Republic of the Philippines

North Eastern Mindanao State University

Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________

REVIEWER ON COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

EDUC 203 – RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING WITH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
(FOUNDATION COURSE)
PROFESSOR: MARDIE E. BUCJAN

1. Review on the qualitative and quantitative design

A. IMRAD
• In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) is an
organizational structure (document format) prominently used in scientific journals.
INTRODUCTION Why was the study undertaken?
What was the research question, the tested
hypothesis or purpose of the study?
METHODS When, where, and how was the study done?
What materials were used or who was
included in the study groups (respondents,
ect.)?
RESULTS What answer was discovered, realized; what
did the study find?
Was the tested hypothesis true?
DISCUSSION What is the implication of the result and
why does it matter?
How does it fit in with what other
researchers have found?
What are the perspectives for future
research?

B. QUALITATIVE DESIGN/RESEARCH
• Involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g. text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights
into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
• Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting and
analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.
• Commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology,
sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.
• Sample question for Qualitative Research
I. How does social media shape body image in teenagers?
II. How do children and adults interpret healthy eating in the Philippines?
III. How is anxiety experiences around the world?
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 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
IV. How can teachers integrate social issues into science curriculum?
• Types of Qualitative Research
I. Ethnographies – in which the research studies an intact cultural group in a natural
setting during a prolonged period.
II. Grounded Theories – in which the researchers attempt to derive a theory by using
multiple stages of data collection and the refinement and interrelationship of
categories of information.
III. Case studies – in which the researchers explore a single entity of phenomenon (“the
case”) bounded by the time and activity.
IV. Phenomenological studies – in which human experiences are examine through the
detailed descriptions of the people being studies (Creswell, 1994, pp. 11-12). Studies
about the lived experiences of human.
• What is the IMRAD structure for Qualitative Research?
IMRAD QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
TITLE Only a working title which becomes
(Not less than 8 and not more than 12 permanent after the derivation of the
keywords) conclusion at the end of the research process.
ABSTRACT A paragraph not less than 150 words and not
more than 250 words with a brief discussion
on the following.
1. The general research problem,
purpose, and objective.
2. The respondents
3. The research method and design
4. Summary of the specific findings
5. Conclusion derived from the findings
6. Recommendation based from the
conclusion and findings.
INTRODUCTION Intensive review of the tentative research title
(Not less than 3 and not more than 7 leading to the grand tour question or
pages) statement of the problem (General Purpose)
Note:
No Theoretical Framework
No Conceptual Framework
No Research Paradigm
METHOD AND DESIGN Exact and specific justification of the
(Not less than 1 and not more than 2 appropriate use of research method in
pages) relation to the grand tour or statement of the
problem together with the sources of data
like:
Selection of Participants
Interview and Observation Guides

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 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Data Analysis and Synthesis Procedure
Ethical Considerations

C. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Types of Quantitative Research
I. Survey Results
II. Correlation Research
III. Causal-Comparative Research
IV. Experimental Research
• What is the IMRAD structure for Quantitative Research
IMRAD QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
TITLE Proposed, approved and permanent title
(Not less than 8 and not more than 12
keywords
ABSTRACT A paragraph not less than 150 words and not
more than 250 words with a brief discussion
on the following:
1. The general research problem,
purpose and objective
2. The respondents
3. The research method and design
4. Summary of the specific findings
5. Conclusion derived from the findings
6. Recommendation based from the
findings of the study.
INTRODUTION Discuss the formation of:
(Not less than 3 and not more than 7 1. The theoretical framework leading to
pages) the conceptual framework
2. Statement of the research title leading
to the research paradigm
METHOD AND DESIGN Discuss the justification on the use and
(Not less than 1 and not more than 2 selection of the following:
pages) 1. The research purpose or objective
along with the specifics
2. Selection of participants
3. Data Gathering tools
4. Statistical Data Analysis Procedures
5. Ethical Considerations
RESULTS Discuss the following:
(Not less than 5 and not more than 10 1. Presentation of the computed data
pages) into tables of graphs using the
objectives as your sequence guide
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 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the recurring patterns from
the data and state them as findings
3. Place all specific patterns and create
general finding
D. In Comparison

QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
Approach: Inductive
Approach: Deductive
Goal: Depth, generate
Goal: Breadth, test hypothesis
hypothesis
Setting: Experimental/Quasi
Setting: Natural
Sampling: Random
Sampling: Purposeful
Data Collection: e.g. surveys,
Data Collection: e.g. interview
administrative/clinical data
guides, observation tools.
Data Analysis: Statistical Test,
Data Analysis: Iterative
modelling
interpretation

Source: Adapted from Qualitative Quantitative

Minchello et al. (1990, p. 5)
Conceptual Concerned with understanding Concerned with discovering facts
human behavior from the about social phenomenon
informant's perspective

Assumes a dynamic and Assumes fixed and measurable

negotiated reality reality
Methodological Data are collected through Data are collected through
participant observation and measuring things
interviews

Data are analyzed by themes Data are analyzed through

from description of informants numerical comparisons and
statistical inferences

Data are reported in the Data are reported through

language of informant statistical analysis
4
 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
E. (FROM THE VIDEO LESSONS) RESEARCH – systematic investigation that aims to build
knowledge.
I. Qualitative Research
• In question – how and why questions
• Inductive Reasoning (IN the DATA)
- questions/observations
- exploring multiple examples in order to develop understanding
- bottom-up approach
- small number of cases in great depth
- seeks from participant’s perspective (emic approach)
• Distinction of Qualitative Research
- There is no absolute truth
- Importance of context
- Importance of meaning
- Researchers are instruments of data collection
- Researcher-Participant relationship is the key
- Flexibility of research design
- Inductive and messy analysis
• Basic Approaches in Qualitative Research According to Creswell
- Narrative Research – focuses on stories
- Phenomenology – lived experiences
- Ethnography – intact cultural group in a natural setting over a period of time
- Case Study – exploring a bounded system or case through multiple sources of
information in order to report a description of key terms.
- Grounded Theory – theory generation
II. Quantitative Research
• In questions – what, who, when, where, how much
• Deductive Reasoning (DE-fined by the researcher) – starts by general
propositions and examines evidence to confirm/disconfirm proposition
• Top-down approach
• Examines large number of cases in terms of specific characteristics, large
number of cases in limited depth
• Seeks to understand based on objective/predefined characteristics (etic
approach)
III. Mixed Methods
• Exploratory Studies – qualitative precedes quantitative research
• Explanatory Studies – qualitative follows quantitative research

2. Review on the characteristics or elements of good literature review

5
 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
(Note: Wala koy mahanap na characteristics or elements sa mga notes nako pero basig mao na guro
ni haha)

