QUESTION 1 (A)

The health and safety advisor took the interview with the purpose to know out the cause of the
accident, some of the positive aspects of the interview were

Positive Aspects of the Interviews:

1. During the interview session, the health and safety advisor assigned a separate private room
for meeting with the aim to avoid any disturbance while conducting the interviews
2. As an aftermath of the accident, the interviewers were in shocked and in order to mitigate the
shock, break between interviews were so that the interviewer may feel relax and give proper
answers
3. The health and safety advisor conducted separate interviews with the workers and tried to
draw as much as information as possible, also he stored the response separately
4. With the aim to make the interviewers more at ease, the health and safety advisor gently told
the interviewers that the purpose is not to blame anyone but it is for the sole purpose to find
out reals facts so that the incident is not repeated
5. The health and safety advisor was also so keen in gathering and extracting information and
substituting relevant information from the interviewers in order to know the actual cause of the
accident
6. The health and safety advisor also maintained a record of the interviews for which he kept
written record in custody
7. Lastly, the interviewers agreed to their statements and signed off the document of the
information provided before closing of interview.

QUESTION 1 (B)
Right after the accident, the health and safety advisor initiated an accident investigation and the below
information was collected;

Accident Site Information:

1. At first glance, a broken ladder was observed at the accident site that was used by the
facility supervisor for climbing the roof

2. At the top of the roof, brooms and broken stick were also found that was used for the
purpose to collect garbage and fallen leaves

3. At the accident site, a bag full of collected leaves was also observed in the parking
driveway area which indicated that the bag has fallen off with the supervisor

4. Upon inspection of job request sheet, it was found out the broken ladder replacement
with a new one was made several time and also the requested job sheet had no
discussion regarding gutter cleaning
Upon checking the entire documentation, it was found out the safety was not followed and was violated
in the discipline of work at height training, permit to work and risk assessment

QUESTION 2 (A)
Based upon the scenario, following are some of the un-insured cost that will be on the school.

Un-insured Costs:

1. First and foremost, un-insured cost is the pay to the injured work supervisor. The
school management will pay him salary during his injury period and that cost will be on
the school

2. Secondly, precious time will be lost by carrying out incident investigations as all the
workers that were involved or are witnesses to the accident would be inquired.

3. He was the only active facility supervisor of the school, during his absence a lot of work
would remain pending and will be only completed once he joins back. This is also an
un-insured cost that would be in the school

4. The productivity of the workers would also be reduced during their absence of the
supervisor and along the factor of psychological pressure

5. To compensate the absence of the facility supervisor, overtime of the rest of the
workers would be allotted, the cost of which will be on the school

6. Accident occurrences also creates a bad morale in the market. Word will get out upon
the accident of the supervisor and their business would be affected in a number of ways

7. Due to the poor health and safety condition and absence of health and safety frame
work, the labor department may fine the school for their negligence

The school may also hire another temporary supervisor for the facility, the cost of that will also be on
school.

QUESTION 2 (B)
Based upon the ILO recommendations, the employer has violated a number of obligations:

Violations made as per ILO Recommendation R164:

 1. As per the ILO recommendation, it is the duty of the employer to provide safe work instructions
for the purpose to carry out the task safety. The opposite was observed in the scenario where
no instruction regarding health and safety compliance was given
2. Based upon the ILO recommendations, it is a moral and legal duty of the employer to provide a
safe working place for the workers. However, the scenario shows otherwise, poor condition of
building was evident along with leakages in the roof.

3. As per the ILO recommendations, the workers cannot be forced to work beyond working hours
and when they are exhausted or tired. However, it was observed in the scenario that the facility
supervisor was working beyond working hours with minimum breaks to meet the deadlines

4. The management is also legally bound to provide safe working condition and environment
before executing a task but in the scenario it was observed that a broken ladder was used to
climb the roof which is a direct violation of ILO recommendations

5. Supervision is a key task during the execution of an activity, but the supervisor was doing the
job all alone and that too on weekends

6. It was also evident from the scenario, that no health and safety trainings was provided to the
workers such as work at height training should have been provided

The work burden was also severe on the facility supervisor as form the scenario it can be deduced that
the facilities team was overburdened due to lack of employees and staff.

