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abenizanwonu
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CSC4308: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)


Nowadays, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the rapidly growing and developing
technology of the computer world. This technology helps a machine to think like a
human. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a simulation of human intelligence into a
computer machine to think and act like a human. The term Artificial Intelligence
(AI) was first invented in the early 1950, and the idea of artificial intelligence was
initially begun by the great computer scientist John McCarthy from 1943 to 1956.

In a general way, we can say "anything can be termed as Artificial Intelligence if it


involves programming or coding to do and think similar to humans
N.B: The task of A.I Reason, Adapt and find Solution.
In summary, AI can be described as an art of making a machine act like human
being.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types
of main categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally
of AI. Following is flow diagram which explain the types of AI.
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:


o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in
the world of Artificial Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only
trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI
can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-
defined range of functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an
Expert system approach combined with Machine learning and natural
language processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on
e-commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image
recognition.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task
with efficiency like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be
smarter and think like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI
and can perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with
General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of
efforts and time to develop such systems.
3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could
surpass human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human
with cognitive properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to
think, to reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.
Development of such systems in real is still world changing task.

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future
actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per
possible best action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a
short period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems.
These cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars,
speed limit, and other information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs,
and be able to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making
lots of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will
be super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and
self-awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical
concept.
Subsets of Artificial Intelligence
Following are the most common subsets of AI:
o Machine Learning
o Deep Learning
o Natural Language processing
o Expert System
o Robotics
o Machine Vision
o Speech Recognition

Note: Among all of the above, Machine learning plays a crucial role in AI. Machine
learning and deep learning are the ways of achieving AI in real life.

Machine Learning

Machine learning is a part of AI which provides intelligence to machines with the


ability to automatically learn with experiences without being explicitly
programmed.
o It is primarily concerned with the design and development of algorithms
that allow the system to learn from historical data.
o Machine Learning is based on the idea that machines can learn from past
data, identify patterns, and make decisions using algorithms.
o Machine learning algorithms are designed in such a way that they can learn
and improve their performance automatically.
o Machine learning helps in discovering patterns in data.

Types of Machine Learning

Deep Learning

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning which provides the ability to


machine to perform human-like tasks without human involvement. It provides the
ability to an AI agent to mimic the human brain. Deep learning can use both
supervised and unsupervised learning to train an AI agent.
o Deep learning is implemented through neural networks architecture hence
also called a deep neural network.
o Deep learning is the primary technology behind self-driving cars, speech
recognition, image recognition, automatic machine translation, etc.
o The main challenge for deep learning is that it requires lots of data with lots
of computational power.

How deep learning works:


o Deep Learning Algorithms work on deep neural networks, so it is called
deep learning. These deep neural networks are made of multiple layers.
o The first layer is called an Input layer, the last layer is called an output layer,
and all layers between these two layers are called hidden layers.
o In the deep neural network, there are multiple hidden layers, and each
layer is composed of neurons. These neurons are connected in each layer.
o The input layer receives input data, and the neurons propagate the input
signal to its above layers.
o The hidden layers perform mathematical operations on inputs, and the
performed data forwarded to the output layer.
o The output layer returns the output to the user.

Expert Systems
o An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence. In artificial
intelligence, expert systems are the computer programs that rely on
obtaining the knowledge of human experts and programming that
knowledge into a system.
o Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human experts.
These systems are designed to solve the complex problem through bodies
of knowledge rather than conventional procedural code.
o One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the spelling
error while typing in the Google search box.
In summary, expert system refers to a system that implore human
knowledge in a computer to solved problem that require human expertise.
Following are some characteristics of expert systems:
o High performance
o Reliable
o Highly responsive
o Understandable

Robotics
A robot is a machine that looks like a human, and is capable of performing
out of box actions and replicating certain human movements automatically
by means of commands given to it using programming. Examples: Drug
Compounding Robot, Automotive Industry Robots, Order Picking Robots,
Industrial Floor Scrubbers and Sage Automation Gantry Robots, etc
o Robotics is a branch of artificial intelligence and engineering which is used
for designing and manufacturing of robots.
o Robots are the programmed machines which can perform a series of
actions automatically or semi-automatically.
o AI can be applied to robots to make intelligent robots which can perform
the task with their intelligence. AI algorithms are necessary to allow a robot
to perform more complex tasks.
Nowadays, AI and machine learning are being applied on robots to
manufacture intelligent robots which can also interact socially like humans.
One of the best examples of AI in robotics is Sophia robot
In earlier days, robotic applications were very limited, but now they have
become smarter and more efficient by combining with Artificial
Intelligence. AI has played a crucial role in the industrial sector by replacing
humans in terms of productivity and quality
Machine Vision
o Machine vision is an application of computer vision which enables a
machine to recognize the object.
o Machine vision captures and analyses visual information using one or more
video cameras, analog-to-digital conversations, and digital signal
processing.
o Machine vision systems are programmed to perform narrowly defined tasks
such as counting objects, reading the serial number, etc.
o Computer systems do not see in the same way as human eyes can see, but
it is also not bounded by human limitations such as to see through the wall.
o With the help of machine learning and machine vision, an AI agent can be
able to see through walls.

