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Stoichiometry - An Introduction - 0

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18 views13 pages

Stoichiometry - An Introduction - 0

Uploaded by

Johnrein Rosales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 Stoichiometry

 Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using


relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical
reaction to determine desired quantitative data.

 In short, it is the study of the quantitative relationships


between chemical formulas and chemical reaction.

 In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure.


 Stoichiometry

So literally,
 stoichiometry is translated as the measure of elements.

And so,
 in order to use stoichiometry to run calculations about chemical
reactions, it is important to first understand the relationships that
exist between products and reactants and why they exist, which
require understanding how to balance reactions.
 Chemical Equations
Chemical Equation is a concise shorthand expression which represent the
relative amount of reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Chemical change is expressed in a chemical equation using terms of symbols


and formulas.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass (matter) is neither created
nor destroyed, by chemical reaction or physical transformation. So in a
chemical reaction what is found in the reactant must also be found in the
product in order to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass.

That is the reason why we NEED to Balance a chemical equation.


 Chemical Equations
Steps in writing an equation:
1. Define the chemical equation according to the
 Reactants – names of the materials that enters into a chemical reaction
 Products – names of the materials or substances which are the results
from a reaction

2.Write the skeleton equation which includes all formulas and symbol for all
reactants and product.

3. Balance the equation of the skeleton equation by determining the


coefficients placed before the symbol or formula. The coefficient of the
balanced equation indicates the number of units of each substance involved.
 Chemical Equations
Example:
When Hydrogen (H₂) burns, it reacts with oxygen (O₂) in the air to form water
( H₂O).

The chemical equation for this reaction is:

H₂ + O₂ H₂O

Reactants Product

Where :
+ sign is read as “ reacts with “
sign is read as “ produces “ or “to form” or “to produce”
 Balancing Equations

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
subscript
coefficient coefficient
subscript

 Coefficient numbers indicate the # of molecules of an element or compound


 Subscript numbers are the # of atoms per element
 Subscript multiplied by the coefficient = total # of atoms of an element
 Elements with no subscript means equal to 1 atom

 Applying the law of conservation of mass, a chemical equation must have an equal # of
atoms per element on each side of the arrow or before and after the reaction.

 When that condition is met , the equation is BALANCED.


 Balancing Equations

H₂ + O₂ H₂O
 LEFT side of the arrow has 2 atoms of H and 2 atoms of O
 RIGHT side of the arrow has 2 atoms of H and 1 atom of O
: The equation is NOT balanced because O atoms are not the same

2H₂ + O₂ 2H₂O
 LEFT side of the arrow has  RIGHT side of the arrow has
4 atoms of H : 2 X 2 4 atoms of H : 2 X 2
2 atoms of O : 1 X 2 2 atoms of O : 2 X 1

: The equation is Now Balanced


 Chemical Symbols, Meaning and Composition

Chemical Symbol Meaning Composition

H₂O 1 molecule of 2 Hydrogen atoms and


water 1 Oxygen atom

2H₂O 2 molecules of 4 Hydrogen atoms and


water 2 Oxygen atoms

H₂O₂ 1 molecule of 2 Hydrogen atoms and


Hydrogen 2 Oxygen atoms
peroxide
 Chemical Symbols in an Equation
Other symbols found in an equation :

CH₄(g) + O₂ (g) CO₂(g) + H₂O (g)

Na (s) + H₂O (l) NaOH (aq) + H₂ (g)

g – gas
– heat
l – liquid
s – solid
aq – aqueous
 Chemical Reaction
Example:
Write the balance equation of this chemical reaction between Methane gas and Oxygen gas
producing CO2 gas and H2O

CH₄ + O₂ CO₂ + H₂O


 Chemical Reaction

CH₄ + O₂ CO₂ + H₂O


Unbalanced
C: 1 x 1 = 1 C: 1 x 1 = 1
H: 1 x 4 = 4 H: 1 x 2 = 2
O: 1 x 2 = 2 O: 1 x 2 = 2
1x1=1
3

CH₄ + 2 O₂ CO₂ + 2 H₂O


Balanced
C: 1 x 1 = 1 C: 1 x 1 = 1
H: 1 x 4 = 4 H: 2 x 2 = 4
O: 2 x 2 = 4 O: 1 x 2 = 2
2x1=2
4

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