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Please refer to the document “Gas Reception Terminal information” for Questions 1 - 4

Question 1 Fault Tree [20 Marks in Total]

Question 1a [15 Marks]

Based on Figure 2 and the process description from the “Gas Reception Terminal information”
document, develop a Fault Tree with a top event “PRV1 releases hydrocarbon to flare”. Quantify the
top event frequency using the “gate by gate” approach. You will need to construct the tree in such a
way that use of this approach is possible. You need only consider the types of failures given in Table
3 of the “Gas Reception Terminal information” document.

Question 1b [5 Marks]

Based on your fault tree from Question 1a), what recommendations would you propose to most
effectively reduce the frequency of the top event? Explain how you have linked your
recommendations to the fault tree.

Question 2 Event Tree [15 Marks in Total]

Question 2a [10 Marks]

If a major fire in the condensate storage area leads to thermal radiation levels in excess of 35kW/m2
at the LPG storage area a BLEVE could occur. Based on the data for condensate tank and bund fires in
Table 4, develop an event tree with the initiating event “Major fire in condensate storage area” and
so determine the frequency of LPG BLEVE. Fully describe each end outcome in the tree e.g.
“Extinguished tank fire, No BLEVE”, “Tank fire blows towards LPG area, deluge fails to operate,
BLEVE” etc.

The distance from the centre of each condensate tank to the edge of the nearest LPG vessel is 40m.

[N.B the frequency of BLEVE appears in Table 4 of the “Gas Reception Terminal information”
document, but this also takes into account other potential routes to BLEVE, so that this frequency will
not match the value you determine in this question.]

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Question 2b [5 Marks]

Based on the event tree in Q2a, make recommendations on how the frequency of BLEVE could be
reduced most effectively. Explain how you have linked your recommendations to the event tree.

Question 3: Layout & Segregation [10 marks]

Based on the hazard ranges for the Gas Reception Terminal (Table 4 of the Gas Reception Terminal
information sheet), is the proposed layout for the facility optimised? Justify your response and also
state what other information you might require to fully determine an optimised layout.

Question 4 Risk Calculations [30 Marks total]

Question 4a [15 Marks]

For the events in Table 4 of the “Gas Reception Terminal information” document, calculate the
individual risk to personnel working in the control room/admin building, to those working in the
maintenance yard and to people living in the village to the South of the site.

In any case of conflicting information the data given in the Tables should be used.

Please use the following simplifying assumptions:

Hazard ranges are always given from the event to the limit of the effect, e.g. BLEVE hazard ranges are
the radius of the Thermal Radiation contours, not the diameter.

Jet fire hazard ranges are in the direction of the Jet.

Dispersion hazard ranges are given as downwind; cloud widths are provided (where appropriate) in
the comments column.

For BLEVE events you may ignore the consequences associated with any preceding fire.

The frequency given for any event at the LPG area is for the whole LPG area.

Assume jet fires from LPG pipework originate in the LPG area.

The maximum cloud width is at the end point, where the cloud has fully dispersed to LFL.

The probability that a jet fire is directed towards any particular location should be taken as 0.1.

For vapour clouds assume an onsite ignition probability of 0.5 and that ignition occurs at the site
boundary. Also assume an ignition probability of 0.7 (conditional of non-ignition onsite) where a
cloud reaches an offsite population and that ignition occurs at the maximum range of the cloud. You
should only consider wind directions directly towards North, East, South and West.

For the purposes of determining impact, assume the Control Room and Admin Building are
‘downwind” of the Condensate Storage tanks.

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Assume a single vulnerability for each target, e.g. if a target spans a range of vulnerabilities then take
the highest vulnerability for the whole target.

Question 4b [10 Marks]

For the events in table 4, draw an F-N curve and also calculate societal risk in the format “Potential
Loss of Life (PLL)”. In deriving N values, both onsite and offsite populations should be included.

Question 4c [5 Marks]

Discuss the levels of risk as determined in Questions 4a) and 4b) based on the UK’s and the
Netherlands’ approach to risk tolerability.

Question 5 Relief load and sizing: mixing vessel [25 marks total]

Based on the information given below, including Figures 1 & 2 and Tables 1 & 2:

Question 5a) [10 marks]

Calculate the relief load for the fire case – approximate the vessel wetted surface area by using a
cylinder around the dished ends.

Please use API 2000 for calculating the heat input (the appropriate equations are given in the
lectures).

Question 5b) [5 marks]

Choose the most appropriate value for the mass influx case from the solvent tank and explain why
heat input from the coil is NOT a relief case, with reasons.

Question 5c) [10 marks]

Calculate the relief valve area for the fire case (assume Kd (de-rated) for the relief valve = 0.88)

Note that the PRV set pressure is when the valve starts to open, it will not be fully open at that
pressure, therefore you should calculate based on the set pressure plus accumulation (what API
states as the relieving pressure).

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 Figure 1. Mixing Vessel system

Figure 2. Mixing Vessel design detail

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 Table 1. Mixing Vessel: solvent properties

The solvent does not have foaming properties

Molecular Weight = 92

C = 2.5

Table 2. Mass inflow from Solvent Storage Tank

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