − 1)((−1) 2 + 1)
5
1 + (C ( −1) + D)( −1 − 1)(−1 + 1)
2B =
5 1 = − 4B
1 1
B= B=−
10 4
1 1 9 Let x = 0 , then
− x+
x 10 10 10
= + 2
( x 2 + 9)( x + 1) x + 1 x +9
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
02 = A(0 + 1)(02 + 1) + B (0 − 1)(02 + 1) If y = 2 :
+ (C (0) + D)(0 − 1)(0 + 1)
( 2)+( 2)
2
2x = 10 → 2 2 x = 8 → x = 2 2
0 = A− B − D
1 1 If y = − 2 :
0=−− − D
( ) ( )
2
4 4 2x − 2 + − 2 = 10 → − 2 2 x = 8
1
D= → x = −2 2
2
Let x = 2 , then Solutions: (2 )(
2, 2 , −2 2, − 2 )
2 2 2
2 = A(2 + 1)(2 + 1) + B (2 − 1)(2 + 1)
+ (C (2) + D)(2 − 1)(2 + 1) 41. Substitute into the second equation into the first
equation and solve:
4 = 15 A + 5B + 6C + 3D
x 2 + y 2 = 6 y
1 1 1
4 = 15 + 5 − + 6C + 3 x2 = 3 y
4 4 2
15 5 3 3y + y2 = 6 y
6C = 4 − + −
4 4 2 y2 − 3 y = 0
6C = 0 y ( y − 3) = 0 → y = 0 or y = 3
C=0
If y = 0 : x 2 = 3(0) → x 2 = 0 → x = 0
1 1 1
− If y = 3 : x 2 = 3(3) → x 2 = 9 → x = ±3
x2
= 4 + 4 + 22
( )(
x2 + 1 x2 − 1 ) x −1 x + 1 x +1 Solutions: (0, 0), (–3, 3), (3, 3).
42. Factor the second equation, solve for x,
39. Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the substitute into the first equation and solve:
second equation and solve: 3x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8
2 x + y + 3 = 0 → y = − 2 x − 3 2 2
2 2 x + 3 xy + 2 y = 0
x + y = 5
x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
x 2 + (− 2 x − 3) 2 = 5 → x 2 + 4 x 2 + 12 x + 9 = 5
( x + 2 y )( x + y ) = 0 → x = − 2 y or x = − y
5 x 2 + 12 x + 4 = 0 → (5 x + 2)( x + 2) = 0 Substitute x = − 2 y and solve:
2
x=− or x = − 2 3 x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8
5
11 3(− 2 y ) 2 + 4(− 2 y ) y + 5 y 2 = 8
y=− y =1
5 12 y 2 − 8 y 2 + 5 y 2 = 8
2 11 9 y2 = 8
Solutions: − , − , (−2, 1) .
5 5
8 2 2
y2 = y=±
40. Multiply each side of the second equation by 2 9 3
and add the equations to eliminate xy:
Substitute x = − y and solve:
2 xy + y 2 = 10 ⎯⎯ → 2 xy + y 2 = 10
2 2 3x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8
− xy + 3 y = 2 ⎯⎯ → − 2 xy + 6 y 2 = 4
3(− y ) 2 + 4(− y ) y + 5 y 2 = 8
2
7 y = 14
3y2 − 4 y2 + 5 y2 = 8
y2 = 2
4 y2 = 8
y=± 2
y2 = 2 y = ± 2
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 2 2 2 −4 2 45. y ≤ x 2
If y = : x = − 2 =
3 3 3 Graph the parabola y = x 2 . Use a solid curve
−2 2 −2 2 4 2 since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
If y = : x = − 2 = 3 not on the parabola, such as (0, 1). Since 0 ≤ 12
3 3
is false, shade the opposite side of the parabola
If y = 2 : x=− 2 from (0, 1).
y
If y = − 2 : x = 2
5
Solutions:
−4 2 2 2 4 2 −2 2
, ,
3 3
, , − 2, 2 ,
3
( ) y ≤ x2
3 −5 5 x
( 2, − 2 )
−5
x 2 − 3x + y 2 + y = − 2
− 2 x + y ≤ 2
43. x 2 − x 46.
+ y +1 = 0 x+ y ≥ 2
y
Graph the line − 2 x + y = 2 . Use a solid line
Multiply each side of the second equation by –y
since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test point
and add the equations to eliminate y:
not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
x 2 − 3x + y 2 + y = − 2 − 2(0) + 0 ≤ 2 is true, shade the side of the line
− x2 + x − y2 − y = 0 containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a
− 2 x = −2 solid line since the inequality uses ≥. Choose a
x =1 test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
If x = 1: 12 − 3(1) + y 2 + y = − 2 line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
y2 + y = 0 solution.
y
y ( y + 1) = 0 5
y = 0 or y = −1 x+y=2
Note that y ≠ 0 because that would cause x
division by zero in the original system. –5 5
Solution: (1, –1) –2x + y = 2
44. 3x + 4 y ≤ 12 –5
Graph the line 3 x + 4 y = 12 . Use a solid line
The graph is unbounded. Find the vertices:
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
To find the intersection of x + y = 2 and
not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
3 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) ≤ 12 is true, shade the side of the line −2 x + y = 2 , solve the system:
containing (0, 0). x+ y = 2
y − 2 x + y = 2
Solve the first equation for x: x = 2 − y .
5
3x + 4y ≤ 12
Substitute and solve:
− 2(2 − y ) + y = 2
x − 4 + 2y + y = 2
−5 5
3y = 6
y=2
−5
x = 2−2 = 0
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
y
The point of intersection is (0, 2).
9
The corner point is (0, 2). (0, 8)
x≥0 2x + y = 8
y≥0
47. (0, 1)
x+ y ≤ 4 x + 2y = 2 (4, 0)
x
2 x + 3 y ≤ 6 –1–1 (2, 0) 9
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first
The overlapping region is the solution. The graph
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 4 . Use a solid is bounded. Find the vertices: The intersection of
line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test x + 2 y = 2 and the y-axis is (0, 1). The
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
intersection of x + 2 y = 2 and the x-axis is (2, 0).
0 + 0 ≤ 4 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 6 . The intersection of 2 x + y = 8 and the y-axis is
Use a solid line since the inequality uses ≤. (0, 8). The intersection of 2 x + y = 8 and the x-
Choose a test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). axis is (4, 0). The four corner points are (0, 1),
Since 2(0) + 3(0) ≤ 6 is true, shade the side of the (0, 8), (2, 0), and (4, 0).
line containing (0, 0). 49. Graph the system of inequalities:
y
x + y ≤ 16
2 2
8
x + y ≥ 2
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 .Use a solid line
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
x+ y=4 not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since
(0, 2)
x 02 + 02 ≤ 16 is true, shade the side of the circle
(0, 0) (3, 0) 8 containing (0, 0).
Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid line since
–2 2x + 3y = 6
the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point not on
The overlapping region is the solution. The graph the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 ≥ 2 is false,
is bounded. Find the vertices: The x-axis and y- shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0).
axis intersect at (0, 0). The intersection of The overlapping region is the solution.
2 x + 3 y = 6 and the y-axis is (0, 2). The y
intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 6 and the x-axis is 5
(3, 0). The three corner points are (0, 0), (0, 2), x2+ y2 = 16
and (3, 0).
x
x≥0 –5 5
y≥0
48. x+y=2
2 x + y ≤ 8 –5
x + 2 y ≥ 2
Graph x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 . Shaded region is the first 50. Graph the system of inequalities:
quadrant. Graph the line 2 x + y = 8 . Use a solid x 2 + y 2 ≤ 25
line since the inequality uses ≤. Choose a test xy ≤ 4
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 25 .Use a solid line
2(0) + 0 ≤ 8 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 2 . Use since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since
a solid line since the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since 02 + 02 ≤ 25 is true, shade the side of the circle
0 + 2(0) ≥ 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the containing (0, 0).
line from (0, 0). Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test point To find the intersection of
not on the hyperbola, such as (1, 2). Since 3x + 2 y = 12 and x + 3 y = 12 , solve the system:
1 ⋅ 2 ≤ 4 is true, shade the same side of the
3x + 2 y = 12
hyperbola as (1, 2). The overlapping region is
the solution. x + 3 y = 12
Solve the second equation for x: x = 12 − 3 y
Substitute and solve:
3(12 − 3 y ) + 2 y = 12
36 − 9 y + 2 y = 12
−7 y = − 24
24
y=
7
24 72 12
x = 12 − 3 = 12 − =
51. Maximize z = 3x + 4 y subject to x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , 7 7 7
3 x + 2 y ≥ 6 , x + y ≤ 8 . Graph the constraints. 12 24
The point of intersection is , .
y 7 7
(0,8) The corner points are (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0),
12 24
, .
7 7
Evaluate the objective function:
(0,3)
Vertex Value of z = 3x + 5 y
(0, 1) z = 3(0) + 5(1) = 5
(2,0) (8,0) x (0, 4) z = 3(0) + 5(4) = 20
(1, 0) z = 3(1) + 5(0) = 3
(4, 0) z = 3(4) + 5(0) = 12
The corner points are (0, 3), (2, 0), (0, 8), (8, 0).
Evaluate the objective function: 12 24 12 24 156
, z = 3 + 5 =
Vertex Value of z = 3 x + 4 y 7 7 7 7 7
(0, 3) z = 3(0) + 4(3) = 12 The minimum value is 3 at (1, 0).
(0, 8) z = 3(0) + 4(8) = 32
2 x + 5 y = 5
(2, 0) z = 3(2) + 4(0) = 6 53.
4 x + 10 y = A
(8, 0) z = 3(8) + 4(0) = 24 Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and
The maximum value is 32 at (0, 8). eliminate x:
−4 x − 10 y = −10
52. Minimize z = 3 x + 5 y subject to x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , 4 x + 10 y = A
x + y ≥ 1 , 3x + 2 y ≤ 12 , x + 3 y ≤ 12 .
Graph the constraints. 0 = A − 10
y If there are to be infinitely many solutions, the
result of elimination should be 0 = 0. Therefore,
A − 10 = 0 or A = 10 .
