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CSEC May 2017 Solution
CSEC Mathematics
Section 7 – Relations, Functions and
Graphs
Relation

A relation is defined as a set of ordered pairs

that obeys a particular rule.

The notation x x + 3, is a relation, which

means ‘x is mapped onto x + 3.

We can write the set of ordered pairs for the

notation, given {x: – 2 x 3}as:

{(–2, 1), (–1 , 2), (0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (3,
6) }.

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The set of first values in the set of ordered
pairs are called the domain elements, i.e.

{– 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}. These are the x values

or the set of x-coordinates. The set of second
values in the set of ordered pairs are called
the image or the range elements, i.e.

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. These are the y values or

the set of y-coordinates.

The relation x x + 3 can be represented

using an arrowDomain
diagram (orCo-domain
relation diagram
or mapping diagram) as shown
0
below.
-2
1
-1
2
0
3
1
4
2
5
3
6

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The Co-domain consists of the set:

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
What is the difference between the range
and the co-domain?

The relation x x + 3 can be represented as:

f:x x + 3 or f(x) = x + 3 or y = x + 3.

Answer the following.

Domain Co-domain

1.
4 8 a) List the set of elements for the:
5 9 i) Domain ii) Co-domain iii) Range
6 iv) Pre-image
10
7 b) Write down the set of ordered pairs for the

11 mapping.
3 c) Find the rule that governs this relation.
12

13

14
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2.
Domain Co-domain

6
13 a) List the set of elements for the:
7
i) Domain ii) Co-domain iii) Range
8 15
iv) Pre-image
9
17 b) Write down the set of ordered pairs for the
10
mapping.
3 19
c) Find the rule that governs this relation.

21

3. a) Draw an arrow23 diagram to represent the

ordered pairs
10
{(0, - 2), (1, 3), (2, 8), (3, 13 ), (4, 18)}.
11

b) List the set of elements of the:

12

i. Domain ii.13Co-domain iii.

Range/Image
Domain 14
Co-domain
4. 7

a u
a) List the set of elements for the:
b v
i) Domain ii) Co-domain iii) Range
c w
iv) Pre-image
d
b) Write down the set of ordered pairs for the
e
mapping.
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5. Describe each of the following
statements in words.
i. g : x 7 – 5x ii. h(x) = 8x
iii. y = 4x + 6

Types of Relations
There are four types of relations:
1. One to one relation – a relation is one to
one if, for each element of X, there is one
corresponding element of Y. For example,
Domain Co-domain

10 36

11 40

44

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2. Many to one relation – a relation is many
to one if more than one element of X maps
onto one corresponding element of Y. For
Domain Co-domain
example,
9
36
10
40
11
44
12
48

3. One to many relation – a relation is one

to many, if for each element of X maps onto
more than one corresponding element of Y.
For example,

Domain Co-domain

k g

10 p

11 t

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4. Many to many relation – a relation is
many to many if for at least one element of
X, there corresponds more than one element
of Y and for more than one element of X
there corresponds at least one element of Y.
For example, Domain
Co-domain

a u

b v

c w

Functions
A function is defined as a relation in which
each element in the domain is mapped onto
one and only one element in the range.
NB
A one to one and a many to one relation is a
function.

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A one to many relation and many to many
relation is not a function.

All functions are relations but not all

relations are functions.
Exercise
Answer the following.
1. Determine whether or not each of the
following relations is a function.
a. x 1 – 3x Domain {-3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}
b. f(x) = 3x2 + 2x – 5
Domain {-3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2}
c. y = Domain { 0, 1, 4, 9}

2.Draw a relation diagram to show a many

to one mapping using the domain
{16, 25, 36, 49, 64}.
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The Inverse of a Function

The notation f – 1 (x) means ‘the inverse of
the function f of x’ or ‘f inverse x’.
A function can only have an inverse if it is
both one to one and its range is the same as
the co-domain. The inverse of a function is a
reflection of the function in the line y = x.
If a function is a many to one mapping, then
its inverse will not be a function. This is so,
since the inverse of the function will be a
one to many mapping which is not a
function.
Domain Co-domain Domain Co-domain
f f –1

a c c a

b b

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many to one relation (a function)

one to many relation (not a function)

In expressing the inverse of a function, the

co-domain of f becomes the domain of f – 1
and the domain of f becomes the co-domain
of f – 1.
Domain Co-domain
f
a f(a
)
f –1

Exercise
Given the function f(x) = { (1, 4), (2, 7), (3,
10), (4, 13), (5, 16), (6, 19) }.
a. State the set of:
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i) image/range (y-coordinate)
ii) pre-image (x-coordinate)
b. What is the rule of f(x) ?
c. Draw a mapping diagram to represent
f(x).
d. What is the inverse of f(x) ?
e. Draw a mapping diagram to show f – 1(x).

