Arduino

Arduino (/ɑːrˈdwiːnoʊ/) is an Italian open-source hardware and

Arduino
software company, project, and user community that designs and
manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller
kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed
under a CC BY-SA license, while the software is licensed under
the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of
Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino
boards are available commercially from the official website or
through authorized distributors.[2]

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and

controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards ('shields') or breadboards (for prototyping) and other Arduino Uno SMD R3
circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, Manufacturer Arduino
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are
Type Single-board
also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be
microcontroller
programmed using the C and C++ programming languages
(Embedded C), using a standard API which is also known as the Operating None (default)
Arduino Programming Language, inspired by the Processing system Xinu
language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. CPU Atmel AVR (8-bit)
In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino ARM Cortex-M0+
project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and (32-bit)
a command line tool developed in Go.
ARM Cortex-M3

The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the (32-bit)

Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy,[3] aiming to provide a low- Intel Quark (x86)
cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices (32-bit)
that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Memory SRAM
Common examples of such devices intended for beginner Storage Flash, EEPROM
hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
Website arduino.cc (https://
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of www.arduino.cc/)
the project's founders used to meet. The bar was named after
Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.[4]

History

Founding
The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy.[3] At that time,
the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50. In 2004, Hernando Barragán created the
development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi
and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform.
The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The
Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE
based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller.[5] In 2005, Massimo Banzi,
with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the
cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino.[5]

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino,
and David Mellis.[3]

Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-
source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially
produced,[6] and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.[7]

Trademark dispute
In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC,[8] to hold the
trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards were to be done by external
companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC
specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed
company.

At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy
and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino
company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the
US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring
the trademark under the control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began
refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company
Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original
arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team.[9][10][11]

In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL.[12]

In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the
United States.[13]

At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo
Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies, forming
Arduino AG.[14] Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new
Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was
withdrawn later.[15][16][17]

In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's website,
personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as
holding a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed
an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's
attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees.[18]
The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many open source
licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry.[19]

By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi,
David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio
Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG.[20][21]

Post-dispute
In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with Arm Holdings (ARM). The announcement said,
in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM
architecture". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures.[22] Under
Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino
trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name.

In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool (arduino-cli (https://github.co
m/arduino/arduino-cli)), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a
shell.[23]

In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online
environment.[24]

As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE
downloads.[25]

Hardware
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs
are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the hardware are also
available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available

under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name
Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for
derived works without permission. The official policy document on
the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to
incorporating work by others into the official product.[26] Several Arduino-compatible R3 Uno board
Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided with no Arduino logo
the project name by using various names ending in -duino.[27]

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,[29] ATmega168,
ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features.[30]
The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012.[31] The boards use single
or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for
programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may
connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly
stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial
bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the
LilyPad,[32] run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage
regulator due to specific form factor restrictions.
An early Arduino board[28] with an
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a bootloader RS-232 serial interface (upper left)
that simplifies the uploading of programs to the on-chip flash and an Atmel ATmega8
microcontroller chip (black, lower
memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot
right); the 14 digital I/O pins are at
bootloader.[33] Boards are loaded with program code via a serial
the top, the 6 analog input pins at the
connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards lower right, and the power connector
contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic at the lower left.
levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL serial) level signals.
Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus
(USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as
later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial
firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and
the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other
methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-
system programming (ISP) programming is used.

The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins

for use by other circuits. The Diecimila,[a] Duemilanove,[b] and
current Uno[c] provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce
pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can
also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the
board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in
application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino
Nano and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board[34] and
Boarduino[35] boards may provide male header pins on the An official Arduino Uno R2 with
underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards. descriptions of the I/O locations

Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some

are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic
Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education,[36] to simplify making buggies
and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility.

