PREPARED BY: SIR BILAL ASLAM

Section “B”
(SHORT-ANSWER-QUESTIONS)

Question 1: what is word processor? Write any three applications of word processor?

Answer: A word processor is a software application used for creating, editing, formatting, and printing
documents. It provides an interface for users to type text, add graphics, and manipulate the layout of
the document. Some common examples of word processors include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and
Apple Pages.

Three applications of word processors are:

1. Creating Documents: Word processors are commonly used for creating documents such as
letters, reports, and essays.

2. Collaboration: Word processors also offer collaboration features that allow multiple users to
work on a document simultaneously.

3. Desktop Publishing: Word processors can also be used for desktop publishing, which involves
creating professional-quality documents such as brochures, flyers, and newsletters.

Question 2: List the function of operating system. Write about any two of them.

Answer: The operating system (OS) is a vital software component that serves as a mediator between the
hardware components of a computer and the applications that run on it. It is responsible for managing
and coordinating the computer's resources, including the processor, memory, storage, and input/output
devices. Some of the primary functions of an operating system include:

1. Process Management: Process management is another crucial function of an operating system.

It involves managing and controlling the processes or programs running on the computer.

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 2. Memory Management: Memory management is the process of managing the computer's
memory resources to ensure that all applications have the required memory to run correctly.

Question 3: difference between data rate, bit rat and baud rate.

Bit Rate Baud Rate

Refers to the number of bits that are Refers to the number of signal units that are
transmitted per second. transmitted per second.
Measures the amount of data that can be Measures the rate of signal changes on the
transmitted over a communication channel. communication channel.
Measured in bits per second (bps). Measured in bauds or signaling elements per
second.
Bit rate can be constant or variable. Baud rate can be constant or variable.

Question 4: difference between physical and logical address?

Physical Address Logical Address

A physical address is the actual memory A logical address is a virtual address.
address.
Physical addresses are generated by the Logical addresses are generated by the CPU.
memory management unit (MMU).
Physical addresses are used by the hardware Logical addresses are used by the CPU to access
devices and the CPU to access data in memory. memory
The size of physical addresses is determined by The size of logical addresses is determined by
the hardware architecture of the computer the operating system

Question 5: Difference between Bring Forward and Send Backward?

Bring Forward Send Backward

Moves the selected object one step closer to Moves the selected object one step closer to
the top of the layer. the bottom of the layer.

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 The object appears above the object(s) it was The object appears below the object(s) it was
previously behind. previously in front of.
Can be accessed through the arrange menu or Can be accessed through the arrange menu or
through keyboard shortcuts. through keyboard shortcuts.
Shortcut for this command is typically Ctrl + Shortcut for this command is typically Ctrl +
Shift + ] on Windows or Command + Shift + ] on Shift + [ on Windows or Command + Shift + [ on
Mac. Mac.

Question 6: difference between Analog Signal and Digital Signal?

Analog Signal Digital Signal

Analog signals are continuous signals that Digital signals are discrete signals that represent
represent information as a continuous wave or information as a sequence of discrete values or
signal. symbols.
Analog signals are processed by amplifying or Digital signals are processed by encoding,
attenuating. transmitting, and decoding a sequence of binary
values.
Analog signals are subject to distortion, Digital signals are not subject to these same
attenuation, and noise during transmission. issues, as they can be transmitted without loss
of information.
Analog signals are used in applications where Digital signals are used in applications where
the information being transmitted is continuous the information being transmitted is discrete.
and requires high fidelity.

Question 7: Difference between hardware and software?

Hardware Software

Hardware refers to the physical components of Software is a collection of programs,

a computer system that can be seen and instructions, and data that can be stored on a
touched. physical medium.
Hardware is designed to perform specific Software is designed to provide instructions to
functions within a computer system. the hardware to perform specific tasks.
Hardware and software interact with each The software provides instructions to the
other to enable a computer system to function. hardware to perform specific tasks
Hardware components are typically not Software can be modified and updated to fix
modified once they are assembled into a bugs, add new features, or improve
computer system. performance.

