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Intro ED and Mathematical Theorems

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20 views27 pages

Intro ED and Mathematical Theorems

Uploaded by

VARUN MODI
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit III

Electrodynamics

Dr. Swati Gahlot,


Department of Physics,
SVNIT Surat
Natural phenomena are governed by the electromagnetic interaction.
It governs our man-made world as well.
It keeps the molecules together.
What is electrodynamics,
and how does it fit into the
general scheme of physics?
Electromagnetism is the theory
two types of forces:
Electric force
Magnetic force
Classical Mechanics small Quantum Mechanics
Newton Bohr, Heisenberg,
Schrödinger, …

fast

Special Relativity Quantum Field Theory


Einstein Dirac, Pauli, Feynman,
Schwinger, ….
Four kinds of forces - interactions

1. Strong Keeps nuclei and nucleons together.


2. Electromagnetic Most common phenomena.
3. Weak β-decay n->p+e+ν
4. Gravitational Keeps the Universe together.

Unification

electric + magnetic electromagnetic

electromagnetic + optic electrodynamic

electrodynamic + weak electroweak


Electric Charge (q, Q)
1. Charge exists as +q and –q. At the same point: +q-q=0
2. Charge is conserved (locally).
3. Charge is quantized. +q =n (+e), -q = m (-e), m, n, integer

electron: –e, positron: +e, proton: +e, C-nucleus: 6(+e)


Charge conservation in the micro world:
p + e -> n (electron capture)

Macro world: q ~1023e


Quantization is unimportant. Imagine charge as some kind of jelly.
SI-Units
Systeme Internationale

Mechanics Electromagnetism
length: meter (m) current: ampere (A)
mass: kilogram (kg) charge: coulomb (C = As)
time: second (s) voltage: volt (V )
force: newton ( N = kg m s −2 )
work: joule (J = N m) work: (W s = V A s)
Power: watt (W = J/s) power: watt (W = V A)

The equations of EM contain

As Vs 1 1 Nm 2 9 Vm
 0 = 8.859  10 −12
, 0 = 4  10−7 = ,  9  10
9
= 9  10
Vm Am  0c 2
4 0 C2 As
What are electromagnetic waves?

• How electromagnetic waves are formed


• How electric charges produce
electromagnetic waves
• Properties of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic Waves…
• Do not need matter to transfer energy.
• Are made by vibrating electric charges and
can travel through space by transferring
energy between vibrating electric and
magnetic fields.
• Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are
created as a result of vibrations between an electric
field and a magnetic field. In other words, EM waves
are composed of oscillating magnetic and electric
fields.
• Electromagnetic waves are formed when an electric
field comes in contact with a magnetic field. They are
hence known as ‘electromagnetic’ waves.
• The electric field and magnetic field of an
electromagnetic wave are perpendicular (at right
angles) to each other. They are also perpendicular to
the direction of the EM wave.
Things to Remember
The higher the frequency, the more energy the wave has.
EM waves do not require media in which to travel or
move.
EM waves are considered to be transverse waves
because they are made of vibrating electric and magnetic
fields at right angles to each other, and to the direction
the waves are traveling.
Inverse relationship between wave size and frequency:
as wavelengths get smaller, frequencies get higher.
Maxwell’s equations

•Maxwell’s four equations describe the electric and magnetic fields


arising from distributions of electric charges and currents, and how
those fields change in time.
• They were the mathematical distillation of decades of experimental
observations of the electric and magnetic effects of charges and
currents, plus the profound intuition of Michael Faraday.
•Maxwell’s own contribution to these equations is just the last term of
the last equation—but the addition of that term had dramatic
consequences. It made evident for the first time that varying electric
and magnetic fields could feed off each other—these fields could
propagate indefinitely through space, far from the varying charges and
currents where they originated.
Curl
Line

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