Procedure:

1. Calibrate oscilloscope port CH1 using 2V and 1KHz.

2. Change the value of amplitude.
3. Measure the peak-to-peak voltage of the waveform and time.
4.Calculate the value shown as well as the phase value.

Calculation:
Amplitude = 2.4 (Peak)
Vertical = 4.8 (Peak-to-peak)
RMS value = 1.355
F = 2.77k
T = 0.36
Power Factor Meter: This instrument measures the efficiency of
electrical power usage in AC circuits. It indicates how much of the
delivered power is actually being used for real work (watts) versus
reactive power (VARS) that doesn't do work. A high power factor
indicates efficient energy use.

Watt Meter: This device measures the real power (watts) consumed by
an electrical device. It takes into account both voltage and current to
calculate the actual rate of energy use. Think of it like a gauge for
electrical power usage.

Voltmeter: This instrument measures the electrical potential difference

(voltage) between two points in a circuit. It essentially tells you the
electrical pressure at a specific point.

Ammeter: This instrument measures the electric current (amperes)

flowing through a conductor. It tells you the rate of electron flow in a
circuit.

Multimeter: This is a versatile instrument that combines the

functionalities of voltmeter, ammeter, and often ohmmeter (resistance
meter) into a single unit. It allows you to measure voltage, current, and
resistance with one tool. Think of it as a Swiss army knife for basic
electrical measurements.

Autotransformer: A special type of transformer where a portion of the

winding is common to both the input and output. It allows you to adjust
the voltage output from the input voltage by varying the tapping point on
the common winding. Imagine it as a dimmer switch for AC voltage.

Transformer: This device transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another circuit by changing the voltage and current levels. It can be used
to step up (increase) or step down (decrease) voltage depending on the
design. Think of it as an adapter for AC voltage levels.

Variable Resistor: This is a resistor whose resistance can be adjusted

manually. Common types include potentiometers (rotary knobs) and
rheostats (sliding dials). They are used to control current flow in a circuit
by varying the resistance. Imagine it as a volume knob for electricity.

Resistors use a color code system to denote their resistance value and
tolerance. Here's how to identify the resistance of a resistor using the
color code:

1. Identify the bands: Most resistors have 4 or 5 colored bands.

Some high precision resistors may have 6 bands. The tolerance
band is usually located further away from the other bands and is
typically gold or silver.

2. Understand the color code chart: You'll need a resistor color

code chart which assigns a specific digit (0-9) and multiplier to
each color. These charts are widely available online or in electronic
component reference guides.

3. Read the bands in order: Starting from the side opposite the
tolerance band (usually left side), read the color of each band and
look up the corresponding digit and multiplier in the color code
 chart.

4. Decode the value: For a 4-band resistor:

○ The first two bands represent the first two digits of the
resistance value.
○ The third band represents the multiplier.
○ The fourth band (tolerance) indicates the percentage
deviation from the calculated value (e.g., gold = +/- 5%).
5. For example, a resistor with brown-green-red-gold bands would
be:

○ Brown = 1
○ Green = 5
○ Red (multiplier) = 100
○ Gold (tolerance) = +/- 5%
6. Therefore, the resistance value is approximately 150 ohms with a
tolerance of +/- 5% (actual value could be between 142.5 ohms
and 157.5 ohms).

7. Similar process for 5-band resistors: For a 5-band resistor, the

first three bands represent the significant digits, the fourth band is
the multiplier, and the fifth band is the tolerance.

Capacitor: A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores

electrical energy in the form of an electric field. It acts like a tiny battery,
but instead of converting chemical energy, it stores and releases
electrical energy. Some common types of capacitors are ceramic
capacitor, film capacitor, electrolytic capacitor, tantalum capacitor,
supercapacitor.

Inductor: An inductor, also sometimes called a coil, choke, or reactor, is

a passive electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field
when electric current flows through it. Some common types of inductors
are air core inductor, ferrite core inductor, iron core inductor, laminated
core inductor, toroidal inductor.

Inductor Value Identification using Color Coding

This color coding is in accordance with the color code table. Starting
from the band closest to the one end, this color code sequence is
identified. first and second color bands represents the first and second
digits of the value, third color band is the multiplier and fourth band is the
tolerance.
Therefore the value of inductor can be determined by reading the colors
of inductor body and comparing them with color code chart. It is to be
noted that the result of this color coded value is in the unit of micro
Henry (µH).

Potentiometer: A potentiometer (also known as a pot or potmeter) is

defined as a 3-terminal variable resistor used to control the flow of
electric current by adjusting resistance. Digital potentiometers are
three-terminal devices, two fixed end terminals and one wiper terminal
which is used to vary the output voltage.

Clampmeter: A clamp meter is an electrical testing tool that integrates a

basic digital multimeter with a current sensor. Clamps measure current.
Probes measure voltage. The integration of a hinged jaw into an
electrical meter enables technicians to securely clamp around a wire,
cable, or conductor at any point in an electrical system, facilitating
current measurement in the circuit without the need for disconnection or
de-energization.

Trainer Board: In the electronic circuit lab, the primary piece of

equipment that we usually deal with is the trainer board. A trainer board
is essentially a collection of most of the electronic lab components that
we typically require when working with logic circuit.
Breadboard: A breadboard is a prototyping board having an insulation
material with a perforated top in which we can easily insert wires and
components. The perforations in the board connect in a special manner
through internal wiring at the bottom of the board. The fact that we just
insert or place wires and components, not solder them, means that we
can easily remove, replace, or alter their interconnections.

