Yogesh 369

VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY,
BELAGAVI
A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON
“DESIGN AND 3D PRINTING OF A GEAR SETS”
A mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for 6 th semester

B.E course during the year 2023-2024
Submitted by:
STUDENT NAME USN NUMBER
AJAY 3GN22ME400
VINOD 3GN22ME414
YOGESH 3GN22ME415
ZARANAPPA 3GN22ME416
Under the guidance of:
Dr.SANGAMESH SIRSGI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BIDAR-585403(KARNATAKA)
GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERIN COLLEGE
BIDAR-585403, KARNATAKA
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND 3D PRINTING OF A
GEAR SETS” is a bonafide work carried out by AJAY(3GN22ME400), VINOD
(3GN22ME414), YOGESH(3GN22ME415), ZARANAPPA(3GN20ME408) in partial
fulfillmentfor the award of Bachelor of Engineering in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
from the Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi during the year 2022-23. It
is certified that all corrections/ suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the department library. The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for
the bachelor of engineering degree.
………………... ……………………….. ………………………..

Signature of Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the principal
EXTERNAL VIVA
Name of Examiner Signature with Date
(1) …………………….. ……………………..
(2) …………………….. ……………………..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr.Suresh
Ramaswamy Reddy,Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, for his motivation and
for creating an inspiring atmosphere in the college by providing state of art facilities for
preparation of mini project.
Our sincere thanks to Dr. Anoopkumar Elia, Head of Mechanical Engineering for his
whole hearted support in completion of the mini project.
We are highly indebted to our mini project coordinator Dr. Nagraj R.G and our mini project
guide Dr.Sangamesh Sirsgi for guiding and giving timely advices and suggestions in the
successful completion of the mini project.
Finally, we are thankful to all those knowingly and unknowingly helped us for the successful
completion of the mini project.
STUDENT NAME USN NUMBER
AJAY 3GN22ME400
VINOD 3GN22ME414
YOGESH 3GN22ME415
ZARANAPPA 3GN22ME416
ABSTRACT
The Multipurpose Flying Agribot is an innovative agricultural robot designed to help
farmerswithcropmanagement.TheagribotisequippedwithaPixhawkflightcontroller, 5010
BLDC motors, 1555 propellers, 30AESC's, a hopper for seeding, and a hexagonal tank
frame designed in Solidworks. With these advanced components, the agribot is capable
of both spraying pesticides and spreading seeds for bulk plantation.
The agribot is designed to be an efficient and effective alternative to traditional

