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Sas #5 Cri 170

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views9 pages

Sas #5 Cri 170

Uploaded by

tamayo.markjon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course Code: CRI 170

Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation


Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

Lesson Title: Development of Theory Materials: Ballpen, Paper, Notebook


& SAS
Lesson Objectives: References:
At the end of this module, you should be able to: Siegel, Larry J. et al. 2007. Juvenile
1. explain the stages of theory development; and Delinquency: Theory, Practice and Law.
2. apply the kind of reasoning in a given scenario. 9th Edition, Wadsworth Publishing
Textbook:
Panugaling, G.C. and Caño, G. J.
(2019). Theories of Crime Causation.
Rex Book Store Inc.

Score: /60
Productivity Tip:
Schedule doing practice drills similar to the ones in this
module two more times this week. Spacing your practice
time will help you master the process!

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction (2 mins)
How are you class? I hope you’re doing great. Today, our topic is all about, “The Development
of Theory”. But before that, let’s have a recap of our lesson yesterday. Yes, anybody from the group
who can recall what was our lesson yesterday? (The teacher must ask at least two (2) students to
answer). Okay, great! So, our lesson yesterday was all about, “Theory and Practice”. The learning
objectives for today are: a) explain the stages of theory development; and b) apply the kind of
reasoning in a given scenario. Our topic today is still connected with the previous one since it is still
about theory. Theorists tend to formulate theories to cite what are the causes why a person commits a
crime. However, the focus of our topic today does not dwell on the various theories why a person
commits a crime but on how the theory is being developed. Are you guys ready? Alright, let’s begin with
this first activity!

B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 1: Content Notes (13 mins)
Instructions: Read and understand the concepts below and after that you
have to answer the questions that follow. Write it on the space provided.

Concepts of Theory Development


Scientists formulate theories, test theories, accept theories, reject theories, modify theories and
use theories as guides to understanding and predicting events. Theories are fruits of scientific research.
Scientific research is a process that is designed to extend our understanding and to determine if they
are correct or useful.
As cited in (http://faculty.jou.ufl.edu/theory.html), there are three stages of theory development.
1) Speculative - attempts to explain what is happening.
2) Descriptive - gathers descriptive data to describe what is really happening.
3) Constructive - revises old theories and develops new ones based on continuing research.
In order to understand how theory is developed, it is better to cite the three (3) kinds of
1
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

reasoning (Thompson, 2006):


1) Inductive Reasoning: A process of using examples and observations to reach a conclusion. A
conclusion based in inductive reasoning is called conjecture. (Example):
90% of humans are right-handed.
Joe is a human.
Therefore, the probability that Joe is right-handed is 90%. If you were required to guess, you
would choose “right-handed” in the absence of any other evidence.
2) Deductive Reasoning (Example):
All men are mortal.
John is a man.
Therefore, John is mortal.

3) Abductive Reasoning also known as Retroductive Reasoning (Example):


You're a juror and the defendant looks like the image of the man on the security camera robbing
the bank. He stutters and pauses, like he is guilty, when answering questions posed by the
prosecutor. You conclude, as a juror on your first day as a member of the jury, that he is guilty, but you
are not certain. Here, you have made a decision based on your observations, but you are not certain it
is the right decision

Deductive reasoning- is criticized for the lack of clarity in terms of how to select theory to be
tested via formulating hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning – is also criticized because “no amount of empirical data will necessarily
enable theory-building.
Abductive reasoning, as a third alternative, overcomes these weaknesses via adopting a
pragmatist perspective
The biggest difference between deductive and inductive reasoning is that deductive reasoning
starts with a statement or hypothesis and then tests to see if it’s true through observation, where
inductive reasoning starts with observations and moves backward towards generalizations and
theories.

The critical point relating to theory construction is its purpose to predict. The main purpose of
2
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

theory is to provide the means to develop mathematical, analytical and descriptive models that predict
counterintuitive, non-obvious, unseen, or difficult-to-obtain outcomes. The theory is clearly derived by
some other means- it is the imagination and creative insight of the innovator by which theory is
developed. Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss developed the “Grounded Theory” Approach (Glaser,
1967) to develop theory in social sciences. Grounded Theory (inspired the inductive reasoning) asserts
that theory is “discovered” as the result of systematically analysing data or data mining techniques.
Induction validates theory, it does not develop theory. It is mainly applicable for qualitative research
(Jaccard, 2014).
Hypotheses must be part of some theory structure, or they are nothing more than the opinion of
the researcher, even if that opinion is subsequently “validated.” According to Merriam-Webster’s
Dictionary, hypothesis is a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or
empirical consequences. It is this process of hypothesis creation that has resulted in numerous “tests”
of the same subject area resulting in differing conclusions. Theory generates hypotheses, hypotheses
do not create theory nor are they themselves theory.