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Question 8: Define the following:

Hacking: Hacking is the act of gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network, often
with the intention of stealing, modifying, or destroying data, or disrupting the normal operation of the
system. Hacking can be done for malicious purposes, such as committing cybercrime.

MS Excel: Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software application developed by Microsoft Corporation.

It allows users to create and manipulate data in tabular form, using features such as formulas, functions,
charts, and graphs.

Page Layout Tab: Page Layout tab is a ribbon tab located in the Microsoft Office ribbon interface
that appears at the top of the screen in applications such as Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. The
Page Layout tab contains a range of options and tools that allow users to customize the layout and
formatting of their documents or presentations.

Credit & Debit Card Scam: A credit and debit card scam is a fraudulent scheme that aims to
steal personal and financial information from individuals who use credit or debit cards for online or in-
person transactions. These scams can take many forms, such as phishing emails, fake websites, or phone
calls that impersonate legitimate financial institutions.

Paragraph Group: Paragraph Group is a set of formatting tools and options located in the
Microsoft Office ribbon interface, which appears at the top of the screen in applications such as
Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. The Paragraph Group contains a range of tools that allow users
to format and adjust the layout of text in a document. These tools include options to align text, set line
spacing, adjust indentation, create bulleted or numbered lists, and apply styles to paragraphs.

Page Setup Group: Page Setup Group is a set of formatting tools and options located in the
Microsoft Office ribbon interface, which appears at the top of the screen in applications such as
Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. The Page Setup Group contains a range of tools that allow users
to adjust the layout and formatting of pages in a document. These tools include options to set margins,
page orientation, page size, and background color.

Hardcopy / Softcopy:
Hardcopy refers to a physical printed copy of a document or information, usually on paper or another
tangible medium, that can be physically held and stored.

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Softcopy refers to an electronic or digital version of a document or information that is displayed on a
screen, stored on a computer, or transmitted electronically. Softcopy documents can be viewed and
manipulated using various software applications or electronic devices.

Output Devices:
Output devices are hardware components of a computer system that receive data and instructions from
the CPU (central processing unit) and produce the results of processed data for the user. These devices
are used to display or present information that has been processed by the computer, including text,
images, audio, and video. Examples of output devices include monitors, printers, speakers, projectors,
and headphones.

Input Devices:
Input devices are hardware components of a computer system that allow users to provide data and
instructions to the computer for processing. These devices are used to input or enter information into
the computer system, such as text, images, audio, and video. Examples of input devices include
keyboards, mice, scanners, digital cameras, microphones, and touchscreens.

Question 9: What a hacker can do to your computer?

1. Steal personal and financial information: A hacker can steal sensitive information such
as login credentials, credit card details, and bank account numbers from your computer,
which they can use to commit identity theft or financial fraud.

2. Install malware: A hacker can install malicious software (malware) on your computer,
which can damage your system, steal data, or monitor your activities. This can include
viruses, spyware, and ransomware.

3. Take control of your computer: A hacker can take control of your computer remotely
and use it to carry out illegal activities such as sending spam emails, launching attacks on
other systems, or conducting cybercrime.

4. Encrypt or delete files: A hacker can encrypt or delete important files on your
computer, rendering them unusable or inaccessible.

Question 10: Why is computer security being important? Write any two reasons.

1. Protection of sensitive data: Computers are used to store and process sensitive
information such as personal data, financial information, intellectual property, and

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 confidential business information. Ensuring the security of this data is essential to protect
it from theft, misuse, or unauthorized access.

2. Prevention of cyber attacks: With the increasing use of computers and the internet, the
risk of cyber attacks has also increased. Cyber attacks can take many forms, such as
malware, phishing, ransomware, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. These attacks can
disrupt operations, compromise data, and cause financial or reputational damage. Proper
computer security measures can help prevent such attacks and mitigate their impact if
they do occur.

