Communication Lab - Assignment 1

Muhammed Mufeed M
Devapriya J K
Anamika P
30 July 2024

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1 Familiarise communication Toolbox in MAT-
LAB/Octave
1.1 Commands in Communications
– awgn
Add white Gaussian noise to a voltage signal.

– biterr
Compares two matrices and returns the number of bit errors and the bit
error rate.
– eyediagram
Plot the eye-diagram of a signal.

– randerr
Generate a matrix of random bit errors.
– randint
Generate a matrix of random binary numbers.

– randsrc
Generate a matrix of random symbols.
– scatterplot
Display the scatter plot of a signal.

– symerr
Compares two matrices and returns the number of symbol errors and the
symbol error rate.
– wgn
Returns a M-by-N matrix Y of white Gaussian noise.

– bsc
Send DATA into a binary symmetric channel with probability P of error
one each symbol.

1.2 Source Coding

– compand
Compresses and expands the dynamic range of a signal using a mu-law or
A-law algorithm.

– dpcmdeco
Decode using differential pulse code modulation (DPCM).
– dpcmenco
Encode using differential pulse code modulation (DPCM).

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– dpcmopt
Optimize the DPCM parameters and codebook.
– huffmandeco
Decode signal encoded by huffmanenco.

– huffmandict
Builds a Huffman code, given a probability list.
– huffmanenco
Returns the Huffman encoded signal using DICT.
– lloyds
Optimize the quantization table and codes to reduce distortion.
– lz77deco
Lempel-Ziv 77 source algorithm decoding implementation.
– lz77enco
Lempel-Ziv 77 source algorithm implementation.
– quantiz
Quantization of an arbitrary signal relative to a partitioning.
– shannonfanodict
Returns the code dictionary for source using Shannon-Fano algorithm.

– shannonfanoenco
Returns the Shannon-Fano encoded signal using DICT.
– shannonfanodeco
Returns the original signal that was Shannon-Fano encoded.

– rleenco
Returns run-length encoded MESSAGE.
– rledeco
Returns decoded run-length MESSAGE.

– riceenco
Returns the Rice encoded signal using K or optimal K.
– ricedeco
Returns the Rice decoded signal vector using CODE and K.
– fiboenco
Returns the cell-array of encoded Fibonacci value from the column vectors
NUM.
– fibodeco
Returns the decoded Fibonacci value from the binary vectors CODE.

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– fibosplitstream
Returns the split data stream at the word boundaries.
– golombenco
Returns the Golomb coded signal as cell array.

– golombdeco
Returns the Golomb decoded signal vector using CODE and M.

1.3 Block Interleavers

– intrlv
Interleaved elements of DATA according to ELEMENTS.
– helscanintrlv
NROWS-by-NCOLS.

– matintrlv
Interleaved elements of DATA with a temporary matrix of size NROWS-
by-NCOLS.
– randintrlv
Interleaves elements of DATA with a random permutation.

– deintrlv
Restore elements of DATA according to ELEMENTS.
– matdeintrlv
Restore elements of DATA with a temporary matrix of size NROWS-by-
NCOLS.

– randdeintrlv
Restore elements of DATA with a random permutation.

1.4 Block Coding

– bchdeco
Decodes the coded message CODE using a BCH coder.
– bchenco
Encodes the message MSG using a [N,K] BCH coding.

– bchpoly
Calculates the generator polynomials for a BCH coder.
– convenc
Encode the binary vector MSG with the convolutional encoder described
by the trellis structure T.

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– cyclgen
Produce the parity check and generator matrix of a cyclic code.
– cyclpoly
Returns the cyclic generator polynomials of the code [N,K].

– decode
Top level block decoder.
– encode
Top level block encoder.
– egolaydec
Decode Extended Golay code.
– egolayenc
Encode with Extended Golay code.
– egolaygen
Extended Golay code generator matrix.
– gen2par
Converts binary generator matrix GEN to the parity check matrix PAR
and visa-versa.
– hammgen
Produce the parity check and generator matrices of a Hamming code.
– reedmullerdec
Decode the received code word VV using the RM-generator matrix G, of
order R, M, returning the code-word C.

– reedmullerenc
Definition type construction of Reed-Muller code, of order R, length 2M .
– reedmullergen
Definition type construction of Reed-Muller code, of order R, length 2M .
– rsgenpoly
Creates a generator polynomial for a Reed-Solomon coding with message
length of K and codelength of N.
– rsdec
Decodes the message contained in CODE using a [N,K] Reed-Solomon
code.

– rsdecof
Decodes an ASCII file using a Reed-Solomon coder.
– rsenc
Encodes the message MSG using a [N,K] Reed-Solomon coding.

