combsid eltt

t Bwidu f diogsul
Compremuetre
ton -aa
tens auo

diaganol A f
w to tensila Atrem T olevg «o he.
b e a ensilo &troin aleg tiu Aiogoya
f o COmpreyior trem 'T aleg tht diageual BD
u le a Cepesiue train adoug the diagouol Ac

(n Ratusl dinection).
Jota toi n ouleug diageual Ac= 2
mE

- (
me
-2 2
+

EneCu- T
by&auatingaud -

Relotien b ¬,G, K
C 3K(12u) ad e 2G (l4

3xC 2JA) 2G+2G

3K-6Kl 26+2 Gul
3K-2G (2G(+6R)
 l 3-2G temta velatior. G(i4u)
6K+ 2G 14J

b sultituting 3K-1G
CK+2 G 2G
43K-2G
G+2G
2C KtG+3K-2
6k+
2G
24 GK+2G

Gt2

3KtC
3Kt

rincipb tvesses and Stroins

on cin
Stnesses anobliqut plane undt vniayial lmdinc
on an
A e s ranobique plone Vndun bioxial looding
en an
6tukES manodique plau ndu bi- oia
stess.
leugaki en -.(6) shea
Poblums
Gyaphicall m e d -mos civele diagam
Stre sses On on
tlqut plone ond
Oniaxia nodg
macln
utssion cOmpoutnta Aubjecud fo
tuo omdle conpbutwb

t ndmal4eueu (o) hanas AtrNA

den Cenoy to dumint 1
Magitud d homat uan Arewts en on

q lane due to aplicaion oding-

&ctional qMea A
Consilaa ka o Croy

ulbjectd to Uniotial oding taf i

ic

(p) aloug tho. anes khs ba

Cn paui AB pepeudicukas to dinecticn
adiu 4 dinct.Atrow P
A
det AC be on diq plané wticth w al

Cugle 0to - po AB.

an
lo n =
nOma Btren, actiug en
Shtou Stren oltigu plaw AC
 Jake 1e 46ickuts an
oltgue plaus n uty
She Adas acting tn
an clluquu ilaue is k.eon g. in

AC
AB

Resolue e
t.AC
fdca en an diucfion
x ABCoS e =~n AC
n AS cOSO
AC

B
x (ceso)coo
Coye AB
AC

Sine Bc
n + Cos29 AC

n (HCOSaO)
dnA ndmal &ves cn en pan A q nmad adl min

n Ma

2 o

Cos2e -
--1f2->2O= 180
 6 on uni axial 8teM kystem « maxinmun (d)
minimum nómal stred orcud at o 0nd d mct

Resole ta bu pauallu! to t plaut (Tdix1tfin.)

.Ac =xAB Sing

C x Ab n¬
AC

CosO ino0
G x

y Sin29
2

Sin29 1 90 (d) 296°

29 90'(o) 10= 290

CMa

4n te Onianio Sylem the Rua ktrex

Mosimom en t e pawu uuch mak an avglu)

usand 135 o t tha diuction y loo.

elsUd a t a nofuol
yomu
Suc a t itt

ifs denstle (e 2 hal ts 4engil stregt

du
ent Malio voy-lail to nod.
 Mepxeis He fauk stre touch mabal a

Callas tte aueke o eltity.

Aeneultaut stitw =VN+T

Stnao/

2Sin20+1+ Cos 20 +20c$) o

22Ce2o

2(2 ofe)

tanp

2in ecet

tand = TanO
Stroue en an doliguelau Undu, Bi. Aini
doodliug

A
y-y
COnSid body undu the action b-axal
a

ooding at is te body J &ubjectid to

bi. anial &trenen oy n d ày a subuon in t

an
COnsidu an ettiqu paue AC sicl maku
0 u plane AB (in the dive cfien xStres
auglu
aud t be t nornal StreM aud
ot an
hsax shew en an dtiquo plant Ac

A
Coso-
AC

sine-8
AC

ay Bc

9
 Resolue tte Jhces pepdiculas -fe 4. pon hC
C o yec sino +Oq AG(o1O(aleuq en dintien )

o x Sinb+
oY *g
ACnta 5 coso
coso
AC
n oy Sine toyeos6
n y Sine +oyc'o 0

n xto

Resolr-1te cos alea t

sGu Ac (aloug diuli
Ac+ox BC CsO o-yABsinE =

AC Y ABinD-oxßcs0

AC

y Co ine- ax Sine Co0.

