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Lesson 4 : Add elements to 5 basic sentence patterns
(part 1)
Table of Contents
1. Recap : Lesson 3
2. Introduction
3. Pronouns
4. Preposition & Particle – ‘to’
5. Possessive
6. Plural
7. Preposition & Particle – ‘with’

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Recap: Lesson 3
verb adjective

noun + do just verb

swim walk pretty

infinitive/
basic form 수영하다 걷다 예쁘다
present w/ honorific
suffix ‘요’ 수영해요 걸어요 예뻐요

아요 : Where ‘yang’ vowel was used in a former block (ㅏ, ㅗ, ㅑ, ㅛ)

어요 : Where ‘yin’ vowel was used in a former block (ㅓ, ㅕ, ㅜ, ㅠ, ㅡ, l)
※ there are exceptions. we’ll learn about it later.

했어요 so-called ‘noun + do’ verbs seem to use ‘했어요’ to have past tense.

았어요 we use ‘았어요’ or ‘었어요’ for the verb which added ‘아요’ or ‘어요’ to the

었어요 stem when it changed into the present tense with the honorific suffix ‘요’.

ㅆ어요 when the stem of the basic form of the verb ends with the vowel ‘ㅏ’, ‘ㅑ’, ‘ㅓ’, ‘ㅕ’
and with no final consonant.

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Recap: Lesson 3
■ Subject Particles
1. 는 : is used when there is no final consonant in the former block.
2. 은 : is used when there is a final consonant in the former block.
3. 가 : is used when there is no final consonant in the former block
4. 이 : is used when there is a final consonant in the former block
■ Object Particles
1. 를 : is used when there is no final consonant in the former block.
2. 을 : is used when there is a final consonant in the former block.
■ Indirect Object Particles
1. 에게 : is used to indicate the word as an indirect object.
is used only to living things such as humans or animals unless the object is personified.

2. 핚테 : another particle for an indirect object. It’s perfectly interchangeable with ‘에게’.

있 어요 이써요 잇써요 읻써요 ≒ ≒

sounds all similar in
reality
[i-sseo-yo] [it-sseo-yo] [id-sseo-yo]

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Introduction: Add elements to 5 basic sentence patterns
Let’s see what we are going to learn in Lesson 4.

1. how to get around using the pronouns such as ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘you’ or ‘they’.
2. possessives such as ‘my’, ‘his’, ‘her’ or ‘their’.
3. relation between English words and Korean particles.
4. future tense.
5. negative sentence.

■ Study Tip
1. we are going to learn how you extend and put more information to the 5 basic sentence patterns you’ve learned
in Lesson 3.
2. you need to focus on how you position the words in Korean sentence, and then particles.
3. whenever you see the new particle, just try to remember that the exact usage of it in the sentence.
4. you can compare the usage of the particle to that of English words, but you still need to know the exact usage in
a Korean sentence.
5. we’ll explain about the grammar whenever we see the new thing.

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Pronoun - outline
Let’s see how Koreans substitute pronouns such as ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘you’ or ‘they’.
■ Study Tip
1. Koreans seldom use pronouns such as ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘you’ or ‘they’ especially direct translation of them.
2. Koreans normally use the job position, the name or the actual relationship when referring to or call somebody.

relationship age how Koreans refer to somebody

1. 형 = [noun] older
brother to a man
older
brother, sister, name + brother, name + sister
(형, 동배 형, 지용이 형, 누나, 언니, 오빠)
2. 누나 = [noun] older
Friend sister to a man
equal or
name
3. 언니 = [noun] older
younger sister to a woman
4. 오빠 = [noun] older
mother, father, sister, grand mother, elder father etc brother to a woman
older
(어머니, 아버지, 누나, 핛머니, 큰 아버지 etc)
Family 5. 핛머니 = [noun]
equal or name, younger brother/sister grandmother
younger (남동생, 여동생) 6. 큰아버지 = [noun]
elder father
not really ( job) position, name + ( job) position, name + 씨
social life
matter (선생님, 사장님, 교수님, 고소영 씨 etc) 7. 사장님 = [noun] the
owner of a company or a
store.
not really that woman, that man, middle aged man/woman
strangers
matter (그 여자, 그 남자, 그 사람, 그 분, 아저씨, 아줌마 etc) 8. 교수님 = [noun]
professor
Let’s learn how we use them exactly with more examples later.