agriculturalmethods.Itcancoverlargeareasoflandquicklyandaccurately,reducingthe
needformanuallaborandincreasingproductivity.Theagribotcanbecontrolledremotely and
can be programmed to follow pre-defined routes, ensuring that it sprays pesticides and
spreads seeds evenly across the field.
The agribot's hexagonal tank design allows it to carry large quantities of pesticides and
seeds,reducingtheneedforfrequentrefilling.Additionally,thehopperforseedingallows
farmerstoplantcropsefficientlyandaccurately.Theagribotisalsodesignedtobedurable and
rugged, able to withstand harsh weather conditions and rough terrain.
Overall, the Multipurpose Flying Agribot is a game-changing innovation that has the
potentialtorevolutionizetheagriculturalindustry.Withitsabilitytospraypesticidesand
spread seeds, it can help farmers increase their crop yields and improve their overall
profitability.
i
CONTENTS
 ABSTRACT ⅰ
 CONTENTS ⅱ
 LISTOF FIGURES ⅳ
 LISTOFTABLES ⅴ
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGENO
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AGRIBOT 1
1.2 HISTORYOFAGRIBOTS 1
1.3 MARKETSTATUS 2
1.4 NEEDFORPRESENTFARMERS 3
2 LITERATUREREVIEW 5
2.1 REVIEWOFPASTSTUDIEDPAPER 5
3 PROBLEMSTATEMENT 9
3.1 PROBLEMSINPESTICIDESPRAYING 9
3.2 PROBLEMSINSEEDSOWING 10
3.3 OBSTACLEAVOIDANCE 10
4 METHODOLOGY 11
4.1 CONCEPTUALIZATION 11
4.2 SOLIDWORKSDESIGN 12
4.3 FLIGHTCONTROLSYSTEM 12
4.4 PROPULSIONSYSTEM 12
4.5 PESTICIDEANDSEEDSPREADINGMECHANISMS 13
4.6 TESTING 13
4.7 OPTIMIZATION 13
4.8 FIELDTESTING 13
5 OBJECTIVES 14
6 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT 16
7 COMPONENTDESCRIPTION 18
7.1 FRAME 18
7.2 MOTORS 20
ii
7.3 PROPELLERS 21
7.4 ELECTRONICSPEEDCONTROLLERS(ESCS) 23
7.5 FLIGHTCONTROLLER 25
7.6 SENSORS 26
7.7 PESTICIDETANK 27
7.8 SEEDHOPPER 29
7.9 GPSMODULE 31
7.10 BATTERY 33
7.11 IMAXB6BATTERYCHARGER 35
7.12 FLYSKYFS-I6TRANSMITTER&RECEAVER 36
7.13 PUMPANDNOZZLES 38
8 DESIGNINGOFMULTIPURPOSEFLYINGAGRIBOT 41
8.1 TANKANDFRAME 41
8.2 HOPPER 42
8.3 BATTERYCASE 43
8.4 ASSEMBLYVIEW 44
9 WORKINGOFAGRIBOT 48
9.1 HOWITWORKS? 48
9.2 WORKING 49
9.3 AGRIBOTSYSTEMUSINGGPS 49
10 DESCRIPTIONOFPROCESS 51
10.1 PREPARATION 51
10.2 CALIBRATION 51
10.3 OPERATION 52
10.4 MAINTENANCE 52
11 ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES 53
11.1 ADVANTAGES 53
11.2 DISADVANTAGES 54
12 APPLICATIONS 55
13 COSTESTIMATION 57
14 CONCLUSION 58
15 REFERENCES 59
iii
LISTOFFIGURES
FIGURENO FIGURENAME PAGE NO
1.1 AGRIBOTS 1
1.2 MARKETATTRACTIVENESSANALYSIS 2
1.3 AGRICULTURESPRAYDRONE 3
3.1 PESTICIDESPRAYINGPROBLEMTOHUMANS 9
4.1 DESIGN 12
7.1 FRAME 19
7.2 MOTORS 20
7.3 PROPELLERS 23
7.4 ELECTRONICSPEEDCONTROLLERS(ESCS) 24
7.5 FLIGHTCONTROLLER 25
7.6 ULTRASONICSENSOR 27
7.7 PESTICIDETANK 29
7.8 SEED HOPPER 31
7.9 GPSMODULE 32
7.10 BATTERY 34
7.11 IMAXB6BATTERY CHARGER 36
7.12 FLYSKYFS-I6TRANSMITTER&RECEAVER 38
7.13 PUMPANDNOZZLES 38
8.1 TANKAND FRAME 41
8.2 HOPPER 43
8.3 BATTERYCASE 44
8.4 ASSEMBLYVIEW 46
8.5 SECTION VIEW 47
9.1 BLOCKDIAGRAMOFAGRIBOTUSINGGPSSYSTEM 50
iv
LISTOF TABLES
TABLE NAME OFTHETABLE PAGENO
8.1 COSTESTIMATION 55
v
MULTIPURPOSEFLYINGAGRIBOT
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
AGRIBOT
Fig1.1Agribots
Agricultural robot or “Agribot” is a robot used for agricultural purposes. The advent of
robotsin agriculture drastically increased the productivity and output of agriculture in
severalcountries.Further,theusageofrobotsinagriculturereducedtheoperatingcostsand
leadtimeofagriculture.Thecurrentpaperreviewsthesuccessstoriesofroboticagriculture in
differentareas of agriculture. The work also throws light on the future scope of robotic
agriculture especially in developing countries.
HISTORYOFAGRIBOTS
The idea ofrobotic agriculture (agriculturalenvironments serviced by smart machines) is
nota new one. Many engineers have developed robots in the past but they havenot been
successfulastheydidnothavetheabilitytoembracethecomplexityoftherealworld.Most of
them assumed an industrial style of farming where everything was known before hand
andthe machinescouldworkentirelyinpredefinedways, muchlikeaproductionline.On
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERINGGNDEC,BIDAR Page|1
aglobalscaletheneed formorefoodisaseriousissue.Theworld’spopulationisexpected to
reach9.6billionpeoplebytheyear2050.Theworldpopulationtodayis7.4billion.The
increasingopportunitiesinothersectorsisday-by-dayreducingthe manpoweravailability in
farming. Asa matteroffact,theaverageageofafarmer intheU.Sisage58.That isup fromfive
years ago when it was 55. New generation just want to get away from farming.
UsageofAgribotsstartedslowlyreplacingthemanpowerneededforagriculturalpurposes. As
mentioned by IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, Robotics and automation can play
a significant role in society for meeting 2050 agriculturalproduction needs. For six
decades’ robotshave playeda fundamental role in increasing the efficiency and reducing
the cost of industrial production and products. With the limited land, water and labor
resources, it is estimated that the efficiency of agricultural productivity must increase at
least by 25% to meet that global demand for food grains. Hence, the use of robotics and
automation in agriculture would become inevitable across the world inthe near future.
MARKETSTATUS
Fig1.2Marketattractivenessanalysis
Fromthe verybeginning, the problems related to agriculturalagribots revolve around the
costandtheuserinterfacealongwiththeeaseofaccess.Accordingtopresentmarketstatus,
thecostofaproperagriculturalagribotequippedwithahigh-definitioncamerarangesfrom
3to13lakhsinIndiancurrency.Consequently,formostofthecompaniesandco-ops,itdid not
prove to be profitable and fail tocater to the needs ofthe average farmers.
Time posed to be a serious problem in most cases tostitch amap of the agricultural fields,
especially whenit is the case of getting rid of a disease or some pests or insects
harmfulforthecrops.Afterthis,eventhoughhighresolutionsensorslikeTetrasamhavebeen
developed, the industry was still unsure about the mapping part and making the entire
operationhassle free for the farmer standing at the edge ofthe field.
NEEDFORPRESENTFARMERS
Fig1.3Agriculturespraydrone
Moreover,inmostcases,agribotshavebeencreatedforthesolepurposeof spraying and
sprinkling in agricultural fields. Some endeavors have been made in the field of disease
prevention likesprayingsterile mosquitoes tothe malariaaffectedareas to reduce
the natalityrateofdisease-causingmosquitoes. Fire- fightingagribots are farcostlier than
normalspraying/sprinkling agribots. This particular type ofagribots is not for single-
handed usage. Today’sagriculturehastransformed intoahigh-techenterprisethatmost20th
century farmersmight barely recognize.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATUREREVIEW
REVIEWOFPASTSTUDIES
Dongyanetal.(2015)[1]experimentedoneffectiveswathwidthanduniformityofdroplet
distributionover aerialspraying systems like M-18B and Thrush510G.These agricultural
planes flew at height of 5 m and 4 m respectively and with this experimentthey reach to
conclusion that flight height leads to the difference in swath width for M-18B & Thrush
510G.
Huang et al. (2015) [2] made a low volume sprayer which is integrated into unmanned
helicopters.Thehelicopterhasamainrotordiameterof3mandamaximumpayloadof
22.7kg.Itusedto requireat least onegallonofgas forevery45 minutes. Thisstudypaved the
way in developing UAV aerial application systems for crop production with higher target
rate and larger VMD droplet size.
Yallappa et al. (2017) [3] developed an hexacopter with 6 BLDC motors and two LiPo
batteries of 6 cells- 8000 mAh. Their study also involves performance evaluation on
discharge and pressure ofspray liquid, spray liquid loss and determination ofdroplet size
and density. Throughtheir project, they finally made a drone capable ofcarrying 5.5 Lof
liquid with an endurance time of 16 min.
Kurkute et al. (2018) [4] worked on quadcopter UAV and its spraying mechanism using
simple cost-effective equipment. The universal sprayer system is used to sprayfor both
liquid and solid content. In their research, they have also compared different controllers
neededforagriculturalpurposesandconcludedthatquadcoptersystemwithAtmega644PA is
the most suitable due to its efficient implementation.
RahulDesaleetal.(2019)[5]describedanarchitecturebasedonUAVthatcouldbe
employed for agriculturalapplications. Their UAV wasdesigned notonlyfor sprayingbut
also for monitoring agriculturalfields withthe useofcameras and GPS. Their designwas
optimized for cost and weight. They used a microcontroller kk 2.1.5 whichhas inbuilt
firmware.
Prof.B.Balajietal.(2018)[6]developedanhexacopterUAVwiththepurposeofspraying
pesticides as well as crop and environment monitoring using Raspberry Pi that run on
pythonlanguage.TheirUAValsocontainsmultiplesensorslikeDH11,LDR,WaterLevel
Monitoring sensors. From this experiment, they finally concluded that with proper
implementation of UAVs in the agricultural field almost 20%- 90% savings in terms of
water, chemical maltreatments and labor can be expected.
Inthepapertitled"DesignandDevelopmentofanAgriculturalDroneforSeedSowingand Pest
Control", the authors describe the design and development ofa drone that is capable
ofseedsowingandpestcontrol.ThedroneusesGPSandanonboard computertonavigate and
perform tasks. The authors conclude that the drone is an effective tool for precision
agriculture.
Anotherpapertitled"AnIntelligentAgriculturalUAVSystemforReal-timeDetectionand
Diagnosis of Crop Diseases" describes the use of UAVs for crop disease detection and
diagnosis. The system uses image processing algorithms to detect and diagnose crop
diseases in real-time. The authors found that the system was accurate and efficient for
detecting crop diseases.
In the paper "Agricultural Drones for Precision Farming: Opportunities and Challenges",
the authors discuss the opportunities and challenges of using drones for precision
agriculture. They highlight the potential benefits of drones, such as increased efficiency
and reduced costs, as well as the challenges, such as regulatory issues and technical
limitations.
A study titled "Potential of Agricultural Drones for Smallholder Farmers in Developing
Countries" examines the potential benefits of using drones for smallholder farmers in
developing countries. The authors found that drones could help increase agricultural
productivityandincomeforsmallholderfarmers,butthattherearealsobarrierstoadoption, such
as cost and lack of infrastructure.
Finally, in the paper "A Review of UAVs in Agriculture", the authors provide a
comprehensive review of the use of UAVs in agriculture. They discuss the various
applications of UAVs in agriculture, including crop monitoring, precision farming, and
livestock management. The authors conclude that UAVs have significant potential for
improving agricultural practices and increasing productivity.
"DevelopmentofaSmall-ScaleAutonomousAgriculturalSprayingDrone"byK.H.Song et al.
(2018)
This study presents the development of a small-scale agricultural spraying drone that can
effectively spray crops with pesticides or fertilizers. The drone is equipped with a high-
resolution camera and a spray nozzle that can spray accurately in the targeted areas. The
authors evaluated the performance of the drone in various field conditions and concluded
that the drone could significantly reduce the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used in
crop production while increasing crop yield.
"DesignandFabricationofaLow-CostDroneforPrecisionAgriculture"byR.S.S.Kumar et al.
(2020)
This study presents the design and fabrication of a low-cost drone that can be used for
precisionagriculture.ThedroneisequippedwithaPixhawkflightcontroller,GPSmodule, and a
high-resolution camera that can capture images of crops in real-time. The authors
evaluated the performance ofthe drone in various field conditions and concluded that the
dronecouldsignificantlyreducethelaborcostsassociatedwithtraditionalagriculture
practices.
"Development of a Multi-Purpose Agricultural Drone for Crop Monitoring and Plant
Protection" by M. U. Rehman et al. (2021)
Thisstudypresentsthedevelopment ofamulti-purposeagriculturaldronethat canbeused for
crop monitoring and plant protection. The drone is equipped with a high-resolution
camera, GPS module, and a spraynozzle that canspraypesticides orfertilizers accurately in
the targeted areas. The authors evaluated the performance of the drone in various field
conditions and concluded that the drone could significantly reduce the labor costs
associated with traditional agriculture practices.
"Evaluation of Agricultural Drone Technology for Crop Management" by Y. Zhao et al.
(2019)
This study evaluated the performance of agricultural dronesforcrop management.The
authors compared the drone-based crop managementpractices with traditional practices
andconcludedthatthedrone-basedpracticescouldsignificantlyreducelaborcosts,increase
crop yield, and improve the overall efficiency of crop management practices.
"DevelopmentofaLow-Cost AgriculturalDroneforCropMonitoring" byM.A.Akbaret al.
(2019)
This study presents the development of a low-cost agricultural drone that can be used for
crop monitoring. The drone is equipped with a high-resolution camera and GPS module