Question 11: Draw a chart of showing classification of computer on different basis.

Question 11: Define software and its types.

Answer: Software refers to the programs, applications, and data that make a computer system perform
specific tasks and operations. It is a set of instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to do
it.

There are two main types of software:

1. System software: System software is the fundamental software that manages and controls the
computer hardware and provides a platform for other software to run on. It includes operating
systems, device drivers, utilities, and firmware. Examples of system software include Windows,
macOS, Linux, and Unix.

2. Application software: Application software is software designed for a specific purpose or task. It
enables users to perform a wide range of activities on their computer, such as creating
documents, editing photos, browsing the web, or playing games. Application software includes

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 productivity software, multimedia software, entertainment software, and educational software.
Examples of application software include Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, VLC media player,
and Minecraft.

Question 12: What do you mean by signal to noise ratio?

Answer: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a measure of the strength of a signal relative to the background
noise in a communication system. In simpler terms, it is a measure of how clear a signal is compared to
the noise around it. It is expressed as a ratio of the power of the signal to the power of the noise, usually
in decibels (dB).

In communication systems, a high SNR is desirable because it means that the signal is strong and clear,
while the noise is weak and not interfering much with the signal. A low SNR 7means that the signal is
weak and possibly distorted by the noise, making it difficult to distinguish the signal from the noise.

Question 13: Define BUS. How many types are there? Write their full names.

Answer: A bus is a communication pathway that allows multiple components of a computer system to
transfer data and signals between one another

There are three types of buses such as:

1. Control Bus
2. Data Bus
3. Address Bus

Question 14: Write down the Abbreviations of the following:

NADRA: National Database and Registration Authority.

HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol.

DDR: Double Data Rate.

CMOS: complementary metal oxide semiconductor.

URL: Uniform Resource Locator.

WYSIWYG: what you see is what you get.

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PIN: personal identification number.
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network.
ISP: internet service provider.
Question 15: List the Program available in MS Office & write why each program is used?

1. Microsoft Word: A word processing program used for creating, editing, and formatting text
documents, such as letters, reports, and essays.

2. Microsoft Excel: A spreadsheet program used for organizing, analyzing, and manipulating
numerical data, such as budgets, financial statements, and inventory lists.

3. Microsoft PowerPoint: A presentation program used for creating and delivering visual
presentations, such as slideshows, lectures, and speeches.

4. Microsoft Access: A database management program used for creating, organizing, and
manipulating large volumes of data, such as customer records, sales data, and inventory lists.

5. Microsoft Outlook: An email and personal information management program used for
managing email messages, contacts, calendars, and tasks.

6. Microsoft Publisher: A desktop publishing program used for creating professional-quality print
publications, such as newsletters, brochures, and flyers.

Question 17: Write down any four uses of spreadsheet in business.

1. Financial analysis: Spreadsheets can be used to create financial models, calculate financial
ratios, and analyze financial data such as revenue, expenses, and profits.

2. Budgeting and forecasting: Spreadsheets can be used to create budgets, forecast future
revenues and expenses, and track actual results against planned targets.

3. Project management: Spreadsheets can be used to create project schedules, track tasks and
milestones, and monitor progress against project timelines.

4. Inventory management: Spreadsheets can be used to track inventory levels, monitor stock
movements, and calculate reorder points to ensure that the business always has the right
amount of inventory on hand.

Question 18: what is orientation? Name and define any two options in orientation.

Orientation refers to the way in which content is positioned or aligned on a page or document. In
Microsoft Word, there are two main options for orientation:

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 1. Portrait: This is the default orientation for most documents, where the page is taller than it is
wide, with the longer edge running vertically. This orientation is often used for documents that
contain a lot of text, such as reports, essays, or letters.

