Sas #5 Cri 170
Sas #5 Cri 170
Score: /60
Productivity Tip:
Schedule doing practice drills similar to the ones in this
module two more times this week. Spacing your practice
time will help you master the process!
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (2 mins)
How are you class? I hope you’re doing great. Today, our topic is all about, “The Development
of Theory”. But before that, let’s have a recap of our lesson yesterday. Yes, anybody from the group
who can recall what was our lesson yesterday? (The teacher must ask at least two (2) students to
answer). Okay, great! So, our lesson yesterday was all about, “Theory and Practice”. The learning
objectives for today are: a) explain the stages of theory development; and b) apply the kind of
reasoning in a given scenario. Our topic today is still connected with the previous one since it is still
about theory. Theorists tend to formulate theories to cite what are the causes why a person commits a
crime. However, the focus of our topic today does not dwell on the various theories why a person
commits a crime but on how the theory is being developed. Are you guys ready? Alright, let’s begin with
this first activity!
B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 1: Content Notes (13 mins)
Instructions: Read and understand the concepts below and after that you
have to answer the questions that follow. Write it on the space provided.
Deductive reasoning- is criticized for the lack of clarity in terms of how to select theory to be
tested via formulating hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning – is also criticized because “no amount of empirical data will necessarily
enable theory-building.
Abductive reasoning, as a third alternative, overcomes these weaknesses via adopting a
pragmatist perspective
The biggest difference between deductive and inductive reasoning is that deductive reasoning
starts with a statement or hypothesis and then tests to see if it’s true through observation, where
inductive reasoning starts with observations and moves backward towards generalizations and
theories.
The critical point relating to theory construction is its purpose to predict. The main purpose of
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
theory is to provide the means to develop mathematical, analytical and descriptive models that predict
counterintuitive, non-obvious, unseen, or difficult-to-obtain outcomes. The theory is clearly derived by
some other means- it is the imagination and creative insight of the innovator by which theory is
developed. Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss developed the “Grounded Theory” Approach (Glaser,
1967) to develop theory in social sciences. Grounded Theory (inspired the inductive reasoning) asserts
that theory is “discovered” as the result of systematically analysing data or data mining techniques.
Induction validates theory, it does not develop theory. It is mainly applicable for qualitative research
(Jaccard, 2014).
Hypotheses must be part of some theory structure, or they are nothing more than the opinion of
the researcher, even if that opinion is subsequently “validated.” According to Merriam-Webster’s
Dictionary, hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or
empirical consequences. It is this process of hypothesis creation that has resulted in numerous “tests”
of the same subject area resulting in differing conclusions. Theory generates hypotheses, hypotheses
do not create theory nor are they themselves theory.
1. Research design: Define your research questions and the main concepts and variables involved.
2. Data collection: Collect data for your study using any of the various methods (field research,
interviews, surveys, etc.)
3. Data ordering: Arrange your data chronologically to facilitate easier data analysis and examination
of processes.
4. Data analysis: Analyze your data using methods of your choosing to look for patterns, connections,
and significant findings.
5. Theory construction: Using the patterns and findings from your data analysis, develop a theory
about what you discovered.
6. Literature comparison: Compare your emerging theory with the existing literature. Are there
conflicting frameworks, similar frameworks, etc.?
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
2.1 Let us test your skill! In this activity, you are going to identify what kind of
reasoning is stated on the scenario. Is it abductive, inductive or deductive? Score: over 5
Write your answer on the space provided. (5 points)
***If your answer is deductive reasoning then you are correct! The argument starts from general
(police trainees) to specific (Juan).
2.2 Now, it’s your turn to construct your own deductive proposition, you may use Activity 3.1 as your
guide. Write your answer on the box provided. (5 points)
Score: over 5
2.3 Explain briefly the 3 stages of theory development using your own words. You limit your answer to
ten (10) sentences only. Write it on the space provided. (10 points)
Score: over 10
Answer:
Exploratory stage involves researchers analyzing literature, gaining comprehensive understanding,
and identifying patterns. Theoretical stage involves developing a framework, refining models, and
exploring subject matter. Empirical stage tests theory through research, assessing applicability and
generalizability.
Score: over 30
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
1. It is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract concepts in a meaningful way.
a. Concept c. Theory
b. Principle d. Variable
2. What level of awareness of the human mind that serves as the scanner for us causing us to perceive
an event, triggers a need to react?
a. Conscious c. Unconscious
b. Subconscious d. All of these
4. How many percent does our conscious level of awareness in our mind have?
a. 10 c. 30
b. 50 d. 20
6. These are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state.
a. Mores c. Norms
b. Folkways d. Laws
7. It is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong.
a. Social Ethics c. Ethics
b. Moral Philosophy d. Both b and c
8. Who said that each person has a natural obligation to achieve, become, and make something of
himself by pursuing his true ends and goals in life?
a. Aristotle c. Plato
b. Albert Einstein d. Socrates
9. It also refers to the reaction to facts of the relationship between the individual and his environment.
a. Human behavior c. Behavior
b. Conduct norms d. Norms
10. It refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness.
a. Moi c. Conscience
b. Personne d. Ego
12. Who believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involved reasoning?
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
a. Socrates c. Plato
b. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud
13. Who said that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge?
a. Socrates c. Plato
b. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud
14. In _____, people are considered as living machines that receive information from the world, process
it in various ways, and then act on it.
a. sociology c. psychology
b. philosophy d. theory
15. What discipline uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and
behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human
beings?
a. Social psychology c. Sociology
b. Criminology d. Psychology
17. What principle or a body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of
interrelated phenomena?
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept
19. What expresses the relationship between two or more concepts or constructs?
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept
21. It is a set of logically related explanatory hypotheses that are consistent with a body of empirical
facts and may suggest more empirical relationships.
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept
22. It provides concepts to name what we observe and to explain relationships between concepts.
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
23. Who said this maxim, “In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are not?”
a. Sigmund Freud c. Freda Adler
b. Albert Einstein d. Socrates
25. In theory, many assumptions are made to explain the phenomenon and concepts. Is the statement
correct?
a. Yes c. No
b. I think so d. Sometimes
26. It is a thought, an idea about the way the world works that allows you to predict what will happen if
you do something.
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept
29. It is synonymous with the terms thesis, hypothesis, supposition, and proposition.
a. Theory c. Construct
b. Principle d. Hypothesis
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
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B.2 This is a self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets: Just place a check (/) mark on the
__________________________________
space provided. __________________________________
1. I CAN explain the stages of theory development. _______
__________________________________
2. I CAN apply the kind of reasoning in a given scenario. _______
__________________________________
__________________________
KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Answer on Activity 3.1 Answer: Deductive reasoning (5 points perfect score)
Rubrics on Activity 3.2 Rate
Organization of thoughts=2 points
Grammar = 1 points
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Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5
Readability = 1 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 5 points
Rubrics on Activity 3.3 Rate
Organization of thoughts=4 points
Grammar = 3 points
Readability = 2 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 10 points
TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES:
Congratulations! That’s enough for today; study the Formula of Crime Causation found on our
textbook (Pages 21-24). Thank you!
Sources: Learning How to Learn: How to Succeed in School without Spending All Your Time Studying,
a Guide for Teens and Kids by Barbara Oakley and Terrence Sejnowski, 2018
https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-approach/abductive-reasoning-
abductive-approach/
https://danielmiessler.com/blog/the-difference-between-deductive-and-inductive-reasoning/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/abductive-reasoning-definition-examples.html
https://research-methodology.net/research-approach/abductive-reasoning-abductive-approach.
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