QUESTION 3
Negative health and safety culture that has been observed at the school are described as:

Negative Health & Safety Culture:

1. The first point that was observed in the scenario was the absence of the leadership
commitment as the health and safety supervisor was finance director and was responsible for
safety matters

2. The finance director had an objective to reduce the cost of the day to day activities, due to
which he planned and was pressurized to cut down the cost of safety trainings

3. Due to poor safety culture and work load turnover of the workers was quite high, this is also a
negative indicator of the organization

4. The workers were not guided regarding of how to carryout tasks safely and safety in mind. No
training record was found while investigating the accident
5. Poor housekeeping was observed in the scenario, as due to lack of space the stationary boxes
were stored in the corridors, which is a source of slip and trip hazard

6. Complaints of the workers were left unaddressed, as a number of complaints have been raised
by the workers regrading various faults but all in vain. This also shows a negative health and
safety culture

7. During the task of renovation, the health and safety was neglected and the budget for safety
trainings and other important components were reduced

8. Another negative indicator was the lack of interest from the management side, who were
repeatedly informed about the ill health and safety practices

9. No health and safety policy was formulated, no health and safety inspection were made due to
which the safety aspect was overlooked

10. A number of near misses have been reported by the slip and trip hazard due to the leakages of
water from roof but no action was taken

11. Due to over burden of work, work was carried out on weekends without supervision and
without safe tools such as proper ladder instead of broken ladder

12. The worker had complained a number of times for the rectification of the broken ladder but no
action was taken such attitude shows a negative culture of health and safety

13. After accident, when job request sheet was checked, it was found out that there was no
reference of gutter cleaning and a number of tasks were also pending

14. Outdated health and safety policy was in placed at the school, as the date on the current health
and safety policy was 3 years old. This shows the attitude of management towards safety

15. Poor working conditions, poor condition of class rooms and poor condition of tools were
reported a number of times but no action was taken

16. Poor safety culture was also observed from the fact that no permit to work system was in place
and no job relevant risk assessments were performed before initiation of an activity
 17. Risk assessment was not carried out and the workers were not informed timely about a job
such as inspection of job request sheet revealed the gutter cleaning activity.

18. Leakage in the room was informed by a number of times but no action was taken to rectify the
issue and has caused a number of near misses

19. Lack of staff, over burden of work and poor health and safety culture followed by the cost
reduction of safety budget in one of the prime indicator of poor health and safety culture

20. These all factors have collectively contributed to the poor health and safety culture of the
school that ultimately led into the accident

Question 4
Following are the given reason based upon which the policy of health and safety shall be reviewed;

Revision of Heath and Safety Policy:

1. As per the ISO 45001, the health and safety policy shall be reviewed after changes in the policy
or else it shall be reviewed after 6 months.

2. The health and safety policy was outdated due to which an accident has taken place, after
occurrence of an accident the policy revision becomes mandatory

3. The policy shall also be deemed for review when changes in process or work force take place, in
the scenario, the school has expanded its buildings and has inducted new students. This compels
the school to review its HSE policy

4. For the sake of improvement, the health and safety policy shall be reviewed as the existing
condition of the school is very poor and is unsafe for workers to work in

5. Due to the recent covid 19 pandemic, the school has changed its way of working. To address the
new way of working and facilitation of students, the health and safety policy shall be reviewed

6. The policy shall be reviewed by an expert of health and safety as the finance director has no
command over health and safety related concerns. Review from an expert would lead to
formulation of a robust policy
 7. To meet the legal requirements and the legislation imposed on the school in the recent years,
the health and safety policy shall be reviewed to meet those requirements