2. Landscape: This orientation is where the page is wider than it is tall, with the longer edge
running horizontally. This orientation is often used for documents that contain images, charts,
or tables, as it allows more space for these types of content.

Question 19: Define different types of language translator.

1. Compiler: A compiler is a type of language translator that converts an entire program written in
a high-level programming language into machine code that can be executed by a computer. The
process of compiling a program involves several steps, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis,
code generation, and optimization.

2. Interpreter: An interpreter is a type of language translator that converts high-level language

code into machine code on a line-by-line basis as the program is being executed.

3. Assembler: An assembler is a type of language translator that converts assembly language code
into machine code. An assembler translates assembly language code into machine code that can
be executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU).

Question 20: Write down the steps of following:

Microsoft Office 2010:

1. Open the program: Click on the program icon to launch the application.

2. Create a new document: Click on the "File" tab and select "New" to create a new document.
You can choose from various templates or start with a blank document.

3. Edit the document: You can add text, images, and other elements to your document by using
the different tools available in the program. For example, in Word, you can use the ribbon to
format text, add tables, and insert graphics.

4. Save the document: Click on the "File" tab and select "Save" to save your document. You can
choose where to save the file and give it a name.

5. Print the document: Click on the "File" tab and select "Print" to print your document. You can
choose the printer and set other printing options.

6. Close the program: Click on the "File" tab and select "Exit" or click on the X button in the upper
right corner to close the program.

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Installing Windows:
1. Backup important data: Before installing Windows, it's important to backup all your important
files and data to an external hard drive, cloud storage, or other backup media.

2. Insert the installation media: Insert the installation DVD or USB drive into your computer's DVD
or USB drive.

3. Restart your computer: Restart your computer and press the appropriate key (usually F2, F10,
or Delete) to enter the BIOS setup utility.

4. Configure the boot order: In the BIOS setup utility, configure the boot order to make the DVD or
USB drive the first boot device.

5. Save and exit the BIOS setup: Save the changes and exit the BIOS setup utility.

6. Begin the installation: When the computer restarts, it will boot from the installation media and
you'll see the Windows setup screen. Select your language and other preferences, and click
"Install Now."

7. Enter your product key: Enter your Windows product key when prompted.

8. Choose the installation type: Choose between an upgrade installation (if you're upgrading from
a previous version of Windows) or a custom installation (if you're installing Windows on a new
hard drive or partition).

9. Select the installation location: Choose the hard drive or partition where you want to install
Windows.

10. Wait for the installation to complete: The installation process may take some time depending
on your computer's speed and the version of Windows you're installing.

11. Set up your user account: After the installation is complete, you'll need to set up your user
account, including your username and password.

12. Install drivers and updates: Once you've installed Windows, you'll need to install drivers for
your hardware and any updates for Windows itself.

Antivirus Installation:
1. Download the antivirus software: Visit the website of your preferred antivirus software
provider and download the installation file for your operating system.

2. Close all other programs: Make sure all other programs are closed before beginning the
installation process.

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 3. Run the installation file: Double-click on the installation file to begin the installation process.

4. Follow the prompts: Follow the prompts in the installation wizard, which will guide you through
the installation process.

5. Read the license agreement: Read the license agreement carefully, and if you agree to the
terms, click "Accept" or "Agree" to proceed.

6. Choose the installation location: Choose the folder or directory where you want the antivirus
software to be installed.

7. Select the installation options: Choose any additional options you want to install, such as a
browser extension or a firewall.

8. Wait for the installation to complete: The installation process may take some time depending
on the size of the installation file and the speed of your computer.

9. Update the antivirus software: Once the installation is complete, update the antivirus software
to ensure it has the latest virus definitions and features.

10. Run a scan: Run a full system scan to check for any viruses or malware on your computer.

Question 21: Define HTML and write down step to creating web page html.

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is a markup language used for creating web pages and
other types of content that can be displayed in a web browser.