(0,4)
(127 , 247 )
(0,1)
(4,0) x
(1,0)
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Chapter 6 Review Exercises
2 x + 5 y = 5 56. Let x = the number of pounds of coffee that
54. costs $6.00 per pound, and let y = the number
4 x + 10 y = A
Multiply each side of the first equation by –2 and of pounds of coffee that costs $9.00 per pound.
eliminate x: Then x + y = 100 represents the total amount of
−4 x − 10 y = −10 coffee in the blend. The value of the blend will
4 x + 10 y = A be represented by the equation:
6 x + 9 y = 6.90(100) . Solve the system of
0 = A − 10 equations:
If the system is to be inconsistent, the result of x + y = 100
elimination should be 0 = any number except 0.
6 x + 9 y = 690
Therefore, A − 10 ≠ 0 or A ≠ 10 .
Solve the first equation for y: y = 100 − x .
55. y = ax 2 + bx + c Solve by substitution:
6 x + 9(100 − x) = 690
At (0, 1) the equation becomes:
1 = a (0) 2 + b(0) + c 6 x + 900 − 9 x = 690
c =1 −3x = − 210
x = 70
At (1, 0) the equation becomes:
y = 100 − 70 = 30
0 = a(1) 2 + b(1) + c
The blend is made up of 70 pounds of the $6.00-
0 = a+b+c per-pound coffee and 30 pounds of the $9.00-
a+b+c = 0 per-pound coffee.
At (–2, 1) the equation becomes: 57. Let x = the number of small boxes, let y = the
1 = a(− 2) 2 + b(− 2) + c number of medium boxes, and let z = the
1 = 4a − 2b + c number of large boxes.
4a − 2b + c = 1 Oatmeal raisin equation: x + 2 y + 2 z = 15
The system of equations is: Chocolate chip equation: x + y + 2 z = 10
a+ b+c = 0 Shortbread equation: y + 3 z = 11
4a − 2b + c = 1 x + 2 y + 2 z = 15
c=1 x + y + 2 z = 10
Substitute c = 1 into the first and second y + 3 z = 11
equations and simplify: Multiply each side of the second equation by –1
a + b +1 = 0 4a − 2b + 1 = 1 and add to the first equation to eliminate x:
a + b = −1 4a − 2b = 0 x + 2 y + 2 z = 15
a = −b − 1 − x − y − 2 z = −10
Solve the first equation for a, substitute into the
y + 3 z = 11
second equation and solve:
y =5
4(−b − 1) − 2b = 0 Substituting and solving for the other variables:
− 4b − 4 − 2b = 0 5 + 3z = 11 x + 5 + 2(2) = 10
− 6b = 4 3z = 6 x + 9 = 10
2 z=2 x =1
b=−
3 Thus, 1 small box, 5 medium boxes, and 2 large
2 1 boxes of cookies should be purchased.
a= −1 = −
3 3
1 2
The quadratic function is y = − x 2 − x + 1 .
3 3
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
58. a. Let x = the number of lower-priced 59. Let x = the speed of the boat in still water, and
packages, and let y = the number of quality let y = the speed of the river current. The
packages. distance from Chiritza to the Flotel Orellana is
100 kilometers.
Rate Time Distance
trip downstream x+ y 5/ 2 100
trip downstream x− y 3 100
Peanut inequality: The system of equations is:
5
8 x + 6 y ≤ 120(16) ( x + y ) = 100
2
4 x + 3 y ≤ 960 3( x − y ) = 100
Cashew inequality: 4 x + 6 y ≤ 72(16) Multiply both sides of the first equation by 6,
2 x + 3 y ≤ 576 multiply both sides of the second equation by 5,
and add the results.
The system of inequalities is: 15 x + 15 y = 600
x≥0 15 x − 15 y = 500
y≥0 30 x = 1100
1100 110
4 x + 3 y ≤ 960 x= =
2 x + 3 y ≤ 576 30 3
110
b. Graphing: 3 − 3 y = 100
3
110 − 3 y = 100
10 = 3 y
10
y=
3
The speed of the boat is 110 / 3 ≈ 36.67 km/hr ;
the speed of the current is 10 / 3 ≈ 3.33 km/hr .
60. Let x = the number of hours for Bruce to do the
job alone, let y = the number of hours for Bryce
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 576 to do the job alone, and let z = the number of
and 4 x + 3 y = 960 , solve the system: hours for Marty to do the job alone. Then 1/x
represents the fraction of the job that Bruce does
4 x + 3 y = 960 in one hour.
2 x + 3 y = 576 1/y represents the fraction of the job that Bryce
Subtract the second equation from the first: does in one hour.
4 x + 3 y = 960 1/z represents the fraction of the job that Marty
does in one hour.
−2 x − 3 y = 576
The equation representing Bruce and Bryce
2 x = 384 working together is:
x = 192
Substitute and solve:
2(192) + 3 y = 576
3 y = 192
y = 64
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 192),
(240, 0), and (192, 64).
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Chapter 6 Test
Substitute into the third equation and solve:
1 1 1 3 (0.75 − v) + (0.625 − v) = 0.375
+ = = = 0.75
x y ( 4 / 3) 4 −2v = −1
The equation representing Bryce and Marty v = 0.5
working together is: u = 0.75 − 0.5 = 0.25
1 1 1 5 w = 0.625 − 0.5 = 0.125
+ = = = 0.625
y z (8 / 5) 6 Solve for
x, y, and z : x = 4, y = 2, z = 8 (reciprocals)
Bruce can do the job in 4 hours, Bryce in 2
The equation representing Bruce and Marty hours, and Marty in 8 hours.
working together is:
1 1 1 3 61. Let x = the number of gasoline engines produced
+ = = = 0.375 each week, and let y = the number of diesel
x z ( 8 / 3) 8
engines produced each week. The total cost is:
C = 450 x + 550 y . Cost is to be minimized; thus,
Solve the system of equations: this is the objective function. The constraints are:
20 ≤ x ≤ 60 number of gasoline engines
x −1 + y −1 = 0.75
−1 −1 needed and capacity each week.
y + z = 0.625 15 ≤ y ≤ 40 number of diesel engines needed
−1 −1 and capacity each week.
x + z = 0.375
x + y ≥ 50 number of engines produced to
Let u = x −1 , v = y −1 , w = z −1 prevent layoffs.
u + v = 0.75
v + w = 0.625 Graph the constraints.
u + w = 0.375
Solve the first equation for u: u = 0.75 − v .
Solve the second equation for w: w = 0.625 − v .
y The minimum cost is $24,000, when 35 gasoline
engines and 15 diesel engines are produced. The
excess capacity is 15 gasoline engines, since only
20 gasoline engines had to be delivered.
(20,40) (60,40)
62. Answers will vary.
(20,30)
(60,15)
(35,15) Chapter 6 Test
x
1. −2 x + y = −7
4x + 3y = 9
The corner points are (20, 30), (20, 40), (35, 15), Substitution:
(60, 15), (60, 40) We solve the first equation for y, obtaining
Evaluate the objective function: y = 2x − 7
Vertex Value of C = 450 x + 550 y Next we substitute this result for y in the second
(20, 30) C = 450(20) + 550(30) = 25,500 equation and solve for x.
(20, 40) C = 450(35) + 550(40) = 31, 000
(35, 15) C = 450(35) + 550(15) = 24, 000
(60, 15) C = 450(60) + 550(15) = 35, 250
( 60, 40 ) C = 450 ( 60 ) + 550 ( 40 ) = 49, 000
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
4x + 3 y = 9 We replace the second equation by the sum of
4x + 3( 2x − 7) = 9 the two equations to obtain the equivalent system
−5 x + 30 y = −15
4 x + 6 x − 21 = 9
0=3
10 x = 30
The second equation is a contradiction and has
30 no solution. This means that the system itself has
x= =3
10 no solution and is therefore inconsistent.
We can now obtain the value for y by letting
x = 3 in our substitution for y. x − y + 2 z = 5 (1)
y = 2x − 7
3. 3 x + 4 y − z = −2 (2)
y = 2 ( 3) − 7 = 6 − 7 = −1 5 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 (3)
The solution of the system is x = 3 , y = −1 or We use the method of elimination and begin by
(3, −1) . eliminating the variable y from equation (2).
Multiply each side of equation (1) by 4 and add
Elimination: the result to equation (2). This result becomes
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 so our new equation (2).
that the coefficients of x in the two equations are x − y + 2z = 5 4 x − 4 y + 8 z = 20
negatives of each other. The result is the
equivalent system 3x + 4 y − z = −2 3 x + 4 y − z = −2
−4 x + 2 y = −14 7x + 7 z = 18 (2)
4x + 3y = 9
We now eliminate the variable y from equation
We can replace the second equation of this (3) by multiplying each side of equation (1) by 2
system by the sum of the two equations. The and adding the result to equation (3). The result
result is the equivalent system becomes our new equation (3).
−4 x + 2 y = −14 x − y + 2z = 5 2x − 2 y + 4 z = 10
5 y = −5 5 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 5x + 2 y + 3 z = 8
Now we solve the second equation for y. 7x + 7 z = 18 (3)
5 y = −5
−5 Our (equivalent) system now looks like
y= = −1
5 x − y + 2 z = 5 (1)
We back-substitute this value for y into the 7 x + 7 z = 18 (2)
original first equation and solve for x. 7 x + 7 z = 18 (3)
−2 x + y = −7
Treat equations (2) and (3) as a system of two
−2 x + ( −1) = −7 equations containing two variables, and
−2 x = −6 eliminate the x variable by multiplying each side
of equation (2) by −1 and adding the result to
−6
x= =3 equation (3). The result becomes our new
−2 equation (3).
The solution of the system is x = 3 , y = −1 or 7 x + 7 z = 18 − 7 x − 7 z = −18
(3, −1) . 7 x + 7 z = 18 7 x + 7 z = 18
1 0 = 0 (3)
2. x − 2 y = 1
3
5 x − 30 y = 18
We choose to use the method of elimination and
multiply the first equation by −15 to obtain the
equivalent system
−5 x + 30 y = −15
5 x − 30 y = 18
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Chapter 6 Test
We now have the equivalent system We now eliminate the variable x from equation
x − y + 2 z = 5 (1) (3) by multiplying each side of equation (1) by
−2 and adding the result to equation (3). The
7 x + 7 z = 18 (2)
result becomes our new equation (3).
0 = 0 (3)
3x + 2 y − 8 z = −3 − 6 x − 4 y + 16 z = 6
This is equivalent to a system of two equations 6 x − 3 y + 15 z = 8 6 x − 3 y + 15 z = 8
with three variables. Since one of the equations
contains three variables and one contains only − 7 y + 31z = 14 (3)
two variables, the system will be dependent. Our (equivalent) system now looks like
There are infinitely many solutions.