gin20
2

when e - uS, Tmas ax &htay stvew'

Tman
esultanE BC, o- t
Cs).stre
Ssis inctind at augu 6f on
an gl igirhy.
 Resolue 4e pdces pevpndicaulou te tu. o AC
nC yßcsino +OAR(O o(aleua en ditien)

y BC
ASind+
AC ay coso
AC

n y Sine toeos©
n-Sind t oyco'o-0
(-Co704 yC619
fos2 )
Resoe -te ces aleva th souu AC (aleug douiten
Ac +x BC COe
=oyABsine
TAC YABinD- x Bc oso

AC AC

C- ( gina9
3
2

ohen e- us Tmas MOaN Shsay stvre

Cma'
esultant b,oH= t
). Stres
sfsisinctind at augu wifh on
Tans:
 au
9ualut
T h e sultaut streu o las to e

cliaityust Tano
to tensile strewes
Asteel pate is Rljetud
MP6 td
1`d megenta at ngut augly
2Omgepa and
andmol
laugtuctol
dud
E0ch o u . dilumine
ich indliundl
a 60
6tvexses Gn e plau n-

Also -fiud tth plout

to Hhe doo MPA Strex?
tuullaut ktheu lon mot dsiaty
c
GiVen - 60
hoval Stex-n= (x1oy + es
n200t I50 1sD-20
-26\Co/20
+
 T h e suultaut treu o las to e 9xtaus

obtiquity tuu Tan0

Rdjectus to tensile strene

(A Stect ote is
MPh to
oOmtgeP and 1Sd mege toa qt ng augu
Each ouu. dutuine u dmol dud faugtuta

plou ufich inctud ot 60|

tvexses on e
fhe dGD MPA Strex? Also fndl Hhe plont
ackHt uuldaut Atres loA MOM diqurt

Given-60
homal Henn x+oy -es
n2004 15so SD-26 Ces12o
 M P A

Amm

X y 2 0oM PA
MM
60

( 1 S -ar)Co 5)
n S 189 SN|mm

in2 2 Sin 20

SD -20D Sin12

4(o<o) -2s(in12o°)

16SO MPA
Heuend) .

gndi catu, cdictien t

slea hauy quatut ltqutify
Resultant

on -X
ane D
2 OD
 Yincipl Cempametauy Sheav SheM.

stats a t a t o dsa Atrel aciey

ane t isalways accsmpanied by et

klaciguto Stren (d Sam intntity)

tesses en an dtique tare Wen o b0ohy

Aubjectus bi-Qxial Btremes aleg r t
Shan Stren'-

Corsidu a
Kedy zulieckd. to a iaxal
Syenes oaleug wiHh Auea stvess y
Shon in hu
Cet Ac t an oigu plane whict Yak
On
n augu , wi ta dinaction d

cin
acting on a rbol plant AC
 Resolue +e bce aloug He
dinec tion n (ley Ao
Maus AC)
nAC t y Aesins +txyec coso
x BCSlnot oy AB (OJO

on xy AGACsine yB coso
AC
+
AC
sine+ a (os

n x sine + oy cos0 Cy toseaine -2y ino(oe

n x&no toyo0-2T sine cos0

nx9ino t'o t0 -"T in)o) 0

2 + 4co 20
2 ysin20

( 3 )( * * T 0 - t y Sin20
2

RScke u ht leig ploe Ac (alog t diteokien)

 TACoy Bc tD+ tyy
BSinOoy.Mgsine-+ tryC
AC

AC

o y y Cooin- oy Sinocá04
-(y coso- yyino
(yino
-
in1+Tyy Cinb)
in, 0+ xy Cos 20

Jhe dinction aud magnikude an aud t

Oill depeud wpon 4e Wloatiue mognifuduu

aud dutectien olyy
X y

a
put tyy xy
Side upuoards) -ten =

a l tte equateu
min
n to ie max (d)
Aoal Stiell

n
Cos20():

(Y-) Sin20- 2 {y co20

 an 2y

O.
JdY a pincipo planes, sheay SfreM =

om Ea) and eaui4ed to ono.