8. The policy shall address the concerns of providing trainings related to job specific needs and
other safety information for promoting safe working environment for the workers as well as
students

9. Staff turnover is sky rocketed and the management shall address that concern in the health and
safety policy

10. The policy shall also be reviewed for the purpose that no complaints were closed and addressed
by the management, in the policy a frame work shall be established to addressed the health and
safety concerns

11. Review of health and safety policy is also required in the domain of extension in the school, as
temporary class rooms have been built but they are of very poor quality and can be a source of
accident. So this concern may also be addressed in the health and safety policy

12. The policy shall also include a designated mechanism for reporting of hazard. Such as leakages in
the ceiling and trip hazard in the corridor.

13. The policy shall also address and fix a hierarchy of communication and control for reporting of
hazard. Such as if a hazard is observed, it will be reported to the manager of the facility and he
will tend to close it in a week or so

14. Health and safety inspection must be made mandatory in the policy and surprise visit shall be
addressed

15. The policy shall also fix a specific amount for health and safety and that amount shall only be
spent on the health and safety only

16. The policy shall also address the formulation of work instructions, SOPs, risk assessment and
permit to work system for safety compliance

17. Key performance indicators, and smart objectives shall be assigned to the health and safety
department for performance enhancing. This shall also be addressed in the health and safety
policy

Question 5 (a)
From the scenario, it has been deduced that the following workers must be considered while doing
assessment of work place;

Workplace Risk assessment:

 1. Firstly, all the new workers that are being hired shall be subjected to the process of involvement
in risk assessment. Due to high turnover rate the workers, facilities team and teachers shall be
considered as a group

2. Young people must be considered in the risk assessment as there are young children in the
school aging from 11 years to 18 years.

3. Afterwards, female staff shall be included in the risk assessment, as there are female staff in the
school including a pregnant woman as a sports teacher

4. Another group of worker i.e. the disable workers shall also be given due consideration in the risk
assessment as a worker complained about egress in corridors

Different communities who also visit the school for drama facilities and sports week should also be
considered in the risk assessment profile.

Question 5 (b)
From the scenario, the following points can be used to compel the finance director to conduct risk
assessment:

Arguments:

1. Primarily, the involvement of the BFD in the risk assessment will portray a very positive image of
him. It will make sure that the management commitment and leadership exists

2. The involvement of the top level BFD will ensure that the same spirits go down the line to the
lower management and hence they will also cater for health and safety

3. The BFD will also be informed about his moral and ethical responsibility, that he is an employer
and the employer needs to provide safe working conditions for the workers. As if one of them
gets injured their families would be affected

4. The BFD will also be informed about the directives of labor department regarding the violation
of health and safety which will cause him to pay heavy fines

5. As a result of an accident, all the loss is on the school whether it is form of monetary values or
lost time, that is why the BFD shall make a risk assessment

6. Financial loss to the school occurs when an injury takes place, such as the medical bills are paid
by school, salary is given to the injured, replacement is hired for a time period and work is left
unaddressed
 7. Morale of the workers would also get high when the BFD takes part in the risk assessment as it
will assure the workers that the management caters for their health and safety

8. Due to occurrence of accident, the repute of the school is damaged, a bad morale is spread in
the market and the school can face legal notices regarding the unhealthy and unsafe
environment. Therefore, the BFD must take a lead and ace the health and safety of the school

Response time of the management would be a lot quicker when the BFD himself gets involve in the
health and safety management.