Here are the steps to creating a basic web page using HTML:

1. Open a text editor: Open a plain text editor such as Notepad, TextEdit, or Sublime Text.

2. Start with the HTML document structure: Type <!DOCTYPE html> at the top of the document to
indicate that this is an HTML5 document.

3. Add the HTML tags: Next, add the opening and closing <html> tags to enclose all the HTML
code.

4. Add the head section: Within the <html> tags, add the opening and closing <head> tags. This
section contains information about the web page that is not displayed in the browser, such as
the title, meta tags, and links to external stylesheets and scripts.

5. Add the title: Within the <head> tags, add the <title> tag to specify the title of the web page.

6. Add the body section: Within the <html> tags, add the opening and closing <body> tags. This
section contains all the visible content of the web page, such as text, images, and links.

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 7. Add content to the web page: Within the <body> tags, add the content of the web page using
various HTML tags such as <h1> for headings, <p> for paragraphs, <img> for images, and <a> for
links.

8. Save the file: Save the file with a .html extension.

9. Open the file in a web browser: Open the HTML file in a web browser such as Google Chrome or
Mozilla Firefox to view the web page.

Question 22: How to use tool formatting & design by using HTML?

1. Text formatting: HTML provides several tags for formatting text, including <b> for bold, <i> for
italic, <u> for underline, <s> for strikethrough, <sup> for superscript, and <sub> for subscript.

2. Headings: HTML provides six levels of headings, ranging from <h1> for the main heading to <h6>
for a subheading. Headings are used to structure the content of the web page and improve
readability.

3. Lists: HTML provides two types of lists, ordered lists <ol> and unordered lists <ul>. Lists are used
to organize content into numbered or bulleted items.

4. Links: HTML provides the <a> tag for creating links to other web pages, files, or email addresses.

5. Images: HTML provides the <img> tag for inserting images into a web page.

6. Tables: HTML provides the <table> tag for creating tables. Tables are used to organize and
present data in a structured format.

7. Forms: HTML provides the <form> tag for creating forms. Forms are used to collect user input
and send it to a server for processing.

Question 23: Write the uses of Hard disk, SD card and USB Flash disk.

1. Hard Disk: Hard disks are the primary storage devices in most computers. They are used to store
the operating system, software applications, and user data such as documents, photos, and
videos. Hard disks have large storage capacities and are ideal for storing large files and
applications that require fast access.

2. SD Card: SD Cards are commonly used in digital cameras, smartphones, and other portable
devices to store photos, videos, music, and other data. They are small and portable, making
them ideal for use in devices that require removable storage.

3. USB Flash Disk: USB Flash Disks are small, portable storage devices that are widely used for
transferring data between computers and other devices. They are commonly used to store and

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 transfer files such as documents, photos, and music. USB Flash Disks are also used for creating
bootable operating system installation media, and for backing up and transferring files between
computers.

Question 24: Why do we used “Arrange Group” in the Page Layout Tab?

The "Arrange Group" in the Page Layout Tab of MS Excel is used to modify the arrangement and
placement of the objects in a worksheet. Here are some of the specific uses of the options in the
"Arrange Group":

1. Align: This helps to ensure that objects are positioned consistently and neatly.

2. Group: This is useful when you want to move or resize a set of objects together.

3. Rotate: This is useful when you want to create a visual effect or emphasize a particular aspect of
an object.

4. Order: This option allows you to change the order in which objects are displayed on the
worksheet. You can bring objects forward or send them backward, depending on the desired
arrangement.

5. Resize: This helps to ensure that objects are sized appropriately and fit well within the
worksheet.

Question 25: Explain the basic terminologies of web development.

1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML is the standard markup language used to create
web pages. It provides the structure of a webpage.

2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a
document written in HTML.

3. JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language used to add interactivity to web pages. It

allows developers to create dynamic and interactive web pages by providing functionality.