We solve equation (2) for x and determine that 3x + 2 y − 8 z = −3 (1)
−5 z = 0 (2)
18
x = − z + . Substitute this expression into −7 y + 31z = 14 (3)
7
equation (1) to obtain y in terms of z. We solve equation (2) for z by dividing both
x − y + 2z = 5 sides of the equation by −5 .
−5 z = 0
18
−z + − y + 2z = 5 z=0
7
Back-substitute z = 0 into equation (3) and
18 solve for y.
−z + − y + 2z = 5
7 −7 y + 31z = 14
17 −7 y + 31(0) = 14
−y + z =
7 −7 y = 14
17 y = −2
y = z−
7 Finally, back-substitute y = −2 and z = 0 into
18 17 equation (1) and solve for x.
The solution is x = − z + , y = z − ,
7 7 3x + 2 y − 8 z = −3
18 3x + 2(−2) − 8(0) = −3
z is any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = − z + ,
7 3x − 4 = −3
3x = 1
17
y = z − , z is any real number . 1
7 x=
3
The solution of the original system is
3x + 2 y − 8 z = −3 (1)
1 1
4. − x − 23 y + z = 1 (2) x = , y = −2 , z = 0 or , −2, 0 .
3 3
6 x − 3 y + 15 z = 8 (3)
We start by clearing the fraction in equation (2) 5. 4 x − 5 y + z = 0
by multiplying both sides of the equation by 3.
−2 x − y + 6 = −19
3x + 2 y − 8 z = −3 (1) x + 5 y − 5 z = 10
−3x − 2 y + 3z = 3 (2) We first check the equations to make sure that all
6 x − 3 y + 15 z = 8 (3)
variable terms are on the left side of the equation
We use the method of elimination and begin by and the constants are on the right side. If a
eliminating the variable x from equation (2). The variable is missing, we put it in with a coefficient
coefficients on x in equations (1) and (2) are of 0. Our system can be rewritten as
negatives of each other so we simply add the two 4x − 5 y + z = 0
equations together. This result becomes our new
−2 x − y + 0 z = −25
equation (2). x + 5 y − 5 z = 10
3x + 2 y − 8 z = −3
−3 x − 2 y + 3z = 3
− 5 z = 0 (2)
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Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
The augmented matrix is 10. Here we are taking the product of a 2 × 3 matrix
4 −5 1 0 and a 3 × 2 matrix. Since the number of columns
−2 −1 0 −25 in the first matrix is the same as the number of
rows in the second matrix (3 in both cases), the
1 5 −5 10 operation can be performed and will result in a
2 × 2 matrix.
6. The matrix has three rows and represents a
system with three equations. The three columns 1 −1
1 −2 5
to the left of the vertical bar indicate that the BA = 0 −4
system has three variables. We can let x, y, and z 0 3 1
3 2
denote these variables. The column to the right
of the vertical bar represents the constants on the = 1 ⋅ 1 + ( −2 ) ⋅ 0 + 5 ⋅ 3 1 ⋅ ( −1) + ( −2 ) ⋅ ( −4 ) + 5 ⋅ 2
0 ⋅1 + 3 ⋅ 0 + 1⋅ 3 0 ⋅ ( −1) + 3 ( −4 ) + 1 ⋅ 2
right side of the equations. The system is
3 x + 2 y + 4 z = −6 3x + 2 y + 4 z = −6 16 17
=
3 −10
1 x + 0 y + 8 z = 2 or x + 8z = 2
−2 x + 1y + 3 z = −11 −2 x + y + 3 z = −11
11. We first form the matrix
3 2 1 0
1 −1 4 6 [ A | I2 ] =
7. 2 A + C = 2 0 −4 + 1 −3 5 4 0 1
Next we use row operations to transform [ A | I 2 ]
3 2 −1 8
−2 4 6 6 4
into reduced row echelon form.
2
1 23 13 0
= 0 −8 + 1 −3 = 1 −11 3 2 1 0
→ (R = 13 r1 )
5 4 0 1 1
6 4 −1 8 5 12 5 4 0 1
1 2 1 0
1 −1 4 6 → 3 3
( R2 = −5r1 + r2 )
8. A − 3C = 0 −4 − 3 1 −3 − 53
2
0 3
1
3 2 −1 8 1 23 13 0
1 −1 12 18 −11 −19 → 5 3
(R 2 = 32 r2 )
0 1 − 2 2
= 0 −4 − 3 −9 = −3 5
1 0 2 −1
3 2 −3 24 6 −22 → 5 3 (R 1 = − 23 r2 + r1 )
0 1 − 2 2
9. Here we are taking the product of a 3 × 2 matrix 2 −1
and a 2 × 3 matrix. Since the number of columns Therefore, A−1 = 5 3 .
in the first matrix is the same as the number of − 2 2
rows in the second matrix (2 in both cases), the
operation can be performed and will result in a 12. We first form the matrix
3 × 3 matrix. 1 −1 1 1 0 0
4 6 [ B | I3 ] = 2 5 −1 0 1 0
1 −2 5
CB = 1 −3 2 3 0 0 0 1
0 3 1
−1 8 Next we use row operations to transform [ B | I 3 ]
4 ⋅1 + 6 ⋅ 0 4( −2) + 6 ⋅ 3 4 ⋅ 5 + 6 ⋅1 into reduced row echelon form.
= 1 ⋅ 1 + ( −3)0 1( −2) + ( −3)3 1 ⋅ 5 + ( −3)1
( −1)1 + 8 ⋅ 0 ( −1)( −2) + 8 ⋅ 3 ( −1)5 + 8 ⋅ 1
4 10 26
= 1 −11 2
−1 26 3
812
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Test
1 −1 1 1 0 0 The solution of the system is x = 1 , y = 3 or
2
2 5 −1 0 1 0
2 3 0 0 0 1
( 12 , 3)
1 −1 1 1 0 0 1
R2 = −2r1 + r2 14. x + y = 7
→ 0 7 −3 −2 1 0 4
R3 = −2r1 + r3 8 x + 2 y = 56
0 5 −2 −2 0 1
We start by writing the augmented matrix for the
1 −1 1 1 0 0
system.
3
→ 0 1 − 7 − 72 71 0 R2 = 71 r2 ( ) 1 14 7
0 5 −2 −2 0 1
8 2 56
1 0 74 5 1 0
7 7 Next we use row operations to transform the
R1 = r2 + r1
→ 0 1 − 73 − 72 1 0 augmented matrix into row echelon form.
7
R3 = −5r2 + r3 1 14 7
1
0 0 7 − 74 − 75 1
8 2 56 R2 = −8R1 + r2
1 0 4 5 1
0
7 7 7
1 14 7
→ 0 1 − 73 − 72 1
0 ( R3 = 7r3 )
7
0 0 0
0 0 1 −4 −5 7 The augmented matrix is now in row echelon
form. Because the bottom row consists entirely
1 0 0 3 3 −4
R1 = − 74 r3 + r1 of 0’s, the system actually consists of one
→ 0 1 0 −2 −2 3 equation in two variables. The system is
R = 3r +r
0 0 1 −4 −5 7 2 7 3 2 dependent and therefore has an infinite number
of solutions. Any ordered pair satisfying the
3 3 −4
1
Thus, B −1
= −2 −2 3 equation x + y = 7 , or y = −4 x + 28 , is a
4
−4 −5 7 solution to the system.
13. 6 x + 3 y = 12 15. x + 2 y + 4 z = −3
2 x − y = −2 2 x + 7 y + 15 z = −12
We start by writing the augmented matrix for the 4 x + 7 y + 13z = −10
system.
We start by writing the augmented matrix for the
6 3 12 system.
2 −1 −2
1 2 4 −3
Next we use row operations to transform the 2 7 15 −12
augmented matrix into row echelon form.
4 7 13 −10
6 3 12 2 −1 −2 R1 = r2
2 −1 −2 → 6 3 12 R = r Next we use row operations to transform the
2 1 augmented matrix into row echelon form.
1 − 12 −1
→ ( R1 = 12 r1 )
6 3 12
1 − 12 −1
→ ( R2 = −6r1 + r2 )
0 6 18
1 − 12 −1
→ ( R2 = 16 r2 )
0 1 3
1 0 12
→ ( R2 = 12 r2 + r1 )
0 1 3
813
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 2 4 −3 2 2 −3 5
2 7 15 −12 1 −1 2 8
4 7 13 −10 3 5 −8 −2
1 2 4 −3 1 −1 2 8
R2 = −2r1 + r2 R1 = r2
→ 0 3 7 −6 = 2 2 −3 5
0 −1 −3 2 R3 = −4r1 + r3 3 5 −8 −2 R2 = r1
1 2 4 −3 1 −1 2 8
R2 = − r3 R2 = −2r1 + r2
→ 0 1 3 −2 = 0 4 −7 −11
R3 = r2 R3 = −3r1 + r3
0 3 7 −6 0 8 −14 −26
1 2 4 −3 1 −1 2 8
→ 0 1 3 −2 ( R3 = −3r2 + r3 )
= 0 1 − 7 − 11 ( R2 = 14 r2 )
4 4
0 0 −2 0
0 8 −14 −26
1 2 4 −3
1 −1 2 8
→ 0 1 3 −2 ( R3 = − 12 r3 )
0 0 1 0
= 0 1 − 7 − 11
4 4
( R3 = −8r2 + r3 )
The matrix is now in row echelon form. The last 0 0 0 −4
row represents the equation z = 0 . Using z = 0 The last row represents the equation 0 = −4
we back-substitute into the equation y + 3z = −2 which is a contradiction. Therefore, the system
(from the second row) and obtain has no solution and is be inconsistent.
y + 3 z = −2
−2 5
y + 3 ( 0 ) = −2 17. = ( −2 )( 7 ) − ( 5 )( 3) = −14 − 15 = −29
3 7
y = −2
Using y = −2 and z = 0 , we back-substitute into
2 −4 6
the equation x + 2 y + 4 z = −3 (from the first
18. 1 4 0
row) and obtain
x + 2 y + 4 z = −3 −1 2 −4
x + 2 ( −2 ) + 4 ( 0 ) = −3 4 0 1 0 1 4
=2 − (−4) +6
x =1 2 −4 −1 −4 −1 2
The solution is x = 1 , y = −2 , z = 0 or = 2 [ 4(−4) − 2(0) ] + 4 [1(−4) − (−1)(0) ]
(1, −2, 0) . + 6 [1(2) − (−1)4]
16. 2 x + 2 y − 3 z = 5 = 2(−16) + 4(−4) + 6(6)
= −32 − 16 + 36
x − y + 2z = 8
3x + 5 y − 8 z = −2 = −12
We start by writing the augmented matrix for the
19. 4 x + 3 y = −23
system.