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– rsencof
Encodes an ASCII file using a Reed-Solomon coder.
– systematize
Given G, extract P parity check matrix.
– syndtable
Create the syndrome decoding table from the parity check matrix H.

1.5 Modulations
– ademodce
Baseband demodulator for analog signals.
– amodce
Baseband modulator for analog signals.
– ammod
Creates the AM modulation of the amplitude signal X with carrier fre-
quency FC.
– amdemod
Creates the AM demodulation of the signal S sampled at frequency FS
with carrier frequency FC.
– apkconst
Plots an ASK/PSK signal constellation.
– bin2gray
Creates a Gray encoded data Y with the same size as input X.
– demodmap
Demapping of an analog signal to a digital signal.
– fmmod
Creates the FM modulation S of the message signal M with carrier fre-
quency FC.
– fmdemod
Creates the FM demodulation of the signal S sampled at frequency FS
with carrier frequency FC.
– genqammod
Modulates an information sequence of integers X in the range ’[0 ...’.
– genqamdemod
General quadrature amplitude demodulation.
– modmap
Mapping of a digital signal to an analog signal.

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– pamdemod
Demodulates a pulse amplitude modulated signal X into an information
sequence of integers in the range ’[0 ...’.
– pammod
Modulates an information sequence of integers X in the range ’[0 ...’.

– pskdemod
Demodulates a complex-baseband phase shift keying modulated signal into
an information sequence of integers in the range ’[0 ...’.
– pskmod
Modulates an information sequence of integers X in the range ’[0 ...’.
– qaskdeco
Demaps an analog signal using a square QASK constellation.
– qaskenco
Maps a digital signal using a square QASK constellation.

– qammod
Create the QAM modulation of x with a size of alphabet m.
– qamdemod
Create the QAM demodulation of x with a size of alphabet m.

1.6 Channel Filters

– rcosfir
Implements a cosine filter or root cosine filter impulse response.

1.7 Galois Fields of Even Characteristic

– all
For a vector argument, return true (logical 1) if all elements of the vector
are nonzero.
– any
For a vector argument, return true (logical 1) if any element of the vector
is nonzero.

– cosets
Finds the elements of GF(2M ) with primitive polynomial PRIM, that
share the same minimum polynomial.
– conv
Convolve two vectors A and B.

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– convmtx
If A is a column vector and X is a column vector of length N, then ...
– deconv
Deconvolve two vectors (polynomial division).
– det
Compute the determinant of A.
– dftmtx
Compute the N-by-N Fourier transformation matrix.
– diag
Return a diagonal matrix with vector V on diagonal K.
– exp
Compute ’ex ’ for each element of X.
– gf
Creates a Galois field array GF(2M ) from the matrix X.
– fft
Compute the discrete Fourier transform of X using a Fast Fourier Trans-
form (FFT) algorithm.
– filter
Apply a 1-D digital filter to the data X.
– gftable
This function exists for compatibility with MATLAB.
– gfweight
Calculate the minimum weight or distance of a linear block code.
– ifft
Compute the inverse discrete Fourier transform of X using a Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) algorithm.
– inv
Compute the inverse of the square matrix A.
– inverse
Compute the inverse of the square matrix A.
– isequal
Return true if all of X1, X2, ... are equal.
– log
Compute the natural logarithm, ’ln (X)’, for each element of X.
– lu
Compute the LU decomposition of A.

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– prod
Product of elements along dimension DIM.
– sqrt
Compute the square root of each element of X.

– rank
Compute the rank of matrix A, using the singular value decomposition.
– reshape
Return a matrix with the specified dimensions (M, N, ...) whose elements
are taken from the matrix A.

– roots
Compute the roots of the polynomial C.
– sum
Sum of elements along dimension DIM.

– sumsq
Sum of squares of elements along dimension DIM.
– isempty
Return true if A is an empty matrix (any one of its dimensions is zero).
– isgalois
Return 1 if the value of the expression EXPR is a Galois Field.
– isprimitive
Returns 1 if the polynomial represented by A is a primitive polynomial of
GF(2).

– length
Return the length of the object A.
– minpol
Finds the minimum polynomial for elements of a Galois Field.
– polyval
Evaluate the polynomial P at the specified values of X.
– primpoly
Finds the primitive polynomials in GF(2M ).
– size
Return a row vector with the size (number of elements) of each dimension
for the object A.

