Basics of Java Programming BPLCK105C

Module 2
Control Statements
 Java’s program control statements can be put into the following categories: selection,
iteration, and jump.
 Selection statements allow your program to choose different paths of execution based
upon the outcome of an expression or the state of a variable.
 Iteration statements enable program execution to repeat one or more statements (that
is, iteration statements form loops).
 Jump statements allow your program to execute in a nonlinear fashion.

Java’s Selection Statements

 Java supports two selection statements: if and switch.

The if statement
 The if statement executes a block of code only if the specified expression is true.
 If the value is false, then the if block is skipped and execution continues with the rest
of the program.
 You can either have a single statement or a block of code within an if statement.
 Note that the conditional expression must be a Boolean expression.

Syntax:
if (<conditional expression>) {
<statements>
}

Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10, b = 20;
if (a > b)
System.out.println("a > b");
if (a < b)

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System.out.println("b > a");

}
}

The if else statement

 The if statement is Java’s conditional branch statement. It can be used to route
program execution through two different paths.
 Here is the general form of the if statement:

Syntax:
if (condition)
statement1;
else statement2;

 Here, each statement may be a single statement or a compound statement enclosed in

curly braces (that is, a block).
 The condition is any expression that returns a boolean value. The else clause is
optional.
 The if works like this: If the condition is true, then statement1 is executed. Otherwise,
statement2 (if it exists) is executed.
Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10, b = 20;
if (a > b)
System.out.println("a > b");
else
System.out.println("b > a");
}
}

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Basics of Java Programming BPLCK105C

Nested ifs
 A nested if is an if statement that is the target of another if or else.
 When you nest ifs, the main thing to remember is that an else statement always refers
to the nearest if statement that is within the same block as the else and that is not
already associated with an else.
Here is an example:
if(i == 10) {
if(j < 20) a = b;
if(k > 100) c = d; // this if is
else a = c; // associated with this else
}
else a = d; // this else refers to if(i == 10)

The if-else-if Ladder

 A common programming construct that is based upon a sequence of nested ifs is the
if-else-if ladder.
 It looks like this:

if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
...
else
statement;

 The if statements are executed from the top down.

 As soon as one of the conditions controlling the if is true, the statement associated
with that if is executed, and the rest of the ladder is bypassed.
 If none of the conditions is true, then the final else statement will be executed.

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Example:
class IfElse {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int month = 4; // April
String season;
if(month == 12 || month == 1 || month == 2)
season = "Winter";
else if(month == 3 || month == 4 || month == 5)
season = "Spring";
else if(month == 6 || month == 7 || month == 8)
season = "Summer";
else if(month == 9 || month == 10 || month == 11)
season = "Autumn";
else
season = "Bogus Month";
System.out.println("April is in the " + season + ".");
}
}

The switch statement

 The switch case statement is a multi-way branch with several choices. A switch is
easier to implement than a series of if/else statements.
Structure of Switch:
 The switch statement begins with a keyword, followed by an expression that equates
to a no long integral value.
 Following the controlling expression is a code block that contains zero or more
labeled cases.
 Each label must equate to an integer constant and each must be unique.

Working of switch case:

 When the switch statement executes, it compares the value of the controlling
expression to the values of each case label.

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 The program will select the value of the case label that equals the value of the
controlling expression and branch down that path to the end of the code block.
 If none of the case label values match, then none of the codes within the switch
statement code block will be executed. Java includes a default label to use in cases
where there are no matches.
 We can have a nested switch within a case block of an outer switch.

Syntax:
switch (<non-long integral expression>) {
case label1: <statement1> ; break;
case label2: <statement2> ; break;
…
case labeln: <statementn> ; break;
default: <statement>
}

Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 10, b = 20, c = 30;
int status = -1;
if (a > b && a > c) {
status = 1;
} else if (b > c) {
status = 2;
} else {
status = 3;
}
switch (status) {
case 1:
System.out.println("a is the greatest");
break;
case 2:

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System.out.println("b is the greatest");

break;
case 3:
System.out.println("c is the greatest");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Cannot be determined");
}
}
}

 The break statement is optional. If you omit the break, execution will continue on
into the next case.
 It is sometimes desirable to have multiple cases without break statements between
them.
 For example, consider the following program:
// In a switch, break statements are optional.
class MissingBreak {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
switch(i) {
case 0:
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
System.out.println("i is less than 5");
break;
case 5:
case 6:
case 7:
case 8:
case 9:

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System.out.println("i is less than 10");

break;
default:
System.out.println("i is 10 or more");
}
}
}

Nested switch Statements

 You can use a switch as part of the statement sequence of an outer switch. This is
called a nested switch.
 Since a switch statement defines its own block, no conflicts arise between the case
constants in the inner switch and those in the outer switch.
 For example, the following fragment is perfectly valid:
switch(count) {
case 1:
switch(target) { // nested switch
case 0:
System.out.println("target is zero");
break;
case 1: // no conflicts with outer switch
System.out.println("target is one");
break;
}
break;
case 2: // ...

