PROCESSES IN RESEARCH

1. IDENTIFY POSSIBLE RESEARCHABLE AREAS

- This entails reading on the topics that interest you, and from that reading, what would
you like to know more about and what questions are still left unanswered in those
areas.

2. CHOOSE A RESEARCH TOPIC

- From the initial reading, choose a topic you are interested in. It is important that you
are committed to the topic you have chosen because it will be the foundation of the
conduct of your research project

Guidelines in choosing a research topic (Babbie, 2013)

- Interest in the subject matter

- Availability of information
- Timeliness and relevance of the topic
- Limitations on the subject
- Personal Resources

3. FORMULATE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

- Based on the research topic, research questions are formulated. These questions will
be the driving force of the research project since at the end, answers to these questions
must be provided.

4. CONDUCT A LITERATURE REVIEW

- Literature review is vital to any research undertaking since it provides a glimpse of

what has been done and what still needs to be done. In turn, this can guide you in the
locale of your study in terms of filling a gap in the pool of knowledge and provides
the rationale for the conduct of your study.

5. REVISIT THE FORMULATED RESEARCH QUESTION

- Taking into consideration the insights you have gained from your literature review,
there is a need to revisit the research questions. If the research questions you have
formulated \have already been answered by previous studies, there is a need to
construct questions that are not yet answered in your research topic. Meanwhile, if
your research question has not been answered by previous research, then you are good
to go.
 6. DETERMINE THE RESEARCH APPROACH

- Based on the final research questions, it is time to decide which research approach can
best help you answer these. This is the time when the researcher identifies whether the
study will be quantitative or qualitative.

7. FINALIZE THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

- After deciding the approach then it is time to finalize your research questions. In
writing the research questions, it is vital to refer to the typologies of questions of the
research approach.

8. DECIDE ON THE RESEARCH DESIGN

- Careful consideration of the different designs under each research approach can help
you decide on the research design to be used in your research project.

9. ESTABLISH THE RESEARCH PROCEDURE

- The research procedure includes the type of data, the sampling population, the
instruments, the timeline of the data collection, as well as the treatment of your data.

B. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

1. GATHERING OF DATA

- The gathering of data includes the collection of information about the participants of
the study, the conduct of interview or survey, the collation of gathered data, and
basically meeting your subjects or participants to gain information that you need in
answering your research questions

2. ANALYZING THE DATA

- The analysis of data starts with transcoding it to manageable units. For quantitative
research, normally includes statistical tools while for qualitative research, this usually
involves the use of cool and warm analysis.

3. DRAWING THE CONCLUSION

- From the processed data, conclusions are drawn. These conclusions must be aligned
to the answers you are seeking for your research problems.
INTRODUCTION

THE STRUCTURE

Introduction - State the topic and thesis statement

Body - Background Information, Legal Bases, Relevant Researches, Gaps
Rationale Conclusion - Restate the thesis statement. State the goals and justification

RESEARCH INTRODUCTION

- Topic and background

- Research gap and rationale
- Goal and justification

A. TOPIC AND BACKGROUND

- Topic
- Background
- Legal bases
- Relevant researches (recent)
- Justification of the existence of the problem in international, national, and local
setting
- Macro-micro arrangement (general - specific)

B. RESEARCH GAP/RATIONALE

- The unknown
- Limited data in previous researches

Research gap/Rationale

- This part of the introduction identifies the gap in existing knowledge or literature that
the research aims to address. It explains why previous research is insufficient and
highlights the need for further investigation.

C. GOAL/JUSTIFICATION

- What the research intends to offer

- Contribution to the field of knowledge

Goal/Justification

- Here, the introduction outlines the specific goals or objectives of the research and
justifies why these goals are important. It clarifies how the study contributes to
existing knowledge and why it matters in the broader context
WHAT TO AVOID:

- Overloading with related literature and studies

- Including too information broad or generalized
- Inaccurate details
- Irrelevant facts
- Inconsistent use of terms/words
- Copy pasting researches contents from similar
- Vague objectives
- Lack of legal bases
- Irrelevant facts
- Poor organization of content
- Improper citation

TAKE NOTE:

- 2-3 pages
- 5-6 paragraphs
- Interesting and engaging
- Must be revised after completing the chapters
- Error-free (content, grammar, writing mechanics)

1st paragraph - overview of the research problem

2nd paragraph - existence of the problem in international setting
3rd paragraph - existence of the problem in national setting
4th paragraph existence of the problem in local setting
5th paragraph - research gap
6th paragraph - urgency of the study (why is there a need to do this research?)/objective of
the study/social relevance

OTHER TECHNIQUES IN WRITING RESEARCH INTRODUCTION

DEFICIENCIES MODEL (J.W. CRESWELL)

5 PARTS
- The research problem
- Studies that have addressed the problem
- Deficiencies in the studies
- The importance of the study for an audience; and
- The purpose statements.