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 1.8 Utility Functions
– comms
Manual and test code for the Octave Communications toolbox.
– bi2de
Convert bit matrix to a vector of integers.
– de2bi
Convert a non-negative integer to bit vector.
– oct2dec
Convert octal to decimal values.
– istrellis
Return true if T is a valid trellis structure.
– poly2trellis
Convert convolutional code generator polynomials into trellis form.

– vec2mat
Converts the vector V into a C column matrix with row priority arrange-
ment and with the final column padded with the value D to the correct
length.

– qfunc
Compute the Q function.
– qfuncinv
Compute the inverse Q function.

1.9 Measurement and Analysis

– berconfint
Returns Bit Error Rate, BER, and confidence interval, INTERVAL, for
the number of errors R and number of transmitted bits N with a confidence
level of LEVEL.
– finddelay
Estimate the delay between times series X and time series Y by correlating
and finding the peak.

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2 List out the command familiarised with the
help of examples
2.1 Adding Noise
Command: awgn
Description: Adds white Gaussian noise to a signal.
Example:
% Original signal
t = 0:0.01:1;
x = sin (2* pi *10* t ) ;

% Add white Gaussian noise with a signal - to - noise

ratio of 20 dB
y = awgn (x , 20 , ' measured ') ;

% Plot the original and noisy signals

figure ;
subplot (2 ,1 ,1) ;
plot (t , x ) ;
title ( ' Original Signal ') ;

subplot (2 ,1 ,2) ;
plot (t , y ) ;
title ( ' Noisy Signal ') ;

Figure 1: OUTPUT

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2.2 Bit Error Rate
Command: biterr
Description: Compares two matrices and returns the number of bit errors and
the bit error rate.
Example:
% Original binary data
x = [0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1];

% Received binary data

y = [0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1];

% Calculate bit errors and bit error rate

[ numErrors , ber ] = biterr (x , y ) ;

fprintf ( ' Number of errors : % d \ n ' , numErrors ) ;

fprintf ( ' Bit error rate : % f \ n ' , ber ) ;

Figure 2: OUTPUT

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2.3 Eye Diagram
Command: eyediagram
Description: Plots the eye diagram of a signal.
Example:
% Generate a random binary signal
data = randi ([0 1] , 1000 , 1) ;

% Modulate the signal using binary phase shift keying

( BPSK )
txSig = pskmod ( data , 2) ;

% Pass the signal through an AWGN channel

rxSig = awgn ( txSig , 15 , ' measured ') ;

% Plot the eye diagram

eyediagram ( rxSig , 2) ;
title ( ' Eye Diagram ') ;

Figure 3: OUTPUT

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2.4 Random Bit Errors
Command: randerr
Description: Generates a matrix of random bit errors.
Example:
% Generate a random bit error pattern
[ errors , errorPositions ] = randerr (1 , 100 , 5) ;

% Original binary data

data = randi ([0 1] , 1 , 100) ;

% Introduce errors into the data

noisyData = data ;
noisyData ( errorPositions ) = ~ noisyData ( errorPositions )
;

fprintf ( ' Original Data :\ n ') ;

disp ( data ) ;

fprintf ( ' Noisy Data with Errors :\ n ') ;

disp ( noisyData ) ;

(a) Original Data:

(b) Noisy Data with Errors:

Figure 4: OUTPUT

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2.5 Scatter Plot
Command: scatterplot
Description: Displays the scatter plot of a signal.
Example:
% Generate a random QPSK signal
data = randi ([0 3] , 1000 , 1) ;
txSig = pskmod ( data , 4) ;

% Pass the signal through an AWGN channel

rxSig = awgn ( txSig , 15 , ' measured ') ;

% Plot the scatter plot

scatterplot ( rxSig ) ;
title ( ' Scatter Plot of Received QPSK Signal ') ;

Figure 5: OUTPUT

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2.6 White Gaussian Noise Matrix
Command: wgn
Description: Returns a matrix of white Gaussian noise.
Example:
% Generate a 5 x5 matrix of white Gaussian noise
noiseMatrix = wgn (5 , 5 , 0) ;

% Display the noise matrix

disp ( ' White Gaussian Noise Matrix : ') ;
disp ( noiseMatrix ) ;

Figure 6: OUTPUT

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2.7 Binary Symmetric Channel
Command: bsc
Description: Sends data into a binary symmetric channel with a specified
probability of error.
Example:
% Original binary data
data = [1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0];

% Pass the data through a binary symmetric channel

with error probability 0.2
receivedData = bsc ( data , 0.2) ;

fprintf ( ' Original Data :\ n ') ;

disp ( data ) ;

fprintf ( ' Received Data with Errors :\ n ') ;

disp ( receivedData ) ;

Figure 7: OUTPUT

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