thatcancaptureimagesofcropsinreal-time.Theauthorsevaluatedtheperformanceofthe drone
in various field conditions and concluded that the drone could significantly reduce the
labor costs associated with traditional agriculture practices while increasing the efficiency
of crop management practices.
CHAPTER-3
PROBLEMSTATEMENT
The agriculture industry faces several challenges in ensuring efficient and effective crop
production, including pest infestationsand the need for timelyand accurate seed planting.
Traditional methods of pesticide spraying and seed planting can be time-consuming and
labor-intensive, leading to increased costs and reduced productivity.
Therefore,theproblemstatement istheneedforaversatileand efficientagriculturaldrone that
can perform multiple tasks, such as pesticide spraying and seed planting, to increase
productivity and reduce costs in the agriculture industry.
PROBLEMSINPESTICIDESPRYING
Fig3.1Pesticidesprayingproblemtohumans
Direct impact on humans: Ifthe creditsofpesticides include enhanced economicpotential in
terms of increased production of food and fiber, and amelioration of vector-borne
diseases, then their debits have resulted in serious health implicationsto man and his
environment.Farmer’shealth:Pesticidescancauseshort-termadversehealtheffects,called
acute effects, as well as chronic adverse effects that can occur months or years after
exposure.Examplesofacutehealtheffectsincludestingingeyes,rashes,blisters,blindness,
nausea,dizziness,diarrheaanddeath.Examplesofknownchroniceffectsare
cancers,birthdefects,reproductiveharm,immunotoxicity,neurologicalanddevelopmentaltoxi
city, and
disruptionoftheendocrine system.
PROBLEMSINSEEDSOWINGIntraditionalseed sowingfarmershave
to sow seeds from their hand. Further technology is improved so after thatfarmers
usesmachinestosowseeds. Inouragribotweareinstallingseedspreaderforspreadingseedsin
fieldsfasterthantraditionalmethod.
Theagriculturalsectoristhebackboneofmanycountries'economies, and it isessentialto
ensure its sustainable growth. One of the significant challenges in this sector is pest
management, which involves the use of pesticides to control and eliminate pests that
damagecrops.However,conventionalpestmanagementpracticescanbetime-consuming,
labor-intensive, and expensive. Additionally, excessive use of pesticides can lead to
environmental pollution, contamination of food products, and pose health hazards to
farmers and consumers.
Toaddressthesechallenges,thereisaneedforaninnovativeandefficientapproachtopest
managementinagriculture.Onepossiblesolutionistheuseofamultipurposeflyingagribot that
can spraypesticides and spread seeds for bulk plantation. However, the development
ofsuchatechnologyrequiresacombinationofhardwareandsoftwarecomponentsthatcan work
seamlessly together.
Therefore, the problem statement is to design and develop a multipurpose flying agribot
that can efficiently and effectively spray pesticides and spread seeds for bulk plantation,
whileensuringthesafetyoffarmersandtheenvironment.Theagribot shouldalso becost-
effective,easytooperate,andcustomizabletocatertothediverseneedsofdifferentfarmers and
agricultural practices. The successful development of such a technology will revolutionize
the waypest management and plantation are done in the agriculturalsector, leading to
sustainable growth and improved productivity.
CHAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY
The Multipurpose Flying Agribot was designed using a combination of software and
hardware tools. The design was created in SolidWorks, a 3D modeling software, which
allowed for the creation of a detailed and accurate model of the system. The design
consistedofahexagonalframethathousedtheflightcontrolsystem,thepropulsionsystem, and
the pesticide and seed spreading mechanisms. The flight control systemwasbased on a
Pixhawk flight controller, which provided stable flight control and navigation. The
propulsion system consisted of six 5010 BLDC motors and 1555 propellers, which
provided sufficient lift and maneuverability for the system. The pesticide and seed
spreading mechanisms were based on a hopper system, which could be easily filled and
emptied.
The Multipurpose Flying Agribot was tested in various environments to evaluate its
performance and capabilities. The system was tested for stability, maneuverability, and
accuracy in pesticide and seed spreading. The results showed that the system was stable
and maneuverable, with accurate and efficient pesticide and seed spreading capabilities.
The methodology used to design and develop the Multipurpose Flying Agribot involved
several steps, which are outlined below:
Conceptualization
ThefirststepinvolvedconceptualizingthedesignoftheMultipurposeFlyingAgribot.This
involved identifying the specific needs of the agricultural industry, such as the need for
efficient pesticide spraying and seed planting. The design was created with the aim of
providing a versatile system that could perform both tasks efficiently.
Design
Fig4.1SolidWorksDesign
Thenextstepinvolvedcreatingadetailed3DmodelofthesystemusingSolidWorks,a3D
modelingsoftware.Thedesignconsistedofahexagonalframethathousedtheflightcontrol
system, the propulsion system, and the pesticide and seed spreading mechanisms.
FlightControlSystem
The flight controlsystemwasbased onaPixhawk flight controller, whichprovided stable
flight controland navigation. The systemwas programmed using open-source softwareto
ensure compatibility with various sensors and peripherals.
PropulsionSystem
The propulsion system consisted of six 5010 BLDC motors and 1555 propellers,
whichprovidedsufficientliftandmaneuverabilityforthesystem.Themotorswerecontrolled
using30AESCs(ElectronicSpeedControllers)toensureprecisecontrolandsmooth operation.
PesticideandSeedSpreadingMechanisms
Thepesticideandseedspreadingmechanismswerebasedonahoppersystem,whichcould be
easily filled and emptied. The system used a motorized auger to ensure an even
distribution of the pesticide and seeds.
Testing
The Multipurpose Flying Agribot was tested in various environments to evaluate its
performance and capabilities. The system was tested for stability, maneuverability, and
accuracy in pesticide and seed spreading. The results showed that the system was stable
and maneuverable, with accurate and efficient pesticide and seed spreading capabilities.
Optimization
After testing, the system was optimized to improve its efficiency and performance. This
involved identifying areas of improvement, such as the flight control system, propulsion
system, andpesticideandseedspreading mechanisms, and making necessaryadjustments to
improve their performance.
FieldTesting
The final step involved field testing the Multipurpose Flying Agribot in real-world
agricultural settings. The system was tested on various crops and terrains to evaluate its
effectiveness in different environments.
CHAPTER-5
OBJECTIVE
Theobjectiveofthemultipurposeflyingagribotistoprovideanefficientandcost-effective
solution for agriculturaltasks such as pesticide spraying and seed planting. The agribot is
designedtobeversatile,capableofperformingmultipletasksinasingleflight,andableto cover a
largearea inashort periodoftime. The followingsectionwilldiscussthespecific objectives of
the agribot in detail.
1) EfficientPesticideSpraying:Thefirstobjectiveofthemultipurposeflyingagribotisto
provide efficient pesticide spraying. Traditional pesticide spraying methods such as
manualsprayingortractor-mountedsprayersaretime-consuming, labor-intensive,and
mayresult inunevendistributionofpesticides, leading to ineffective pest control. The
agribot's hexagonal pesticide tank and spray mechanism ensure even distribution of
pesticides,anditsabilitytocoveralargeareainashortperiodoftimereducesthetime and
labor required for pesticide spraying.
2) Accurate and Controlled Seed Planting: The second objective of the multipurpose
flying agribot is to provide accurate and controlled seed planting. Traditional seed
planting methodssuchasmanualplantingortractor-mountedseeddrillsarealsotime-
consumingandlabor-intensive.Inaddition,theymayresultinunevenseeddistribution,
leadingtopoorcropgrowth.Theagribot'sseedhopperandplantingmechanismensure
accurate and controlled seed planting, reducing the time and labor required for seed
planting and improving crop growth.
3) ReductioninCostsandIncreaseinProductivity:Thethirdobjectiveofthemultipurpose
flying agribot is to provide a cost-effective solution for agricultural tasks. Traditional
methods of pesticide spraying and seed planting require significant labor and time,
resulting in high costs for farmers. In addition, these methods may result in uneven
distribution of pesticides or seeds, leading to poor crop growth and reduced
productivity.Theagribot'sabilitytocoveralargeareainashortperiodoftimereduces the
time and labor required for these tasks, resulting in cost savings for farmers.
Furthermore, the agribot's ability to provide even distribution of pesticides and seeds
leads to improved crop growth and increased productivity.
4) SafeandEnvironmentallyFriendlyOperation:Thefourthobjectiveofthemultipurpose
flying agribot is to provide safe and environmentally friendly operation. Traditional
methods of pesticide spraying and seed planting may result in pesticide drift or soil
compaction, leading to environmentaldamage. Inaddition, manualpesticide spraying
mayresult in health hazards for farmworkers. The agribot's abilityto provide precise
and controlled pesticide spraying and seed planting reduces the risk of environmental
damage and health hazards, making it a safe and environmentally friendly option for
farmers.
Insummary,theobjectiveofthemultipurposeflyingagribotistoprovideanefficient,cost-
effective, and environmentally friendly solution for agricultural tasks such as pesticide
sprayingandseedplanting.Itsabilitytocoveralargeareainashortperiodoftime,provide
evendistributionofpesticides and seeds, and reduce the time and labor required for these
tasks makes it an attractive option for farmers looking to improve their productivity and
reducetheircosts.Furthermore,itssafeandenvironmentallyfriendlyoperationensuresthat it is
a sustainable option for the agriculture industry.
CHAPTER-6
ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to evaluate the potential
environmental impacts of a proposed project or development. It involves assessing the
likely environmental effects of a project, identifying measures to mitigate any adverse
effects, and presenting this information in a report that is used by decision-makers to
determine whether to approve or reject the project.
In the case of the Multipurpose Flying Agribot, an EIA would be important to assess the
potential environmental impacts of the use of pesticides and the spreading of seeds. This
wouldinvolveanalyzingthepotentialimpactonsoil, water,air,andbiodiversity.Itwould also
consider the potential impact on nearby communities, including the potential for pesticide
drift and the noise generated by the Agribot.
ByconductinganEIA,itispossibletoidentifypotentialenvironmentalrisksandtodevelop
strategies to mitigate these risks. This canhelp toensure thatthe project is developed ina
way that is environmentally sustainable, and that it meets the requirements of regulatory
agencies and other stakeholders.
Some potential advantages of conducting an EIA for the Multipurpose Flying Agribot
include:
Identifying potentialenvironmentalrisks early in the project development process, which
can help to prevent or mitigate environmental damage.
Ensuring that the project meets the requirements of regulatory agencies and other
stakeholders, which can help to avoid delays or legal challenges.
Demonstrating a commitment to environmental sustainability and social responsibility,
which can enhance the reputation of the project developers and contribute to stakeholder
support.
Some potential disadvantages of conducting an EIA for the Multipurpose Flying Agribot
include:
ThecostofconductinganEIAcanbesignificant,includingthecostofhiringenvironmental
consultants and conducting studies to gather data.
TheprocessofconductinganEIAcanbetime-consumingandmaydelaytheproject development
timeline.
There may be disagreements among stakeholders regarding the results of the EIA, which
can lead to legal challenges or other disputes.
CHAPTER-7
COMPONENTDESCRIPTION
Themultipurposeflyingagribotconsistsofseveralcomponentsthatworktogetherto achieve its
objectives. These components are as follows:
Frame
The agribot's hexagonal frame is designed using SolidWorks software and is made of
lightweight but sturdy materials such as PVC. The frame supports all the necessary
components, including the motor, propellers, ESCs, and pesticide tank and seed hopper.
Themultipurposeflyingagribotisequippedwithaninbuilttankwithframethatisdesigned to
carrypesticides or seeds for plantation. The tank is hexagonal in shape and is made of
lightweight, durable materials such as plastic or aluminum. It is integrated into the frame
of the agribot, providing a secure and stable platform for carrying the payload.
The tank is typically mounted on top of the agribot, and is held in place with brackets or
other securing mechanisms. It is designed to be easily refillable, with a large opening or
hatch that allows for quick and easy access to the interior. The tank may also include a