Steps in Finding the Inverse of a Linear

Function
Given the function f:x ax + b, where a and
b are real numbers and x is a variable, we
define the equation as f(x) = ax + b.
On the L.H.S. of the equation, replace f(x)
with x and on the R.H.S. of the equation
replace x with f – 1(x). That is x = af – 1(x)+b.
Then make f – 1(x) the subject as follows:
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af – 1(x) = x – b

f – 1(x) = which is the inverse of f(x).

Domain Co-domain
f
a f(a
)
f –1

Hint: The inverse of f(x) can be identified by

first stating a and b, then your result will x
minus b over a.

Given that f(x) = 3x + 1 then the inverse of

f(x) is f – 1(x) =

When x = 2, f(2) = 3(2) + 1 = 7 (2, 7).

Now the inverse of (2, 7) is (7, 2).

That is, f – 1(7) = . Domain

f
Co-domain

2 f(2
)=
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When x = 4, f(4) = 3(4) + 1 = 13(4, 13).

Now the inverse of (4, 13) is (13, 4).
That is, f – 1(13) = . Domain
f
Co-domain

4 f(4
)
f –1 =1
3

Find: a. f – 1(13) b. f – 1(0)

c. f – 1( ½ ) d. f – 1(1) e. f – 1(2)
f. f – 1(- 4) g. f – 1(- 3)

Note: If f(x) = a then x = f – 1(a)

Exercise
Answer the following.
1. Given f(x) = – 4x + 2, find:
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a. f(– 3) Ans: f(- 3) = 14

b. f – 1(x) Ans:

c. the value of x for which f(x) = 10.

Ans: x = - 2

2. Given f(x) = – x – 5, find:

a. f(0) Ans: f(0) = - 5

b. f – 1(x) Ans:

c. the value of x for which f(x) = 8.

Ans: x = - 13

3. Given y = 2x – 3, find:
a. y when x = – 5 Ans: y = - 13

b. f – 1(x) Ans:
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c. the value of x for which y = 6.
Ans: x = 4.5

4. Given f(x) = 6 – 5x , find:

a. f(– 2) Ans: f(- 2) = 16

b. f – 1(x) Ans:

c. the value of x for which f(x) = – 7

Ans: x =

5. Given f(x) = – 9 – 3x, find:

a. f(– 3) Ans: f(- 3) = 0

b. f – 1(x) Ans:

c. the value of x for which f(x) = 10.

Ans: x =

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6. Given f(x) = – 2 – 5x, find the value of x
for which – 2 – 5x = 13. Ans: x = - 3

7. Given y = – 3x + 4, find the value of x for

which – 3x + 4 = – 16. Ans: x =

Exercise
Answer the following.
Find the inverse of the following functions.
1. y = 2x – 5
2. f(x) = 5x + 8
3. f:x 4+x
4. y = 6 – 3x
5. f(x) = – 7 – x

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Finding the Inverse of a Non-linear

Function of the Form

Given that , then the inverse is

as follows:
Replace f(x) with x on the LHS of the
equation and replace x with f – 1(x) on the

RHS of the equation. That is, .

Then make f – 1(x) the subject of the equation

‘distribute x to each
term inside the bracket on LHS’
‘group like terms’
‘factorize f – 1(x) from
the LHS’

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‘divide both sides by
2x – 3’

which is the inverse of f(x).

Exercise
Answer the following.
1. Determine the inverse of the following
functions.

a. Ans:

b. Ans:

c. Ans:

d. Ans:

e. Ans:
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2. Find the inverse of and hence

solve the equation for the value of x.