4. Responsive Web Design: Responsive web design is a technique used to create web pages that
adapt to different screen sizes and resolutions.

5. Content Management System (CMS): A content management system is a software application

used to create, manage, and publish digital content.

6. Web Server: A web server is a software application that serves web pages to clients over the
internet.

7. Domain Name System (DNS): It enables users to access websites by typing in a domain name
instead of an IP address.

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Question 26: Define Productivity software and business software.

Productivity software:

Productivity software is a type of software that helps individuals or groups of people increase their
productivity and efficiency by creating, editing, and managing various types of information.

Business software:

Business software is a type of software used in businesses to manage various operations, processes, and
workflows+6

Question 27: Discuss the margins and paper size in page setup program.

Margins:

Margins refer to the space between the edge of the paper and the content of the document. Margins
are used to provide space for binding, to ensure that text does not run too close to the edge of the
paper, and to make the document more readable.

Paper size:

Paper size refers to the size of the sheet of paper on which the document will be printed. The most
common paper sizes are letter (8.5 x 11 inches). Paper size can be set by going to the Page Layout tab,
clicking on Size, and selecting the desired paper size.

Question 28: Write the steps of creating a table using design view.

1. Open Microsoft Access and create a new Blank Database.

2. Click on the "Create" tab in the top ribbon.

3. Click on the "Table Design" option in the "Tables" group. This will open the "Table Design" view.

4. In the "Table Design" view, you can define the fields for your table. Enter the field names in the
"Field Name" column and choose the appropriate data type from the "Data Type" column.

5. You can also set the properties for each field, such as data format, input mask, default value,
etc.

6. Set the Primary Key for your table by selecting the field or combination of fields that uniquely
identify each record.

7. Save your table by clicking on the "Save" button in the top left corner of the window and giving
it a name.

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 8. Close the "Table Design" view and return to the main Access window.

9. You can now start entering data into your table by selecting it from the navigation pane and
clicking on the "Datasheet View" button in the top ribbon.

Section “C”
(DETAILED ANSWER QUESTIONS)

Question 1: What is data processing cycle? Draw the blog diagram of data processing cycle.

The data processing cycle refers to the sequence of steps or stages involved in the processing of data to
produce useful information. It is a series of steps that begins with the input of raw data and ends with
the output of processed information

The basic steps of the data processing cycle are:

1. Input: This is the first stage of the data processing cycle, in which raw data is collected and
entered into the system. This can be done through various input devices such as a keyboard,
scanner, or microphone.

2. Processing: This stage involves the manipulation and transformation of the raw data into a
format that can be easily understood by the computer. This stage is done through various
software and hardware tools, such as a CPU, algorithms, or programs.

3. Storage: This stage involves the storage of the processed data in memory, which can be either
primary or secondary. The data can be temporarily stored in cache or RAM, or permanently
stored in hard drives or other storage devices.

4. Output: This stage involves the presentation of the processed data in a format that can be easily
understood by the user. This can be done through various output devices such as a monitor,
printer, or speakers.

5. Feedback: This stage involves the process of sending back information from the output to the
input stage. Feedback allows for adjustments to be made to the input, processing, or output
stages of the data processing cycle.

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Question 2: Define Topology. Explain its types.

Topology:

Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of various components of a computer network or
system, and how they are connected to each other. It is the structure of a network that determines how
devices communicate with each other. There are different types of topology:

Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single cable called a bus. Each device on the network
receives all the data transmitted over the bus but only processes data intended for it. This topology is
suitable for small networks as it is easy to install and less expensive than other topologies.

Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch, which acts as a mediator for data
transmission. The hub or switch sends data to the intended device and receives data from it. This
topology is widely used in LANs (Local Area Networks) because it is easy to install, provides good
performance, and is easy to expand. However, the failure of the hub or switch can affect the entire
network.