strainer or filter to prevent clogs or blockages from debris or sediment.
The tank is connected to a pump orother delivery mechanism, which is used to spraythe
pesticide or distribute the seeds. The pump is typically powered by a separate motor or
electrical system, and is controlled by the flight controller or a separate controlsystem.
Theframeoftheagribotisdesignedtobelightweightandaerodynamic,allowingfor
efficient flight and maneuverability. It is typically made of lightweight materials such as
carbon fiber or aluminum, and is designed to be strong and rigid to withstand the stresses
of flight and landing.
The inbuilt tank with frame is an important feature of the multipurpose flying agribot,
allowingittocarryouttaskssuchassprayingpesticidesordistributingseedsforplantation. The
tank is designed to be lightweight and durable, and is integrated into the frame ofthe
agribotforstabilityandsecurity.Thepumpordeliverymechanismisconnectedtothetank, and is
controlled by the flight controller or a separate control system. The frame of the agribot is
designed to be lightweight and aerodynamic, allowing for efficient flight and
maneuverability.
Fig7.1Frame
Motors
Theagribotusessix 5010brushlessDC(BLDC)motorswithapoweroutput of360 watts
eachto provide the necessary lift and thrust for stable flight. The motorsare connected to
the propellers and ESCs.
Fig7.2 5010BLDC(BrushlessDC)Motor
The 5010 BLDC (Brushless DC) motors and 1555 propellers are key components of the
multipurpose flying agribot'spropulsionsystem. The motorsand propellersworktogether to
generate lift and thrust, allowing the agribot to take off, fly, and maneuver in the air.
The 5010 BLDC motors are high-performance brushless motors that are specifically
designedforuseinaerialdronesandotherunmannedaerialvehicles(UAVs).Thesemotors are
lightweight, durable, and efficient, making them an ideal choice for the agribot's
propulsionsystem.Themotorshaveamaximumpoweroutputofaround500wattsandcan spin at
speeds of up to 10,000 RPM.
The 1555 propellers are designed to work in tandem with the 5010 BLDC motors to
generateliftandthrust.Thesepropellersaremadefromlightweight,high-strengthmaterials
such as carbon fiber or plastic, and are specifically designed for use in UAVs. The 1555
designation refers to the dimensions ofthe propeller - a diameter of15 inches and a pitch
of 5.5 inches. The pitch of the propeller is the angle at which the blades are set, and
determines the amount of thrust generated.
Whenthemotorsarepoweredon,theyspinthepropellersrapidly,generatingliftandthrust
thatallowstheagribottotakeoffandfly.Themotorsarecontrolledbytheflightcontroller, which
adjusts the speed ofthe motorsto controlthe altitude and speed ofthe agribot. The pitch of
the propellers also plays a role in controlling the agribot's flight - a higher pitch generates
more thrust and speed, while a lower pitch generates less thrust and more stability.
Overall, the 5010 BLDC motors and 1555 propellers are critical components of the
multipurpose flying agribot's propulsion system. Their lightweight, high-performance
designallows the agribot to flyefficientlyand maneuver in the air, making it aneffective
tool for spraying pesticides and spreading seeds in agricultural fields.
Propellers
The agribot uses six 1555 propellers, which are 15 inches in diameter and 5.5 inches in
pitch. The propellersare connectedtothe motorsand generatethe necessarythrust forthe
agribot's flight.
Propellersare an important component ofany flying machine, including the multipurpose
flyingagribot.Propellersgenerateliftandthrustthatenabletheagribottotakeoff,fly,and
maneuver in the air. The agribot is equipped with 1555 propellers, which are specifically
designed for use in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) like the agribot.
The 1555 designation refers to the dimensions of the propeller - a diameter of 15 inches
andapitchof5.5 inches.Thepitchofthepropeller isthe angleat whichthe bladesareset, and
determines the amount of thrust generated. The 1555 propellers are made from
lightweight, high-strength materials suchas carbon fiberorplastic, whichenables themto
spin at high speeds without breaking or warping.
Whenthe agribot is in flight, the motors spinthe propellers at high speeds, generating lift
andthrustthatenabletheagribottofly.Theflightcontrolleradjuststhespeedofthemotors to
controlthealtitudeandspeedoftheagribot,whilethepitchofthepropellersdetermines
theamountofthrustgenerated.The1555propellersarealsodesignedtobeefficient,which helps
to conserve battery power and extend the agribot's flight time.
One important considerationwhenusing propellers inthe agribot issafety. The propellers
arespinningathighspeedsandcancause injuryiftheycome intocontact with apersonor
animal. To mitigate this risk, the agribot is designed with propeller guards or cages that
surround the propellers and prevent them fromcoming into contact with anything outside
of the agribot.
In summary, propellers are a critical component of the multipurpose flying agribot's
propulsionsystem,generatinglift andthrustthat enabletheagribotto flyandmaneuver in
theair.The1555propellersarespecificallydesigned foruseinUAVs,andare made from
lightweight, high-strength materials that enable them to spin at high speeds without
breaking or warping. Safety considerations, such as propeller guards or cages, are also
important when using propellers in the agribot.
Fig7.3Propellers
ElectronicSpeedControllers(ESCs)
The agribot uses six 30A electronic speed controllers (ESCs), which are connected to the
motors and control their speed and direction.
ESC stands for Electronic Speed Controller, and it is an important component in the
propulsion system of the multipurpose flying agribot. The ESC controls the speed of the
motorbyregulatingtheamountofpowerthatissuppliedtoit,whichinturndeterminesthe speed
and direction of the propeller.
The multipurpose flying agribot is equipped with 30-40A ESCs, which are electronic
circuitsthataredesignedtohandlecurrentsupto30-40amps.TheseESCsarespecifically
designed for use in UAVs and other high-performance applications, and are typically
smaller and lighter than ESCs used in other types of RC vehicles.
The ESC receives signals from the flight controller, which tells it how much power to
supplytothe motor.TheESCthenconvertstheDCpowerfromthe batteryintoACpower
that isusedtodrivethe motor. TheESCalso includesanumberofsafetyfeatures, suchas
thermalprotection,voltageprotection,andcurrentlimiting,topreventdamagetothemotor and
ESC in the event of an overload or other fault.
The choice ofa 30-40AESC forthe agribot is based onseveralfactors, including the size
and weight ofthe motor, the expected current draw during flight, and the desired level of
performance.Largermotorswithhighertorqueandpowerrequirementsmayrequirehigher
amperage ESCs to handle the increased load.
Insummary,the30-40AESCsareanimportantcomponentofthepropulsionsysteminthe
multipurposeflyingagribot,regulatingthespeedanddirectionofthe motorbycontrolling the
amount ofpowerthat issupplied to it.These ESCsare designed for high-performance
applications, and include safety features to protect the motor and ESC fromdamage. The
choice of a 30-40A ESC is based on several factors, including the size and weight of the
motor, the expected current draw during flight, and the desired level of performance.
Fig7.4ElectronicSpeedController(ESC)
FlightController
Theagribot'sflightcontrollerisaPixhawkcontroller,whichusesGPSandothersensorsto
controlthedrone'sposition,altitude,andspeed.Theflightcontrollerisresponsiblefor
ensuringstableflightandsafe operationofthe agribot.
Fig7.5Pixhawk flightcontroller
ThePixhawkflightcontrollerisapopularopen-sourceautopilotsystemthatiswidelyused in
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including drones and agribots. The Pixhawk is
designed to provide a high degree of autonomy, allowing for advanced flight controland
navigationcapabilities, as wellas the abilityto integrate witha wide range ofsensors and
peripherals.
The Pixhawk flight controller consists of a compact circuit board that is mounted within
the bodyofthe agribot. The board includes a powerful microcontroller, as wellas a range
ofsensorsandinput/outputinterfacesthatallowforcommunicationwithothersystemsand
devices.
ThePixhawkflightcontrollerisdesignedtosupportawiderangeofflightmodesand
control functions, including manual control, autonomous flight, and advanced mission
planning. It is capable of processing a large amount of data in real-time, and can make
decisions based on input from sensors such as GPS, accelerometers, and gyroscopes.
One of the key benefits of the Pixhawk flight controller is its flexibility and ease of
customization. The system is open-source, which means that the code and software are
freelyavailableformodificationandcustomizationbyusers.Thisallowsdeveloperstoadd new
features, sensors, and capabilitiestothe system, making it highlyadaptable to awide range
of use cases and applications.
In the context of the multipurpose flying agribot, the Pixhawk flight controller plays a
criticalrole inprovidingadvanced flight controland navigationcapabilities.It enablesthe
agribot to operate autonomously, using GPS and other sensors to navigate to specific
locationsandperformtaskssuchassprayingpesticidesordistributingseedsforplantation. The
Pixhawk also provides a high degree of stability and control during flight, ensuring safe
and precise operation of the agribot.
Sensors
The agribot isequipped withseveralsensors, including GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes,
and ultrasonic sensors, which provide data on the agribot's position, orientation, and
movement. The agribot also uses sensors for obstacle detection and avoidance.
Fig7.6Ultrasonicsensors
PesticideTank
The agribot's hexagonal pesticide tankis designed to hold the necessary amount of
pesticidefortheintendedoperation.Itisintegratedintotheagribot'sframeandhasaspray
mechanism for even distribution of the pesticide.
Thepesticidesprayingtankisakeycomponentofthemultipurposeflyingagribot,enabling it to
effectivelyapplypesticides and other chemicals to crops and vegetation fromthe air. The
tank is designed to be lightweight and durable, while also providing a high degree of
control and precision during application.
Thesprayingtanktypicallyconsistsofacylindricalorhexagonalcontainerthat ismounted
withintheframeoftheagribot.Thecontaineristypicallymadeofalightweightmaterial
suchasplasticorfiberglass,andisdesignedtobeeasilyremovableandrefillable.
Thesprayingtank istypicallyequippedwitharangeoffeaturesandcomponentstoensure
effective and precise application of pesticides. These may include nozzles, pumps, and
valves that allow for controlled spraying of chemicals, as well as filters and strainers to
ensure that the spray is consistent and free of debris.
In addition to the tank itself, the pesticide spraying system may also include a range of
sensors and control systems to ensure optimal performance and efficiency. For example,
the system may be equipped with sensorsto monitor the flow rate ofthe spray, as well as
the pressure and temperature of the tank.
Overall, the pesticide spraying tank is a critical component of the multipurpose flying
agribot, enabling it to provide effective and efficient application of pesticides and other
chemicalsfromtheair.Byenablingtargetedapplicationofchemicals,theagribotcanhelp to
minimize waste and reduce the environmental impact of pesticide use, while also
improving crop yields and overall agricultural productivity.
Fig7.7 PesticideTank
SeedHopper
Theagribot'sseedhopperisdesignedtoholdthenecessaryamountofseedsfortheintended
operation. It is also integrated into the agribot's frame and has a mechanism for accurate
and controlled seed planting.
The seeding hopper is a component of the multipurpose flying agribot that enables it to
distribute seeds across a given area in a precise and controlled manner. The hopper is
designed to be lightweight and easy to maneuver, while also providing a high degree of
accuracy and efficiency during the seeding process.
The seeding hopper typically consists of a cylindrical or hexagonal container that is
mounted within the frame ofthe agribot. The container is typically made ofa lightweight
materialsuchasplasticorfiberglass,andisdesignedtobeeasilyremovableandrefillable.
Theseedinghopperistypicallyequippedwitharangeoffeaturesandcomponentstoensure
effectiveandprecisedistributionofseeds.Thesemayincludeseedmeters,seedplates,and seed
tubes that allow for controlled distribution of seeds, as well as sensors and control
systems to ensure optimal performance and efficiency.
Inadditiontothehopperitself,theseedingsystemmayalso includearangeofsensorsand control
systems to ensure optimal performance and efficiency. For example, the system
maybeequippedwithsensorstomonitortheflow rateoftheseeds, aswellasthepressure and
temperature of the hopper.
Overall, the seeding hopper is a critical component of the multipurpose flying agribot,
enabling it to provide effective and efficient distribution of seeds across a given area. By
enabling targeted application of seeds, the agribot can help to maximize crop yields and
overall agricultural productivity, while also minimizing waste and reducing the
environmental impact of traditional planting methods.
Fig 7.8Seed Hopper