TION T.I.O.C APPROACH (ALVIN NUQUI,2019)

T.I.O.C: T-Trends I- Issues - Objectives C- Contributions

(TRENDS) What are the current situations involving the focal point of your study. Use
updated references and citations.
(ISSUES) Identify the issues and research gap
(OBJECTIVES) - State the objectives of your study
(CONTRIBUTIONS)– State the contributions of your study to its beneficiaries

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM IS DIVIDED INTO TWO

1. General problem/Research problem

2. Specific problems/Research questions/Research Objectives

WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM?

1. The research problem sets the direction and focus for a study
2. The core issue that a study will try to solve or explore, or examine
3. It is an explicit declaration about the problem that your research will address
4. Identify research gap that your study will fill

GENERAL PROBLEM/RESEARCH PROBLEM CONSIDERATIONS

- Anchored on your research title

- Restate the title
- In declarative form
RESEARCH PROBLEM SHOULD OUTLINE THE FOLLOWING:

- Key issues
- Consequences
- Your response

RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENT

An explicit statement that clearly and concisely articulates the specific research problem your
study will address.

- It is brief
- It states the problem and how your study will address

Example of Research Problem

"This study explored the general views of junior high school students regarding Practical
Research as a subject."

The following specific questions were addressed:

1. What are the views of students on Practical Research?

2. Are these perceptions on Practical Research generally favorable?
3. What factors could have influenced the student's view on Practical Research?
4. What instructional strategies may be adopted to offset students' negative view on
Practical Research?

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Characteristics: Focus on providing a detailed account of a phenomenon or situation
Purpose: To create a comprehensive and vivid description

EXPLANATORY QUESTIONS
Characteristics: Seek to understand the reasons and underlying factors behind a phenomenon.
Purpose: To uncover the causes and mechanisms that contribute to observed patterns.

EXPLORATORY QUESTIONS
Characteristics: Aim to investigate a relatively unexplored or new area.
Purpose: To generate insights, uncover patterns, and identify potential avenues for further
research.

PROCESS ORIENTED QUESTIONS

Characteristics: Focus on understanding the steps, actions, or sequences involved in a
process.
Purpose: To explore the dynamics and stages of a phenomenon over time.
MEANING-MAKING QUESTIONS
Characteristics: Focus on how individuals assign meaning and interpret their experiences.
Purpose: To explore the subjective meanings and symbolic dimensions of a phenomenon.

PERCEPTION AND EXPERIENCE QUESTIONS

Characteristics: Explore how Individuals perceive and subjectively experience a particular
phenomenon.
Purpose: To understand the subjective aspects of perspectives. human experiences and
perspectives.

PROCESS EVALUATION QUESTIONS

Characteristics: Assess the implementation and impact of a specific intervention or program.
Purpose: To understand how a process unfolds, its effectiveness, and the factors influencing
its success or challenges.

RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW

HOW TO WRITE RRL/RRS

1. Decide on the themes

2. Read and evaluate literature and studies to be included
3. Write the topic sentence and the organized and paraphrased literature and studies
4. Use transitional devices/words (likewise, similarly, however, etc.)
5. Recheck the content and make adjustments, if necessary.

Example: Reading starts at a young age through gazing at images. Numerous research
findings highlight that browsing images among young learners promote love for reading
(author, year). However, author (year) who studied 20 parents and 52 children, conveyed that
it is parents' supervision while children browse that makes a positive difference. Moreover,
(author, year) found that exposures to colorful letters and images further reinforce reading
tendencies, hence contradicting author (year) claim that plain images already suffice.