2 2 −3 5 3 x − 5 y = 19
1 −1 2 8 The determinant D of the coefficients of the
variables is
3 5 −8 −2
4 3
Next we use row operations to transform the D= = ( 4 )( −5 ) − ( 3)( 3) = −20 − 9 = −29
3 −5
augmented matrix into row echelon form.
Since D ≠ 0 , Cramer’s Rule can be applied.
−23 3
Dx = = ( −23)( −5 ) − ( 3)(19 ) = 58
19 −5
814
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Test
4 −23 4 15 2
Dy = = ( 4 )(19 ) − ( −23)( 3) = 145
3 19 Dy = −2 −15 −3
Dx 58 5 18 2
x= = = −2
D −29 −15 −3 −2 −3 −2 −15
Dy 145 =4 − 15 +2
y= = = −5 18 2 5 2 5 18
D −29 = 4 ( −30 + 54 ) − 15 ( −4 + 15 ) + 2 ( −36 + 75 )
The solution of the system is x = −2 , y = −5 or
= 4 ( 24 ) − 15 (11) + 2 ( 39 )
(−2, −5) .
= −9
20. 4 x − 3 y + 2 z = 15 4 −3 15
Dz = −2 1 −15
−2 x + y − 3 z = −15
5 x − 5 y + 2 z = 18 5 −5 18
The determinant D of the coefficients of the 1 −15 −2 −15 −2 1
variables is =4 − ( −3) + 15
−5 18 5 18 5 −5
4 −3 2
= 4 (18 − 75 ) + 3 ( −36 + 75 ) + 15 (10 − 5 )
D = −2 1 −3
= 4 ( −57 ) + 3 ( 39 ) + 15 ( 5 )
5 −5 2
= −36
1 −3 −2 −3 −2 1
=4 − ( −3) +2 D −9 Dy 9
−5 2 5 2 5 −5 x= x = = 1, y = = = −1 ,
D −9 D −9
= 4 ( 2 − 15 ) + 3 ( −4 + 15 ) + 2 (10 − 5 ) D −36
z= z = =4
= 4 ( −13) + 3 (11) + 2 ( 5 ) D −9
= −52 + 33 + 10 The solution of the system is x = 1 , y = −1 ,
= −9 z = 4 or (1, −1, 4) .
Since D ≠ 0 , Cramer’s Rule can be applied.
3x + y = 12
2 2
15 −3 2
21.
Dx = −15 1 −3 y2 = 9x
18 −5 2 Substitute 9x for y 2 into the first equation and
1 −3 −15 −3 −15 1 solve for x:
= 15 − ( −3) +2
−5 2 18 2 18 −5 3x 2 + ( 9 x ) = 12
= 15 ( 2 − 15 ) + 3 ( −30 + 54 ) + 2 ( 75 − 18 ) 3x 2 + 9 x − 12 = 0
= 15 ( −13) + 3 ( 24 ) + 2 ( 57 ) x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0
= −9 ( x − 1)( x + 4) = 0
x = 1 or x = −4
Back substitute these values into the second
equation to determine y:
x = 1 : y 2 = 9(1) = 9
y = ±3
x = −4 : y 2 = 9(−4) = −36
y = ± −36 (not real)
The solutions of the system are (1, −3) and
(1, 3) .
815
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 y 2 − 3x 2 = 5 3x + 7
22. 24.
( x + 3)
2
y − x = 1 y = x +1
Substitute x + 1 for y into the first equation and The denominator contains the repeated linear
solve for x: factor x + 3 . Thus, the partial fraction
2 ( x + 1) − 3x 2 = 5
2 decomposition takes on the form
3x + 7 A B
( )
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 3x 2 = 5 = +
( x + 3) x + 3 ( x + 3)
2 2
2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 − 3x 2 = 5 Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by
( x + 3)
2 2
−x + 4x − 3 = 0 . The result is the identity
3x + 7 = A ( x + 3) + B
2
x − 4x + 3 = 0
( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0 or
x = 1 or x = 3 3x + 7 = Ax + ( 3 A + B )
Back substitute these values into the second We equate coefficients of like powers of x to
equation to determine y: obtain the system
x = 1 : y = 1+1 = 2
3 = A
x = 3 : y = 3 +1 = 4
7 = 3 A + B
The solutions of the system are (1, 2) and Therefore, we have A = 3 . Substituting this
(3, 4) . result into the second equation gives
7 = 3A + B
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 100 7 = 3 ( 3) + B
23.
4 x − 3 y ≥ 0 −2 = B
2 2
Graph the circle x + y = 100 . Use a solid Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is
curve since the inequality uses ≤ . Choose a test 3x + 7 3 −2
= + .
( ) ( + 3)
2 2
point not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since x + 3 x + 3 x
02 + 02 ≤ 100 is true, shade the same side of the
circle as (0, 0); that is, inside the circle. 4x2 − 3
25.
( )
2
Graph the line 4 x − 3 y = 0 . Use a solid line since x x2 + 3
the inequality uses ≥ . Choose a test point not on The denominator contains the linear factor x and
the line, such as (0, 1). Since 4(0) − 3(1) ≥ 0 is
the repeated irreducible quadratic factor x 2 + 3 .
false, shade the opposite side of the line from The partial fraction decomposition takes on the
(0, 1). The overlapping region is the solution. form
4 x2 − 3 A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x x +3 x x +3 x2 + 3
We clear the fractions by multiplying both sides
( )
2
by x x 2 + 3 to obtain the identity
( ) ( )
2
4 x2 − 3 = A x2 + 3 + x x 2 + 3 ( Bx + C ) + x ( Dx + E )
Collecting like terms yields
4 x 2 − 3 = ( A + B ) x 4 + Cx3 + ( 6 A + 3B + D ) x 2
+ ( 3C + E ) x + ( 9 A)
Equating coefficients, we obtain the system
816
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Test
A+ B = 0 2x − 3y ≥ 2
C=0 2 2
y≤ x−
6 A + 3 B + D = 4 3 3
3C + E = 0 Test the point ( 0, 0 ) .
9 A = −3 2x − 3 y ≥ 2
1 2 ( 0) − 3( 0) ≥ 2 ?
From the last equation we get A = − .
3 0 ≥ 2 false
Substituting this value into the first equation The point ( 0, 0 ) is not a solution. Thus, the
1 graph of the inequality 2 x − 3 y ≥ 2 includes the
gives B = . From the second equation, we
3 2 2
know C = 0 . Substituting this value into the half-plane below the line y = x− .
3 3
fourth equation yields E = 0 . Because the inequality is non-strict, the line is
1 1 also part of the graph of the solution.
Substituting A = − and B = into the third
3 3 The overlapping shaded region (that is, the
equation gives us shaded region in the graph below) is the solution
6 ( − 13 ) + 3 ( 13 ) + D = 4 to the system of linear inequalities.
−2 + 1 + D = 4
D=5
Therefore, the partial fraction decomposition is
1 1
− x
4x2 − 3 3+ 3 5x
= +
x ( x + 3)
2
2
x ( x + 3) ( x + 3) 2
2 2
26. x ≥ 0
y ≥ 0
x + 2 y ≥ 8 The graph is unbounded. The corner points
2 x − 3 y ≥ 2 are ( 4, 2 ) and ( 8, 0 ) .
The inequalities x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 require that
27. The objective function is z = 5 x + 8 y . We seek
the graph be in quadrant I.
x + 2y ≥ 8 the largest value of z that can occur if x and y are
solutions of the system of linear inequalities
1
y ≥ − x+4 x ≥ 0
2
2 x + y ≤ 8
Test the point ( 0, 0 ) . x − 3 y ≤ −3
x + 2y ≥ 8
2x + y = 8 x − 3 y = −3
0 + 2 ( 0) ≥ 8 ?
y = −2 x + 8 −3 y = − x − 3
0 ≥ 8 false
1
The point ( 0, 0 ) is not a solution. Thus, the y = x +1
3
graph of the inequality x + 2 y ≥ 8 includes the The graph of this system (the feasible points) is
1 shown as the shaded region in the figure below.
half-plane above the line y = − x + 4 . Because The corner points of the feasible region are
2
the inequality is non-strict, the line is also part of ( 0,1) , ( 3, 2 ) , and ( 0,8 ) .
the graph of the solution.
817
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
y second row) gives y − z = 2.5
(0, 8) y − 6 = 2.5
8
y = 8.5
Substituting z = 6 into x + 3 z = 42.5 (from the
x − 3 y = −3 first row) gives
4 (3, 2)
x + 3z = 42.5
(0, 1)
x + 3 ( 6 ) = 42.5
x x = 24.5
4 8
Thus, flare jeans cost $24.50, camisoles cost
2x + y = 8 $8.50, and t-shirts cost $6.00.
Corner point, ( x, y ) Value of obj. function, z
( 0,1) z = 5 ( 0 ) + 8 (1) = 8
( 3, 2 ) z = 5 ( 3) + 8 ( 2 ) = 31
( 0,8 ) z = 5 ( 0 ) + 8 ( 8 ) = 64 Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
From the table, we can see that the maximum
1. 2 x 2 − x = 0
value of z is 64, and it occurs at the point ( 0,8 ) .
x ( 2 x − 1) = 0
28. Let j = unit price for flare jeans, c = unit price for x = 0 or 2 x − 1 = 0
camisoles, and t = unit price for t-shirts. The 2x = 1
given information yields a system of equations 1
with each of the three women yielding an x=
equation. 2
2 j + 2c + 4t = 90 (Megan) 1
The solution set is 0, .
2
j + 3t = 42.5 (Paige)
j + 3c + 2t = 62 (Kara)
2. 3x + 1 = 4
We can solve this system by using matrices.
( )
2
3x + 1 = 42
2 2 4 90 1 1 2 45
1 0 3 42.5 = 1 0 3 42.5
( R1 = 12 r1 ) 3 x + 1 = 16
1 3 2 62 1 3 2 62 3x = 15
x=5
1 1 2 45 Check:
R2 = −r1 + r2
= 0 −1 1 −2.5 3⋅5 +1 = 4
R3 = −r1 + r3
0 2 0 17
15 + 1 = 4
1 1 2 45
16 = 4
= 0 1 −1 2.5 ( R2 = −r2 )
4=4
0 2 0 17
The solution set is {5} .