Official boards
The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.[37] Some
Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and
Adafruit Industries.[38] As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially
produced.
 Arduino RS232[39] Arduino Diecimila[40] Arduino
(male pins) Duemilanove[41]
(rev 2009b)

Arduino Uno R2[42][43] Arduino Uno Arduino Leonardo[45] Arduino Micro

SMD R3[44] (ATmega32U4)

Arduino Pro Micro Arduino Pro[46] Arduino Mega[47] Arduino

(ATmega32U4) (No USB) Nano
[48]
(DIP-30
footprint
)

Arduino LilyPad 00[49] Arduino Robot[50] Arduino Esplora[51]

(rev 2007) (No USB)
 Arduino Ethernet[52] Arduino Yún[53] Arduino Due[54]
(AVR + W5100) (AVR + AR9331) (ARM Cortex-M3 core)

Arduino GIGA R1 WiFi

(Dual core ARM
Cortex-M7 + ARM
Cortex-M4 cores +
Murata 1DX)

Shields
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug
into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers.[55] Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and
other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding
(prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY).[56][57][58]
 Some shields offer Screw-terminal breakout Adafruit Datalogging
stacking headers which shield in a wing-type Shield with a Secure
allow multiple shields to format, allowing bare-end Digital (SD) card slot and
be stacked on top of an wires to be connected to real-time clock (RTC) chip
Arduino board. Here, a the board without requiring along with some space for
prototyping shield is any specialized pins adding components and
stacked on two Adafruit modules for customization
motor shield V2s.

Adafruit Motor Shield with The Adafruit A USB host shield

screw terminals for Motor Shield which allows an
connection to motors. V2 uses I2C, Arduino board to
Officially discontinued, this requiring communicate with a
shield may still be vastly fewer USB device such as a
available through unofficial digital I/O keyboard or a mouse
channels. pins than
attaching
each motor
directly.

Software
A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce
binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit
AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio
(newer).[59][60][61]

Legacy IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross- Arduino Legacy IDE
platform application (for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux)
that is based on Processing IDE which is written in Java. It uses the Wiring API as programming style. It
includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile
and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for
the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License,
version 2.[63]

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special
rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software
library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two Screenshot of Arduino Legacy IDE
basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, showing Blink program
that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an Developer(s) Arduino
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also Software
included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the Stable release 1.8.19 /
program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in 21 December
hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a 2021[62]
loader program in the board's firmware. Traditionally, Arduino IDE
Written in Java, C, C++
was used to program Arduino's official boards based on Atmel
AVR Microcontrollers, but over time, once the popularity of Operating system Microsoft
Arduino grew and the availability of open-source compilers Windows,
existed, many more platforms from PIC, STM32, TI MSP430, macOS, Linux
ESP32 can be coded using Arduino IDE.[64] Platform IA-32, x86-64,
ARM
From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports Type Integrated
only Windows 7 or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one
development
gets "Unrecognized Win32 application" error when trying to
environment
verify/upload program. To run IDE on older machines, users can
License LGPL or GPL
either use version 1.8.11, or copy "arduino-builder" executable
license
from version 11 to their current install folder as it is independent
from IDE.[65] Website www.arduino
.cc/en/software
(https://www.ar
IDE 2.0 duino.cc/en/sof
An initial alpha preview of a new Arduino IDE was released on tware)
October 18, 2019, as the Arduino Pro IDE. The beta preview was
released on March 1, 2021, renamed IDE 2.0. On September 14, Arduino IDE
2022, the Arduino IDE 2.0 was officially released as stable.[67] Developer(s) Arduino
Software
The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but
Stable release 2.3.2 /
improvements include a more professional development
20 February
environment and autocompletion support.[68] The application
2024[66]
frontend is based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. Its main
new features are:[69] Written in TypeScript,
JavaScript, Go
Modern, fully featured development environment Operating system Microsoft
New Board Manager Windows,
New Library Manager macOS, Linux
 Board List Platform x86-64
Basic Auto-Completion Type Integrated
Serial Monitor development
Dark Mode environment
License GNU Affero
Sketch General Public
License v3.0
A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE.[70] Sketches
are saved on the development computer as text files with the file Website www.arduino
.cc/en/software
extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches
(https://www.ar
with the extension .pde.
duino.cc/en/sof
A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two tware)
functions:[71]

setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used
to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It
is analogous to the function main().[72]
loop(): After setup() function exits (ends), the loop() function is executed repeatedly
in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is
analogous to the function while(1).[73]

Blink example

Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a

current-limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground,
which is a convenient feature for many tests and program
functions.[74] A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello,
World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED
integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the functions
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and delay(), which are
Power LED (red) and User LED
provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE (green) attached to pin 13 on an
environment.[75][76][77] This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino-compatible board
Arduino board by the manufacturer.

const int LED_PIN = 13; // Pin number attached to LED.