GPSMODULE
It is an APM 2.8 GPS Module High Precision Ublox NEO-M8N GPS. An electronic
compass also comes with it and the model is connected to the GPS port of the
PixhawkFlight Controller. This will allow the user to get live location of the agribot
anywhere in the world more accurately providedperfect calibration is done.
GPS 2.8 refers to a specific GPS module that is commonly used in
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and other types of autonomous vehicles. The GPS 2.8
module isasmallelectronicdevice thatusesGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)technology to
determine the precise location of the vehicle at any given time.
The GPS 2.8 module typically includes a range of sensors and components to ensure
accurateandreliablepositioning.ThesemayincludeaGPSreceiver,adigitalcompass,and other
sensors to measure factors such as altitude, speed, and orientation.
One of the key benefits of the GPS 2.8 module is its ability to provide highly accurate
positioning information, even in challenging environments. The module uses a range of
techniques to compensate for factors such as atmospheric interference, signal loss, and
other factors that can affect GPS accuracy.
Inadditionto itspositioning capabilities, the GPS2.8 module mayalso include a range of
other features and functions to support autonomous vehicle operations. For example, the
module may be equipped with a range of sensors to detect and avoid obstacles, as well as
other systems to support navigation and control.
Overall,theGPS2.8moduleisacriticalcomponentofmanyautonomousvehiclesystems,
enabling precise and accurate positioning in a range of environments and conditions. By
enablingvehiclestonavigateandoperateautonomously,themoduleishelpingtodrivethe
development of new and innovative applications in fields such as agriculture,
transportation, and logistics.
Fig7.9GPSmodule
BATTERY
Thebatterybeingusedhereis16.8VLithium-ionBattery(LI-ION).ALithium-ionBattery isa
rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology which uses a nickel electrolyte instead of
aliquid electrolyte. The electrolyte is formed with highly conductive metal. These
batteries provide higher specific energy than other lithium battery types and find
applications where weight, like mobile devices and radio-controlled aircraft.
The battery used in the multipurpose flying agribot is a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery
consisting of 4S6P configuration with a 3C rating. Li-ion batteries are a type of
rechargeable batterythat are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles due
to their high energydensity, low self-discharge rate, and long cycle life. Inthe context of
the multipurpose flying agribot, the Li-ion battery provides the power needed to operate
the agribot's motors and electronics during flight.
The battery is configured as 4S6P, which means that it contains four cells connected in
series and six sets ofthese four cells connected in parallel. This configuration provides a
nominal voltage of 14.8V (4 x 3.7V) and a capacity of 21Ah (6 x 3.5Ah). The 4S
configuration ensures that the battery voltage is compatible with the agribot's electronics,
which are designed to operate at 14.8V.
Thecellsused inthebatteryhavea3Crating, whichreferstothemaximum dischargerate ofthe
battery. A 3C rating means that the battery can discharge at a rate ofthree times its
capacity, which in the case ofthe agribot's batteryis 63A(21Ahx 3). This high discharge
rate is necessary for the agribot to operate at its maximum power output during flight.
The Li-ion cells used in the battery are high-quality, high-performance cells that are
designedforuseinhigh-powerapplications.Theyarecarefullyselectedtoensurethatthey have
consistent performance characteristics and a long cycle life, which is critical for the
agribot's performance and longevity.
The battery pack is protected by a Battery Management System (BMS), which monitors
thebattery'svoltage,current,andtemperaturetoensurethatitisoperatingsafelyandwithin
itsspecifications.TheBMSalsoensuresthatthecellsarebalanced,whichmeansthatthey are
charged and discharged equally, to prevent any individual cell from becoming
overcharged or over-discharged, which can damage the battery and reduce its lifespan.
In summary, the Li-ion 4S6P battery with a 3C rating is a high-performance battery used
in the multipurpose flying agribot. It provides the power needed to operate the agribot's
motorsandelectronicsduringflight,anditshighdischarge rateandlongcyclelifemakeit
idealforuseinhigh-powerapplications.ThebatteryisprotectedbyaBMS,whichensures that it
is operating safely and within its specifications.
Fig7.10Battery
IMAXB6BATTERYCHARGER
The IMAX B6 is a popular balance charger and discharger used for charging and
maintaining batteries for various devices such as RC cars, drones, and other electronic
devices.ThechargerisdesignedtoworkwithawiderangeofbatterytypesincludingLiPo, LiFe,
Li-ion, NiMH, NiCd, and Pb (lead-acid) batteries.
The IMAX B6 features an LCD screen that displays charging and discharging status,
voltage, current, capacity, and time elapsed. The charger also includes a built-in
microcontrollerthat automaticallycontrolsthecharging anddischargingprocessto ensure the
safety and longevity of the battery.
OneofthekeyfeaturesoftheIMAXB6 isitsbalancechargingcapability.Thismeansthat
thechargerisabletochargeeachcellinabatterypackindividually,ensuringthateachcell is
charged to the same voltage. This helps to prevent overcharging or undercharging of
individual cells, which can cause damage to the battery or even lead to a fire.
In additionto balance charging, the IMAX B6 also has a varietyofother charging modes
such as fast charging, storage mode, and cyclic charging. The charger can also be
programmedwithcustomcharginganddischargingparameterstosuitspecificbatterytypes or
requirements.
Overall, the IMAX B6 is a versatile and reliable charger for a wide range ofbatterytypes
and applications. Itsbalance charging feature and customizable charging modes make it a
popular choice for RChobbyists, drone enthusiasts, and other userswho need to maintain
and charge a variety of batteries.
Fig7.11IMAXB6Batterycharger
Flyskyfs-I6Transmitter&Receaver
The FS-iA6b receiver allows connections upto 10 channels. It supports PPM and I-Busas
output signal. The frequency range is 2.4-2.48GHz. The maximum range for controlling
extends up to 1500m.
The FlySkyFS-i6 is a popular 6-channelradio transmitter used inthe RC hobby industry,
as I explained earlier. However, with the addition of a 10-channel receiver, the FS-i6 can
control up to 10 channels on a model.
The10-channelreceiverworksbyusingaPWMsignal,whichstandsforPulseWidth
Modulation. The PWM signal varies the width of the pulse sent to each channel, and the
receiver interprets this signal to determine the desired position of each control surface on
themodel.The10-channelreceiverisconnectedtotheFS-i6transmitterviaa2.4GHzradio link,
which provides a reliable and stable connection between the two devices.
The FlySky FS-i6 transmitter can be easily paired with the 10-channel receiver using the
bind button on the receiver. Once paired, the transmitter can control up to 10 different
functions on the model, including throttle, rudder, ailerons, elevator, and additional
channels for features such as retractable landing gear, lights, and camera control.
TheFlySkyFS-i6transmitterhasarangeofupto500metersandsupportsvariousmodels of RC
planes, helicopters, cars, and drones. With the 10-channel receiver, the FS-i6 can control
even more complex models that require more channels for control.
Overall,theFlySkyFS-i6witha10-channelreceiverisapowerfulandreliableradiosystem
thatprovidesRCenthusiastswithexpandedcapabilitiestocontroltheirmodels.ThePWM signal
technology and 2.4GHz radio link provide a responsive and stable connection between
the transmitter and receiver, making it an excellent choice for advanced RC hobbyists.
Fig7.12FlyskyFS-i6transmitterandreceiver
PumpandNozzles
Fig7.13Pumpandnozzles
Thepumpandnozzlesareessentialcomponentsoftheagribot'spesticidesprayingsystem. The
pump is responsible for pressurizing the pesticide, while the nozzles distribute the
pesticide in a fine mist over the crops.
The pump used in the agribot is a high-pressure diaphragm pump, capable ofdelivering a
maximumpressureof70psi.Thepumpispoweredbytheagribot'sbatteryandiscontrolled
bytheflightcontroller.Thepumpisconnectedtotheagribot'spesticidetankviaahoseand
acheckvalve.Thecheckvalveensuresthatthepesticideonlyflowsinonedirection,from the tank
to the pump.
Thepumpisequippedwithapressuresensorthatprovidesfeedbacktotheflightcontroller,
allowing it to adjust the pump's speed and maintain a consistent pressure. The pump also
has a bypass valve that diverts excess pressure back to the tank to prevent over-
pressurization.
The nozzles used in the agribot are designed to produce a fine mist of pesticide, evenly
distributed over the crops. The nozzles are typically made of brass or stainless steel and
come invarioussizesandshapes.Thesizeandshapeofthenozzledeterminetheflowrate and the
spray pattern.
The agribot uses a set of flat fan nozzles, which produce a fan-shaped spray pattern. The
nozzlesaremountedonaboomthatextendsfromtheagribot'sframe, allowingthenozzles to be
positioned at a suitable height and distance fromthe crops. The nozzle's flow rate is
controlled bythe flight controller, whichadjuststhepump's speedandpressureto achieve the
desired flow rate.
Overall, the pump and nozzles are critical components ofthe agribot's pesticide spraying
system, enabling precise and efficient distribution of pesticides over crops. The high-
pressurediaphragmpumpandflatfannozzlesprovidetheagribotwiththenecessarypower and
control to perform effective and targeted pesticide spraying operations.
Overall,thesecomponentsworktogethertocreateaversatileandefficient agribotthatcan
performmultiple tasks in a single flight, reducing costs and increasing productivityin the
agriculture industry.
CHAPTER-8
DESIGNINGOFMULTIPURPOSEFLYING
AGRIBOT
TANKANDFRAME
This frame is designed as inbuilt tank as u see in this figure and also can be shown in the
sectionalview.ThisframeismadeupofPVCsheetswhicharetakenfromPVCpipes.This two in
one tank and frame can store water capacity of 3-4ltrs.
Fig8.1 TANKANDFRAME
HOPPER