MISTAKES TO AVOID:

1. Writing one paragraph per source

2. Not analyzing the content
3. Copying and pasting of paragraph
4. Lack of transitional devices
5. Inaccurate in-text citations
PARTS OF YOUR RRL/RRS

1. Introduction

- State the focus of your study, purpose

- Highlight the context of the status of your topic

2. Body

- Discuss identified concepts/keywords

- Evaluate relevant literature/studies
- Synthesize
- Interpret
- Highlight similarities/differences strength, weaknesses
- Discuss how these studies help answer your research questions

3. Conclusion

- Summarize important findings of relevant literature and studies

- Discuss broader significance of these studies to your present study

SOURCES FOR LITERATURE AND STUDIES:

A. FOR LITERATURE

- Books
- Newspaper
- Journal
- Articles
- Magazines
- Interview
- Biographies
- Encyclopedias

B. FOR STUDIES

- Peer-reviewed research journals

- Thesis/Dissertation
- Government reports

TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. Traditional Literature Review: This type of review provides a comprehensive

summary of the existing literature on a particular topic without necessarily focusing
 on a specific approach or method. The arrange is as follows: Local literature, foreign
literature, local studies, foreign studies

Example: A traditional literature review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral

therapy for treating anxiety disorders would summarize various studies, theories, and
findings related to this therapy approach

2. Chronological Literature Review: this approach, the literature is organized and

presented based on the timeline of when the research was conducted or published

Example: A chronological literature review on the development of renewable energy

technologies might begin with early studies and advancements in the field and progress to
more recent innovations.

3. Thematic Literature Review: This type of review categorizes and organizes

literature based on common themes or topics that emerge from the existing research.

Example: A thematic literature review on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity

might identify themes such as the effects on ecosystem, species extinction, and
conservation strategies.

4. Methodological Literature Review: Here the focus is on examining the

methodologies used in various studies within a particular research area

Example: A methodological literature review on qualitative research methods in

psychology would analyze and compare different approaches such as grounded theory,
phenomenology, and case studies

5. Theoretical Literature Review: This type of review emphasizes the theoretical

frameworks and concepts that underpin the existing literature on a given topic

Example: A theoretical literature review on the concept of social capital might explore
different theoretical perspectives, such as Bourdieu's social capital theory of Coleman's
rational choice theory, and how they have been applied in research on community
development.

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF A LITERATURE REVIEW?

- It provides context and background information on a research topic, which helps

establish the significance of the study and its relevance to the field.
- It helps identify gaps in existing knowledge, which you can use as a guide in your
research process and to ensure that your research contributes to the advancement of
the field.
- It helps you avoid duplicating studies that have already been explored by others.
- It helps you identify key concepts, theories, and methods related to your research
topic.
- It can provide a framework for your research, which then guides you in developing
research questions and hypotheses.
- It allows you to critically evaluate existing research, identify strengths and
weaknesses, and use this information to inform your own research.

HOW TO READ AND EVALUATE SOURCES?

- Quickly read the abstract or introduction to understand the purpose and content of the
article.
- Take note of the main ideas, arguments, and evidence presented in the article.
- Heck the author's expertise, the reputation of the publication, and whether it has
undergone a peer-review process.
- Consider the historical, social, and cultural context of the source.
- Look for connections between the source and your research question or hypothesis.
- Analyze how the source supports, contradicts, or adds to the existing knowledge in
your field.
- Take note of any gaps or limitations in the argument or evidence presented in the
source.

HOW TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT LITERATURE?

- Define the scope of your literature review. What is your research question or
hypothesis? What are the specific criteria or keywords related to your research? Use
these in searching for literature.
- Utilize academic databases, search engines, and relevant lists to find relevant
literature. Some of them include JSTOR, PubMed, and Google Scholar.
- Be strategic in your search by using specific keywords, Boolean operators (such as
AND, OR, and NOT), and search filters (such as date range, language, or publication
type).
NOTE: USE THISSS
RESEARCH DESIGN

PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESIGN:

Purpose: To explore and understand the essence of a particular phenomenon ог experience as

lived by individuals.
Characteristics: In-depth exploration of two participants subjective experiences identify
common themes and patterns.
Example: A qualitative researcher would like to draw out the essence of being a teacher.
Under phenomenology, he or she will purposively select participants who met the inclusion
set. These participants will share their experiences about what teaching is for them. From
these sharing, the researcher through a chosen qualitative analysis procedure, extract the
essence of teaching.

