Introduction to Database Systems

Lecture 7: SQL Wrap-up

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 Recap from last lecture
• Subqueries can occur in many clauses:
– SELECT
– FROM
– WHERE

• Monotone queries: SELECT-FROM-WHERE

– Existential quantifier

• Non-monotone queries
– Universal quantifier
– Aggregation
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 Examples of Complex Queries
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer)

1. Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves some beer they like.

2. Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beers they don’t like.

3. Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 1
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves some beer they like.

SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker

FROM Frequents X, Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar = Y.bar AND
Y.beer = Z.beer AND
X.drinker = Z.drinker

drinker + bar they frequent + beer served that they like

=> drinker is an answer
(even though we only want the drinker,
we need the rest to know it’s an answer.) 5
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 1
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves some beer they like.

SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker

FROM Frequents X, Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar = Y.bar AND
Y.beer = Z.beer AND
X.drinker = Z.drinker

What happens if we didn’t write DISTINCT?

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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 2
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beers they don’t like

Existential Universal

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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 2
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beers they don’t like

bar serves only beers that X does not like =

bar that does NOT serve some beer that X does like

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bars that serves some beer they like.

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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 2
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beers they don’t like

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bars that serves some beer they like.

That’s the previous query…

SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker

FROM Frequents X, Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar = Y.bar AND
Y.beer = Z.beer AND
X.drinker = Z.drinker
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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 2
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beers they don’t like

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bars that serves some beer they like.

That’s the previous query… Let’s write it with a subquery:

SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker

FROM Frequents X
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar=Y.bar AND
X.drinker=Z.drinker AND
Y.beer = Z.beer) 10
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 2
Find drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beers they don’t like

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bars that serves some beer they like.

bar serves only beers that X does not like =

bar that does NOT serve some beer that X does like

Now negate!
SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker
FROM Frequents X
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar=Y.bar AND
X.drinker=Z.drinker AND
Y.beer = Z.beer) 11
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 3
Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.

Universal Existential

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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 3
Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.

X frequents only bars that serve some beer X likes =

X does NOT frequent some bar that serves only beer X doesn’t like

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beer they don’t like.

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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 3
Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beer they don’t like.

That’s the previous query!

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Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 3
Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beer they don’t like.

That’s the previous query!

SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker

FROM Frequents X
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar=Y.bar AND
X.drinker=Z.drinker AND
Y.beer = Z.beer) 15
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 3
Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.

Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):

Drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beer they don’t like.

That’s the previous query! But write it as a nested query:

SELECT DISTINCT U.drinker

FROM Frequents U
WHERE U.drinker IN
(SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker
FROM Frequents X
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar=Y.bar AND
X.drinker=Z.drinker AND 16
Y.beer = Z.beer))
Likes(drinker, beer)
Frequents(drinker, bar)
Serves(bar, beer) Example 3
Find drinkers that frequent only bars that serves some beer they like.
Let’s find the others (drop the NOT):
Drinkers that frequent some bar that serves only beer they don’t like.
X frequents only bars that serve some beer X likes =
X does NOT frequent some bar that serves only beer X doesn’t like
Now need three
Now negate! nested queries
SELECT DISTINCT U.drinker
FROM Frequents U
WHERE U.drinker NOT IN
(SELECT DISTINCT X.drinker
FROM Frequents X
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
FROM Serves Y, Likes Z
WHERE X.bar=Y.bar AND
X.drinker=Z.drinker AND 17
Y.beer = Z.beer))
Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)

Unnesting Aggregates

Find the number of companies in each city

SELECT DISTINCT X.city, (SELECT count(*)
FROM Company Y
WHERE X.city = Y.city)
FROM Company X

SELECT city, count(*)

FROM Company Note: no need for DISTINCT
GROUP BY city (DISTINCT is the same as GROUP BY)

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Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)

Unnesting Aggregates

Find the number of companies in each city

SELECT DISTINCT X.city, (SELECT count(*)
FROM Company Y
WHERE X.city = Y.city)
FROM Company X

SELECT city, count(*)

FROM Company Equivalent queries
GROUP BY city

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Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)

Unnesting Aggregates

Find the number of companies in each city

SELECT DISTINCT X.city, (SELECT count(*)
FROM Company Y
WHERE X.city = Y.city)
FROM Company X

SELECT city, count(*)

FROM Company Wait… are they equivalent?
GROUP BY city

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Purchase(pid, product, quantity, price)

Grouping vs. Nested Queries

SELECT product, Sum(quantity) AS TotalSales
FROM Purchase
WHERE price > 1
GROUP BY product

SELECT DISTINCT x.product, (SELECT Sum(y.quantity)

FROM Purchase y
WHERE x.product = y.product
AND y.price > 1)
AS TotalSales
FROM Purchase x
WHERE x.price > 1
Why twice ? 21
Author(login, name)
Wrote(login, url)
More Unnesting

Find authors who wrote ≥ 10 documents: This is

Attempt 1: with nested queries SQL by
a novice

SELECT DISTINCTAuthor.name
FROM Author
WHERE 10 <= (SELECT count(url)
FROM Wrote
WHERE Author.login=Wrote.login)

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Author(login, name)
Wrote(login, url)
More Unnesting

Find authors who wrote ≥ 10 documents:

Attempt 1: with nested queries

Attempt 2: using GROUP BY and HAVING

SELECT name
FROM Author, Wrote This is
WHERE Author.login=Wrote.login SQL by
GROUP BY name an expert
HAVING count(url) >= 10
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Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)

Finding Witnesses
For each city, find the most expensive product made in that city
Finding the maximum price is easy…

SELECT x.city, max(y.price)

FROM Company x, Product y
WHERE x.cid = y.cid
GROUP BY x.city;

But we need the witnesses, i.e. the products with max price

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Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)
Finding Witnesses
For each city, find the most expensive product made in that city
To find the witnesses:
compute the maximum price in a subquery
SELECT DISTINCT u.city, v.pname, v.price
FROM Company u, Product v,
Not a bad
(SELECT x.city, max(y.price) as maxprice solution…
FROM Company x, Product y
WHERE x.cid = y.cid
GROUP BY x.city) w
WHERE u.cid = v.cid
and u.city = w.city
and v.price=w.maxprice;
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Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)

Finding Witnesses
For each city, find the most expensive product made in that city

Or we can use a subquery in where clause

SELECT u.city, v.pname, v.price

FROM Company u, Product v
WHERE u.cid = v.cid AND
v.price >= ALL (SELECT y.price
FROM Company x, Product y
WHERE u.city=x.city
and x.cid=y.cid);

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Product (pname, price, cid)
Company(cid, cname, city)
Finding Witnesses
For each city, find the most expensive product made in that city
There is a more concise solution here:

Idea: Product JOIN Product ON “made in the same city”

Then group by first product.
Then check that first product has equal or higher price than
each of the second products in the group.

SELECT u.city, v.pname, v.price

FROM Company u, Product v, Company x, Product y
WHERE u.cid = v.cid and u.city = x.city and x.cid = y.cid
GROUP BY u.city, v.pname, v.price
HAVING v.price = max(y.price);

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