The hopper isanessentialcomponent ofthe multipurposeflying agribot,designedto hold
seedsorothermaterialsrequiredforplantingordistribution.Thehopperistypicallylocated
inthecenteroftheagribot'sframeandcanbe loadedwithseedsorother materialspriorto flight.
Thedesignofthehopperiscriticaltothesuccessoftheagribot'sseedplantingcapabilities. The
hopper must be able to hold a sufficient quantity of seeds while also allowing for
accurateandcontrolleddistribution.Toachievethis,thehopperisdesignedwithaspecific
shapeandsizetoensurethattheseedsorothermaterialsareevenlydistributedduringflight.
Thehoppertypicallyconsistsofamaincontainer,whichholdstheseedsorothermaterials, and a
dispensing mechanism, which is responsible for distributing the seeds during flight. The
dispensing mechanism can take several forms, including a rotating disc or a series of
valves that open and close to allow the seeds to drop out of the hopper.
Thehopperisalsodesignedtobeeasilyremovableforrefillingandcleaningpurposes.This
ensuresthattheagribotcanbequicklyandefficientlyreloadedwithseedsorothermaterials
without causing delays in the planting or distribution process.
In summary, the hopper is a critical component of the multipurpose flying agribot,
responsible for holding seeds or other materials required for planting or distribution. The
designofthehopper iscriticalto ensuringaccurateandcontrolleddistributionoftheseeds or
materials during flight, and its ease of removal allows for efficient reloading and cleaning.
Fig8.2HOPPER
BATTERYCASE
Thebatterycaseisanimportantcomponentofthemultipurposeflyingagribot,designedto
holdthebatteriesthatpowertheagribot'smotorsandelectronics.Thebatterycasetypically sits at
the bottomofthe agribot's frame and can be easilyaccessed for battery installation and
replacement.
The design of the batterycase is criticalto the success of the agribot's flight performance
andendurance.Thebatterycasemustbelargeenoughtoholdtherequirednumberandsize of
batteries to provide sufficient power for the agribot's flight. At the same time, it must also
be lightweight to prevent unnecessary weight that would negatively impact the agribot's
flight capabilities.
The batterycase is typicallymade fromlightweight and durable materials, suchas carbon
fiber, aluminum, or plastic. These materials are chosen for their strength and ability to
withstand the rigors of flight while minimizing the overall weight of the agribot.
Thebatterycasealso includesamechanismforsecuringthebatteriesinplaceduringflight to
prevent any movement or shifting that could negatively impact the agribot's flight
performance. Additionally, the battery case often includes ventilation holes to allow for
proper air circulation to prevent the batteries from overheating during use.
The battery case is an essential component of the multipurpose flying agribot, providing
the power needed tooperatethe agribot'smotorsand electronicsduring flight.The design of
the battery case is critical to ensuring the agribot's flight performance and endurance,
anditslightweightanddurableconstructionensuresthatitcanwithstandtherigorsofflight while
minimizing weight.
Fig8.3BATTERYCASE
ASSEMBLYVIEW
Anassemblyviewisavisualrepresentationofallthecomponentsofasystem,inthiscase, the
multipurpose flying agribot, assembled together. It is an essential tool for visualizing how
the individual parts of the agribot fit together and interact with each other.
Inthecaseofthe multipurpose flyingagribot,anassemblyviewwouldshowallthe major
components of the agribot, including the frame, motors, propellers, electronics, battery
case, hopper, and dispensing mechanism. Each component would be represented as a
separatepartintheassemblyview,withclearlabelingandindicationsofhoweachpartfits
together.
Theassemblyviewwouldalso includeanynecessaryfasteners, suchasscrews, bolts, and nuts,
required to secure the components together.The placement and size ofthe fasteners would
be clearly indicated to ensure that they are installed correctly.
An assembly view is a crucialtoolfor ensuring that all the components of the agribot are
assembled correctlyand inthe right order.It allowsengineersand techniciansto visualize
how the parts fit together and identify any potential issues or interferences that could
negatively impact the agribot's performance.
In summary, an assembly view is a visual representation of all the components of the
multipurpose flying agribot, assembled together. It allows engineers and technicians to
visualize how the individual parts fit together and identify any potential issues or
interferencesthatcouldnegativelyimpacttheagribot'sperformance.Theassemblyviewis
anessentialtoolforensuringthattheagribotisassembledcorrectlyandoperatesas intended.
Fig8.4ASSEMBLYVIEW
Fig8.5SECTIONVIEW
CHAPTER-9
WORKINGOFAGRIBOT
HOWITWORKS?
Themultipurposeflyingagribotworksbyutilizingitshexagonalframeandflightcontroller to
maneuver and stabilize itself in the air. It uses six 5010 BLDC motors with 1555
propellers and 30A ESCs to achieve the necessary lift and thrust to carry the payload of
pesticide and seeds while also maintaining stable flight.
Theagribot'scontrolsystemisbasedonthePixhawkflightcontroller,whichusesGPSand other
sensors to accurately control the drone's position and altitude. The agribot's control
system also includes sensors for detecting obstacles and other hazards to ensure safe
operation.
Theagribotisequippedwithahopperforseedplantinganda hexagonaltank forpesticide
spraying, both of which are integrated into the agribot's frame. The hopper is designed to
release seeds in a controlled and accurate manner while the tank uses a spray mechanism
to distribute the pesticide evenly over the crops.
During operation, the agribot isprogrammed with a flight planthat takesinto account the
specific crop layout and requirements for pesticide application and seed planting. The
agribot followsthe flight planautonomously, using itssensorsto adjust itsflight pathand
avoid obstacles.
Once the agribot reaches the designated location, it uses its spraying and planting
mechanismstoapplythepesticideandplant theseeds inthecorrect locations. Theagribot
cancoverlargeareasoflandefficientlyandaccurately,reducingtheneedformanuallabor and
increasing productivity in the agriculture industry.
Aftercompletingitsmission,theagribotreturnstoitsstartinglocation,whereitcanbe
refilledwithpesticideandseedsforitsnextflight.
Overall, the multipurpose flying agribot offers a versatile and efficient solution for pest
control and seed planting in the agriculture industry. By combining multiple tasks into a
singleflight,theagribotreducescostsandincreasesproductivitywhilealsoofferinggreater
accuracy and precision in application.
WORKING
Thesignals willbetransmitted fromTransmitterand it willbe received bythe Receiver in the
drone. From the receiver the signal goes to the Flight controller where the signal will be
processed withaccelerometer and gyroscope sensors. The processed signalwillbe sent
totheESC,whichallowsthespecificamountofcurrenttothemotor basedonthesignal it
receives. The propellers are mechanically coupled to the motors so that they rotate and
produce thrust. The FPV camera takes current supply from the flight controller and it
records the video, the video signals will be processed by the transmitter and it will be
received bythe receiver inground. The pump takes current supplyfromthe Li-Po battery
and pressurizes the liquid fromthe storagetank then the pressurized liquid flows through
the pipeline and enters the nozzle then gets sprayed. The flow rate of the pump can be
controlled by varying the input current which can be controlled fromthe transmitter.
AGRIBOTSYSTEMUSINGGPS
The Agriculture Wonder Agribot System is designed by making use of GPS where the
automaticallycontrolledagribotbasedonaerialpesticidessprayermainlyconsistingoftwo parts
the quad copter and spraying mechanism. Initially quad copter is assembled using
necessarycomponentssuchasflightcontrolledboard(FCB),GPS,BLDCmotor,ESC
controller and battery, etc. Wherethe agribot wasbehavedat required altitude, andthen it
isswitchtoaltitudeholdmode,whichmaintainsthesamealtitudeuntilitisswitched back.
WiththehelpoftheGPSModuleandthecomputersoftware,theusercansetupaparticular
pathforthe agribotto followandreachaparticular spotfor sprayingwater andpesticides.
TheagribotcomeswithawaterlevelindicatorequippedwithGSMmodule.Itcontinuously sends
SMSalerts informingthe userabout thewater levelalongwithwhenit is necessary torefillthe
tank. The farmer will make the agribot to flyto the required height and switch
onthegroundwaterpump.Thecamerafittedtothepipewillassisttheprocessof navigation.Along
with that, it will help the spraying team to closely analyses the entiresituation inside the
field. This agribot willsolve this serious problemproficiently. At last,
inthecaseofdiseaseprevention,theagribotwillspraybleachingpowderandother chemicals
(whichare primarily inthe formof liquid) either intheir originalformor inthe form of mist.
Fig9.1AgribotSystemUsingGps
CHAPTER-10
DESCRIPTIONOF PROCESS
The process of using the multipurpose flying Agribot involves several steps, including
preparation, calibration, operation, and maintenance. Below is a detailed description of
each step.
Preparation:
Before operating the Agribot, several preparatory measures must be taken. Firstly, the
batterymustbefullychargedusingtheBMAXi6chargeroranyothercompatiblecharger. The
battery must be correctly installed in the battery case, which is designed to protect it from
physical damage and exposure to harsh weather conditions. Secondly, the hopper must be
loaded with the appropriate quantityofseeds or fertilizers. The hopper's capacity
dependsonitssizeandshapeandcanvarydependingonthespecificmodeloftheAgribot. Thirdly,
the pesticide tank must be filled with the appropriate amount of pesticides. The
tankistypicallylocatedatthebottomoftheAgribotandisdesignedtoallowthenozzleto spraythe
pesticide ontothe crops. Lastly, the nozzles must be adjustedto ensurethatthey are properly
aligned and the desired amount of pesticide is sprayed onto the crops.
Calibration:
Once the preparatory measures are complete, the Agribot must be calibrated to ensure
accurate operation. The calibration process involves setting up the GPS 2.8 module and
adjustingtheESCs,whichcontrolthemotorspeed.TheGPS2.8moduleisusedtoprovide the
Agribot's current location and altitude, which is necessary for precise navigation. The