Speech Recognition:

Speech recognition is a technology which enables a machine to understand the


spoken language and translate into a machine-readable format. It can also be said
as automatic Speech recognition and computer speech recognition. It is a way to
talk with a computer, and on the basis of that command, a computer can
perform a specific task.

There is some speech recognition software which has a limited vocabulary of


words and phrase. This software requires unambiguous spoken language to
understand and perform specific task. Today's there are various software or
devices which contains speech recognition technology such as Cortana, Google
virtual assistant, Apple Siri, etc.

We need to train our speech recognition system to understand our language. In


previous days, these systems were only designed to convert the speech to text,
but now there are various devices which can directly convert speech into
commands.
Speech recognition systems can be used in the following areas:
o System control or navigation system
o Industrial application
o Voice dialing system

There are two types of speech recognition


1. Speaker Dependent
2. Speaker Independent
How artificial intelligence will change the future

In almost each sector, artificial intelligence is influencing how people will behave
in the future. This already acts as the primary force behind developing
technologies like big data, robotics, as well as the Internet of Things, and it's going
to continuing to do so throughout the near future.

The styrofoam container device uses machine learning and computer vision to
detect and categorise different "safety occurrences." It cannot see everything, but
somehow it sees a lot. Such as which direction his drivers is gazing while he
drives, how quickly he's going, where he'll be going, where the people are around
him and how other forklift drivers are controlling their trucks. IFM's technology
instantly alerts warehousing supervisors to safety infractions, such as mobile
telephone usage, so they may take appropriate action. The major objectives are
to reduce fatalities and boost productivity.

 The applications Areas of AI


1 Transportation : Automated automobiles may someday carry us all from
the place to place even though they may take some time to develop.
2. Manufacturing: Powerful analytics detectors keep equipment
functioning properly while Intelligence robotics conduct a small range of
jobs like assembling and stack together with others.
3. Healthcare: Disorders are detected faster rapidly and precisely,
medication discovery is accelerated and streamlined, virtual nursing
assistants keep an eye on sufferers, while big data analysis serves to
provide a more individualized care experiences inside the relatively young
sector of AI-based health coverage.
4. Education: Artificial intelligence (AI) is used to digitise books, slightly
earlier virtual tutors value human teachers, and facial analysis measures
learner moods to properly identify who is struggling or bored and better
adapt the encounter towards suit specific requirements.
5. The media : Journalism is utilising AI as well and will continue to do so. In
order to assist readers quickly understand complicated accounting reports,
Bloomberg utilizes Cybernetic technologies. The News Agency now
generates approximately four times as many earnings reporting pieces
every year (3,700) using Artificial Insight' natural language processing
capabilities.
6. Customer service: Lastly but again not least, Google is developing an
AI assistant that really can phone calls which sound like they were
made by a human to schedule appointments at, say, your local hair
salon. The technology is capable of comprehending nuances and
context as additional just speech.
7. Agriculture: AI saves the agriculture sector from different factors
such as climate change, population growth, employment issues in this
field, and food safety. Today's agriculture system has reached at a
different level due to AI. Artificial Intelligence has improved crop
production and real-time monitoring, harvesting, processing and
marketing. Different hi-tech computer-based systems are designed to
determine various important parameters such as weed detection,
yield detection, crop quality, and many more.
8. Game Playing You can buy machines that can play master level chess
for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them, but they play
well against people mainly through brute force computation--looking
at hundreds of thousands of positions. To beat a world champion by
brute force and known reliable heuristics requires being able to look
at 200 million positions per second.