Developing an inductive or grounded theory generally follows the following steps


(http://sociology.about.com/od/Research/a/Inductive-Theory-Construction.html):

1. Research design: Define your research questions and the main concepts and variables involved.
2. Data collection: Collect data for your study using any of the various methods (field research,
interviews, surveys, etc.)
3. Data ordering: Arrange your data chronologically to facilitate easier data analysis and examination
of processes.
4. Data analysis: Analyze your data using methods of your choosing to look for patterns, connections,
and significant findings.
5. Theory construction: Using the patterns and findings from your data analysis, develop a theory
about what you discovered.
6. Literature comparison: Compare your emerging theory with the existing literature. Are there
conflicting frameworks, similar frameworks, etc.?

Let us answer the questions below based on your readings:


1. Based on the concept notes, what is the main purpose of theory?
to provide a framework or a systematic explanation for understanding a particular subject or
Answer: __________________________________________________________________
phenomenon
__________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the 3 stages of theory development?


Exploratory Stage, Theoretical Stage, Empirical Stage
Answer: __________________________________________________________________

3. What are the kinds of reasoning?


Deductive Reasoning, Inductive Reasoning, Abductive Reasoning
Answer: __________________________________________________________________

3
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

Activity 2: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)


This is a self-assessment; you have to answer the question honestly. After that
check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this
SAS. Write your score on the space provided.

2.1 Let us test your skill! In this activity, you are going to identify what kind of
reasoning is stated on the scenario. Is it abductive, inductive or deductive? Score: over 5
Write your answer on the space provided. (5 points)

All police trainees practice in the field.


Juan is a police trainee.
Therefore, Juan practices in the field.
Answer: Deductive reasoning

***If your answer is deductive reasoning then you are correct! The argument starts from general
(police trainees) to specific (Juan).

2.2 Now, it’s your turn to construct your own deductive proposition, you may use Activity 3.1 as your
guide. Write your answer on the box provided. (5 points)
Score: over 5

Premise 1: All mammals have warm blood.


Premise number two: Dogs are mammals.

As a result, dogs are warm-blooded animals.

2.3 Explain briefly the 3 stages of theory development using your own words. You limit your answer to
ten (10) sentences only. Write it on the space provided. (10 points)
Score: over 10

Answer:
Exploratory stage involves researchers analyzing literature, gaining comprehensive understanding,
and identifying patterns. Theoretical stage involves developing a framework, refining models, and
exploring subject matter. Empirical stage tests theory through research, assessing applicability and
generalizability.

Activity 3: Check for Understanding (5 mins) (30 points)


3.1 As promised, today is a scheduled 30-item summative assessment
from modules 1-4. It’s a multiple choice. Encircle the letter of your
choice.

Score: over 30

4
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

1. It is a statement that explains the relationship between abstract concepts in a meaningful way.
a. Concept c. Theory
b. Principle d. Variable

2. What level of awareness of the human mind that serves as the scanner for us causing us to perceive
an event, triggers a need to react?
a. Conscious c. Unconscious
b. Subconscious d. All of these

3. It is where all of our memories and past experiences reside.


a. Conscious c. Unconscious
b. Subconscious d. All of these

4. How many percent does our conscious level of awareness in our mind have?
a. 10 c. 30
b. 50 d. 20

5. It is the accepted behavior that an individual is expected to conform to in a particular group,


community, or culture.
a. Social Norm c. Norm
b. Folkway d. Law

6. These are a formal body of rules enacted by the state and backed by the power of the state.
a. Mores c. Norms
b. Folkways d. Laws

7. It is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong.
a. Social Ethics c. Ethics
b. Moral Philosophy d. Both b and c

8. Who said that each person has a natural obligation to achieve, become, and make something of
himself by pursuing his true ends and goals in life?
a. Aristotle c. Plato
b. Albert Einstein d. Socrates

9. It also refers to the reaction to facts of the relationship between the individual and his environment.
a. Human behavior c. Behavior
b. Conduct norms d. Norms

10. It refers to a person’s sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness.
a. Moi c. Conscience
b. Personne d. Ego

11. It is composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is.


a. Moi c. Conscience
b. Personne d. Ego

12. Who believed that the best life and the life most suited to human nature involved reasoning?
5
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

a. Socrates c. Plato
b. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud

13. Who said that human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion and knowledge?
a. Socrates c. Plato
b. Aristotle d. Sigmund Freud