ESCs,ontheotherhand,regulatethemotorspeedandmustbecalibratedtoensurethatthe
Agribotmovessmoothlyandefficiently.
Operation:
After the preparatory measures and calibration, the Agribot is ready for operation. The
operator must first ensure that the Agribot's propellers are properly installed and secure.
Theoperatorthenactivatesthe Agribot'sPixhawk flight controllerandusesthe FlyskyFS
i6remotecontroltotakeoff.TheAgribot'sflightpathisprogrammedinadvanceusingthe
Pixhawk flight controller and the GPS 2.8 module. The operator must ensure that the
Agribot stays within the designated flight path and altitude to ensure that the seeds or
fertilizers and pesticides are evenly distributed across the crops.
Maintenance:
Proper maintenance of the Agribot is essential to ensure its longevity and efficient
operation. The operator must regularly inspect the Agribot's components, including the
propellers, motors,battery,andGPS module,toensurethattheyare functioningcorrectly. The
Agribot must be regularly cleaned to remove any dust, debris, or pesticide residue.
Additionally,theAgribotmustbestoredinasafeanddrylocationwhennotinusetoprotect it from
physical damage and exposure to harsh weather conditions.
In summary, the process of using the multipurpose flying Agribot involves several steps,
including preparation, calibration, operation, and maintenance. Proper adherence to each
step is necessary to ensure accurate and efficient operation of the Agribot.
CHAPTER-11
ADVANTAGESANDDISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
I. Increased Efficiency: The multipurpose flying agribot is an efficient solution for
precision agriculture, as it can carry out multiple tasks such as pesticide spraying
and seeding in one trip, saving time and resources.
II. Improved Accuracy: The use of GPS technology and other sensors on the agribot
allowsfor precise applicationofpesticidesand seeds, reducing the risk ofwastage
and damage to non-target crops.
III. Increased Safety: The use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for agricultural tasks
reduces the risk of exposure to pesticides for workers and minimizes the risk of
accidents associated with manual labor.
IV. BetterCropManagement:Theagribotcancoverlargeareasoflandquickly,making it
easierforfarmerstomanagetheircropsandidentifypotentialissuessuchaspest
infestations or nutrient deficiencies.
V. Cost-Effective: While the initialinvestment cost ofthe agribot maybe high, it can
save money in the long run by reducing the need for manual labor and increasing
crop yields.
Disadvantages:
I. LimitedPayloadCapacity:Theagribothasalimitedpayloadcapacity,whichmeans
thatitmaynotbeabletocarrylargeamountsofpesticidesorseedsatonce,limiting the area
it can cover in one trip.
II. Weather Dependency: The use of the agribot for agricultural tasks is weather-
dependent,asit maynotbeabletooperateduringadverseweatherconditionssuch as
strong winds or heavy rainfall.
III. MaintenanceRequirements:Theagribotrequiresregularmaintenancetoensurethat it
is functioning properly and to avoid breakdowns, which can add to the overall
cost of using the technology.
IV. RegulatoryIssues: The use of unmanned aerialvehicles for agriculturaltasks may
be subject to regulatoryrestrictions in certain areas, which can limit their use and
impact their effectiveness.
V. Technical Complexity: The use of advanced technology such as GPS and flight
controllers may require specialized training and expertise, which can add to the
overall cost and complexity of using the agribot.
CHAPTER-12
APPLICATIONS
The multipurpose flying agribot has various applications in the agricultural sector. Some
of them are:
1. Cropmonitoring:The agribot canbeusedto monitorcropsbycollectingdatausing
varioussensorslikeNDVIsensors,multispectralcameras,etc.Thisdatacanbeused to
identifyareaswherethecropsarenot growing well,andcorrective measurescan be
taken.
2. Precision farming: The agribot can be used for precision farming by spraying
pesticidesand fertilizerswithprecision.Thishelps inreducingtheuseofchemicals and
saves time and money.
3. Seeding: The agribot can also be used for seeding purposes. The hopper can be
loadedwithseeds,andtheagribotcanbeflownoverthefieldtosowtheseeds.This helps in
reducing manual labor and increases efficiency.
4. Mapping: The agribot can be used to map the agricultural fields. This data can be
used for creating digital maps that can help in planning and decision making.
5. Livestockmonitoring:Theagribotcanbeusedtomonitorlivestockbyusingthermal
cameras and other sensors. This data can be used to identify sick animals and take
necessary action.
6. Environmental monitoring: The agribot can be used to monitor environmental
factors like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. This data can be used to
optimize irrigation and other farming practices.
7. Disastermanagement:Theagribotcanbeusedfordisastermanagementbyassessing the
extent of damage caused by natural disasters like floods, droughts, etc.
8. Research: The agribot can be used for research purposes by collecting data using
various sensors. This data can be used to conduct experiments and develop new
farming techniques.
9. Inspection:Theagribotcanbeusedforinspectionpurposesbyflyingoverthefields and
inspecting crops, infrastructure, and equipment.
10. Yield estimation: The agribot can be used for yield estimation by collecting data
using various sensors. This data can be used to estimate the yield of the crops and
plan accordingly.
Overall, the multipurpose flying agribot has immense potential in the agricultural sector
and can help in increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and improving yields.
CHAPTER-13
COSTESTIMATION
SLNO. COMPONENTS PRICE/PC QTY TOTALPRICE
1. Pixhawkflightcontroller 12,000 1 12,000
2. Structure 5,800 1 5,800
3. BLDCMotors 1,700 6 10,200
4. Propellers 200 6 1,600
6. ESC 900 6 5,400
7. Transmitterandreceiver 6,000 1 6,000
8. Telemetry 3,900 1 3,900
9. FPVcamera 6,500 1 6,500
10. Battery 2,400 1 2,400
11. GPSandcompassmodule 2,350 1 2,350
12. SensorsandArduino 3,650 1 3,650
13. Pump 800 1 800
14. Nozzles 200 4 800
15. Otherexpenses 5000 1 5000
16. Total cost 66,400
Table8.1Costestimation
CHAPTER-14
CONCLUSION
The scope ofthe project varies fromagriculture purposes to disease preventive measures.
Inagriculture, the agribot will reduce the farmer’s workload and thus save his time and
efforts.Moreover, the process of spraying will become much more efficient and cost
effective. The farmer will just have to operatethe agribot and monitorthe entire scenario.
In the field of disease prevention, the agribot canspray low density liquids inthe formof
mist. Thesechemicalscan besprayedoveralargeplotof land within asmalloftimein an
efficient manner.Mosquito larvae and various kinds of disease- causing germs can be
eradicated effectively using this technique. Information technologies provide new
possibilities for a lot of problems. Agricultural drones are an incredible technology
advancedinjustafewyears.Dronesarecrucialtofarmersbecausetheywillnolongerhave to walk
around their farms surveying soils, crops and buildings. Farmers, now, have the
bestsurveillance andinspectiontechnologyfortheir farms.It’strueto saythat farming has
becometechnicallyadvanced forcommercialfarmerswho haveenormouschunksofland.
Perhaps, one day these drones will become fully automated and provide farmers with
accuratedataontheamountofpesticides, fungicidesorfertilizerstoapplyonspecificareas
orcropsafterasurveillance.Itshallbeanewdawnforfarmers.Ontheflipside,droneshave their
shortfalls. For example, drones are not completely safe, raise privacy concerns and may
put countries in serious security risks. Hence, information technology experts have
theirworkcutout inensuringthatthenextgenerationofagriculturaldronesaddressesthese
issues.Securitymeasuresmustbeprioritizedbecauseextremistgroupsorotherpeoplewho
wantto cause harm to thegeneral public may take advantage of thedrones.Generally,anything
that threatens to derail the adoption and the advancement ofagricultural drones should be
addressed.
CHAPTER-15
REFERENCES
[1] Zhang Dongyan, Chen Liping, Zhang Ruirui, Xu gang, Lan Yubin, Wesley Clint
Hoffmann, Wang Xiu, Xu Min, “Evaluating effective swath width and droplet
distributionofaerialsprayingsystemsonM18BandThrush510Gairplanes”, April
2015, Int J. Agric. & BioEng, Vol 8 No.21.
[2] Huang, Y. Hoffmann, W.C. Lan, Y. Wu and Fritz, B.K, “Development ofa spray
system for an unmanned aerial vehicle platform”, Dec 2015, Applied Engineering
in Agriculture, 25(6):803-809.
[3] Yallappa D., M. Veerangouda, Devanand Maski, Vijayakumar Palled and M.
Bheemanna,“DevelopmentandEvaluationofDronemountedsprayerforPesticides
Applicationsto crops.” Oct. 2017, ResearchGate, Conference paper.
[4] S.R.Kurkute,B.D.Deore,PayalKasar,MeghaBhamare,MayuriSahane,“Drones
forSmart Agriculture:ATechnicalReport”,April2018,IJRET,ISSN:2321-9653.
[5] RahulDesale, Ashwin Chougule, Mahesh Choudhari, Vikrant Borhade, S.N. Teli,
“Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Pesticides Spraying” April 2019, IJSART, ISSN:
2395-1052.
[6] Prof. B.Balaji, Sai Kowshik Chennupati, Siva Radha Krishna Chilakalapudi,
Rakesh Katuri, kowshik Mareedu, “Design of UAV (Drone) for Crops, Weather
Monitoring and For Spraying Fertilizers and Pesticides.”, Dec2018, IJRTI, ISSN:
2456-3315.
[7] Zhao,X.,Hu,Z.,&Xie,Q.(2018).DesignandDevelopment ofaPlant Protection UAV.
In 2018 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligence
Systems (CCIS) (pp. 632-636). IEEE.
[8] Zeng, G., Wang, J., Jiang, S., Chen, Y., Wang, X., & Chen, J. (2019). An
Agricultural Spray UAV with Improved Flight Performance for Pesticide
Application. In 2019 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(ICUAS) (pp. 1549-1557). IEEE.
[9] Pandey, R. K., Kumar, A., & Kumar, R. (2019). An overview ofunmanned aerial
vehicle(UAV)basedprecisionagricultureforpesticideapplication.Computersand
Electronics in Agriculture, 166, 104996.
[10] Kadam, R., & Patil, P. R. (2017). Design and fabrication of agricultural
drone.InternationalJournalofScientificandEngineeringResearch,8(9),725-728.
[11] Suresh, S., Srinivasan, S., & Sivasankaran, S. (2019). An Improved
Automated CropSpraying SystemwithDrone. InternationalJournalofInnovative
Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(9S), 185-189.