Importance of artificial intelligence

Important uses of Artificial Intelligence are given below:

1. In Medical Science
o Artificial Intelligence has made an unprecedented impact in the medical
industry and hence changed the face of the medical industry. Various
machine learning algorithms and models have efficiently predicted various
important use cases, such as determining whether a particular patient has
malignant or benign cancer or tumor based on symptoms, health records,
and history. It is also being used in future predictions where patients are
well informed about their deteriorating health and what they should do to
return to a normal and healthy life.
o Artificial intelligence has created a virtual care private assistant specifically
built for people's needs. It is widely used to monitor, research different
types of cases, and analyze past cases and their outcomes. It also seeks to
improve their model's and assistants' efficiency by predicting what could be
improved and making themselves smarter.
o The use of healthcare bots is another efficient move taken by the medical
industry to work their way up in medicine, which is known to provide 24/7
assistance and take up the less important work of managing appointments.
It has not have been possible without the intervention of these smart
artificial intelligence-based machines.

2. In the Field of Air Transport


o One of the major systematic transport in the world is air transport, and
there has become an urgent need to optimize their mode of operation.
Here came the involvement of Artificial Intelligence, where the machine is
involved in planning the routes along with the flight landing and take-off
charts.
o Artificial intelligence has been used in many aircraft, navigation maps,
taxing routes, and a quick examination of the entire cockpit panel to ensure
the correct operation of each component. Hence, it gives very promising
results and is being adopted very frequently. The ultimate aim of artificial
intelligence in air transport is to give easier and more comfortable travel to
human beings.

3. In the field of banking and financial institutions


o Artificial Intelligence plays a vital role in managing financial transactions
and handling many other activities in the bank. The day-to-day operations
of banks, such as transactions and financial operations, stock market
money and their management, etc., are being handled more easily and
efficiently by these machine learning models.
o Use cases such as anti-money laundering where suspicious financial
transactions are being monitored and reported to regulators are a classic
example of artificial intelligence in the banking and financial industry. Other
use cases include credit systems analysis which is popular among credit
card companies. Suspicious credit card transactions are tracked
geographically and acted upon and resolved based on various parameters.

4. In the field of gaming and entertainment


o From virtual reality games to today's modern games, this is one industry
where artificial intelligence has made the biggest leap forward. Bots are
always there for you to play with, so you don't need another person to
play.
o The level of personalized detail and graphics is also possible due to the
advent of Artificial Intelligence and is taking this industry to a different
level.

5. AI Achieves Unprecedented Accuracy


o AI achieves remarkable accuracy through deep neural networks, which was
previously impossible.
o For example, Google Search and your interactions with Alexa are all deep
learning-based, becoming more accurate the more we use them. AI
techniques are also used in medical fields to search for cancer cells on MRI
with high precision as highly trained radiologists.

6. AI Is Reliable & Quick

AI performs computer-generated tasks consistently, extensively, and reliably.


However, human skills are required to set up the system and ask the appropriate
questions.

7. AI Adds Intelligence to Products


o AI will not be sold as an individual product. Instead, your products will be
enhanced with AI integration, like the Apple products discussed with the
Siri feature.
o Chatbots, automation, and smart devices, combined with massive amounts
of data, can improve many technologies at home and in the workplace.

8. AI Evaluates Deep Data


o With big data and computing power, it has become possible to develop
fraud detection systems that were nearly impossible just a few years ago.
o It would help if you had a lot of data to train deep learning models because
they learn directly from the data. The more data, the more accurate they
are.

9. AI Fully Utilized Data

It would help if you implemented AI to get answers from the data. The role of
data is more important than ever; Its gives you an edge over your competitors if
you have the best data system in this competitive industry because the best data
will win!

Advantages of Artificial intelligence


There is an enormous number of advantages of Artificial intelligence as follows:

Reduction in Human Error

One of the biggest achievements of Artificial Intelligence is that it can reduce


human error. Unlike humans, a computer machine can't make mistakes if
programmed correctly, while humans make mistakes from time to time.
Therefore, Artificial Intelligence uses some set of algorithms by gathering
previously stored data, reducing the chances of error and increasing the accuracy
and precision of any task. Hence, Artificial Intelligence helps to solve complex
problems that require difficult calculations and can be done without any error.

Reduce the Risk (Zero Risk)

It is also one of the biggest advantages of Artificial Intelligence. The technology of


developing AI Robots can overcome many risky limitations of humans and do risky
things for us such as defusing a bomb, oil and coal mining and exploring the
deepest part of the ocean, etc. So, it helps in any worst situation, either human or
natural disasters too. AI Robots can be used in such situations where intervention
can be hazardous.