14. In _____, people are considered as living machines that receive information from the world, process
it in various ways, and then act on it.
a. sociology c. psychology
b. philosophy d. theory

15. What discipline uses scientific methods "to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and
behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other human
beings?
a. Social psychology c. Sociology
b. Criminology d. Psychology

16. It is the word for concepts with no physical referent.


a. Construct c. Theory
b. Principle d. Concept

17. What principle or a body of interrelated principles that purports to explain or predict a number of
interrelated phenomena?
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept

18. It is a symbolic representation of an actual thing.


a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept

19. What expresses the relationship between two or more concepts or constructs?
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept

20. What are the basic components of theory?


a. Concepts and constructs c. Principles and arguments
b. Concepts and principles d. Principles and propositions

21. It is a set of logically related explanatory hypotheses that are consistent with a body of empirical
facts and may suggest more empirical relationships.
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept

22. It provides concepts to name what we observe and to explain relationships between concepts.
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept

6
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

23. Who said this maxim, “In theory, theory and practice are the same. In practice, they are not?”
a. Sigmund Freud c. Freda Adler
b. Albert Einstein d. Socrates

24. Theory is an abstracted practice, and _______is an applied theory.


a. practice c. hypothesis
b. concept d. principle

25. In theory, many assumptions are made to explain the phenomenon and concepts. Is the statement
correct?
a. Yes c. No
b. I think so d. Sometimes

26. It is a thought, an idea about the way the world works that allows you to predict what will happen if
you do something.
a. Theory c. Principle
b. Construct d. Concept

27. Theories are theoretical. Practice is practical. Is the statement correct?


a. Yes c. No
b. I think so d. Sometimes

28. Police officers, firearms, handcuffs are examples of what?


a. Concept c. Construct
b. Principle d. Hypothesis

29. It is synonymous with the terms thesis, hypothesis, supposition, and proposition.
a. Theory c. Construct
b. Principle d. Hypothesis

30. Ideally, what comes first theory or practice?


a. Theory c. Both
b. Practice d. None of these

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Q1. What kind of reasoning is used in everyday living?


Answer: Induction or inductive reasoning is used all the time in everyday life because most of the
world is based on partial knowledge, probabilities, and the usefulness of a theory as opposed to its
absolute validity and not deduction because it is hard to use in everyday life because it requires a
sequential set of facts that are known to be true.
Q2. What kind of reasoning is usually used by most criminological theorists?
Answer: Deductive reasoning because it is mainly logical. Deduction has theories that predict an
outcome, which are tested by experiments.

7
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

Activity 4: Thinking About Learning (5 mins)


A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the
session number you just completed. You mark the place in the work
tracker which is simply a visual to help you to track how much work you
have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

B. Think About Your Learning


Instruction: There are two (2) parts of this activity; first, give me your feedback regarding our module
today by shading any of the circles below. And then support your answer. Write it on the space
provided. And then on the second part would be your self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets.
B.1 Fist to Five Activity:

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
B.2 This is a self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets: Just place a check (/) mark on the
__________________________________
space provided. __________________________________
1. I CAN explain the stages of theory development. _______
__________________________________
2. I CAN apply the kind of reasoning in a given scenario. _______
__________________________________
__________________________

KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Answer on Activity 3.1 Answer: Deductive reasoning (5 points perfect score)
Rubrics on Activity 3.2 Rate
Organization of thoughts=2 points
Grammar = 1 points

8
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #5

Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______


Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________

Readability = 1 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 5 points
Rubrics on Activity 3.3 Rate
Organization of thoughts=4 points
Grammar = 3 points
Readability = 2 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 10 points

TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES:

1. In-classroom learning session:


1. Collect completed work in the SAS;
2. Allocate your contact time with students to individual or small group mentoring, monitoring, and
student consultations;
3. You may administer summative assessments (quizzes, demonstrations, graded recitation,
presentations, performance tasks) during face-to-face sessions;
4. You may also explore supplementary activities that foster collaboration, provided that social
distancing is observed; and
5. You may provide supplementary content via videos, etc.

Congratulations! That’s enough for today; study the Formula of Crime Causation found on our
textbook (Pages 21-24). Thank you!

Sources: Learning How to Learn: How to Succeed in School without Spending All Your Time Studying,
a Guide for Teens and Kids by Barbara Oakley and Terrence Sejnowski, 2018
https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-approach/abductive-reasoning-
abductive-approach/
https://danielmiessler.com/blog/the-difference-between-deductive-and-inductive-reasoning/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/abductive-reasoning-definition-examples.html
https://research-methodology.net/research-approach/abductive-reasoning-abductive-approach.
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