Hint: f(x) = 7, thus x = f – 1(7)

Ans: and x = 4

3. Find the inverse of and hence

solve the equation for the value of x.

Ans: and x = 3

4. Find the inverse of and hence

solve the equation .

5. Find the inverse of and hence

solve the equation .

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6. Given ,

a. determine f – 1(x)
b. Calculate the value of x, if f(x) = 15.

7. Given the function ,

a. find g – 1(x)

b. determine the value of x, if g – 1(x) = .

Writing a Quadratic Equation

y = ax2 + bx + c in the form a(x + h)2 + k
We can express a quadratic function
y = ax2 + bx + c in the form y = a(x + h)2 + k

where h = and k = c – or

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k=

Exercise
Answer the following.
Express the following quadratic functions in
the form y = a(x + h)2 + k or
y = k – a(x + h)2.
1. y = 3x2 – 6x + 3 2. y = 4x2 + 8x – 12
3. y = x2 – 5x + 2 4. y = 2x2 – x + 3
5. y = 5x2 + x – 2

Finding the Inverse of a Quadratic

Function

Exercise

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Find the inverse of the following quadratic
functions.
1. y = x2 – 7 2. y = 8x2 – 5
3. y = 3 – 4x2 4. y = 2 + 3x2
5. y = 6 – x2

Completing The Squares

We can find the inverse of a function using
‘Completing the squares’.
Example
Find the inverse of y = 2x2 – 4x + 6.
Solution: y = 2(x2 – 2x + 3)
y = 2[(x – 1)2 + 3 – 12]
y = 2[x – 1)2 + 2]
y = 2(x – 1)2 + 4
Replace y with x and replace x with f – 1(x)
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x = 2[f – 1(x) – 1]2 + 4
Make f – 1(x) the subject
x – 4 = 2[f – 1(x) – 1]2

Square root both sides

The root cancels the square

Add 1 to both sides

Ans:

We can express a quadratic function

y = ax2 + bx + c in the form y = a(x + h)2 + k
where
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h= and k = c –

Exercise
Answer the following.
Find the inverse of the following quadratic
functions.
1. y = 3x2 – 6x + 3 2. y = 4x2 + 8x – 12
3. y = x2 – 5x + 2 4. y = 2x2 – x + 3 5.
y = 5x2 + x – 2

Composite Functions
Given that f(x) = ax + b and g(x) = cx + d,
where a, b, c and d are real numbers and x is
a variable.
Then fg(x) = ag(x) + b, thus
fg(x) = a(cx + d) + b.
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We obtained the composite function fg(x) by
substituting g(x) for x in f(x).

Also gf(x) = cf(x) + d, thus gf(x) = c(ax + b)

+ d.
We obtained the composite function gf(x) by
substituting f(x) for x in g(x).
NOTE: fg(x) gf(x). That is, composite
functions are non-commutative.

Consider the functions f(x) = 2x + 1 and

g(x) = .

f(5) = 2(5) + 1 = 11, g(11) =

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Now gf(x) = g(2x + 1) or gf(x) =

and gf(x) = = .

Thus, gf(5) = .
g
f
5 11 7

gf

Note: fg(x) ≠ gf(x)

(fg)– 1 = g– 1f– 1(x) and (gf)– 1 = f– 1g– 1(x)
Exercise
Answer the following.
Determine the following composite
functions.
1. a) gf(x) where f(x) = x + 2 and
g(x) =
b) fg(x)
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2. a) gf(x) where f(x) = 3x – 1 and

g(x) = 2x + 5
b) fg(– 3)
c) gf(– 2)
d) f2(x)
e) gg(1).

