KJSCE-SVU AM-II

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

Definition : A differential equation which is obtained from its primitive differentiation only and
without any operation of elimination or reduction is called an exact differential equation.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
If 𝑢 = 𝑐 where u is a function of x and y is primitive then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an exact
differential equation. Thus, an exact differential equation is obtained from its promitive by equating its
total differential to zero.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
For example, If 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
Equating 𝑑𝑢 = 0, we get the equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 which is exact.

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
The Necessary and Sufficient Condition for equation 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 to be exact is =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
i.e. If the equation 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact, then = and conversely if = then
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact.

Rule for finding the solution:

Rule 1: Integrate 𝑀 w.r.t 𝑥 treating 𝑦 constant and Integrate only those terms in 𝑁 which are free from
𝑥 w.r.t. 𝑦. Equate the sum to a constant. This is the solution.
In symbols,∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 (treating 𝑦 constant) + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 in 𝑁 free from 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐.

Rule 2: Integrate 𝑁 w.r.t 𝑦 treating 𝑥 constant and Integrate only those terms in 𝑀 which are free from
𝑦 w.r.t. 𝑥. Equate the sum to a constant. This is the solution.
In symbols,∫ 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 (treating 𝑥 constant) + ∫(𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 in 𝑀 free from 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐.

EXAMPLES:
𝑎(𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
1. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑥
Solution:The equation can be written as {𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 } 𝑑𝑥 + {𝑦 − 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 } 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑎𝑦 𝜕𝑀 𝑎 2𝑎𝑦 2 𝑎𝑥 2 −𝑎𝑦 2
∴ 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 , ∴ = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 − (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)2
𝜕𝑦
𝑎𝑥 𝜕𝑁 𝑎 2𝑎𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥 2 −𝑎𝑦 2
∴ 𝑁 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 , ∴ = − 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2 = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2)2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , the equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥
Now, ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 ∫ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = + 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 tan−1 (𝑦) = + 𝑎 ∙ tan−1 (𝑦)
2 2
𝑦2
And ∫(terms in 𝑁 free from 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑥
∴ This solution is + + 𝑎 tan−1 (𝑦) = 𝑐 i.e. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑎 tan−1 (𝑦) = 𝑐
2 2

2. 2(1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 √𝑦 + 2)𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:Here, 𝑀 = 2𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3⁄2 ; 𝑁 = 𝑥 3 √𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ = 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 1⁄2 ; = 3𝑥 2 √𝑦 + 2 ∴ = . The equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
2
Now, ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3⁄2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3 𝑥 3 𝑦 3⁄2
And ∫(terms in 𝑁 free from 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Applied Mathematics-II 1
KJSCE-SVU AM-II
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∴ The solution is 2𝑥𝑦 + 3 𝑥 3 𝑦 3⁄2 = 𝑐

𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥2
𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦
Solution: We have [2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 + [− 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦 1 𝑦
∴ 𝑀 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 and 𝑁 = − 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 1 𝜕𝑁 1 𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑦
∴ = 𝑥 2 cos (𝑥 ) − 𝑥 2 sin (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑥 ; = 𝑥 2 cos (𝑥 ) − 𝑥 sin (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , the equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
∴ ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos (𝑥 ) ∙ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐼2
𝑦 𝑦
For 𝐼2 , put 𝑥 = 𝑡, − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑦
∴ ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − ∫ cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 − sin (𝑥 )
∫(terms in 𝑁 free from 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
∴ The solution is 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 = 𝑐

𝑥
4. (1 + 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦(0) = 4
𝑥
Solution: Here 𝑀 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 , 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 (1 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑀 𝑥 𝜕𝑁 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
∴ = 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 (− 𝑦 2 ) ; = 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 ∙ 𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) − 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 (𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 (− 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ = . The equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦

∫(terms in 𝑁 free from 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 𝑑𝑦 = 0
∴ The solution is 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 = 𝑐
By data when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 4 ∴4=𝑐

The particular solution is 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥⁄𝑦 = 4

Applied Mathematics-II 2