Mesh Topology: All devices are connected to each other, forming a mesh-like structure. This provides
redundancy, as data can be routed through multiple paths, and if one path fails, there are alternative
paths. This topology is widely used in mission-critical applications, such as stock markets, banks, and
emergency services. However, it is complex to install and requires more cabling than other topologies.

Ring Topology: All devices are connected in a circular structure, where data flows in one direction. Each
device receives data from the previous device and sends data to the next device. This topology is easy to
install and provides good performance. However, the failure of a single device can disrupt the entire
network.

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Tree Topology: Devices are arranged in a hierarchical structure, with one or more nodes at the top of
the hierarchy. Data is transmitted from the nodes at the top to the nodes at the bottom, and vice versa.
This topology is suitable for large networks, such as WANs (Wide Area Networks), and provides good
performance. However, it is complex to install and requires more cabling than other topologies.

Question 3: Define CPU & Microprocessor and their major parts.

CPU (Central Processing Unit): CPU is the brain of the computer that performs all the arithmetic, logical,
and input/output operations in a computer system. It receives instructions from memory and executes
them to perform various tasks. CPU consists of three main parts:

1. Control Unit (CU): It controls the flow of data between the memory and the CPU. It fetches
instructions from memory and sends them to the arithmetic logic unit for processing.

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs all the arithmetic and logical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

3. Registers: They are small storage units within the CPU that hold data temporarily during the
processing of instructions. Registers are of different types such as Instruction Register, Memory
Address Register, and Accumulator.

Microprocessor: A microprocessor is a small computer chip that contains all the essential components
of a CPU on a single integrated circuit. It is a central processing unit that is used in microcomputers,
embedded systems, and other electronic devices. The microprocessor consists of the following major
parts:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs all the arithmetic and logical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

2. Control Unit (CU): It controls the flow of data between the memory and the microprocessor. It
fetches instructions from memory and sends them to the arithmetic logic unit for processing.

3. Registers: They are small storage units within the microprocessor that hold data temporarily
during the processing of instructions.

4. Clock: It synchronizes the operations of the microprocessor by providing a signal that

determines the speed of execution.

5. Instruction Set: It consists of a set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. The
instruction set varies depending on the architecture of the microprocessor.

Question 5: Explain the basic components of Data Base Management System(DBMS).

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A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software system that allows users to create, access, and
manipulate databases. It is used to manage large amounts of data efficiently and effectively. The basic
components of a DBMS are as follows:

1. Data: The data is the primary component of a DBMS. It is the information that is stored in the
database. It can be in different formats such as text, numbers, images, and multimedia files.

2. Database: The database is a collection of related data that is organized in a structured manner.
It is managed by a DBMS, which ensures the efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of
data.

3. DBMS Software: DBMS software is the core component of the system that allows users to
interact with the database. It provides an interface for users to create, modify, and query the
database. The software ensures that the data is secure, consistent, and available to authorized
users.

4. Database Schema: The database schema defines the structure of the database, including the
tables, columns, relationships, and constraints. It ensures that the data is organized in a
meaningful and efficient way.

5. Query Language: The query language is used to retrieve data from the database. It allows users
to specify the desired data, and the DBMS software retrieves the data accordingly. SQL
(Structured Query Language) is the most common query language used in DBMS.

6. Data Mining Tools: Data mining tools are used to extract useful information from the database.
It helps in discovering patterns, relationships, and trends in the data.

7. Backup and Recovery Tools: Backup and recovery tools are used to protect the database from
hardware or software failures. It ensures that the data can be restored to its original state in
case of any failure.

Question 6: Define Computer Network. Describe different types of Computer Network.