Here are some crucial precautions to maintain in an electrical lab to

ensure a safe and productive environment:

General Safety:

● Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Always wear appropriate

PPE like safety glasses, closed-toe shoes, and flame-retardant
clothing.
● Authorization: Only authorized personnel with proper training
should be allowed to work in the lab.
● Work Alone Policy: Avoid working alone, especially with
high-voltage experiments. Have a buddy system in place for safety.
● No Food or Drink: Don't consume food or drinks in the lab area to
prevent contamination and potential electrical hazards.
● Clean and Organized Workspace: Maintain a clean and
organized workspace to avoid clutter and tripping hazards.

Electrical Safety:

● De-energize Before Work: Always turn off and unplug equipment

before working on it. Discharge capacitors before touching them.
● Inspect Equipment: Visually inspect equipment for damage
before use. Look for frayed wires, cracked insulation, or loose
connections. Report any damage to a supervisor immediately.
● Know the Ratings: Understand the voltage and current ratings of
all equipment you're using. Don't exceed these ratings.
● Use Proper Tools: Use tools and instruments specifically
designed for electrical work. Don't improvise with tools that are not
rated for the job.
 ● Wet Conditions: Avoid working with electrical equipment in wet or
humid environments. Water conducts electricity and increases the
risk of shock.
● Jewelry Removal: Remove all jewelry, such as rings, bracelets,
and necklaces, to avoid accidental contact with live circuits.
● Long Hair: Tie back long hair to prevent it from getting caught in
equipment or machinery.

Additional Tips:

● Be Aware of Surroundings: Pay attention to what you're doing

and be aware of your surroundings to avoid accidental contact with
live circuits.
● Report Unsafe Conditions: Report any unsafe conditions or
practices to your supervisor immediately.
● Emergency Procedures: Know the location of fire extinguishers,
eyewash stations, and first-aid kits. Familiarize yourself with
emergency procedures in case of accidents.
● Follow Lab Rules: Always follow the specific safety rules and
regulations established for the electrical lab you're working in.

By following these precautions and maintaining good safety practices,

you can help create a safe and productive environment for everyone
working in the electrical lab.

Here's a breakdown of the do's and don'ts to remember in an electrical

lab:

Do's:

● Do get authorized: Only enter and work in the lab if you have
proper training and permission.
● Do wear PPE: Always wear appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) like safety glasses, closed-toe shoes, and
flame-retardant clothing.
● Do work with a buddy: Avoid working alone, especially with
high-voltage experiments. Have a partner to watch your back and
call for help if needed.
 ● Do inspect equipment: Before using any equipment, visually
inspect it for damage such as frayed wires, cracked insulation, or
loose connections. Report any issues to your supervisor.
● Do understand ratings: Know the voltage and current ratings of
the equipment you're using. Never exceed these limitations.
● Do use proper tools: Only use tools and instruments specifically
designed for electrical work. Don't improvise with unsuitable tools.
● Do de-energize before work: Always turn off and unplug
equipment before working on it. Discharge capacitors before
touching them.
● Do maintain a clean workspace: Keep your work area clean and
organized to prevent clutter and tripping hazards.
● Do be aware of your surroundings: Pay close attention to what
you're doing and be mindful of your environment to avoid
accidental contact with live circuits.
● Do follow lab rules: Always adhere to the specific safety rules
and regulations established for the electrical lab you're working in.
● Do report unsafe conditions: If you see any unsafe conditions or
practices, report them to your supervisor immediately.
● Do familiarize yourself with emergency procedures: Learn the
location of fire extinguishers, eyewash stations, and first-aid kits.
Know what to do in case of an accident.

Don'ts:

● Don't work alone: Especially with high-voltage experiments, avoid

working by yourself.
● Don't wear jewelry or loose clothing: Remove all jewelry, such
as rings, bracelets, and necklaces, and tie back long hair to
prevent accidental contact with live circuits.
● Don't work in wet conditions: Avoid working with electrical
equipment in wet or humid environments. Water conducts
electricity and increases the risk of shock.
● Don't exceed equipment ratings: Never use equipment beyond
its voltage or current limitations.
● Don't use damaged equipment: If you see any damage to
equipment, report it and don't use it.
 ● Don't touch live circuits: Unless absolutely necessary and
following proper safety protocols, avoid touching live circuits.
● Don't eat or drink in the lab: Avoid consuming food or beverages
in the lab area to prevent contamination and potential electrical
hazards.
● Don't improvise with tools: Use only tools specifically designed
for electrical work. Don't try to substitute with tools not rated for the
job.
● Don't leave tools or equipment unattended: Always put away
tools and equipment properly when you're finished using them.
● Don't forget to turn off and unplug: Always remember to turn off
and unplug equipment before leaving the lab.

By following these do's and don'ts, you can significantly reduce the risk
of accidents and ensure a safe and productive learning or working
environment in the electrical lab.

Calibration: Calibration, in the world of electrical labs and

measurements, refers to the process of verifying the accuracy and
performance of measuring instruments. Imagine it as a checkup for
your electrical tools to make sure they're giving you reliable readings.