3. Given f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = x + 2 and

h(x) = 3x +1 find:
a) fh(x) Ans: fh(x) = 6x + 1
b) gf(2) Ans: gf(2) = 5
c) gg(– 1) Ans: gg(– 1) = 3
d) h2(– 3) Ans: h2(– 3) = - 23
e) f2(0) Ans: f2(0) = - 3
f) hg(4) Ans: hg(4) = 19
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g) fgh(x) Ans: fgh(x) = 6x + 5
h) gfh(– 2) Ans: gfh(– 2) = - 9
i) hgf(x) Ans: hgf(x) = 6x + 7

4. Find the following functions, given

f(x) = 2x – 1, g(x) = x + 2 and h(x) = 3x +1.
a) h – 1(x) b) f – 1(x) c) g – 1(x)
d) h – 1 g – 1(x) e) f – 1 h – 1(x)
f) g – 1h – 1(6) g) h – 1 f – 1( – 2)
i) (gh) – 1 j) (hf) – 1 k) (hg) – 1(6)
l) (fh) – 1 ( – 2)

Linear Functions
A linear function is of the form y = mx + c
or y = m(x – x1) + y1 , where m is the
gradient of the function and c is the
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y-intercept, that is, when x = 0, y = c. A
linear function can also be expressed in the
form ax + by = c.

Gradient and Intercepts of Linear

Functions
Given the line segment AB, where A(x1, y1)
and B(x2, y2):

 The gradient of the line AB, is:

gradient (m) = .

 The equation of the line AB is

y = mx + c or y = m(x – x1) + y1.

 The y-intercept of a linear function is at

the point where x = 0. That is, the point

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where the line meets the y-axis. Give
diagram

 The x-intercept of a linear function is at

the point where y = 0. That is, the point
where the line meets the x-axis. Give
diagram

 The mid-point of the line AB is

(x, y) = where A(x1, y1)

and B(x2, y2).

 The length of the line AB is

The Gradient of Parallel and

Perpendicular Lines
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If two lines are parallel, they have the same
gradient (i.e. m1 = m2).

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If two lines are perpendicular (meet or

intersect at 900/right angle), then the product
of their gradients is – 1. That is,

m1 m2 = – 1. Thus, m1 = or

m2 = . Hence, the gradient of m1 is the

negative reciprocal of m2 and vice-versa.

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Finding The Equation of a Line

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We can find the equation of a line by using a
point, (x1, y1), on the line, the gradient of the
line and the equation y = m(x – x1) + y1 or

y = mx + c.

Exercise
1. The equation of a line is 3x – 2y = 7,
determine the:
a. y–intercept
b. x–intercept
c. gradient

2. Write down the gradient, x-intercept and

y-intercept of each of the following lines.

a. 4(x + 6) = 2y

b. 6x – 3y + 81 = 27
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c. 15 – 5y = 6x

d. 7 – 8x – 2y = 0

e. y = 3x + 5

f. 2x – 2y – 7 = 0

3. A line segment has coordinates R(3, – 1)

and T(– 2, 4). Find the:

a. mid-point of the line RT Ans: (0.5, 1.5)

b. length of the line RT Ans: 7.07 units

c. gradient of RT Ans: - 1

d. equation of the line RT Ans: y = - x + 2

e. equation of the line which is parallel to

RT and passes through the origin.

Ans: y = - x
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f. equation of the line which is
perpendicular to RT and passes through the
point (– 4, – 2). Ans: y = x + 2

Give January 2016 – 6b

4. (i) A line JK has equation 2y = 5x + 6.

Determine the gradient of JK. Ans: 2.5

(ii) Another line GH is perpendicular to JK

and passes through the point (5, – 1). State
the gradient of the line GH. Ans: - 0.4

(iii) Determine the equation of the line GH.

Ans: y = -0.4x + 1

5. Find the equation of the line which is

parallel to the line 3y = 9x – 7 and passes
through the point (1, 5). Ans: y = 3x + 2

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6. Find the equation of the straight line
which passes through (2, – 3) and is
perpendicular to the line 4x + 3y – 5 = 0.

Ans: y = 3/4x – 9/2 or y = 0.75x – 4.5

7. Find the equation of the line

perpendicular to x + 3y = 6 and passes
through the point (0, 6).

8. Find the equation of the straight line

which is parallel to the line 3y – 12x + 3 = 0
and passes through the point (5, – 2).

9. Find the equation of the line

perpendicular to the line 7y – 3x + 28 = 0
and passes through the point (– 2, – 3).

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10. Find the equation of the line which is
parallel to the line 4x + 3y = 1 and passes
through the point (5, 4).

11. Find the equation to the line which is

perpendicular to the line 2x – 4y = 6 and
passes through the point (1, 3).

Graph of Linear Functions

Exercise

Do the following questions on the same

graph.