1 0 3 42.5
R1 = − r2 + r1
= 0 1 −1 2.5
R3 = −2r2 + r3 3. 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 8 x − 3 = 0
0 0 2 12
The graph of Y1 = 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 8 x − 3 appears to
1 0 3 42.5 have an x-intercept at x = 3 .
= 0 1 −1 2.5
(
R3 = 12 r3 ) Using synthetic division:
0 0 1 6
The last row represents the equation z = 6 .
Substituting this result into y − z = 2.5 (from the
818
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
32 −3 −8 −3 Thus, g is an odd function and its graph is
6 9 3 symmetric with respect to the origin.
2 3 1 0 8. x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 4 y − 11 = 0
3 2
Therefore, 2 x − 3x − 8 x − 3 = 0 x 2 − 2 x + y 2 + 4 y = 11
( x − 3) ( 2 x + 3x + 1) = 0
2
( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 11 + 1 + 4
( x − 3)( 2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0 ( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 16
1 Center: (1,–2); Radius: 4
x = 3 or x = −
or x = −1
2
1
The solution set is −1, − ,3 .
2
4. 3x = 9 x+1
( )
x +1
3x = 32
3x = 32 x + 2
x = 2x + 2
x = −2 9. f ( x ) = 3x − 2 + 1
The solution set is {−2} . Using the graph of y = 3x , shift the graph
horizontally 2 units to the right, then shift the
5. log 3 ( x − 1) + log 3 ( 2 x + 1) = 2 graph vertically upward 1 unit.
log 3 ( ( x − 1)( 2 x + 1) ) = 2
( x − 1)( 2 x + 1) = 32
2 x2 − x − 1 = 9
2 x 2 − x − 10 = 0
( 2 x − 5)( x + 2 ) = 0
5
x=
or x = −2
2
Since x = −2 makes the original logarithms Domain: (−∞, ∞) Range: (1, ∞)
5 Horizontal Asymptote: y = 1
undefined, the solution set is .
2 5
10. f ( x) =
x+2
6. 3x = e 5
y=
( )
ln 3x = ln e x+2
x ln 3 = 1 5
x= Inverse
y+2
1
x= ≈ 0.910 x( y + 2) = 5
ln 3
xy + 2 x = 5
1 xy = 5 − 2 x
The solution set is ≈ 0.910 .
ln 3 5 − 2x 5
y= = −2
x x
2 x3 5
7. g ( x) = Thus, f −1 ( x) = − 2
x4 + 1 x
2(−x)
3
−2 x3 Domain of f = {x | x ≠ −2}
g (− x) = = = −g ( x)
(−x)
4
+1 x4 + 1 Range of f = { y | y ≠ 0}
819
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Domain of f −1 = {x | x ≠ 0} 1
d. y=
Range of f −1
= { y | y ≠ −2} . x
11. a. y = 3x + 6
The graph is a line.
x-intercept: y-intercept:
0 = 3x + 6 y = 3( 0) + 6
3x = −6 =6
x = −2
e. y= x
b. x2 + y 2 = 4
The graph is a circle with center (0, 0) and f. y = e x
radius 2.
g. y = ln x
c. y = x3
820
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
h. 2 x2 + 5 y 2 = 1 j. x2 − 2 x − 4 y + 1 = 0
The graph is an ellipse. x2 − 2 x + 1 = 4 y
x2 y2
+ =1 4 y = ( x − 1) 2
1 1
2 5 1
y = ( x − 1) 2
2
x y
2
4
+ =1
2 5
2 5
12. f ( x) = x3 − 3x + 5
i. x2 − 3 y 2 = 1
The graph is a hyperbola a. Let Y1 = x3 − 3x + 5 .
9
x2 y 2
− =1
1 1
3
2 2
x y −6 6
− =1
1 3
−3
3
The zero of f is approximately −2.28 .
b. 9
−6 6
−3
9
−6 6
−3
f has a local maximum of 7 at x = −1 and a
local minimum of 3 at x = 1 .
c. f is increasing on the intervals (−∞, −1) and
(1, ∞) .
821
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Chapter 6 Projects Project II
Project I – Internet Based Project a. 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 16 codewords.
1. 80% = 0.80 18% = 0.18 2% = 0.02 b. v = uG
40% = 0.40 50% = 0.50 10% = 0.10 u will be the matrix representing all of the 4-digit
20% = 0.20 60% = 0.60 20% = 0.20 information bit sequences.
0.80 0.18 0.02 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
2. 0.40 0.50 0.10
0.20 0.60 0.20 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
3. 0.80 + 0.18 + 0.02 = 1.00 0 1 0 0
0.40 + 0.50 + 0.10 = 1.00
0 1 0 1
0.20 + 0.60 + 0.20 = 1.00 0 1 1 0
The sum of each row is 1 (or 100%). These
represent the three possibilities of educational 0 1 1 1
u=
achievement for a parent of a child, unless 1 0 0 0
someone does not attend school at all. Since 1 0 0 1
these are rounded percents, chances are the other
possibilities are negligible. 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
0.8 0.18 0.02
2
1 1 0 0
4. P = 0.4 0.5 0.1
2
1 1 0 1
0.2 0.6 0.2
1 1 1 0
0.716 0.246 0.038
1 1 1 1
= 0.54 0.382 0.078 (Remember, this is mod two. That means that
0.44 0.456 0.104 you only write down the remainder when
Grandchild of a college graduate is a college dividing by 2. )
graduate: entry (1, 1): 0.716. The probability is v = uG
71.6% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Grandchild of a high school graduate finishes 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
college: entry (2,1): 0.54. The probability is
0 0 1 0 1 0 1
54%.
6. grandchildren → k = 2. 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1
v (2) = v (0) P 2
0.716 0.246 0.038 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0
= [0.288 0.569 0.143] 0.54 0.382 0.078
1 1 0 1 1
0.44 0.456 0.104 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
v=
= [0.576388 0.353414 0.070198] 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
College: ≈ 57.6% 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
High School: ≈ 35% 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Elementary: ≈ 7% 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
7. The matrix totally stops changing at 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0.64885496 0.29770992 0.05343511 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
P ≈ 0.64885496 0.29770992 0.05343511
30
1 1 1 0 0 0 1
0.64885496 0.29770992 0.05343511
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
822
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6 Projects
c. Answers will vary, but if we choose the 6th row
and the 10th row:
0101101
1001001
1102102 → 1100100 (13th row)
d. v = uG
VH = uGH
0 0 0
0 0 0
GH =
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
e. rH = [0 1 0 1 0 0 0] 1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
= [1 0 1]
error code: 0010 000
r : 0101 000
0111 000
This is in the codeword list.
Project III
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a. AT =
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
b. B = ( AT A) −1 AT Y
−2.357
B=
2.0357
c. y = 2.0357 x − 2.357
d. y = 2.0357 x − 2.357
Project IV
Answers will vary.
823
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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CHAPTER XI
Cupid puts his Pads on
I WENT home, and passed an unquiet night. I like to think myself a
person of a sturdy unemotional habit whom neither men nor affairs
can discompose; but I’m certain that every time I fell into a doze, I
was dreaming of brown holland. And when I lay awake I was thinking
of brown holland. It is very chastening when the proud are smitten in
their self-esteem. Hitherto I had held my invincibility to be quite
glorious. The most fanciful dressing of the hair, the most fearful
wonderful “creation,” the most ingratiating small talk, I delighted to
defy. It pleased me to think, that I had a mind as much above cut,
colour, carriage and address, and whole magazines of blandishment,
as any this side professed misogyny. And I was reasonably gratified
with this high behaviour. Be sure it is no little thing for a young and
pretty eligible bachelor to look, to admit, and yet to remain
impervious. There was some consensus of opinion I believe
amongst the manias of the county that young Mr. Dimsdale really
ought to settle down. You should know that young Mr. Dimsdale
having completed his education by a rather liberal course of globe-
trotting, had come home at last to play the squire at his late father’s
little place in the country. Therefore his late father’s little place was
desiring a mistress; his late father’s little income was clamouring to
be spent. His late father had been in trade it is true—he had boiled
soap, to be precise; Dimsdale’s Dirt Defier, don’t you know? But
young Mr. Dimsdale himself was so much the thing, that these
charitable ladies would never be able to forgive themselves if
through any fault of theirs he married something “impossible”—an
actress say, or one of those dreadful pushing pig-sticking Americans!
I struck a match, and looked at the time. Twenty minutes past two. I
sat up in bed, and said confidentially to the bedroom furniture:
“Damn brown holland!”
It must have been somewhat embarrassing for the bedroom furniture
I know, but then the thing was getting serious. I was beginning to
fear that something had gone wrong with the works.
Now the case would not have been quite so singular had it been a
question of a brand-new gown from Paris. But a humble countryfied
brown holland! Ah! but was it quite so humble and so countryfied?
Wasn’t there a sweeping decision in its build that had “Redfern” on it
as legibly as the box in which it came. In fact, the more I meditated
on this unpretentious brown holland, the more imposing did it grow.
By Jove! it was not half so insignificant as it seemed. In no time I had
discovered so many potential charms in its deceitful simplicity, that
presently its individuality was merged in that of its wearer. Redfern—
good people—beauty no end—weekly refusals—earls, etc.—great
cricketing family—brother going out with Stoddart—father awful big
pot—no earthly—who was I—silly ass—soap-boiler’s son—not even
invited to play for the county—out for seven—couldn’t bat for nuts—
why didn’t I go to sleep—brown holland—damn brown holland—
sleep so much more desirable—what price her eyes—what was the
name of that complexion—wonder if my batting was likely to come
on—Archie a pretty fair rustic bat—wonder why all girls didn’t wear
brown holland—Zingari colours didn’t look so dusty with that hair—
was I ever going to sleep—who said brown holland—should be sure
to see her again—Hickory Rectory was just a nice walk—why wasn’t
I a county cricketer—rather a pretty name Grace—suited her too! I
fell into another doze and dreamt of going in first with Halliday to bat
against Middlesex at Lords. I was so nervous and excited that I could
hardly walk. When I asked the umpire in a hoarse voice for my
guard, and he turned his face towards me, I saw with horrified
surprise that he wore brown holland underneath his white coat, and
that he had the voice and face of a lady. When she said, “Your bat’s
horribly wobbly; Charlie’ll get through that like fun,” the shock was
too great to be borne, and I woke up in a sweat.