Question 6 (a)
Safety inspections shall be decided as per the below given factors;

Factors of Safety Inspection;

1. Based upon the legal requirement, safety inspections of the work site shall be carried
out to ensure the compliance of the safety guidelines

2. The number of safety inspections are directly dependent upon the number of
complaints received. Such as if a high number of complaints are received the safety
team shall do more inspections

3. The safety inspection also depends upon the presence of the vulnerable people on site,
such as the scenario shows that a pregnant sports teacher, a disable worker and young
workers were on site

4. Safety inspection is a broad term, for effective safety inspection, first the category and
type of work shall be finalized. Based upon that safety site inspection shall be carried
out

5. As per the health and safety policy and as per the recommendation of the health and
safety committee a number of safety inspection shall be finalized and ensured for
compliance

6. A wide range of work has been carried out in the school area, based upon the type of
work that is being carried out and on the basis of the tools that will be used, a safety site
inspection shall be carried out

7. Poor housekeeping was observed in the scenario, that can lead to the occurrence of
accident at the work site, hence a regular safety inspection shall be carried out for good
housekeeping
 8. Based upon the risk involved in the task, safety inspection shall be carried out. Such as
high risk job shall have repeated safety inspection

9. Nature of the activities and the categorical work that is being carried out also
determines the type and frequency of safety inspections

10. Safety inspection can also be deduced from the accident history of the school. As a
number of near misses were reported so the school may need regular safety inspections

11. Safety inspection also varies and depends upon the size and area of the facility, a large
school will definitely require more frequent safety inspections as compared to the small
schools

Legal authorities can also enforce the number of safety inspections.

Question 6 (b)
Benefits of the safety inspections are listed as below;

Benefits of Safety Inspections:

1. One of the most important benefit of the safety inspections is that the hazards and risk in the
school building would be eliminated and rectified

2. A number of hazards and risk would be identified in the safety inspections and this will support
the robust culture of health and safety

3. Near misses will be reduced by the safety inspection as the hazards will be identified and will be
timely dealt with

4. Poor health and safety culture can be eradicated with the help of these health and safety
inspections

5. The legal requirements and criteria can also be fulfilled by rigorous health and safety inspections

6. Housekeeping can be assured as boxes was present lying scattered in the corridor. Such means
are a source of hazard and can be ratified by safety inspections only

7. The broken ladder would have been noticed by the safety in charge if safety site inspections
were carried out in true latter and spirit

8. The recommendation of the health and safety committee would also be satisfied by the
frequent safety inspection visits
 9. Safety inspection would build up the morale of workers as they will be assured that the
management cares about their well being

10. Safety protocols was violated in a number of ways, frequent inspections of the site will make
sure that compliance with safety protocols is achieved

Safety inspection is also a good sign and supports the positive health and safety culture at any work
place.

Question 7
Permit to work system is a powerful tool in assessing and managing risks involved with the job;

Permit to Work System:

1. Permit to work is only issued by the health and safety department, hence the safety department
is taken on board before the initiation of work. this assures that all the safety measures are In
place

2. The health and safety department also makes sure that the required precautionary controls are
in place so in case of any accident the worker may not fall free

3. The permit to work system is a robust system that identifies and check all the risk and hazards
present in the activity. For which controls are then made in place

4. Permit to work system identifies the type and nature of work and based upon that it shortlists
the appropriate PPEs for the job such as helmet and harness

5. The permit is a time limited and a job-limited document, it is issued for a certain period and for
specific job. Hence it makes sure that all the hazards are identified

6. Permit to work system has names of the workers and their supervisor who are allowed to do the
job. Hence is also makes sure that the job is carried out by the experts

7. Permit to work system has its own approved checklist. The checklist assures that all the relevant
hazards and risks are identified and the mandatory PPEs are provided

8. The supervisor name in the permit is for the purpose that the activity would be supervised by
the said supervisor and will ensure safe working

9. The supervisor will also make sure that all the supplies in the work permit are in good
condition such as the broken ladder should have not been used
 10. Permit to work also assures that proper tool box talks are given to the workers so that they
have clear understanding of the work done required

Permit to work will also identify that whether the conditions are safe for executing the task or not. Such
as harsh weather and broken roof would be identified in the permit to work system.