A. A Good Literature Review is:

• Focused – the topic should be narrow. You should only present ideas and only report on
studies that are closely related to topic.
• Concise – Ideas should be presented economically. Don’t take any more space than you
need to present ideas.
• Logical – The flow within and among paragraphs should be smooth, logical progression
from one idea to the next.
• Developed – Don’t leave the story half told.
• Integrative – Your paper should stress how the ideas in the studies are related. Focus on
the big picture. What commonality do all the studies share? How are some studies
different than others? Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute
to your topic.
• Current – Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of your
topic.
B. Organizing Your Literature Review
• Topical Order – organize by main topics or issues; emphasize the relationship of the issues
to the main “problem”
• Chronological Order – organize the literature by the dates the research was published
• Problem-Cause-Solution Order – organize the review so that it moves from the problem to
the solution
• General-to-Specific Order – (Also called the funnel approach) Examine broad-based research
first and then focus on the specific studies that relate to the topic
• Specific-to-General Order – try to make or discuss specific research studies so conclusions
can be drawn
C. Organization of literature review
• A general organization looks like a funnel
- broader topics
- subtopics
- studies like yours
D. How to organize studies
• Thematic – structure which consider different themes
• Methodological – focuses on the methods of the research, e.g. qualitative versus
quantitative approaches
E. Literature Review
• After reviewing the literature, summarize what has been done, what has not been done,
and what needs to be done.
• Remember you are arguing your point of why your study is important!
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 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
• Then pose a formal research question or state a hypothesis – be sure this is clearly linked to
your literature review
• All sources cited in the literature review should be listed in the references
• To sum, a literature review should include introduction, summary and critique of journal
articles, justifications for your research project and the hypothesis for your research project.
• Making links between studies
* Agreements
* Disagreements
• In Text Citation Styles
Information Prominent Citation
Example: “Information Gathered” (Author, Year)
Author Prominent Citation
Example: (Author, Year) “Information Gathered)
• Active or Passive Voice
- You should use, where appropriate, both active and passive voice
- As a general rule, use active voice unless there is a good reason not to.
• Verb Tenses
Present
- A statement about what the thesis, chapter or section does
- A statement of a generally accepted scientific fact
- A review of current research work, or research work of immediate relevance to your study
- Comments, explanations and evaluative statements made by you when you are reviewing
previous studies
Past
- Report the contents, findings or conclusions of past research
Present Perfect
- In citations where the focus is on the research are of several authors
- To generalize about the extent of the previous research
F. Pitfalls of RRL
- Vagueness due to too much or inappropriate generalizations
- Limited range
- Insufficient information
- Irrelevant material
- Omission of contrasting view
- Omission of recent work

G. Common errors in reviewing literature

- Hurrying through review to get started could mean that you will miss something that will
improve your research.
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 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
- Relying too heavily upon secondary sources.
- Concentrating on findings rather than the methods.
- Overlooking sources other than academic journals. Don’t forget newspaper articles, magazines,
blogs, etc.
- Searching too broad or too narrow of a topic
- Inaccuracy in the compiling of bibliographic information
H. Common errors made in literature reviews
- review isn’t logically organized
- review isn’t focused on most important facets of the study
- review doesn’t relate literature to the study
- too few references or outdated references cited
- review isn’t written in author’s own words
- review reads like a series of disjointed summaries
- review doesn’t argue a point
- recent references are omitted

3. The tests will cover practical application of research (no need to study and memorize) just answer
what is asks.

4. Then situational questions, that would test your judgment on IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) .
Review about IPR (For my students in MAELT) you can review the entire lesson found in our schoology
classroom.

I. Copyright law – securing for limited time to authors and inventors the exclusive right on their
writings and discoveries. Protect creative expression and patent laws which protect inventions.
• © - copyright notice
• How long is the copyright?
- (U.S) life of the author + 70 years
- (Other countries) life of the authors + specified number of years
• Copyright registration- provides legal benefits and evidence of copyright ownership and
allows the copyright holder to bring a lawsuit and a requirement by the law to bring a
lawsuit.
• Authorship – copyright law does not include the “sweat of the brow” (small effort on a
literary piece/work) ex. Phone directory
- There is a level of originality that is required
• Work made for hire – if the author/creator makes it a part of his regular
employment/job then the rights of a work made for hire are always owned and were
never the rights of the employee.
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 Republic of the Philippines
North Eastern Mindanao State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: www.sdssu.edu.ph
_____________________________________________________________________________________
• Independent contractors – there should be one explicit written contract signed by the
parties that says this will be a work made for hire for the copyright to be awarded by the
person who paid the author/creator.
• Joint Authors – any 2 or more people who contributed on the protectable expression
with the intention that expression could be combined to a unitary or indivisible whole.
Each of them owns on equal share in the copyright and it doesn’t matter who
contributed more or less, what matters is that they contributed to that indivisible whole
and each author is entitled to exercise all the exclusive rights under copyright without
getting permission from the other.
• Place of Fair Use – a part of copyright law that allows for situations that couldn’t be
foreseen when the law was written