CASE STUDY DESIGN:

Purpose: To provide an in-depth examination of a specific case or instance, often within its
real-life context
Characteristics: Detailed and contextual analysis. often involving multiple data. sources such
as interviews, observations, and documents.
Example: Conducting a case study on the implementation of a specific educational program
in a particular school.

Case Study Design: Focuses on a specific case or phenomenon. This case will then be
scrutinized by researchers and related to other cases which have the same details and
characteristics. From the identified cases, the researcher will identify the patterns or lessons
that can be learned.

Example: A teacher chooses to leave the profession to be a call center agent. This is the initial
case study. The researcher would like to know the details involved in the decision of the
teacher. But one sample will not be enough and will not suffice for a case study, therefore the
researcher will look for other participants teachers who left the profession to be call center
agents. After identifying these participants, the researcher will interview them and from the
analysis of the interview, try to draw out patterns These patterns will help in the explanation
of the phenomenon.

ETHNOGRAPHIC DESIGN:

Purpose: To understand and describe the cultural patterns, behaviors, and social interactions
within a specific group or community.
Characteristics: Prolonged engagement in the field, participant observation, and a focus on
cultural context.
Example: Studying the communication patterns and social rituals within a specific religious
community.
NARRATIVE DESIGN:

Purpose: To explore and understand individuals' life stories or narratives.

Characteristics: Emphasis on storytelling, understanding the sequence of events, and
interpreting the meanings embedded in personal narratives
Example: Investigating the impact of migration on individuals' life trajectories through the
analysis of personal narratives.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

After have you chosen the most appropriate qualitative research design, the next step is to
identify the participants or subjects for your study. Typically, a sample size for qualitative
research is small. Sampling technique is the number of target participants for a qualitative
study depends on the research design employed in the study.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

WHAT IS A POPULATION?

- It refers to the entire group of individuals or cases that share a common characteristic
or experience relevant to the research question. It is the broader group from which the
researcher might draw a sample.
- Simply, a population is the broader group or phenomenon that the researcher is
interested in studying.

Example: The Lived Experiences of Student Athletes in their Journey to the Palarong
Pambansa Competition
Population: Student athletes who have participated in or are eligible to participate in the
Palarong Pambansa competition.

WHAT IS A SAMPLE?

- The sample in qualitative research is the subset of the population selected for the
actual study. It consists of the specific Individuals, cases, or settings that the
researcher will observe, Interview, or analyze in-depth to gather data and answer the
research question.

Example: The Lived Experiences of Student Athletes to their journey to Palarong

Pambansa Competition
Sample: A subset of student athletes selected from the broader population, chosen based
on specific criteria, such as participation in the competition, diversity in sports,
backgrounds, and experiences.

HOW TO SELECT YOUR RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS?

Through Criterion-based Selection

 WHAT IS CRITERION-BASED SELECTION?

- It refers to the process of selecting participants based on specific criteria relevant to

the research question or objectives. This method ensures that participants meet certain
qualifications or characteristics that are directly tied to the focus of the study.
- You first decide what attributes of your sample are crucial to your study, and then find
people or sites that meet those criteria.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

PURPOSIVE/PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING

- It is used when participants are grouped according to a set of criteria specified in a

research. It is a technique that intentionally select the participants because it is
believed that they provide the appropriate responses research questions to the research
question.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

- It is a method of enlarging one's sample by asking the pre-identified participants if

they know someone else who could respond to the research questions or participate in
the research.
- This method is usually used if the researcher has a very limited number of participants
due to various reasons, such as unfamiliarity with the targeted participants, or
difficulty accessing participants.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

- It is based on convenience on the side of the researcher. This allows the choosing of
participants based on accessibility and willingness to be participants of the study.
- This is done when no criteria were defined in the selection process and the researcher
considered only those who are readily available or accessible.
- The major disadvantage of this sampling method is that information generated has
very low credibility and reliability because there has been no prior screening of
participants.

NOTEEE: MY EXAMPLES ARE TOO RANDOM PERO NAIINTINDIHAN KO NAMAN,

SANA IKAW RIN.
A. GENERAL FORMATTING GUIDELINES

1. Paper: Use only a White, 8.5” x 11”, 80 gms. No special paper may be used in any part
of the document, even for photo documentations, graphics, and illustrations.

- If wala siyang instructions about sa paper na gagamitin, you can use this

2. In-text Citation and Reference List: Use APA (American Psychological Association)
7th Style Edition for in-text citations and in writing the reference list.