shn20 +(y CoS20

( 2
siniO =
24yy coS20
( o - ox)
26x Y
Tan 20

rem la a d j t a man nun Valuu

suaM
on a plaut n dhich
nomalstreyes OCew

sthess O.
dimensional.jtim
en an condox
S n o tocae
tae o Heue matually
&reim &yttem stM
Skat which fhe tesulkant
Papendicalas,
panes en Such mituallyPupn
rek-
nóma
calladpinipt elauus and
aud
C) s enly collad prinipl lauy
aue
dicula plauas s
Called
orn t u
pincipla ploun
induCed
Streses

PncipStrenes
Dne de printpal
dinunciouaAiktm
a 4too is
n oftuu too one
out
&tcoms a n d otlu
Atre Stren C) aud
maxinum
Pnncipli
allad
mininum principlu
stre (2).
DRi callo

J6 onto de mas G)min:

Sin20

Cos2 (oy Y)
y )

xtay
2 ces29. Tyin2
2

Tyy2VY

(x)+ uTay

o+ty
() oyty
2

( t
 -y 2

dY sot Atyen to be ma'

t.e
Sin2oxy t0$20|-o

cos 20() yyhn 2o(1) =0

Y co20 2ky Sin2®

Tan --*)
2xy
Sin- y-ox)

Cos20
V
9

by ul +tu valut d sin9 co20 in fa

Tmax ( - (oy--a)

Cnay
 (
iar
( 2

.mat )
2

hen he shear stres toil( occ 9t uy p

Plane
SAt amy toint matra t u au a nonmal r tnsi
Stvenes niogntody 3oMPA Qud 1OMpa octhg
muhuolly pupeudiculau to tach ofau Mua s o
positiut uou Streu STMA ackiug al o t point.
twiue le ndnal Atan stres on phaut.
oho nóma is incliuao 6o td 20mPA teM
OmPA
ONmm

20MfA

SNIm Z

10
hem en - 90-60 30
Hnle
-n
:(") 20-,y 2
CoS

20t 1D to-20 Cos 60 Sin6

2

n 15-o:5)os- s (o.86b)|I5:(
5o5)-s (o.¢66)
 n +25 33 12 S- 33
n 8.11 Nmm

Aua tred-(*

20Sin 60° (6) Cof 60

2

6.8 Nmm(eaud).
to
Auljectad
A acfanqulau bboto matial
aud Ytmno
tensilk stveues of D Nmm
wth
eac Du combininq
hqtut agluy, to N|mmind.
63
Ssonshrem d
a)dinection pincgla plauas
Poincapestrenes (aud
ra)
bmagnituol
nsan Strem
) man
Ausau Seu
Sientatien d ploues mor
d) r 9 , 013s

oy-}N|mm
63li
x=ON |Mm,

incticn o pintipla plaues

tsiendaien d pincipti
ant S Tan20 = 2lyy

Tan 2 (G3)
lo-49
20: 3 .

o-33
eonentatien pinipal pa
 .e 312 319+9o 1219
,2 Principal treues

( ()

12
m.

I48. Nmm
a 8 0a mm
mon Suuar stren (tmax)

2
oienfotien Man ghaar sheM planas d Auca
lany uwil(occm at
tUs and o+135
31-+yS =
69°, and 31+135- t66
Geuua
aN avnd min

Painipal slrem
plants
 Mon Sheos fenl

9135

20N mm

yoN(mm
T a20, 10 -Alovmal

G 30, 20 60
rvoph-Mohys circs)
-üne
t s t ouow a .ine en the cout ad
in te micH le .

CA n q. aw
 Analy Hco Apkiro

d 22-5pinápol plont g

nna

42:5

S25 Nmm

22Nmm

2
Avaly ticol
2-SK18 YOpiol> muanviug ti
(D odiu

a du
Jmoa
o a Aufical ne
n ow a oigd i ql
 J o daaw an ang d tust éept,potyocts
at pointc u d vcannt tat augi 60 dueu a

iue
in ctud, not a point G 1om q ouaa a

ufical 6 ft námo nofe os

Collo T
FG26

i Cottd Gualaut)
deugth
math F iy Calleolan (novmal Stre)

dugth c? is Callud Csto Stre)

diamatu Civ.
OE OD
QE-OD odius (6)) trma

- pnntipol aug