Note: A line can be drawn using two points.

1 a. Draw on graph paper a representation

of the line y = 4.

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b. Write down the coordinates of any two
points on the line.

c. Use the coordinates of the two points

which you have identified to find the
gradient of the line.

2 a. Draw on graph paper a representation

of the line x = – 3.

b. Write down the coordinates of any two

points on the line.

c. Use the coordinates of the two points

which you have identified to find the
gradient of the line.

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Note: The gradient of all horizontal lines is
zero. The gradient of all vertical lines is
infinity or undefined.

3 a. Draw the graph of the line

L1: y = 2x – 3 and L2: y = 2x + 5.

b. What do you notice about the two

lines?

c. State the gradient of the each line.

d. Write down the coordinates of any two

points on each line.

e. Use the coordinates of the two points

which you have identified for each line to
find the gradient of the line respectively.

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4 a. Draw the graph of the line

L3: 2y + x = 8.

b. What do you notice about this line?

c. State the gradient of L3.

d. Write down the coordinates of any two

points on L3.

e. Use the coordinates of the two points

which you have identified on the L3 to find
its gradient.

5 a. Draw the graph of y = – 2x + 1

b. State the gradient of the line. What do

you notice?

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6 a. Copy and complete the table below for
y = 3 – 2x.
x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y

b. Using 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-

axis and 1 cm to represent 1 unit on the y-
axis. Draw the graph of y = 3 – 2x for
–3 x 4.
c. Using your graph determine the value of
x for which y = 3 – 2x = – 4.

Graph of the Quadratic Curve (y = ax2 +

bx + c)
For f(x) = ax2 + bx + c if a < 0 then the curve
is a maximum curve and if a > 0, the
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curve is a minimum curve. Turning point

Turning point

A minimum curve
A maximum curve

For any curve the y-intercept is when x = 0

and the x-intercept is when y = 0

The turning point/stationary point/maximum

point/minimum point, occurs at x = .

The maximum or minimum value of a

quadratic curve is the largest or smallest
y-value on the curve, respectively. It occurs
at x = .

The line or axis of symmetry of a quadratic

curve is x = .
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The root(s) of a quadratic curve is the value

of x when y = 0. It is the point where the
curve meets the x-axis.

Exercise

1. Determine the axis of symmetry,

maximum/minimum value, the
maximum/minimum point and root(s) for
each of the following quadratic functions.

a. y = x2 + 2x – 3
b. y = – x2 + x + 2
c. f(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 8
d. f(x) = – 3x2 + 6x + 6
e. y = –3x2 – 3x +6

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2. The table below is designed to show
values of x and y for the function
y = x2 – 2x – 3 for integer values of x
from – 2 to 4. MAY 2015 – QUESTION 4
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y 5 –3 –4 –3 5
a. Complete the table for the function
y = x2 – 2x – 3.
b. On graph paper plot the graph of
y = x2 – 2x – 3 using a scale of 2 cm to
represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 1 cm to
represent 1 unit on the y-axis.
c. Use your graph to answer the following:
i. The values of x for which x2 – 2x – 3 = 0.
ii. The minimum value of y = x2 – 2x – 3.
iii. The equation of the line of symmetry of
the graph of y = x2 – 2x – 3.

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iv. The roots of y = x2 – 2x – 3.

Linear Programming (Vol. 2, Page 1018 –

R. Toolsie)
In linear programming, we are given a
number of conditions and we have to form a
set of suitable inequations to represent these
conditions. We normally have to find the
maximum or minimum value of an
expression using the set of linear
inequations.

The common region where the inequations

intersect is normally a polygon. The
maximum or minimum value is normally
satisfied by a vertex of the polygon or by all
points along a side of the polygon.

1. JANUARY 2014 QUESTION 4

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f) Find the equation of the line parallel to

line 2 and it passes through the point
(- 4, -7). Ans: y = x – 3
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g) Find the maximum and minimum value
for which P = 4x – 3y – 2 for region S.
Ans: Maximum value = 0
Minimum value = – 8
2. JANUARY 2016 QUESTION 9

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3. MAY 2013 QUESTION 9a

4. MAY 2012 QUESTION 9b

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5. JANUARY 2012 QUESTION 9b

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