I was such a dismal dog and my appetite was so delicate, that I
breakfasted on tea and toast, and actually elected to peruse a stern
indictment of the Government’s Foreign Policy in the Times rather
than the Sportsman’s account of yesterday’s county matches. I was
sick of cricket. It was such an unsatisfactory game. Besides, it was of
no service to the liver. I was certain that that important organ had
gone wrong again. Must have advice about it, and do more riding.
Sell my bats or burn them, and devote myself to polo. Capital idea!
I was sipping my tea reflectively, and tracing the strange
resemblance of its colour to the complexion of the young person in
brown holland, when the General Nuisance obtruded his hateful
presence through the open window, as his wont was, without any
ceremony whatever. He was reeking of self-satisfaction and tobacco
smoke.
“Don’t mind if I do,” said he, casting his lighted cigarette on the
carpet in a way that promised to ignite it. Pouring himself out a cup
of coffee, without waiting to be invited, he said:
“Look pretty chippy this morning, my son. Still fretting about that
l.b.w.?”
“Drink your coffee and cut,” said I, as impolitely as I could.
“Want to be alone, eh?” said he. “Why that’s a symptom. Let’s see
your tongue. And I’d better feel your pulse.”
“You’ll probably feel my boot,” said I.
“Very prettily expressed,” said the General Nuisance. Thereon he
seated himself on a corner of the breakfast-table, and seemed
certain to capsize the bacon-dish every time he swung his legs.
“Most incisive and direct.”
“Will be,” said I, not so irrelevantly as it may appear.
“I’ll prescribe for your disease,” said he.
“You can go to hell,” said I.
“Well,” said he suavely, “my prescription is in that direction too. I
want you to go and drown yourself. You’re in love.”
“Who told you?” I shouted.
How singular it was that I had not had the faintest suspicion till that
moment that love was the name of my disease! But when the
General Nuisance clapped a name upon my malady, not for an
instant did I doubt him.
“Hard that a man of your fine presence should suffer from
hallucinations,” said that glibly hateful person. “Must feel pretty
squiffy. You go and drown yourself, my pilgrim. Quite the nicest
death in summer. Water beautifully warm. Besides, you’ve got a
pretext in your l.b.w. Jury’ll bring in a ‘temporarily insane’ without any
coarse remarks. Now then, go away and die. And what an awfully
swagger corpse you’d make. They’re not always so well nourished
and full of blood, you ostentatious idiot.”
“Who told you I was in love?” said I.
“Your looks,” said he.
“Are they very descriptive?” said I apprehensively.
“Narrative powers of Dickens and Thackeray,” said he, lighting a
fresh cigarette. “Decent girl though.”
“Decent!” said I, clenching my fist in my enthusiasm; “she’s the
magnificentest girl you ever saw!”
“Strange,” said he, “how all the objects of our affection suffer from
superlatives.”
“She’s not an object,” said I fiercely, “she’s a perfect angel. If you
knew her, you’d say she was too good to live. And such eyes too!”
“Oh, Granny, what big ears you’ve got!” said he; then dropping his
tone, “you excite my fears, old chap. ’Devilish cut up to find your
nervous system in such a disorganized condition.”
“Don’t spill your phrases all over the place,” said I. “You’re not in
Parliament yet.”
“You’re putting up for Elysium, I see,” he said. “Don’t think you’ll get
in though. Rival candidates too strong.”
“Who?” I said faintly.
“Right Honourable Earl Boughey for one,” he said.
“He can’t bat though,” I said.
“His acres compensate.”
“She’s not that kind of girl,” I said quickly.
“They never are—until you get left! Then there’s the cherished,
respectable Optimist.”
“Poor old soul, he’s got no earthly!”
“How sad! But sit on your pity and keep it snug. It’ll be needed for
another, or woman has changed since my time. Don’t you know that
every sanguine temperament in the shire is similarly bent? She’s at
home the first Monday and the third Friday for the purpose of
dispatching ’em. Does ’em in detachments. As Archie pathetically
says, ‘To a peaceable and quiet mind the slaughter is distressing.’
And she’s going to be a sister to ’em all. Archie says he can’t sleep
o’ nights for thinking of his poor relations.”
“Don’t care,” said I doggedly; “she’s A 1.”
“Rather liberal-minded too.”
“The best women always are.”
“Out of the mouths of babes! But this’ll gladden you. Middlesex man,
stylish, dashing bat, fair change bowler, irreproachable field, is the
dark horse. Were you only he, the deity might deign. But as you are
merely a club-man with ambitions, be advised, and go and pack your
brain in ice. For these cases the cold water cure has the highest
testimonials. I’m speaking plain, because it pains me to see Joyous
Imbecility riding for a fall. So long as it tumbles on its head there’s no
harm done. Besides, the vanity that lives there sometimes gets a jog.
But if it drops on top of its emotions, it’s been known to write a book,
and that, my pilgrim, in the interests of humanity I feel it my duty to
discountenance.”
The General Nuisance having disposed of his piece of news, and
having trampled on my feelings as far as considerations for his
personal safety would permit, dismounted from the table in a way
that involved the overturning of the hot-water dish on to my fox
terrier, lying inoffensively on the hearthrug. Thereon he took his
leave, professing deep solicitude for my deplorable condition, and
departed to advertise it to the world.
Poets always lead one to understand that the tender passion is an
ecstatic, quick-breathing sort of thing. But in this present case of
mine it simply made me morose and brooding, with a distinct
tendency to put me off my ordinary game. Loss of appetite, a general
lassitude, moodiness, abstraction, and an instability of purpose that
would not let me do any one thing for more than five minutes at a
time, were a few of my symptoms on this memorable morning. I
loafed about the fields throughout the forenoon with no other
companion than the Rubaiyat of Mr. Rudyard Kipling—I am sure I
beg your pardon, I mean of course, the Rudyard Kipling of Mr. Omar
Kháyyám—for once despising sporting literature, as I had discovered
that sport itself was such a hollow, unsatisfying thing. On coming
back to lunch I found that my sister Mary had returned from town. To
my shame be it said I did not know whether to be glad or sorry. Mary
is a most sympathetic person, but at the same time I was craving just
now for a life of solitude.
“Had a good time?” said I, immediately on the top of the fraternal
ceremony.
“Yes, and no,” said Mary, in a way that the best girls have. Yes, to
imply that she really had had a good time; no, to suggest that she
was not insensible to her severance from a loving brother. A mere
man would have been incapable of summing up the exigencies of
the moment in this wholly admirable fashion.
“But, Ricky,” said she, placing her hands on my shoulders and
looking into my face with tremendously embarrassing intentness,
“what’s the matter with you? You look quite old and weary. You didn’t
get a duck yesterday.”
“I only got seven,” said I, seeking to creep out on a subterfuge.
“Yes, I bought a Sportsman,” said Mary. “Leg before’s very annoying,
I know, but you mustn’t let it wreck your health.”
“But mine was the only single figure,” said I, to still further disarm
suspicion.
But all this time Mary’s penetrating glance had never left my
dissembling countenance; and when she said, in a rather downright
manner, “Look here, Ricky, I don’t think it’s that at all,” I was not a bit
surprised by her profundity, although it did not prevent me looking
guilty.
“They’ve not invited you to play against Somerset next week?” she
asked, with bated breath; “because if they have I can understand it.”
“No,” I said, “they’ve not.”
“Then I think they’re very mean,” said Mary; “but what is the matter,
Ricky?”
Now Mary had a way with her that I never could resist. Besides here
is a difference between the sexes. We have only one way of getting
to know anything we want to know, and that is blunt demand; but a
woman has five thousand ways or more, mostly indirect, to make the
Sphinx unfold its bosom. Therefore it was a rule of mine to accept
the inevitable straight away in the case of Mary. Sooner or later she
was bound to catch me napping, besides, an early concession
spared us both a vast amount of trouble.
“Do you know Laura Trentham?” said I desperately.
“Oh, yes,” said Mary.
“Wouldn’t you call her no end of a nice girl?”
“She’s a very dear girl,” said Mary warmly. “Quite one of the nicest
girls I know—if she wouldn’t talk slang.”
“Slang!” said I. “Why, does she talk slang?”
“Dreadfully,” said Mary, in that tone of high reproof that the best
sisters are so fond of. “Dreadfully, Ricky. Isn’t it a pity?”
“Awful,” said I. “S’pose slangy women are awfully beastly.”
“They’re outrées,” said Mary. “Besides, men like it.”
“Don’t think they know what slang is,” said I. “S’pose it’s the same as
the split infinitive—sort o’ thing that everybody likes to jolly well jaw
about and don’t know what it is.”
“My dear Ricky,” said Mary sternly. Her eye fairly flashed with the
Higher Culture, therefore I hastened to dismiss a subject on which
she had such strong opinions.
“I met Laura Trentham yesterday, at the Hickory match, you know,”
said I guiltily.
“Hadn’t we better begin lunch?” said Mary. “Travelling’s made me so
hungry.”
It was well for Mary that her patience had no limits, for during that
meal I consumed incredible quantities of this invaluable article.
However, I felt perhaps a thought more cheerful for the energy and
colour of my language. But Mary’s last word was:
“Ricky, I’m so sorry that Laura Trentham does talk slang.”
I lost no time in seeking the open air. Indoors I breathed with
difficulty, and was, moreover, ridiculously restless. I wandered
aimlessly about the fields of sunshine, without noting in the least the
direction that I took. I meandered across blistering meadows to the
neighbouring village of Nowhere-in-Particular. A singularly
disordered mind was my one companion. And such was its condition
that I neither heeded my direction nor the landmarks by the way.
Therefore, when in the course of two hours’ rambling it suddenly
occurred to me that it would be as well to observe where I was, and
set my face for home, I should not have been very surprised to find
that I had strolled off the map of England. Where was I? There was a
low hedge directly ahead. Beyond that I could indistinctly see, trees
being intermingled with them, glass-houses, out-houses, and an ivy-
grown, ancient manor-house. Whose place was this? Next instant I
shook with hollow laughter at myself. It was Hickory Rectory, Miss
Grace’s home. This was really too preposterous. The ivy-grown
arrangement just in front was Hickory Rectory for all that. And the
family were still at home, and apparently engaged in their principal
vocation. For even as I stood girding at my own absurdity, a voice
came from the other side the hedge to this effect: “Grace, if you will
keep covering the sticks every time with your confounded skirt, you’ll
be out petticoat before.”