- APA 7th style edition, I have to explain this pa. There are two main types of in-text
citations kasi, the parenthetical citations and narrative citations.

Parenthetical Citations - these include the author's last name and the year of publication,
separated by a comma, enclosed in parentheses.

Example: (Smith, 2020)

- You can also use this format when you want to include the citation at the end of a
sentence or a clause.

Example: The study showed significant results in the field of cognitive

psychology (Smith, 2020).

Narrative Citations - the author's name is incorporated into the text as part of the
sentence, with the year of publication following in parentheses.

Example: Smith (2020) found that...

- This format is used when the author's name is part of the sentence itself.

Example: Smith (2020) found that cognitive psychology has significant

impacts on educational practices.

- If you want to include the page number (if available) put it after the year, separated by
a comma.

Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 15)

- If the work does not have page numbers naman (some online sources), use an
alternative locator such as a paragraph number.

Example: (Smith, 2020, para. 4)

3. Font: Use only the Arial 12 points for the entire research manuscript. No
other font may be used, even for the preliminary and appendices sections of the entire
research manuscript, except for the scanned documents that are necessary to be attached
in the appendix section of the research manuscript. However, the researcher can adjust
the font size of the text in his/her table/s if necessary to avoid splitting the tabular
presentation.
4. Margination: Use 1.5 inches for the left margin and 1.0 inch for the top, right, and
bottom margins.

5. Body Text Alignment: Use only the “Justified alignment” in writing your body of the
paper or paragraphs except for the Chapter titles of the research manuscript that are
“Center aligned” and sub-heading titles of every section of the research manuscript are
“Left aligned.”

6. Spacing: Use a “single space” in writing the paragraphs in the body sections of the
research manuscript. Strictly no additional spacing is required between paragraphs.
However, a “double space” will be used to separate the introductory paragraph of the
major Chapters and their sub-sections.

7. Indention: Use a 0.5 inch or one (1) complete for every paragraph.

8. Pagination: Place the page number of every page of the research manuscript at the
“bottom right” of the manuscript. Use the Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv…) for the
pagination of the Preliminary Pages, while Hindu Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4…) will be
used in the Content Pages and Appendices of the research manuscript.

9 Formatting of Tables, Pictures, and Illustrations: Label every table, picture, and
illustration properly. Write the title of each table on top, while the title of the picture and
illustration is at the bottom.
 THE BASIC OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS AND SECTIONS OF RESEARCH
MANUSCRIPT

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Tables (if any)
Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction (Background of the Study)
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Research Objectives (Statement of the Problem)
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Related Studies
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Sampling Procedure
Research Participants
Research Locale
Research Instrumentation
Validation and Reliability of Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Analysis
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Discussion
Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
References (APA 7th Edition)
Appendices Appendix A – Letter of Request
Appendix B – Teachers Notice
Appendix C – Informed Consent/Participants Interview
Appendix D – Timetable/Timeline of Activities
Bionote of Researchers

NOTEEE: I’LL JUST PUT THIS HERE BECAUSE ITO YUNG AMIN, ITO YUNG
BINIGAY SA MASTERS NAMIN. DIFF SCHOOLS, SO BAKA IBA YUNG SA INYO.
I’LL PUT SOMETHING DIN NA GINAGAMIT NG IBA NA OUTLINE NG CHAPTERS
AND SECTIONS FOR THEIR RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT.
 THE BASIC OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS AND SECTIONS OF RESEARCH
MANUSCRIPT

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Abstract
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Tables (if any)

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction (Background of the Study)
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Research Objectives (Statement of the Problem)
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Subject (Participants) and Sampling Procedure
Research Locale
Research Instrumentation
Validation and Reliability of Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Data Analysis
Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Discussion
Chapter 4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
References (APA 7th Edition)
Appendices Appendix A – Letter of Request
Appendix B – Teachers Notice
Appendix C – Informed Consent/Participants Interview
Appendix D – Timetable/Timeline of Activities
Bionote of Researchers

NOTE: NOT SURE ABOUT THIS ONE ULITT, BUT BAKA MAGBIGAY TEACHER
NIYO NG IBANG OUTLINE NG CHAPTERS AND SECTIONS, NEVERMIND THIS
NALANGGG.

GOODLUCK!!