In summary, there are three important features of the switch statement to note:
 The switch differs from the if in that switch can only test for equality, whereas if can
evaluate any type of Boolean expression. That is, the switch looks only for a match
between the value of the expression and one of its case constants.
 No two case constants in the same switch can have identical values. Of course, a
switch statement and an enclosing outer switch can have case constants in common.

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 A switch statement is usually more efficient than a set of nested ifs.

Iteration Statements

The while loop

 The while statement is a looping construct control statement that executes a block of
code while a condition is true.
 You can either have a single statement or a block of code within the while loop.
 The loop will never be executed if the testing expression evaluates to false.
 The loop condition must be a boolean expression.

Syntax:
while (<loop condition>) {
<statements>
}

Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1;
System.out.println("Printing Numbers from 1 to 10");
while (count <= 10) {
System.out.println(count++);
}
}
}

The do-while loop

 The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, except that the test is performed at the
end of the loop instead of at the beginning.
 This ensures that the loop will be executed at least once.

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Syntax:
do {
<loop body>
} while (<loop condition>);

Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1;
System.out.println("Printing Numbers from 1 to 10");
do {
System.out.println(count++);
} while (count <= 10);
}
}

The for loop

 The for loop is a looping construct which can execute a set of instructions a specified
number of times. It’s a counter controlled loop.

Syntax:
for (<initialization>; <loop condition>; <increment expression>) {
<loop body>
}

Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Printing Numbers from 1 to 10");
for (int count = 1; count <= 10; count++) {
System.out.println(count);
}
}
}

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Basics of Java Programming BPLCK105C

Declaring Loop Control Variables Inside the for Loop

 Often the variable that controls a for loop is only needed for the purposes of the loop
and is not used elsewhere.
 When this is the case, it is possible to declare the variable inside the initialization
portion of the for.
class ForTick {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// here, n is declared inside of the for loop
for(int n=10; n>0; n--)
System.out.println("tick " + n);
}
}
 When you declare a variable inside a for loop, there is one important point to
remember: the scope of that variable ends when the for statement does

Using the Comma

 There will be times when you will want to include more than one statement in the
initialization and iteration portions of the for loop.
class Comma {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int a, b;
for(a=1, b=4; a<b; a++, b--) {
System.out.println("a = " + a);
System.out.println("b = " + b);
}
}
}

Some for Loop Variations

 The for loop supports a number of variations that increase its power and applicability.
The reason it is so flexible is that its three parts—the initialization, the conditional
test, and the iteration—do not need to be used for only those purposes can be used for
any purpose you desire.

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 One of the most common variations involves the conditional expression.

 Specifically, this expression does not need to test the loop control variable against
some target value. In fact, the condition controlling the for can be any Boolean
expression. For example, consider the following fragment:
boolean done = false;
for(int i=1; !done; i++) {
// ...
if(interrupted()) done = true;
}
In this example, the for loop continues to run until the boolean variable done is set to true.
It does not test the value of i.

 Here is another interesting for loop variation. Either the initialization or the iteration
expression or both may be absent, as in this next program:
// Parts of the for loop can be empty.
class ForVar {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i;
boolean done = false;
i = 0;
for( ; !done; ) {
System.out.println("i is " + i);
if(i == 10) done = true;
i++;
}
}
}
Here, the initialization and iteration expressions have been moved out of the for. Thus, parts
of the for are empty

 Here is one more for loop variation. You can intentionally create an infinite loop (a
loop that never terminates) if you leave all three parts of the for empty.
 For example:

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Basics of Java Programming BPLCK105C

for( ; ; ) {
// ...
}
This loop will run forever because there is no condition under which it will terminate.