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output.
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds).
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED.
delay(1000); // Wait 1 second.
}

Libraries
The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software libraries
that other developers use to augment their projects.

Operating systems/threading
There is a Xinu OS port for the ATmega328P (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which includes
most of the basic features.[78] The source code of this version is freely available.[79]

There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely lightweight
stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or
wireless sensor network nodes.[80]

There is a port of FreeRTOS for the Arduino.[81] This is available from the Arduino Library Manager. It is
compatible with a number of boards, including the Uno.

Applications
Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino
Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino
C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics
Data loggers for scientific research[82][83][84][85]
OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern
cars
OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger
XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino

Simulation
Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation, which is
commonly used to create 3D models

Recognitions
The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix
Ars Electronica.[86]
The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital
Services" in 2020.[87]

See also
Free and open-
source software
portal
Electronics portal

List of Arduino boards and compatible systems

List of open-source hardware projects

Explanatory notes
a. Diecimila means "ten thousand" in Italian
b. Duemilanove means "two thousand and nine" in Italian
c. Uno means "one" in Italian

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Further reading
Banzi, Massimo; Shiloh, Michael (2022). Make: Getting Started With Arduino: The Open
Source Electronics Prototyping Platform (4th ed.). Make Community. ISBN 978-1680456936.
Blum, Jeremy (2019). Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry
(2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-1119405375.
Boxall, John (2021). Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects (2nd ed.).
No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1718500587.
Karvinen, Tero; Karvinen, Kimmo; Valtokari, Ville (2014). Make: Sensors (1st ed.). Make
Community. ISBN 978-1449368104.
Monk, Simon (2018). Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches
(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1260143249.
Monk, Simon (2022). Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches (3rd ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1264676989.
Nussey, John (2018). Arduino For Dummies (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-
1119489542.
Purdum, Jack (2015). Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino
(2nd ed.). Apress. ISBN 978-1484209417.
Schmidt, Maik (2015). Arduino: A Quick Start Guide (2nd ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf.
ISBN 978-1941222249.

External links
Official website (https://www.arduino.cc)
How Arduino is open sourcing imagination (https://www.ted.com/talks/massimo_banzi_how_
arduino_is_open_sourcing_imagination), a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi
Evolution tree for Arduino (http://i.imgur.com/yGRLPvL.jpg)
Arduino Cheat Sheet (http://robodino.org/resources/arduino)
Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns (https://www.flickr.com/photos/johngineer/54842502
00/sizes/o/in/photostream/)
Arduino Shield Template (https://github.com/LNSD/Arduino-Shield-Template)
Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due (https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=132130.0),
Esplora (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8469564216/sizes/l/in/photostrea
m/), Leonardo (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8466547410/sizes/l/in/photostr
eam/), Mega (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451024820/sizes/l/in/photostre
am/), Micro (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8471357492/sizes/l/in/photostrea
m/), Mini (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8453583648/sizes/l/in/photostrea
m/), Pro Micro (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/27704970094/sizes/l/in/photos
tream/), Pro Mini (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8572012276/sizes/l/in/phot
ostream/), Uno (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8449936925/sizes/l/in/photos
tream/), Yun (https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/10339503016/sizes/l/in/photostr
eam/)
Historical

Arduino – The Documentary (2010): IMDb (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1869268/), Vimeo (htt

ps://vimeo.com/18539129)
Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110 (https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/11
0), FLOSS 61 (https://twit.tv/shows/floss-weekly/episodes/61)
Untold History of Arduino (https://arduinohistory.github.io/) – Hernando Barragán
Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al. (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170709234951/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/mad/167131/) – United States
Courts Archive

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