“Oh, shall I!” said the audacious person thus addressed. “If you can’t
bowl me, you’d better bowl for catches and get me caught. Put
Toddles on. He might get me collared in the long-field like anything.”
Although I was still applying cynical laughter to my infernal folly, I
was quite prepared to seize the opportunity of seeing great men in
private life, and that other surpassing member of their family showing
them how things should be done. Therefore I found myself gazing
with both eyes over the hedge on to the Rectory lawn. It was a single
wicket match. Grace herself was batting. A. H. was bowling slow
breaks; Captain George was keeping wicket; Elphinstone was in the
country; T. S. M., H. C., and Carteret were all disposed on the leg-
side; whilst an old, foxey-looking individual was acting in the
responsible capacity of umpire. I had not been there a minute ere
Miss Grace, in attempting a tremendous blind swipe right off her
middle over the cucumber frame at deep square-leg, was saved by
her skirt from being clean bowled.
“How’s that?” cried A. H., lustily.
“Not hout!” cried the umpire, in a tone that plainly told A. H. what he,
the umpire, thought of him as a man and a gentleman.
“Very good decision, Biffin,” said Miss Grace, calmly patting down
the turf to show that the ball had turned a bit. However, Nemesis
waited on Miss Grace next ball. With another mighty swipe she
fetched a real good one round like lightning, and the youthful T. S.
M., fielding short-leg, jumping up, effected a wonderful one-handed
catch.
“Well, what a fluke!” cried Miss Grace; “that would have been the
winning hit.”
“But isn’t,” said Elphinstone, alias Toddles, cheerfully; “and Surrey
have beaten Middlesex by two runs. First defeat of the champion
county. Oh, Stoddy, why weren’t you steadier?”
“Yes, why weren’t you steadier, Stoddy?” said Carteret.
“’Cause I didn’t think there was anybody in this parish who could
catch anything after yesterday’s exhibition,” said the famous
Middlesex batsman dejectedly.
“What’s the next fixture in the Middlesex list?” asked Captain
George.
“Middlesex v. Gloucestershire at Cheltenham,” said Miss Grace.
“Same sides. Let’s toss for innings.”
“You’ve got a man more than we, though,” said T. S. M.
“As you play for Harrow, Tommy, you count two you know,” said Miss
Grace.
“Hullo, there’s Dimsdale here,” cried H. C., as his eye lit on me. “He’s
just the man we want for Gloucester. Go round, Dimsdale, to the
gate.”
A minute later I was on the Rectory lawn, and preparing to engage in
my first county match.
“As it’s Gloucestershire,” said George the kindly, “somebody’ll have
to represent the Old Man. Now Grace herself is the only one with
any pretensions to do that. Suppose Middlesex swaps her for me?”
“Ripping good idea!” said that celebrated person eagerly. “That’s
stunning! Biffin, just go and fetch me that red and yellow cap, while I
go out and toss with Mr. Stoddart.”
CHAPTER XII
My First County Match
MIDDLESEX won the toss, and elected to go in. Archie put on his
pads and went in first, on a distinctly creditable wicket. Grace
captained Gloucestershire, of course.
“As Roberts is suffering from a strain,” said she, “and Charlie
Townsend’s lost his length, and Jessop’s a bit on the short side at
present, I think I’d better try myself to start with. Besides, I can get
old Archie out.”
She began with very slow, high-tossed, half volleys. Considering that
Archie was one of the most powerful hitters in England, this
proceeding on the part of W. G. savoured of cool cheek.
“These are no use, you know,” said the batsman, driving one
terrifically hard along the ground for a big single.
“You hit ’em and see,” said the wily bowler. “If you do, Archie, sure as
a gun you’ll put ’em through the library windows.”
Grace had shown her hand with a vengeance. The library windows
were sufficiently far away to be likely to receive one of Archie’s best
hits. It was plain that this knowledge rendered the batsman very
uneasy. Invitingly simple balls, that he would have taken a mild
pleasure in lifting into the Lords’ pavilion, he felt bound to treat with
every respect, as a momentary indiscretion was likely to have the
direst consequences. But presently the flesh was no longer to be
denied. Having patiently withstood the insidious charms of six or
seven, his self-repression suddenly gave way, and, exactly as the
bowler anticipated, smash went the ball through the library windows.
It was vain that Elphinstone, celebrated out-field as he was,
attempted to get at it. A painfully significant crashing of glass testified
to the unfailing judgment of W. G. A moment later, to the
consternation of every witness of the incident, out came the reverend
occupant of the library, spectacted and bareheaded, The Times
newspaper fluttering in his hand, and a great indignation hovering
about him generally.
“I positively won’t have it!” he cried in his deepest tones. “It’s
shameful! Do you know what that window’s worth? And are you
aware that you’ve damaged the new Encyclopædia Britannica?”
“Well, father,” said W. G. penitently, “we are all of us ever so
dreadfully sorry,” and then made haste to append, “but you know you
bought the Cycling—what-do-you-call-it—quite against my advice,
didn’t you, father? Don’t believe in these great bargains. You men
don’t either, do you?”
“Oh no, we don’t,” chimed everybody, with wonderful conviction and
unanimity.
“I knew you didn’t,” said Grace, with great enthusiasm. “I was certain
that you didn’t.”
Our extreme distrust of the Encyclopædia Britannica, considered as
an investment, grew quite noticeable.
Incredible as it may seem, however, Miss Grace’s parent did not
allow these earnestly-expressed opinions to bias his own in the
matter of window breaking. Indeed, they were as fervently uttered as
ours, and, if anything, more pointed. Nor did he abate in his
behaviour, nor did his Times cease its fluttering till he suddenly
observed the situation of the wicket, and the mighty cricketer beside
it. Thereupon the change in his demeanour was as instant as it was
welcome.
“What!” he cried, “was it hit from there? Extraordinary, most
extraordinary! Archie, let me feel that bat. And, Biffin, will you please
fetch the tape. This must be measured. Considerably more than a
hundred yards, I’ll wager.”
Next moment he was brandishing Archie’s bat, in a manner that
plainly said that this was not the first bat handle that had exercised
his grip.
“A Warsop, is it?” said the veteran. “I remember ’em. Once
remember putting old Mat Kempson out of Prince’s with one of
Ben’s. Old Matthew was annoyed. Beautifully balanced this is. Must
be every ounce of two-seven, yet it picks up like two-two.”
“It’s two-seven and a half, sir,” said Archie, with a particularly
pleased expression.
“It’s a pretty bit o’ wood,” said the old gentleman, with caresses in his
tone. “A pretty bit o’ wood. I think I’d like to try it. Laura, just send me
one along. Nice and slow, please; my eyesight’s not what it used to
be.”
This request made his daughter a very proud and happy person.
Having instructed Toddles, in imperious language, to recover the ball
at once from the library débris, and he having instantly obeyed, she
said:
“All right, father; here you are. Mind the ‘work.’ There’s an awful lot o’
stuff on,” and bowled him one of her very best. This the old
gentleman kept out of his wicket stiffly but skilfully.
“It strikes me that father can give us all a point or two yet,” said Miss
Grace, evidently charmed with the way in which he had defended his
wicket.
“He’d still be playing for Middlesex if it were not for his eyesight,”
said the best bowler in England.
“It’s my sciatica, Charlie; it’s my sciatica!” sighed the old gentleman.
“When I was your age, my boy, it was different.”
The return of Biffin with the tape measure prolonged this interruption
to the game. For it was not until old Mr. Trentham had arrived by
mensuration at the exact distance of Archie’s drive, that he retired in
high good humour to his shattered library. Even then before the
game could be resumed there was a legal argument involved.
Gloucestershire argued under “Rectory rules” that, in the event of
any batsman breaking a window, or hitting a ball over the hedge, or
sending it on to the garden twice in one innings, the said batsman
should be out. They acted on the expert advice of W. G., who, as the
irreverent Toddles said, knew every move on the board, and one or
two that were under it. Middlesex disclaimed all knowledge of the
clause in question, and T. S. M. even had the audacity to suggest
that it was an invention of W. G.’s to suit the present occasion. W.
G., of course, very indignantly denied this, and, fortunately for her
side, was able by a simple expedient to prove beyond controversy
that the attitude of Middlesex was quite inadmissible, and entirely
opposed to the best interests of the game. For, running into the
house, she triumphantly returned with a dog’s-eared and time-
stained exercise book, wherein, under rule seven, duly set forth in a
large, round, juvenile hand, it was found that Archie was most
certainly out.
“Won’t it look a bit queer, though?” said T. S. M. “A. H. Trentham,
broke window, bowled W. G. Grace, three?”
“He shouldn’t be so reckless,” said W. G. severely. “Besides, it won’t
look queerer than A. H. Trentham sent the ball on the garden twice.
The idea of Rectory rules is to sit on brute force a bit you know, and
to prop—to propa—just wait while I look in the book. Yes, here it is,
‘and to encourage the propagation and cultivation of pure science.’”
“Which rendered into modern English means,” said Carteret, who, in
his spare time, was a barrister, “that the aim of the Rectory rules is to
get the other side out as soon as ever you can, and then keep in
yourself until you’ve had enough. That’s about it, Grace, isn’t it?”
“No, James,” said that authority; “it’s just where you’re wrong. ’Cause
some people never have had enough. I’ve not for one.”
“She’s as bad as Ranjy for battin’,” said the Harrow captain. “Set’s
shillin’s on her sticks, and tempts Biffin to sweat away at ’em till he’s
set up heart disease. Dirt mean, I call it. Ought to be half-crowns for
a man his years.”
“You’re not likely to give anything heart disease in knocking tips off
your sticks, are you, Tommy?” said his sister persuasively.
Harrow liked not this at all. Therefore, when a serious flaw in
Gloucestershire’s line of argument occurred to T. S. M., his face lit up
with a sudden satisfaction.
“Perhaps Doctor William Gilbert Grace’ll tell us,” said he, dwelling
lovingly on every word, “If accordin’ to the blitherin’ rules a fellow’s
out every time he breaks a window, why she don’t go out herself
every time she breaks the cucumber frame.”
The Harrow captain ended amidst the approving shouts of
Middlesex.
“That’s amongst your timber, Willy,” said the Rev. Mr. Elphinstone,
executing a pas seul in the middle of the pitch.
“Oh, is it?” said the dauntless W. G. “You just hold on a bit. A window
is a window, and a cucumber frame’s a cucumber frame.”