The For-Each Version of the for Loop

 Beginning with JDK 5, a second form of for was defined that implements a “for-
each” style loop.
 The general form of the for-each version of the for is shown here:

for(type itr-var : collection)

statement-block

 Here, type specifies the type and itr-var specifies the name of an iteration variable
that will receive the elements from a collection, one at a time, from beginning to end.
 The collection being cycled through is specified by collection.
 There are various types of collections that can be used with the for, but the only type
used in this chapter is the array.
Working:
 With each iteration of the loop, the next element in the collection is retrieved and
stored in itr-var.
 The loop repeats until all elements in the collection have been obtained.
 Because the iteration variable receives values from the collection, type must be the
same as (or compatible with) the elements stored in the collection.
 Thus, when iterating over arrays, type must be compatible with the base type of the
array.
class ForEach {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int sum = 0;
for(int x : nums) {
sum += x;
}

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System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);

}
}
 With each pass through the loop, x is automatically given a value equal to the next
element in nums. Thus, on the first iteration, x contains 1; on the second iteration, x
contains 2; and so on.
 Not only is the syntax streamlined, but it also prevents boundary errors.

For example, this program sums only the first five elements of nums:
class ForEach2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int sum = 0;
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
// use for to display and sum the values
for(int x : nums) {
sum += x;
if(x == 5) break; // stop the loop when 5 is obtained
}
System.out.println("Summation of first 5 elements: " + sum);
}
}

Iterating Over Multidimensional Arrays

 The enhanced version of the for also works on multidimensional arrays.
 Remember, however, that in Java, multidimensional arrays consist of arrays of
arrays. (For example, a two-dimensional array is an array of one-dimensional arrays.)
class ForEach3 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int sum = 0;
int nums[][] = new int[3][5];
// give nums some values
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
for(int j=0; j < 5; j++)

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nums[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1);
// use for-each for to display and sum the values
for(int x[] : nums) {
for(int y : x) {
sum += y;
}
}
System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);
}
}
 In the program, pay special attention to this line:
for(int x[] : nums) {
 Notice how x is declared. It is a reference to a one-dimensional array of integers.
 This is necessary because each iteration of the for obtains the next array in nums,
beginning with the array specified by nums[0].
 The inner for loop then cycles through each of these arrays, displaying the values of
each element.

Java program to search given key element

class Search {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int nums[] = { 6, 8, 3, 7, 5, 6, 1, 4 };
int val = 5;
boolean found = false;
// use for-each style for to search nums for val
for(int x : nums) {
if(x == val) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
if(found)
System.out.println("Value found!");

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}
}

Nested Loops
 Like all other programming languages, Java allows loops to be nested.
 That is, one loop may be inside another. For example, here is a program that nests for
loops:
class Nested {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
for(j=i; j<10; j++)
System.out.print(".");
System.out.println();
}
}
}

Jump Statements
 Java supports three jump statements: break, continue, and return. These statements
transfer control to another part of your program.

The break statement

 The break statement transfers control out of the enclosing loop (for, while, do or
switch statement).
 You use a break statement when you want to jump immediately to the statement
following the enclosing control structure.
 You can also provide a loop with a label, and then use the label in your break
statement.
 The label name is optional, and is usually only used when you wish to terminate the
outermost loop in a series of nested loops.

Syntax:
break; // the unlabeled form
break <label>; // the labeled form

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Example for break:

public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Numbers 1 - 10");
for (int i = 1;; ++i) {
if (i == 11)
break;
System.out.println(i + "\t");
}
}
}

Example for labeled break:

class Break {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;
first: {
second: {
third: {
System.out.println("Before the break.");
if(t) break second; // break out of second block
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This is after second block.");
}
}
}
Running this program generates the following output:
Before the break.
This is after second block.

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The continue statement

 A continue statement stops the iteration of a loop (while, do or for) and causes
execution to resume at the top of the nearest enclosing loop.
 You use a continue statement when you do not want to execute the remaining
statements in the loop, but you do not want to exit the loop itself.
 You can also provide a loop with a label and then use the label in your continue
statement.
 The label name is optional, and is usually only used when you wish to return to the
outermost loop in a series of nested loops.

Syntax:
continue; // the unlabeled form
continue <label>; // the labeled form

Example for continue:

public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Odd Numbers");
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
if (i % 2 == 0)
continue;
System.out.println(i + "\t");
}
}
}
Example for labelled continue:
class ContinueLabel {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
for(int j=0; j<10; j++) {
if(j > i) {
System.out.println();
continue outer;
}

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System.out.print(" " + (i * j));

}
}
System.out.println();
}
}

The return statement

 The return statement exits from the current method, and control flow returns to
where the method was invoked.

Syntax:
The return statement has two forms:
One that returns a value
return val;
One that doesn't returns a value
return;

Example:
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int res = sum(10, 20);
System.out.println(res);
}
private static int sum(int a, int b) {
return (a + b);
}
}

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