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Pronoun - This, That, It

Usage This That It

when it’s used as a 이것 저것 그것
pronoun
i.e.) This is a pencil. What is that? It is my phone.

이 저 그 N/A
when we are when we are when we are
talking about talking about talking about
something that is something that we something from a
within touching can see, but can previous sentence
when it’s used as a
distance not touch because or something the
determiner
it is too far away. talker and listener
already know what
they are talking
about.
i.e.) That (저) person over there is my brother. I like that (그) man.
■ study tip
1. Foreigners are always confused with the difference between ‘그’ and ‘저’.
2. Just remember that you use ‘그’ when you are talking about something/someone from a previous sentence or
something/someone the talker and listener already know what/who they are talking about.
3. Therefore, ‘그’ can be used in exchange for the English definite article ‘the’ sometimes.
4. , and ‘그’ can also be used with the words such as person, man, woman or people in exchange for the English
pronoun ‘he’, she’ or ‘they’.

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Pronoun – How to get around
√ √
when someone who you are referring to when someone who you are referring to
Pronoun or talking to is older than you, is social or talking to is equal to or younger than
acquaintance or is stranger to you. you or is close friend to you.

I √ 저 √ 나
√ - 씨, √
job title(position),
you 너
name + job title (position),
relationship
she √ √ 그 여자 (that woman)
그 분 (honorific form of that person)
그 남자 (that man)
그 아줌마 (that middle-aged woman)
he 그 사람 (that person)
그 아저씨 (that middle-aged man)
걔 (that kid)
√ √ 그 사람들 (those people)
they 그 분들 (honorific form of those people) 걔들 (or 걔네) (those kids)
그것들 (only when those are objects)
■ study tip
1. We told you that Koreans don’t really use the honorific form of the pronoun ‘you’ ‘당신’ that much in Lesson 3,
because it can sound offensive in some way.
2. But, the funny thing is it is common that Koreans call his wife or her husband ‘당신’ . Interesting!

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Pronoun - name
Let’s see how you say someone’s name as a subject in a sentence.

권지용 Leonardo Dicaprio

권 지용 first name last name
last name first name

√ without last name √ with last name

name
지용 (man) 수지 (woman) 권지용 (man) 배수지 (woman)

√ √
older
지용이 형 수지 누나 권지용 형 배수지 누나
지용이 오빠 수지 언니 권지용 오빠 배수지 언니
friend or
family √
equal or
younger 지용이 수지 권지용 배수지

√ social not 권지용씨 배수지 씨

지용 씨 수지 씨
life matter 권지용 선생님 배수지 사장님
There is only one thing you should know!
1. When you want to use only the first name as a subject in the sentence, and when there is a final consonant in
the last letter of the name, you should add ‘이’ to the name.

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 Relation Between Particle and Preposition – ‘to’
Let’s extend the pattern #1 and make a longer sentence.
English I go to the club every day 1. 가다 = [verb] go, the
Present Simple

Structure basic form.

Korean
Structure
I every day to the club go 2. 클럽 = [noun] club,
night club. a noun which
Korean
Spelling 저는 매일 클럽에 가요 borrows the sound
directly from English.

■ grammar
1. it looks like this particle ‘에’ is used in substitution for the preposition ‘to’ in an English
to the club sentence.
2. BUT, this is not a direct translation of ‘to’.
클럽에 3. you should see the exact usage of the Korean particle ‘에’ here.
4. we’ve seen this particle ‘에’ in the previous lesson. YES, it was used to indicate a certain
point in time.
5. there are 15 usages of this particle in Hangeul. therefore, let’s learn it by doing.
6. this time, the particle ‘에’ indicates the word before it is a place, spot, point ,
location or destination.
7. Let us explain more specifically some time soon.
8. So, this particle ‘에’ indicates time or place.

클럽 에 클러베 you don’t need this anymore, do you?

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 Relation Between Particle and Preposition – ‘to’

English I go to Korea every year 1. 핚국

Present Simple

Structure = [noun] Korea.