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VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY,

A MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“DESIGN AND 3D PRINTING OF A GEAR SETS”

A mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for 6 th semester

STUDENT NAME USN NUMBER

Under the guidance of:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

………………... ……………………….. ………………………..

Name of Examiner Signature with Date

(1) …………………….. ……………………..

(2) …………………….. ……………………..

STUDENT NAME USN NUMBER

The agribot is designed to be an efficient and effective alternative to traditional

CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGENO

7.8 SEED HOPPER 31

7.11 IMAXB6BATTERY CHARGER 36

8.1 TANKAND FRAME 41

8.5 SECTION VIEW 47

robotsin agriculture drastically increased the productivity and output of agriculture in

agriculture especially in developing countries.

The idea ofrobotic agriculture (agriculturalenvironments serviced by smart machines) is

andthe machinescouldworkentirelyinpredefinedways, muchlikeaproductionline.On

farming. Asa matteroffact,theaverageageofafarmer intheU.Sisage58.That isup fromfive

resources, it is estimated that the efficiency of agricultural productivity must increase at

Fromthe verybeginning, the problems related to agriculturalagribots revolve around the

Moreover,inmostcases,agribotshavebeencreatedforthesolepurposeof spraying and

prevention likesprayingsterile mosquitoes tothe malariaaffectedareas to reduce

the natalityrateofdisease-causingmosquitoes. Fire- fightingagribots are farcostlier than

normalspraying/sprinkling agribots. This particular type ofagribots is not for single-

handed usage. Today’sagriculturehastransformed intoahigh-techenterprisethatmost20th

century farmersmight barely recognize.

distributionover aerialspraying systems like M-18B and Thrush510G.These agricultural

22.7kg.Itusedto requireat least onegallonofgas forevery45 minutes. Thisstudypaved the

rate and larger VMD droplet size.

liquid with an endurance time of 16 min.

the most suitable due to its efficient implementation.

employed for agriculturalapplications. Their UAV wasdesigned notonlyfor sprayingbut

water, chemical maltreatments and labor can be expected.

ofseedsowingandpestcontrol.ThedroneusesGPSandanonboard computertonavigate and

detecting crop diseases.

A study titled "Potential of Agricultural Drones for Smallholder Farmers in Developing

as cost and lack of infrastructure.

applications of UAVs in agriculture, including crop monitoring, precision farming, and

improving agricultural practices and increasing productivity.

crop production while increasing crop yield.

"Development of a Multi-Purpose Agricultural Drone for Crop Monitoring and Plant

Protection" by M. U. Rehman et al. (2021)

Thisstudypresentsthedevelopment ofamulti-purposeagriculturaldronethat canbeused for

camera, GPS module, and a spraynozzle that canspraypesticides orfertilizers accurately in

associated with traditional agriculture practices.

"Evaluation of Agricultural Drone Technology for Crop Management" by Y. Zhao et al.

This study evaluated the performance of agricultural dronesforcrop management.The

authors compared the drone-based crop managementpractices with traditional practices

"DevelopmentofaLow-Cost AgriculturalDroneforCropMonitoring" byM.A.Akbaret al.

of crop management practices.

labor-intensive, leading to increased costs and reduced productivity.

Therefore,theproblemstatement istheneedforaversatileand efficientagriculturaldrone that

productivity and reduce costs in the agriculture industry.

Direct impact on humans: Ifthe creditsofpesticides include enhanced economicpotential in

terms of increased production of food and fiber, and amelioration of vector-borne