“A Daniel come to judgment,” said Archie, otherwise A. E. Stoddart.
“Are there no windows in a cucumber frame then?”
“Why o’ course there’s not, Archie—I mean, Stoddy,” said W. G., in a
tone that might have been mistaken for intimidation.
“’May be wrong, you know,” said Archie; “but in my opinion panes of
glass constitute windows, if they’re fixed in a cucumber frame, just
as much as though they were in a church.”
“Stoddy, you’re talking through your hat,” said W. G. “A window’s a
thing to see out of, isn’t it?”
“S’pose it is,” said the Middlesex captain.
“Well, Stoddy,” said the triumphant W. G., “just you tell us how
cucumber frames can have windows if cucumbers can’t see.”
Great uproar from Gloucester, during which the Rev. Mr. Elphinstone
was seen to throw himself full length on the lawn, and roll about in
sheer gaieté de cœur. Even the dignified features of the Middlesex
captain were disturbed by a broad smile.
“Doctor,” he said, “they’ll have to make you a baronet yet. Oh, you
amusing person!”
“She may be a kind of conscientious objector, don’t you know?” cried
Carteret, the legal luminary, aiming ineffectual kicks at the rolling
curate. “Rather think you’d better give the doctor a certificate of
exemption, Stoddy, if Grace’ll swear solemnly on oath that she
conscientiously believes that cucumbers really cannot see by any
chance or possibility.”
The display of feeling that greeted this solution of the problem was
remarkable. The fat barrister was hailed as a legal genius.
“Well,” said Archie, screwing his features into a defiant solemnity, “if
the Old Man’ll swear by her beard that she conscientiously believes
that cucumbers really can’t see, we’ll insert a special clause into the
rules to provide for the cucumber frame.”
“But I can’t, you know, Archie,” said Miss Grace, “’cause I’ve got no
beard. But I do believe that cucumbers can’t see all the same
though.”
“This is serious,” said the unrelenting Archie. “The Old Man without
his beard is worse than Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark.”
“You’ll have to swear on something, Willy, that’s a cert.,” said Charlie,
“else we shan’t believe you.”
“Somebody fetch a Bible,” said Carteret. “Now then, Toddles, you
idle little beast, why don’t you go and fetch one of your collection.”
“Let her kiss my hat,” said the little curate, suddenly sitting upright on
the grass, with a look of utter holiness that would have made his
vicar glad. “As I’m a parson, it’ll be quite the truest administration of
an oath that’s possible. Every parson carries the whole contents of
the Scriptures in the lining, all hallowed by his intellect as well. You
know it, brethren, don’t you? Besides, it’ll save me the fag of going to
the house. Yes, by all means, let her kiss my hat.”
At this suggestion, the solemnity that seized us all was really
marvellous. We had gravity enough to equip a class for confirmation.
“Jimmy, here’s my hat!” said Toddles. “Isn’t it a blessing that you’re a
commissioner for oaths—horrid awful ones they are, you fat
blasphemer!”—this in an eloquent aside.
“Here, Grace, is his hat,” said Carteret.
Miss Grace took the Rev. Mr. Elphinstone’s not very particularly
ecclesiastical Harlequin cricket cap, and looked at it with some
dubiety.
“But this is not his hat, James,” said she. “This is his Harlequin.”
“All the same,” said Carteret judicially. “Embodies much of his best
thought. Look sharp and swear, Grace! It’s a great strain on us all, I
can assure you, Doctor, even though you mightn’t think it. These
moments of high emotion always are.”
Nobody laughed I am prepared to affirm. But before Miss Grace had
the oath administered to her, she looked at the witnesses with a
keenness that inconvenienced several of them rather considerably.
She then proceeded to thoughtfully scratch her chin.
“James,” said she, in a perplexed tone, “don’t quite know, you know;
not quite sure, you know, but—but I think you’re having me.”
“Rather think you’re having us,” said Archie. “Do be quick, Grace! As
James says, you don’t know how difficult it is for us. Look at poor
Toddles worrying the grass.”
“What an emotional little man it is!” said Captain George with rare
sympathy. “And what a ghastly thing it must be to have such a high-
strung nature.”
“I think you men are laughing at me,” said Miss Grace sternly.
“She cannot understand us,” said George. “How sad it is to be
misunderstood!”
The poor soldier ended by diving suddenly and ignominiously for his
handkerchief.
“You don’t take me in,” said Grace.
“She won’t kiss Toddles’ cap,” said T. S. M., with the brutality of his
time of life, “because she thinks if she holds out long enough she’ll
be able to kiss Toddles himself.”
“Tommy!” said his sister, “if you were not so young, I should think you
were rude.”
A second later she added most uncompromisingly, “And it’s all right.
I’m not going to be had. I’m not going to kiss Toddles’s cap, if it is a
Harlequin, and if he did make a hundred against Cambridge in it.
And I’m not going to take the oath, and I’m not going to play the
giddy ox at all. Archie, you’re out, under rule seven, and out you’ve
got to go. What’s your opinion, Biffin? Is Mr. Archie out, or is he not?”
“Hout, miss,” said Biffin. “Hout, most certingly.”
“There you are!” said the Gloucestershire captain. “Next man get his
pads on. And if he’s not in in two minutes, his wicket’ll be claimed,
under rule forty-five.”
“Well, as the umpire is against me,” said Archie, “I suppose I shall
have to go. All the same, I think the M.C.C. ought to know about it.
These rules seem a bit unusual.”
“It’s ’cause you’re like the cucumbers, you know, Archie,” said W. G.
“It’s ’cause you can’t see.”
It is scarcely necessary to give a detailed narration of my first county
match. In a little over an hour the four Middlesex representatives
were disposed of for thirty-three. This was considered a small score
for the ground; but as both sides fielded, and very admirably too, and
hitting carried penalties with it, the Middlesex total calls for no
comment. Besides, the Gloucestershire captain was a remarkably
alert tactician, who knew the game of cricket perfectly well, and the
Rectory rules even better. Her placing of the field betrayed an
intimate acquaintance with the characteristics of each batsman; and
her slow bowling was perfect in length, and as full of deception as it
possibly could be. It might be true that Miss Grace had no beard; but
it did not prevent her representing W. G. in most essentials. Indeed
so much so, that when the youthful Harrow captain came in second
wicket, she was heard to remark, “Oh, he’s a young ’un, is he! I think
I can do for him.” And in addition to her other gifts, she possessed
that rare but invaluable quality in a captain, of practically dictating the
decisions of the umpire. There is no doubt that the Gloucestershire
captain was invariably conscientious in her appeals, and the umpire
equally so in his decisions. But their common faith in one another
was beautiful. If Miss Grace did make an appeal, the excellent Biffin
felt bound to endorse it. In his eyes Miss Grace’s judgment had an
absolute and sovereign rectitude. Old pro. and county man as he
was, Biffin had never an opinion of his own on any point on which
Miss Grace happened to already entertain one. And this
phenomenon in itself, I think, supplies a sufficient reason why the fair
sex has yet to be seen in serious cricket. It simply would not do.
The fielding was excellent. Miss Grace’s eye was on it, and all of us,
whether we felt inclined that way or not, performed prodigies of
valour. And if the handsomest girl in the county brings off a
bewilderingly brilliant “caught and bowled” before one’s eyes, stops
the hottest cracks one hand, and fields and returns smashing hits all
in one action, any man, with the least pretensions to be a player, is
certain to be a bit above himself. Therefore do not be surprised that
my fielding in all positions was very good indeed, and won
encomiums from men who were accustomed to the best.
“Dimsdale,” said the little curate in a low but excruciatingly friendly
tone, “you stick to that pick-up and return, and you’ve got the least
little bit of a hundredth part of a look in. Keep as clean and keen as
that, and it’s just on the cards that you may be adopted as a
candidate.”
“Candidate?” said I.
“There was a man named Comfort came over here to lunch,” said
the little curate.
This sinister reference afflicted me with an overpowering
disinclination to pursue the subject farther.
Before Gloucestershire began their innings there was an interval for
tea. There is no doubt that this question of afternoon tea has
become quite a vexed one with the counties, and as Elphinstone—or
was it Carteret?—observed, there are counties in existence who
resolutely refuse to countenance the innovation. But Gloucestershire
was never one of these. Indeed, I’ve heard it said that when
Gloucestershire are fielding, though the reason is inexplicable of
course, there is more time consumed over the cup that cheers than
on any other occasion. Therefore in this instance it was quite an
expected thing that there should be a pretty considerable interval for
tea, and that Gloucester’s captain should lead the way to a fair white
table, seductively spread in the shade of the beeches and the
chestnuts in the coolest corner of the garden. The Rectory grounds
were of no remarkable extent, but harboured a charming wilderness
with two lawns therein beautifully turfed and mown and rolled for
cricket only, to break the monotony of shrubs, trees, and flowers,
growing at their own sweet will. If this was the favoured spot in which
this famous family had been reared, and this the air they breathed,
small wonder that they played cricket as naturally as Keats wrote
poetry. They couldn’t help it. My enthusiasm demanded an outlet,
and I told Miss Grace that hers was the most delightful place I’d ever
seen.
“Yes, isn’t it just stunning!” she cried, while her glowing look
announced that her chiefest pleasure was to sing its praises. “Every
morning when I look out of my window and hear the birds kicking up
a jolly noise in the ivy, and see the dew scooting off the wicket, it
seems to come to me all at once, as if I’d never thought of it before,
that I live at just the primest place that ever was.”
“Isn’t it pretty old?” I said.
“Oh, yes,” said she. “Been in our family——”
“Since Noah,” T. S. M. rudely interposed.
“Now then,” said Toddles, “don’t Harrow your sister’s feelings.”
“Been in our family,” Miss Grace continued, ignoring these cursory
remarks with fine dignity, “since—since—oh well a long time before
cricket was invented. Been some awful swells here, too, at one time
and another. Old William Lillywhite once came here to tea. Then one
or two other awful pots have lived here—Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip
Sydney, Joseph Addison, oh! and the girl who invented round arm
bowling.”
“And the girl who invented round arm bowlin’!” said the Harrow
captain. “Now tell us somethin’ else. The girl who invented round
arm bowlin’! Grace, when you get your jaw unshipped it’s a pleasure
to sit and listen.”
“Yes it was a girl,” said Miss Grace determinedly. “The Guv’nor’s got
a picture of her in his portfolio. Her name was Willes. What a good
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