Korean I every year to Korea go 2. 학교 = [noun] school.
Structure
3. 작년 = [phrase] last
Korean
Spelling 저는 매년 핚국에 가요 year.
4. 미국 = [noun] America,
English USA
Present Continuous

Structure I am going to school now

Korean
Structure I now to school am going
Korean
Spelling 저는 지금 학교에 가고 있어요
English
Structure I went to America last year
Past Simple

Korean
Structure I last year to America went
Korean
Spelling 저는 작년에 미국에 갔어요

as you see here, this particle ‘에’ can

indicate both time and place.

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Possessives
Let’s see how Koreans use the possessive.
■ Study Tip
1. Koreans hardly use the direct translation of the English possessives such as ‘his’, ‘her’, ‘your’ or ‘their’.
2. It is in the same line that they don’t use the pronouns that much.
3. The only possessive frequently used in Korean is ‘my’ and ‘our’

my girlfriend Amy’s boyfriend man of steel gangs of New York

저의 여자친구 Amy의 남자친구 강철의 남자 New York의 gangs

■ grammar
-의 :
1. this is the particle that indicates that one is the owner or possessor of another object. It has the same role as ”
‘s” in English.
2. you can use ‘의’ in substitution for ‘of’ in English in most cases. for example :
- when ‘of’ is used after a noun which specifies a particular part of something, to introduce the thing that it is
a part of.
- or when ’of’ is used to combine two nouns when the second noun gives more information about the first noun.

■ Study Tip
1. ‘저의’ can be shortened to ‘제’ which is more commonly used in a everyday conversation.
2. Possessive is often omitted from the Korean sentence when it’s so obvious as you’ve seen in Lesson 3.

my girlfriend 저의 여자친구 제 여자친구 저의 제 나의 내

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How to make plural
Let’s see how to make plural in Korean.
■ Study Tip
1. Just add ‘들’ to the end of a noun.
2. That’s it. It’s very EASY!

사람 사람 들 ,남자 남자 들 ,여자 여자 들
(person) (people) (man) (men) (woman) (women)

개 개들 ,꽃 꽃들 ,책 책들
(dog) (dogs) (flower) (flowers) (book) (books)

We don’t think you need more.

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 Relation Between Particle and Preposition – ‘with’
English I go to the library with my friends together every day
Present Simple

Structure
Korean I every day with my friends together to the library go
Structure
Korean
Spelling 저는 매일 제 친구들과 함께 도서관에 가요
제 친구들하고 같이 도서관으로
■ grammar
제 친구들이랑
1. 가다 = [verb] go, the
with my friends 1. we can find out that this particle ‘과’ is used in
basic form.
translation of the preposition ‘with’ in an English
2. 도서관 = [noun]
제 친구들과
sentence.
2. BUT, this is not the direct translation of ‘with’. library
3. you should see the exact usage of the particle ‘과’ 3. 친구 = [noun] friend
제 친구들하고
4.
here.
you use this particle when you do something
4. 친구들 = friends. we
제 친구들이랑 with someone else together or you both are can find out this ‘들’
involved in it. sound make the noun
5. the particle ‘과’,‘하고’ and ‘이랑’ are perfectly plural.
interchangeable to one another. 5. 함께 = [adv] together
6. ‘하고’ and ‘이랑’ is more commonly used in a real 6. 같이 = [adv] together,
life conversation more commonly used
1. 과/이랑 : is used when there is a final consonant in the former block. and perfectly
2. 와/랑 : is used when there is no final consonant in the former block. compatible with ‘함께’
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Pronunciation

Let’s see how you pronounce ‘같이’.

■ pronunciation rule
1. There is a certain pronunciation rule in Korean that when ‘ㄷ’ or ‘ㅌ’ meets the vowel ‘ㅣ’, it
changes its sound to ‘ㅈ’ or ‘ㅊ’.
2. In other words, when the final sound ‘ㄷ’ or ‘ㅌ’ in the former block meets ‘이’ or ‘히’ in the latter block, it
changes its sound to ‘지’ or ‘치’.

같 이 가티 가치
1. according to the
1. when there is ‘ㅇ’
rule, when the ‘ㅌ’
in the latter block, 1. so, it’s supposed
sound meets the
it takes the sound
of the final
to be ‘가티’, ‘이’ sound, it
BUT
consonant in the becomes ‘치’
former block
sound.

Don’t worry. We’ll remind you whenever we see something like this again.

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