A computer network is a collection of computers, servers, and other devices that are interconnected by
communication channels to share data, resources, and information. It enables the transfer of data
between computers and facilitates communication between users. Computer networks can be classified
into different types based on their geographic span, topology, and protocol used. The following are the
major types of computer networks:

1. Local Area Network (LAN): A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that is limited to
a small geographic area, such as a building, campus, or office. It connects computers and other
devices within the same location to share resources and data. LANs are typically faster and more
secure than other types of networks.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN): A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that spans a
large geographic area, such as a country or the world. It connects LANs and other networks

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 together to enable communication between users and organizations across different locations.
WANs are typically slower than LANs due to the longer distance involved in data transfer.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer

network that covers a larger geographic area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It is typically
used to connect multiple LANs within a city or a metropolitan area. MANs provide faster data
transfer than WANs but slower than LANs.

4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a type of LAN
that uses wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi to connect devices to the network.
WLANs eliminate the need for cables and provide more flexibility and mobility for users.

5. Storage Area Network (SAN): A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a specialized computer network
that provides access to storage devices such as disks, tapes, and other storage media. It enables
the sharing of storage resources across different servers and applications.

6. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): A Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P) is a type of network where each
device on the network can act as both a client and a server. It enables the sharing of resources
and data between devices without the need for a centralized server.

Question 7: Explain the features of all generations with the help of a table.

Generation Time Period Main Features

Vacuum tubes, magnetic drum memory, machine language,

First Generation 1940s-1950s punched cards

Transistors, magnetic core memory, assembly language,

Second Generation 1950s-1960s high-level programming languages

Integrated circuits, semiconductor memory, operating

Third Generation 1960s-1970s systems, time-sharing

Fourth Generation 1970s-1980s Microprocessors, personal computers, GUIs, networking

Artificial intelligence, expert systems, natural language

Fifth Generation 1980s-Present processing

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 1. First Generation: The first generation of computers was characterized by the use of vacuum
tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. Programming was done in machine
language, and input was through punched cards.

2. Second Generation: The second generation of computers saw the advent of transistors, which
replaced vacuum tubes, and magnetic core memory, which was faster and more reliable than
magnetic drums. Programming languages such as assembly language and high-level languages
such as COBOL and FORTRAN were developed.

3. Third Generation: The third generation of computers featured the use of integrated circuits,
which made computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Semiconductor memory replaced
magnetic core memory, and operating systems such as UNIX and DOS were developed. Time-
sharing allowed multiple users to access a computer at the same time.

4. Fourth Generation: The fourth generation of computers was characterized by the development
of microprocessors, which made it possible to build personal computers. Graphical User
Interfaces (GUIs) were developed, which made it easier to interact with computers. Networking
technologies such as Ethernet and TCP/IP allowed computers to communicate with each other.

5. Fifth Generation: The fifth generation of computers is characterized by the development of

artificial intelligence, expert systems, and natural language processing. These technologies are
used to develop intelligent systems that can understand and interpret human language, solve
complex problems, and make decisions.

Question 8: Describe the basic operation of Computer.

A computer is an electronic device that can perform various operations based on the input it receives.
The basic operation of a computer involves four main steps: input, processing, output, and storage.

1. Input: Input is the first step in the operation of a computer. It involves the transfer of data or
instructions from an input device to the computer's memory. Input devices may include a
keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, or any other device that can be used to enter data or
instructions into the computer.

2. Processing: Processing is the second step in the operation of a computer. It involves the
manipulation of data or instructions in the computer's memory to produce a result. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for processing data and instructions. It retrieves data from
the computer's memory.

3. Output: Output is the third step in the operation of a computer. It involves the transfer of data
or information from the computer's memory to an output device. Output devices may include a
monitor, printer, speakers, or any other device that can be used to display or produce data or
information.

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4. Storage: Storage is the fourth step in the operation of a computer. It involves the long-term
storage of data or information in the computer's memory. Data can be stored in two types of
memory: primary memory and secondary memory. Primary memory includes Random Access
Memory (RAM) and Cache Memory, which are used to store data that is currently being
processed by the CPU. Secondary memory includes hard disk drives, solid-state drives, and other
storage devices that are used to store data for long-term use.

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