24/7 Support

Unlike humans, a computer does not require breaks and refreshers. A normal
human can continue work till 8-9 hours, including breaks and refreshers, while a
computer machine can work 24x7 without any breaks and don't even get bored,
unlike humans. Chatbots and helpline centres can be seen as the best example of
24/7 support of various websites continuously engaged in receiving customers
queries and automatically resolved by Artificial Intelligence.

Perform Repetitive Jobs

We perform so many repetitive works in our day-to-day life, such as automatic


replies to emails, sending birthday and anniversary quotes and verifying
documents, etc. Therefore, Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps to automate the
business by performing these repetitive jobs.

Faster decision

Unlike humans, a machine helps to take decisions faster than a human and carry
out actions quicker. While taking a decision, humans analyze many factors while
the machine works on what it is programmed and delivers the results faster. The
best example of the faster decision can be seen in an online chess game in the
third level. It is impossible to beat a computer machine because it takes the best
possible step in a very short time, according to the algorithms used behind it.

New Inventions

For new inventions, AI is helping humans almost in each sector, it can be


healthcare, medical, educational, sports, technology, entertainment or research
industry etc. Using advanced AI-based technologies, doctors can predict various
dangerous diseases like cancer at a very early stage.

Daily Applications

Now, we are all completely dependent on mobile and the internet for our daily
routine. We use several applications like Google map, Alexa, Apple's Siri,
Window's Cortana, OK Google, taking a selfie, making a phone call, replying to a
mail, etc. Further, we can also predict the weather for today and upcoming days
with the help of various AI-based methods.

Digital Assistance

Digital Assistance is one of the most powerful methods that help various highly
advanced organizations to interact with users without engaged human resources.
Digital Assistance helps users by gathering previous users queries and providing
solutions that users want. The best example of digital Assistance can be seen on
various websites in the form of chatbot support. A user asks something, and the
computer machine provides relevant information like banking, education, travel,
and ticket booking sites. Some chatbots are designed so that it's become hard to
determine whether we're chatting with a chatbot or a human being.

AI in risky situations

Human safety is always the primary thing that is also taken care by machines.
Whenever we need to explore the deepest part of the ocean or study space,
scientists use AI-enabled machines in risky situations where human survival
becomes difficult. AI can reach at every place where humans can't reach.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Although artificial intelligence is one of the most trending and demanding


technology around the globe, it still has some disadvantages. Some of the
common disadvantages of AI are as follows:

High production cost

We are living in a technological world where we have to manipulate ourselves


according to society. Similarly, a computer machine also requires time to time
software and hardware updates to meet the latest requirements. Hence, AI also
need repairing and maintenance, which need plenty of costs.

Risk of Unemployment

A robot is one of the implementations of Artificial intelligence, and it is replacing


jobs and leading to serve unemployment (In some cases). Hence, according to
some people, there is always a risk of unemployment because of robots and
chatbots instead of humans. For example, in some more technology-oriented
countries such as Japan, robots are widely used in manufacturing industries to
replace human resources. However, this is not always the truth because as it
replaces humans to enhance efficiency, it is also making more jobs opportunities
for humans

Increasing human's laziness


The new inventions of Artificial Intelligence are making humans lazier towards
their work, resulting in humans being completely dependent on machines and
robots. If this continues for more upcoming years, then our next generations will
become entirely dependent on a machine, resulting in further unemployment and
health issues.

Emotionless

We have always learned since childhood that computers or machines don't have
emotions. Humans work like a team, and team management is a key factor for
completing a target. However, there is no doubt that machines are much better
when working efficiently, but it is also true that they never replace the human's
connection that makes the team.

Lack of creativity

The biggest disadvantage of Artificial Intelligence is its lack of creativity. Artificial


Intelligence is a technology that is completely based on pre-loaded data.
However, Artificial Intelligence can learn over time with this pre-fed data and past
experiences, but it cannot be creative like humans.

No Ethics

Ethics and morality are the two most important features of humans, but it isn't
easy to incorporate both of these into Artificial Intelligence. AI is rapidly
increasing uncontrollably in each sector, so if this continues for the upcoming
decades, it may eventually wipe out humanity.

No improvement

Artificial Intelligence is a technology completely based on pre-loaded data and


experience, so it cannot be improved as human. It can perform the same task
repeatedly, but if you want some improvement and changes, you have to change
the command for the same. However, it can store unlimited data that humans
cannot, but also it cannot be accessed and used like human intelligence.
Conclusion

Artificial Intelligence holds much more importance and importance than what we
read in this note. It will continue to increase in the times to come.

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